Academic literature on the topic 'Subject's Expectation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Subject's Expectation"
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Haruno, Masahiko, and Mitsuo Kawato. "Different Neural Correlates of Reward Expectation and Reward Expectation Error in the Putamen and Caudate Nucleus During Stimulus-Action-Reward Association Learning." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 2 (February 2006): 948–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00382.2005.
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To select appropriate behaviors leading to rewards, the brain needs to learn associations among sensory stimuli, selected behaviors, and rewards. Recent imaging and neural-recording studies have revealed that the dorsal striatum plays an important role in learning such stimulus-action-reward associations. However, the putamen and caudate nucleus are embedded in distinct cortico-striatal loop circuits, predominantly connected to motor-related cerebral cortical areas and frontal association areas, respectively. This difference in their cortical connections suggests that the putamen and caudate nucleus are engaged in different functional aspects of stimulus-action-reward association learning. To determine whether this is the case, we conducted an event-related and computational model–based functional MRI (fMRI) study with a stochastic decision-making task in which a stimulus-action-reward association must be learned. A simple reinforcement learning model not only reproduced the subject's action selections reasonably well but also allowed us to quantitatively estimate each subject's temporal profiles of stimulus-action-reward association and reward-prediction error during learning trials. These two internal representations were used in the fMRI correlation analysis. The results revealed that neural correlates of the stimulus-action-reward association reside in the putamen, whereas a correlation with reward-prediction error was found largely in the caudate nucleus and ventral striatum. These nonuniform spatiotemporal distributions of neural correlates within the dorsal striatum were maintained consistently at various levels of task difficulty, suggesting a functional difference in the dorsal striatum between the putamen and caudate nucleus during stimulus-action-reward association learning.
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Weis, Tina, André Brechmann, Sebastian Puschmann, and Christiane M. Thiel. "Feedback that confirms reward expectation triggers auditory cortex activity." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 8 (October 15, 2013): 1860–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00128.2013.
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Associative learning studies have shown that the anticipation of reward and punishment shapes the representation of sensory stimuli, which is further modulated by dopamine. Less is known about whether and how reward delivery activates sensory cortices and the role of dopamine at that time point of learning. We used an appetitive instrumental learning task in which participants had to learn that a specific class of frequency-modulated tones predicted a monetary reward following fast and correct responses in a succeeding reaction time task. These fMRI data were previously analyzed regarding the effect of reward anticipation, but here we focused on neural activity to the reward outcome relative to the reward expectation and tested whether such activation in the reward reception phase is modulated by l-DOPA. We analyzed neural responses at the time point of reward outcome under three different conditions: 1) when a reward was expected and received, 2) when a reward was expected but not received, and 3) when a reward was not expected and not received. Neural activity in auditory cortex was enhanced during feedback delivery either when an expected reward was received or when the expectation of obtaining no reward was correct. This differential neural activity in auditory cortex was only seen in subjects who learned the reward association and not under dopaminergic modulation. Our data provide evidence that auditory cortices are active at the time point of reward outcome. However, responses are not dependent on the reward itself but on whether the outcome confirmed the subject's expectations.
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Zavatska, Natalia, Alina Bilianska, Lilia Ryndina, and Valentina Shona. "Features of socialization і individual expectation features." Теоретичні і прикладні проблеми психології, no. 3(56)T.1 (2021): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33216/2219-2654-2021-56-3-1-78-84.
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The article considers the features of socialization and individual expectations of the individual as components of its spheres of life. It is shown that the peculiarities of the subject's self-attitude determine the attitudes to life. Transforming, creative activity is one pole. The opposite pole - passivity, expectations, dependence. The result of psychological "tightness" is a feeling of failure. To solve the corrective tasks of forming an active life position, it is important that this transformative, corrective process begins with the analysis and work with self-assessment judgments. Individuals who have, in general, a fairly positive experience of social adaptation and self-realization will tend to form positive, flexible, realistic and concrete expectations. At the same time, individuals who have experienced numerous disappointments and conflicts in the past will be more likely to have negative, rigid, unrealistic and diffuse expectations in their respective fields of activity. Accordingly, the selected indicators are expressed in the features of the expectations of the individual in such areas as significant interpersonal relationships, ideas about their own potential and prediction of the future. The role of individual expectations (as components of cognitive development), as well as their relationship with the process of self-determination of the individual, which provides an opportunity to develop new, more effective programs of socio-psychological adaptation of the younger generation. Key words: specialty, socialization, examination, life.
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Turner, Christopher W., and Carol C. Henn. "The Relation between Vowel Recognition and Measures of Frequency Resolution." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 32, no. 1 (March 1989): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3201.49.
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The purpose of this study was to employ measures of frequency resolution obtained from individual subjects to predict each subject's vowel recognition performance. Input filter patterns at six test frequencies were obtained from normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects. These patterns were used to correlate frequency resolution with vowel recognition in those same subjects. Vowels were presented at levels at which the entire spectrum was fully audible to each subject. Using each subject's measured filter characteristics (and interpolated values for intermediate frequencies), an "internal spectrum" of each vowel was calculated by determining the outputs of all filter channels for the vowel as the input signal. It was speculated that the more similar two internal spectra for a subject were, the more often they would be confused in the vowel recognition task. This expectation received some support when the measure of similarity was a point-by-point Euclidean distance between the two internal spectra. Stronger support was obtained when the measure of similarity was based upon Klatt's (1982) "weighted slope metric" that emphasizes similarities of spectral peak locations. The present study demonstrates a relation between impairments of frequency resolution and vowel recognition. The described filter-bank model of vowel recognition suggests that measures of frequency resolution along with the acoustic spectra of vowel stimuli may be useful in predicting the recognition of vowels by individuals.
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Gibbs, A., J. F. Merz, L. Gore, and C. L. O'Bryant. "Patient attitudes regarding payment for participation in a phase I cancer clinical trial." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 6573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.6573.
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6573 Background: Research industry practice reimburses healthy phase 1 study subjects and yet cancer patients who participate in a phase 1 study are rarely reimbursed. The ethical problems of disproportionate risk/benefit ratio and coercive informed consent are cited as reasons for not paying cancer study subjects. The purpose of this study is to determine if payment to participate in a phase 1 clinical trial affects a cancer subject's willingness to participate (WTP) in a clinical trial and to determine if any payment would reduce the therapeutic misconception. Methods: Eligible adults had consented to participate in a phase 1 clinical trial of an investigational drug at UCCC but had not yet initiated treatment. Subjects were identified by UCCC staff, consented to participate in this study, and then administered a questionnaire by phone. Primary analyses were descriptive in nature. Results: Thirty subjects were enrolled. The median age was 57 years (range 30–76); 53% were female; 97% were Caucasian; 77% had at least some college education; 47% had an annual household income of < $50,000. When asked an open-ended question, 53% of subjects stated that the main purpose of the phase 1 trial in which they consented to participate was efficacy. The majority of subjects (80%) did not think they should be paid to participate in a phase 1 cancer trial. Most subjects (73%) expected to benefit from phase I study participation and greater than 80% of subjects stated that payment would not change their perception or hope of benefit. There was a minor trend towards increased WTP with increased reimbursement or payment. Thirty-seven percent of subjects acknowledged that payment might affect what side effects they report. Conclusions: While payment appeared to have little or no affect on a cancer subject's expectation of benefit from a phase 1 trial, WTP increased slightly with increasing payment. Given these results, it seems that payment would not reduce the therapeutic misconception related to participation in phase 1 cancer trials. This study should be expanded to confirm these findings. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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BinSaleh, Saad M., and Yasser Alhawas. "Patient's Perception on the Esthetic Outcome of Anterior Fixed Prosthetic Treatment." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 16, no. 11 (2015): 845–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1768.
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ABSTRACT Overview Patient's perception to the esthetic result of the treatment received can be different from a dentist opinion. Understanding patient's opinion, demand and expectation is part of successful treatment procedure. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate patient's opinion about the esthetic result of the fixed prosthetic treatment received in upper anterior teeth. Materials and methods About 90 volunteer subjects, 58 males and 32 females were given a self-evaluation questionnaire with 11 questions to respond as Yes or No. The questions regarded the esthetic result of a fixed prosthodontic treatment received for their upper anterior teeth. The same questioner was completed for each subject by three clinicians through clinical photographs for different views subject's smile. Agreement between patients and clinicians was calculated for all subjects to evaluate patient's perception to their esthetic results. Results An agreement of 47.8 to 72.2% was observed between patients and clinicians, and the average agreement was 53.64 to 60%. The highest agreement was related to satisfaction with the color of the crown and/or bridge margin while the least agreement was related to the satisfaction with the natural looking of the restoration. Conclusion There was variability in the agreement between the patients and the dentists with the satisfaction of the esthetic result of anterior restoration. Factor, such as gender, age and educational level may affect the results of the agreement. How to cite this article Alshiddi IF, BinSaleh SM, Alhawas Y. Patient's Perception on the Esthetic Outcome of Anterior Fixed Prosthetic Treatment. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(11):845-849.
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Balan, Ecaterina. "The feeling of self-efficiency in adolescents: determinant factors." EcoSoEn, no. 3-4 (December 2022): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54481/ecosoen.2022.3-4.14.
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In cognitive psychology, the term metacognition draws attention to the role of the subject itself in knowledge, in its awareness, by calling for self-control, self-appreciation and self-improvement of one's own cognition. The author Joiță claims that it influences through the awareness of the organization of the cognitive field, of the way of structuring the situation by shaping the subject's belief that he will be able to fulfill, solve the task and even control his own behavior, that is, he will become self-efficient. Self-efficacy (self-efficacy) as a result qualitative aspect is a manifestation of the conception and evaluation made by the student, regarding his knowledge, skills, abilities, difficulties in solving the problem, his willingness and the possibility of solving it. Researcher Iluț in his work demonstrates that students anticipate their performances, redefine their proposed standards, schedule their overcoming of obstacles, strengthen their intrinsic motivation, adapt their expectation of success, self-regulate their mode of action and become aware of the role of the quality of their own contribution in the solution. If there is a close connection between self-efficacy and performance, the level of projects to solve problems/situations, of decisions made, then self-efficacy must become an important educational objective of cognitive training. So the intervention will be on the self, the current level of metacognition, to achieve improvement and correction.
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Fanning, Kirsten, Ling Harris, Kevin E. Jackson, and Matthew T. Stern. "Investors' Responses to Reported Earnings when Management Issues Goal versus Expectation Earnings Guidance: An Experimental Investigation." Journal of Financial Reporting 4, no. 1 (March 2019): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jfir-52335.
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We investigate whether nonprofessional investors' responses to a company's reported earnings differ when management earnings guidance is presented as a goal or an expectation. We present 64 M.B.A. students and 262 MTurk participants with earnings guidance, manipulating between subjects whether management provides the guidance as a “goal” or an “expectation” and whether the company's reported earnings fall short or exceed investors' expectations as derived from management's earnings guidance. Our experimental results suggest that if earnings guidance is issued as a goal rather than as an expectation, investors respond less negatively when earnings fall short of investors' expectations, but not less positively when earnings exceed investors' expectations. Mediation analysis supports the interpretation that earnings falling short of investors' expectations leads investors to perceive managers as less competent and to be more disappointed when managers issue expectation rather than goal guidance, which in turn influences investors' attractiveness judgments of the company.
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Abeler, Johannes, Armin Falk, Lorenz Goette, and David Huffman. "Reference Points and Effort Provision." American Economic Review 101, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 470–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.2.470.
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A key open question for theories of reference-dependent preferences is: what determines the reference point? One candidate is expectations: what people expect could affect how they feel about what actually occurs. In a real-effort experiment, we manipulate the rational expectations of subjects and check whether this manipulation influences their effort provision. We find that effort provision is significantly different between treatments in the way predicted by models of expectation-based, reference-dependent preferences: if expectations are high, subjects work longer and earn more money than if expectations are low. (JEL D12, D84, J22)
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Giorgetta, Cinzia, Alessandro Grecucci, Michele Graffeo, Nicolao Bonini, Roberta Ferrario, and Alan G. Sanfey. "Expect the Worst! Expectations and Social Interactive Decision Making." Brain Sciences 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050572.
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Psychological studies have demonstrated that expectations can have substantial effects on choice behavior, although the role of expectations on social decision making in particular has been relatively unexplored. To broaden our knowledge, we examined the role of expectations on decision making when interacting with new game partners and then also in a subsequent interaction with the same partners. To perform this, 38 participants played an Ultimatum Game (UG) in the role of responders and were primed to expect to play with two different groups of proposers, either those that were relatively fair (a tendency to propose an equal split—the high expectation condition) or unfair (with a history of offering unequal splits—the low expectation condition). After playing these 40 UG rounds, they then played 40 Dictator Games (DG) as allocator with the same set of partners. The results showed that expectations affect UG decisions, with a greater proportion of unfair offers rejected from the high as compared to the low expectation group, suggesting that players utilize specific expectations of social interaction as a behavioral reference point. Importantly, this was evident within subjects. Interestingly, we also demonstrated that these expectation effects carried over to the subsequent DG. Participants allocated more money to the recipients of the high expectation group as well to those who made equal offers and, in particular, when the latter were expected to behave unfairly, suggesting that people tend to forgive negative violations and appreciate and reward positive violations. Therefore, both the expectations of others’ behavior and their violations play an important role in subsequent allocation decisions. Together, these two studies extend our knowledge of the role of expectations in social decision making.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Subject's Expectation"
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Nilsson, Kayla Mae. "The effect of subject expectations of "hypnosis" upon the vividness of visual imagery." PDXScholar, 1985. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3566.
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There is no consensus of how hypnosis works. The two major theorists in hypnosis research, the Phenomenologists and the Behaviorists, disagree on this issue. The Phenomenologists consider individual talent and change of the state of consciousness the key to how hypnosis works. The Behaviorists consider the social situation and the roles taken by the experimenter and subject, especially the subject's expectations of hypnosis, the mainspring of the hypnotic process. Subject expectations of hypnosis have been found to affect the final results of hypnosis experiments. An experiment was conducted to gain further insight into subject expectations of hypnosis, and how these expectations affect the enhancement of visual imagery (a Behavioral issue) without remaining in the confines of Behavioral theory.
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Stival, Monica Loyola. "Hábito - expectativa: uma noção de sujeito a partir de David Hume." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8133/tde-09102007-141926/.
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O intuito desta pesquisa é encontrar o vínculo entre percepção e relações contingentes na filosofia de David Hume. Uma vez que o autor nos diz que tudo o que há são percepções, surge a tarefa de precisar o modo segundo o qual relações como espaço e tempo - relações filosóficas e contingentes - se constituem. Afinal, a noção chave desta filosofia, a de causalidade, traz já a necessidade de certa percepção de tais idéias abstratas (espaço e tempo): elas devem ser derivadas de alguma experiência sensível (impressão), mesmo sendo exteriores às qualidades da experiência sensível. Será possível, assim, vislumbrar a imbricação entre o atomismo e o associacionismo humiano, delimitando o sentido da experiência para este pensamento e apontando as conseqüências dessa perspectiva em relação à problemática da época - o conhecimento - ou àquela que nascia como conseqüência - a subjetividade.The aim of the present research is to find the connexion between perception and contingent relations in David Hume\'s philosophy. Since the author himself tells us that everything that exists are perceptions, the task arises of precisely circumscribing the way in which relations such as time and space - philosophical and contingent relations - are constituted. After all, the key concept of this philosophy, the one of causality, already implies the need of some perception of such abstract ideas (time and space): they should be derived from some sensitive experience (impression), even if they are exterior to the qualities of sensitive experience. It will be thus possible to have an insight into the interrelation of Hume\'s atomism and associationism, thereby defining the meaning of experience in his philosophy and pointing out the consequences of his view to the set of problems of his epoch - knowledge - or of the one then upraising - subjectivity.
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Bordo, Widiane. "Le dispositif intégré DNL en français/cours de FOS et de FOU dans les FUF bi-plurilingues pour la réussite des étudiants allophones." Thesis, Artois, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ARTO0015/document.
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La mondialisation économique et l'internationalisation des échanges ont engendré l'ouverture des frontières et la mobilité professionnelle. Par conséquent, de nouveaux besoins communicatifs émergent. En effet, les institutions, les organismes, les administrations et les entreprises recrutent, aujourd'hui, des professionnels capables de communiquer en plusieurs langues lors de leurs activités professionnelles. Pour répondre à cette demande, des établissements scolaires et universitaires ont mis en œuvre des dispositifs d'enseignement bi-plurilingue. La présente thèse s'intéresse aux Filières Universitaires Francophones (FUF) bi-plurilingues, et a pour objectif d'analyser le dispositif Discipline(s) Non Linguistique(s) (DNL)/cours de français, censé garantir la réussite universitaire et professionnelle des étudiants allophones. Ainsi, nous avons mené une enquête de terrain au sein d'une FUF d'économie en Egypte pour y étudier les pratiques linguistiques et didactiques. Notre recherche montre que l'intégration d'un cours de Français sur Objectif Universitaire (FOU) et de Français sur Objectif Spécifique (FOS) dans le programme de formation des FUF vise la réussite des étudiants. Par ailleurs, les résultats de notre investigation nous ont conduite à élaborer différents outils permettant aux enseignants de français d'élaborer plus facilement des cours de FOS/FOU. Il s'agit précisément de la conception d'un référentiel de compétences langagières, d'un programme de formation de FOS/FOU et d'activités pédagogiquesThe economic globalization and internationalization of exchanges led to the opening of borders and professional mobility. As a result, new communication needs are emerging. Indeed, institutions, organizations, administrations and enterprises are nowadays recruiting professionals who can communicate in different languages during their workplace activities. To meet this demand, schools and universities have implemented bi-multilingual teaching. This thesis focuses on bi-multilingual French-language University Courses (FUF) and aims to analyze the framework including non-linguistic subject(s) (DNL) in French and French courses, which is intended to ensure the academic and professional success of allophone students. Thus, we conducted a field survey within the Economics courses of a FUF in Egypt so as to study the linguistic and teaching practices. Our research shows that the integration of French for Specific Purposes (FSP) and French for Academic Purposes (FAP) courses in the FUF’s academic program aims at student achievement. Furthermore, the results of our investigation led us to develop different tools which will enable French teachers to create FSP/FAP courses more easily. More specifically, it is the construction of a competency framework, the design of a training program and educational activities
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Mentzelopoulos, Athanasia Maria. "Federal government public service ethics: managing public expectations." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/2361.
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The federal government ethics regime is built on the premise that public service values emerge spontaneously from reflection, and in particular that democratic and ethical values are among these a priori values. This thesis is an examination of this premise. It includes as part of this examination an analysis of the modern emergence of an identifiable and bureaucratized ethics practice in the Canadian federal government, starting with a privy-council led initiative in 1995. Three areas of tension engendered by this premise are also explored - empowerment, loyalty and transparency.
To further explore the claim about a priori public service values and the practical impact of the discourse on values, the RCMP Inquiry into events at the 1997 APEC meeting in Vancouver is also reviewed. The APEC meeting took place at a time when ethics was becoming central to public administration in Canada but before the formalized code and its supporting regime had been developed. Some issues explored by the inquiry into APEC will be reviewed as a window to how public service values are used in debate and to what extent democratic and ethical values, which are said to exist but had not yet been formally promulgated, were reflected in actions of public servants or drawn upon for guidance. The tensions evident in the ethics regime will be explored with respect to the APEC inquiry.
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Mittel, Louis Buchalter. "Efficient Estimation of the Expectation of a Latent Variable in the Presence of Subject-Specific Ancillaries." Thesis, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8JW8SFB.
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Latent variables are often included in a model in order to capture the diversity among subjects in a population. Sometimes the distribution of these latent variables are of principle interest. In studies where sequences of observations are taken from subjects, ancillary variables, such as the number of observations provided by each subject, usually also vary between subjects. The goal here is to understand efficient estimation of the expectation of the latent variable in the presence of these subject-specific ancillaries.
Unbiased estimation and efficient estimation of the expectation of the latent parameter depend on the dependence structure of these three subject-specific components: latent variable, sequence of observations, and ancillary. This dissertation considers estimation under two dependence configurations. In Chapter 3, efficiency is studied under the model in which no assumptions are made about the joint distribution of the latent variable and the subject-specific ancillary. Chapter 4 treats the setting where the ancillary variable and the latent variable are independent.
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Pringle, Jennifer Dawn. "Remarital quality in the context of co-parenting: Beliefs and expectations of biological parents." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/1273.
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Despite the prevalence of remarriages and stepfamilies in North American society, there is a relative paucity of research regarding aspects of marital quality in stepfamilies relative to the abundance of empirical examination of first marriages. Related to the absence of clear norms and roles for remarried partners and stepfamily members, clinicians have noted that remarried individuals tend to hold beliefs and expectations of remarriage and stepfamily relations that are better suited to biologically-related nuclear families, as opposed to recognizing the unique and often complex circumstances of stepfamilies. As such, remarital quality may be particularly prone to disappointment due to unfounded expectations and beliefs that become problematic for adjustment of partners and their children. Similarly, the few guidelines for interactions between former spouses who continue to co-parent their shared children may lead to dissatisfaction for remarried parents attempting to manage these relationships. The current study aimed to predict two aspects of remarital quality – dyadic adjustment and relationship commitment – with a measure of the changes in one’s beliefs over time about remarriage and stepfamilies, while also accounting for remarriage length and the self-reported well-being of the responding remarried parents. Changes in beliefs about co-parenting with one’s former spouse were also assessed as potential predictors of co-parenting communication quality, which has sometimes been found to correlate with remarital quality. An online questionnaire was completed by 112 remarried mothers who shared parenting of their minor children with their former spouses. A small sample of 33 remarried fathers also participated, providing an initial comparison group with which to tentatively explore gender differences in changes in beliefs and their association with remarital and co-parenting quality. Most respondents reported remarital satisfaction and average communication quality with former spouses, providing little evidence for the spillover of conflict that has been noted previously. Emerging as predictive of better current remarital quality included a reported decline over time in the beliefs that stepfamilies only have a slim chance of success, and a belief that stepfamilies are “second-best” compared to nuclear families. Mothers who recalled the greatest decreases in these beliefs over time also reported more positive remarital adjustment at present, compared to those whose beliefs did not change as much. The earlier that these beliefs changed, the greater the benefits were to remarital adjustment. Change in beliefs was also predictive of co-parenting communication, more so than individual well-being. Few sex differences were noted. These findings suggest that changes in beliefs regarding marital transitions and co-parenting relationships are important for adjustment in these relationships and have potential to act as targets for intervention to facilitate smooth transitions to remarriage and stepfamily life. Highlighting the need for remarrying couples and their children to have opportunities to develop positive beliefs and expectations about stepfamilies, possible applications in terms of public policy, community education, peer support, and family resources are discussed.
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Felix, Diego. "Received signal strength calibration for wireless local area network localization." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/2939.
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Terminal localization for indoor Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) is critical for the deployment of location-aware computing inside of buildings. The purpose of this research work is not to develop a novel WLAN terminal location estimation technique or algorithm, but rather to tackle challenges in survey data collection and in calibration of multiple mobile terminal Received Signal Strength (RSS) data. Three major challenges are addressed in this thesis: first, to decrease the influence of outliers introduced in the distance measurements by Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) propagation when a ultrasonic sensor network is used for data collection; second, to obtain high localization accuracy in the presence of fluctuations of the RSS measurements caused by multipath fading; and third, to determine an automated calibration method to reduce large variations in RSS levels when different mobile devices need to be located. In this thesis, a robust window function is developed to mitigate the influence of outliers in survey terminal localization. Furthermore, spatial filtering of the RSS signals to reduce the effect of the distance-varying portion of noise is proposed. Two different survey point geometries are tested with the noise reduction technique: survey points arranged in sets of tight clusters and survey points uniformly distributed over the network area. Finally, an affine transformation is introduced as RSS calibration method between mobile devices to decrease the effect of RSS level variation and an automated calibration procedure based on the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is developed. The results show that the mean distance error in the survey terminal localization is well within an acceptable range for data collection. In addition, when the spatial averaging noise reduction filter is used the location accuracy improves by 16% and by 18% when the filter is applied to a clustered survey set as opposed to a straight-line survey set. Lastly, the location accuracy is within 2m when an affine function is used for RSS calibration and the automated calibration algorithm converged to the optimal transformation parameters after it was iterated for 11 locations.
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Chan, Keng Hei. "A questão da responsabilidade civil pela violação de expetativas jurídicas." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/83899.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de DireitoA evolução moderna da expetativa jurídica, na doutrina germânica, divide-se em três fases. No final do século XIX, os estudiosos propuseram que a expetativa (Anwartschaft) era distinta do direito esperado, formando um conceito jurídico autónomo. Nos meados do século XX, determinou um período marcado pela controvérsia de natureza jurídica no que tocante a expetativa. A partir dos anos 80 do século XX, os juristas puseram o foco no mecanismo autónomo de expetativa, incluindo a transmissibilidade, a penhorabilidade, e a garantia desta figura jurídica. Sobretudo, na Alemanha, a corrente dominante qualifica a expetativa como direito subjetivo, daí que a proteção seja conferida por força do § 823. I BGB. Pelo contrário, em Portugal, poucos são os estudiosos que se referem à noção de expetativa e, quando o fazem, dedicam-lhe somente uma atenção lateral e pouco desenvolvida. Deste modo, propomo-nos, do ponto de vista da ordem jurídica lusitana, descortinar e analisar a questão da responsabilidade civil pela violação de expetativas jurídicas, a fim de que contribuamos para a reflexão do tema em estudo. À partida, debruçamo-nos sobre a noção técnico-jurídica da expetativa jurídica, indicando os seus carateres comuns. Em primeiro lugar, contrariamente ao que se passa em esperança em sentido vulgar, a expetativa jurídica supõe que, no fim do processo de formação, se venha a constituir um direito subjetivo ou que ele seja atribuído a um determinado sujeito. Em segundo lugar, a formação de direito esperado inclui vários factos aquisitivos de produção sucessiva. Quando, durante o processo formativo, se verificarem apenas alguns dos factos criadores do direito definitivo mas faltarem os outros, surge uma situação de expetação. Em terceiro lugar, o processo de formação encontra-se desencadeado, e a situação de expetação já chega ao nível, juridicamente, consistente. Na nossa modesta opinião, a aferição de consistência jurídica baseia-se num fundamento legal, pela qual a liberdade de ação ou o conteúdo possível de um direito fique restringido. Em seguida, a fim de que delimitemos a amplitude da noção acima indicada, distinguimos as expetativas jurídicas das suas figuras afins. Com efeito, o nosso legislador, no Código Civil, não optou pelo acolhimento do conceito técnico-jurídico da “expetativa”, tendo empregado o termo, por vezes, no sentido da linguagem corrente. Além disso, as “legítimas expetativas” consagradas no art. 81º, n.º 2 do mesmo diploma não corresponde à figura em análise. Ademais, a perda de chance tem uma dogmática diferente da perda de expetativa, embora tenham pontos que se tocam. Por sua vez, abordamos a natureza de expetativa jurídica, verificando se pode (ou não) enquadrar a expetativa jurídica no tema do direito subjetivo. Se a resposta fosse positiva, seria possível integrar-se a sua tutela na responsabilidade aquiliana. No entanto, depois da análise detalhada, julgamos que a expetativa jurídica deve ser considerada como uma posição ativa autónoma, não um jus perfectum, nem um minus do direito expetado. Porém, o facto de o objeto em análise não poder subsumir nas categorias do direito subjetivo não obsta a viabilidade de indemnização por frustração ou por detrimento de expetativas jurídicas. O problema deve ser resolvido por interpretação da lei, e há que ver o regime estabelecido pela lei para cada caso. Assim sendo, decidimos servir, na nossa investigação, o negócio jurídico sob condição suspensiva de modelo. Uma vez que, no nosso caso em apreço, o perecimento ou deterioração da coisa objeto do negócio condicionado, ou diminuição do valor dos bens não ocorrem na fase negociatória, nem na fase decisória, o mecanismo de responsabilidade pré-negocial não se aplica. Em contrapartida, é suscetível enquadrar a proteção da pendência no campo da responsabilidade contratual, visto que tais atos implicam que o devedor condicional incumpre os deveres oriundos da boa-fé, constante no art. 272º do Código Civil. Ademais, a existência do direito ao pagamento de indemnização tem, neste caso, como pressuposto a verificação da condição. Dito de outro modo, se a coisa ou direito definitivo se perder, deteriorar ou diminuir de valor, o credor condicional tiver direito a ser indemnizado, só quando se verifique o evento condicionante. Da conjunção dos fatores acima mencionados, podemos constatar que, quer na Alemanha, quer em Portugal, a expetativa jurídica merece proteção jus-civilística, se bem que os instrumentos salvíficos sejam diversos. Nesta medida, a tutela da expetativa jurídica não só se destina a viabilizar a constituição (ou a aquisição) eventual de um direito, impedindo a obstrução surgida no processo formativo, como também visa conservar a integridade do direito expetado, evitando a frustração ou o detrimento do mesmo.
The modern evolution of the juristic expectations is divided in three historical phases in the Germanic doctrine. At the end of the nineteenth century, some jurists proposed the distinction between the expected right and the expectation (Anwartschaft), because it should be considered an autonomous legal concept. In the middle of the twentieth century, the nature of juristic expectation was discussed by many scholars. Since 1980s, the jurists focused on the autonomous mechanism of juristic expectation, for examples, the transferability, the enforceability and the guarantee of this legal figure. Particularly, the majority of German scholars qualifies the juristic expectation as a subjective right, thus its protection is conferred by § 823. I of the BGB. On the other hand, there were few Portuguese jurists who have referred to juristic expectations. For this reason, the present dissertation focuses on the feasibility analysis of the civil liability applying to the people who have frustrated other’s juristic expectation from the point of view of Portuguese legal system. To achieve this objective, the first part of this article is elaborated on the conception of juristic expectation by showing three common features, which serves as a starting point for the later reflections. Besides, the second part concerns the nature of juristic expectation, in order to verify whether the mechanism of non-contractual liability can (or cannot) apply to the corresponding protection. The last chapter uses the juristic act subject to a conditional precedent as model to answer the central question that guides our research. In this case, since the destruction or deterioration of the object of juristic act subject to a conditional precedent, or the decrease in the responding value does not occur in negotiation stage, nor in decision-making stage, the mechanism of pre-contractual liability should not be applied. Nevertheless, it is possible to protect the pendent period of condition by the contractual liability, because those acts imply that the conditional debtor defaulted the obligations arising from good faith, in accordance with the article 272º of the Civil Code. In addition, the existence of the right to compensation presupposes the verification of condition. In other words, if the object of juristic act subject to a conditional precedent loses, deteriorates or diminishes in value, the conditional creditor is entitled to compensation, only if the condition verifies. Through the above analysis, we can draw a conclusion: both in Germany and Portugal, the juristic expectation deserves jus-civilistic protection, although the respective salvations are diverse. Moreover, the protection of the juristic expectation is not only intended to enable the constitution (or acquisition) of a right, but also aims to conserve the integrity of the expected right.
Books on the topic "Subject's Expectation"
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Subjects on display: Psychoanalysis, social expectation, and Victorian femininity. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2004.
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Mittel, Louis Buchalter. Efficient Estimation of the Expectation of a Latent Variable in the Presence of Subject-Specific Ancillaries. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2017.
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E, Snow Catherine, ed. Unfulfilled expectations: Home and school influences on literacy. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1991.
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Schneider, Jörg, and Ton Vrouwenvelder. Introduction to safety and reliability of structures. 3rd ed. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed005.
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<p>Society expects that buildings and other structures are safe for the people who use them or who are near them. The failure of a building or structure is expected to be an extremely rare event. Thus, society implicitly relies on the expertise of the professionals involved in the planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of the structures it uses.<p>Structural engineers devote all their effort to meeting society’s expectations effi ciently. Engineers and scientists work together to develop solutions to structural problems. Given that nothing is absolutely and eternally safe, the goal is to attain an acceptably small probability of failure for a structure, a facility, or a situation. Reliability analysis is part of the science and practice of engineering today, not only with respect to the safety of structures, but also for questions of serviceability and other requirements of technical systems that might be impacted by some probability.<p>The present volume takes a rather broad approach to safety and reliability in Structural Engineering. It treats the underlying concepts of safety, reliability and risk and introduces the reader in a fi rst chapter to the main concepts and strategies for dealing with hazards. The next chapter is devoted to the processing of data into information that is relevant for applying reliability theory. Two following chapters deal with the modelling of structures and with methods of reliability analysis. Another chapter focuses on problems related to establishing target reliabilities, assessing existing structures, and on effective strategies against human error. The last chapter presents an outlook to more advanced applications. The Appendix supports the application of the methods proposed and refers readers to a number of related computer programs.<p>This book is aimed at both students and practicing engineers. It presents the concepts and procedures of reliability analysis in a straightforward, understandable way, making use of simple examples, rather than extended theoretical discussion. It is hoped that this approach serves to advance the application of safety and reliability analysis in engineering practice.<p>The book is amended with a free access to an educational version of a Variables Processor computer program. FreeVaP can be downloaded free of charge and supports the understanding of the subjects treated in this book.
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Goldberg, Sanford C. General Expectations I. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793670.003.0006.
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The notion of epistemic responsibility that emerges from Chapters 1–4 is a minimalist one: a subject is responsible in this sense so long as she forms her beliefs in a way that avoids bald incoherence with her background beliefs. In Chapter 5 the author argues that knowledge itself requires a more substantial kind of epistemic responsibility, and goes on to account for that sort of responsibility. It pursues the idea that epistemic responsibility in this more robust sense is a matter of satisfying the general expectations others are entitled to have of one as an epistemic subject. The author argues that these expectations derive from our social practices, and their legitimacy reflects the legitimacy of those practices.
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Hemphill, Lowry, and Irene F. Goodman. Unfulfilled Expectations. Harvard University Press, 2014.
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Brown, Matthew H. Indirect Subjects. Duke University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478021506.
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In Indirect Subjects, Matthew H. Brown analyzes the content of the prolific Nigerian film industry's mostly direct-to-video movies alongside local practices of production and circulation to show how screen media play spatial roles in global power relations. Scrutinizing the deep structural and aesthetic relationship between Nollywood, as the industry is known, and Nigerian state television, Brown tracks how several Nollywood films, in ways similar to both state television programs and colonial cinema productions, invite local spectators to experience liberal capitalism not only as a form of exploitation but as a set of expectations about the future. This mode of address, which Brown refers to as “periliberalism,” sustains global power imbalances by locating viewers within liberalism but distancing them from its processes and benefits. Locating the wellspring of this hypocrisy in the British Empire's practice of indirect rule, Brown contends that culture industries like Nollywood can sustain capitalism by isolating ordinary African people, whose labor and consumption fuel it, from its exclusive privileges.
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Brown, Alexander. On the Legitimacy of Expectations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812753.003.0002.
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Section I identifies the weaknesses in existing accounts which locate the legitimacy of expectations in underpinning laws and legal entitlements (the Law-Based Account), in the substantive justice of expectations and/or the justice of the basic structure which forms the background to expectations (the Justice-Based Account), or in the legitimacy of the governing agencies and political authorities whose acts and omissions are both the cause and the subject of expectations (the Legitimate Authority-Based Account). Section II introduces a rival account, the Responsibility-Based Account, according to which the legitimacy of expectations depends on the responsibility of governmental administrative agencies for bringing about agent’s expectations, allied to those agencies already having been given or having assumed a role responsibility for making binding decisions affecting the important interests of agents. Finally, Section III expounds in more detail the complex theory of responsibility that undergirds the Responsibility-Based Account.
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Hadfield, Andrew. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789468.003.0001.
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There were few subjects that animated people in early modern Europe more than lying. The subject is endlessly represented and discussed in literature; treatises on rhetoric and courtiership; theology, philosophy, and jurisprudence; travel writing; pamphlets and news books; science and empirical observation; popular culture, especially books about strange, unexplained phenomena; and, of course, legal discourse. For many, lying could be controlled and limited even if not eradicated; for others, lying was a necessary element of a casuistical tradition, liars balancing complicated issues and short-term pragmatic considerations in the expectation of solving more problems than they caused through their deceit....
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Chandler, Jean, Catherine E. Snow, Wendy S. Barnes, Lowry Hemphill, and Irene F. Goodman. Unfulfilled Expectations: Home and School Influences on Literacy. Harvard University Press, 1991.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Subject's Expectation"
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Molinari, E., M. Mazzetti, and G. Peri. "The Experience and the Expectations of Achondroplastic Subjects During the Period of Surgical Lengthening." In Human Achondroplasia, 445–46. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8712-1_55.
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Grilli, Antonella, and Fabrizio Rozzi. "Analisi del questionario per la rilevazione degli obiettivi conseguiti dal TDDI." In Strumenti per la didattica e la ricerca, 93–109. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-587-5.9.
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In August 2021, a questionnaire was sent to all those who had participated in the presentation meetings of the Integrated Digital Direct Internship Experimental Project (TDDI), a questionnaire to identify the objectives achieved. The survey was sent to 99 schools, 238 subjects including teachers, trainees and headteachers and to 18 university tutors of the Course of Studies in Primary Education at the University of Florence. The survey obtained 186 responses and allowed an initial evaluation of the results in relation to the target actually involved and informed of the experimental path. The focus is to detect the level of satisfaction of the subjects actually involved and to highlight how much TDDI can meet the expectations of school managers, teachers, students.
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Bagattini, Daniela, Beatrice Miotti, and Fiorella Operto. "Educational Robotics and the Gender Perspective." In Makers at School, Educational Robotics and Innovative Learning Environments, 249–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77040-2_33.
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AbstractIn this paper we explore the role of stereotypes in educational choices. Data on secondary school enrollments show that girls are abandoning STEM subjects. There are many reasons for this, including social and family expectations, but also the perception that jobs and careers in technical and scientific sectors will make it hard to take care of a family. This is an important theme for the future. The number of jobs in ICT will increase, and the low quantities of women in these sectors will have a strong impact on the availability of skilled workers, as well as increasing the gender gap. What is the role of school in this context? What activities can get more girls interested in science? We focus, in particular, on how innovative approaches such as educational robotics can help girls engage with STEM subjects, as happened with the “Roberta” project, whose results will be illustrated in this work.
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Lindmeier, Anke, and Knut Neumann. "STEM teacher education in Germany: Organization, expectations and challenges from the perspectives of the subjects mathematics and physics." In Quality in Teacher Education and Professional Development, 139–56. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003197973-10.
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Nancy, Jean-Luc. "Narrative, Narration, Recitative." In Expectation, translated by Robert Bononno. Fordham University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823277599.003.0005.
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[…] the subject as subject of art, myth, and story (is there any other?) A story cannot have an end, never having had a beginning —having (and this amounts to the same thing) come to an end long ago. —PHILIPPE LACOUE-LABARTHE1 Narrative implements and puts into play its narrator: there is no narrative without narration and no narration without a narrator....
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Nancy, Jean-Luc. "Exclamations." In Expectation, translated by Robert Bononno. Fordham University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823277599.003.0019.
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Introductory note. This entry doesn’t have precisely the encyclopedic character of a dictionary article in the sense that its subject is not available in advance and susceptible to being treated as one of the givens within the general scope of this work. It is, rather, a subject awaiting construction, as shown by the difficulty that accompanied the choice of the title of this essay and which exists only to the extent that the context of this dictionary could provide the precise sense given to the term “exclamations.” It involves a consideration of the signification or pornographic use of the word in the context of sexual relations. (We also find the word used in some general descriptions, such as “orgasm can be accompanied by verbal exclamations or trembling.” But there is no term that could be said to be unique to this signification, nor any suggestive connotation, as is the case with the term “position.” Among several possible reasons, we can put forward the fact that it entails a very broad register that can encompass whole sentences, even speeches, as well as such things as interjections, cries, and whimpers—we are in a zone of indeterminacy, variable and situated at the limit of language.)...
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"Subject index." In Probability and Conditional Expectation, 570–76. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119243496.indsub.
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Nancy, Jean-Luc. "Blanchot’s Resurrection." In Expectation, translated by Robert Bononno. Fordham University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823277599.003.0017.
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The motif of resurrection does not seem, at least initially, to hold a major place in Blanchot’s work. We find it, although infrequently, in his so-called “theoretical” works. Its presence may be greater in his fiction, but there the themes are necessarily more difficult to isolate as such. Yet resurrection is inseparable from this body of work of death and dying, which we are accustomed to associate with Blanchot’s name. And if dying is not only inseparable from literature or writing but consubstantial with it, it is only to the extent that it is involved with resurrection and does nothing more than to follow its movement. The nature of this movement is what I want to try to approach, putting aside any attempt to reconstitute the economy found in Blanchot’s work, which would be the subject of an entire book....
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"Subject index." In The Rational Expectations School, 278–88. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781786433848.00026.
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"Appendix 1. Number of subjects for which various categories of data are available." In Unfulfilled Expectations, 216–17. Harvard University Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674864481.c11.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Subject's Expectation"
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Wagner-Kuhr, Jeannine. "Expectations for first single-top studies in CMS in proton-proton collisions." In XVIII International Workshop on Deep-Inelastic Scattering and Related Subjects. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.106.0210.
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Malak, Richard, Rachel Smallman, and Heather Lench. "An Empirical Study of the Impact of Task Expectation Framing on Design Decision Delegation." In ASME 2022 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-90147.
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Abstract The delegation of decision authority is a routine part of engineering systems design. Examples include hiring an outside subcontractor and assigning specific design tasks to a subordinate engineer. In all cases, the delegator is responsible for describing the task to the delegate in a way that clarifies expected outcomes. Ideally, the delegate executes the task in a manner consistent with the preferences of the delegator. For systems design tasks, this means the delegate specifies an artifact with engineering attributes desired by the delegator. Whether such expectations are conveyed successfully can have a major impact on the success of a project. However, despite the central nature of such communications in engineering systems design and the potential consequences miscommunication, there has been little empirical investigation of decision delegation in design. This experimental study examines how the framing of decision task expectations impact task outcomes. Subjects participate in an engineering-themed computer game in which they make design choices. Subjects are assigned to conditions randomly, with some given instructions framed as traditional design requirements and others given instructions in a value-driven design framing (e.g., to maximize a figure of merit). A total of 472 engineering students participated in the study. Results indicate that task outcome expectation framing can impact task performance, with design requirement task framings exhibiting advantages over a value-driven framing. This suggests theoretical arguments favoring value-driven framings may not capture adequately the effect of human behavior.
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Chereshova, S. V. "Remuneration of Subjects of Parental Labour in Modern Russia: from Expectations to Reality." In XII Ural Demographic Forum “Paradigms and models of demographic development”. Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/udf-2021-2-19.
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The paper considers current financial incentives for the subjects of parental labour and the peculiarities of state regulation in the field. Based on the data of a sociological study conducted in the city of Ekaterinburg in 2018, the research analyses the views of the subjects of parental labour on the remuneration for parental work, as well as their preferences regarding the forms and types of such remuneration. It was concluded that families with children prefer a permanent cash allowance, despite the fact that financial remuneration is not the main and only form of remuneration for parental labour. There is a discrepancy between the existing state support measures and the requests of the subjects of parental labour. It is necessary to adjust the state support measures taking into account the expectations of the subjects of such labour. Ключевые слова: ТРУД
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Ordóñez López, Pilar, and Rosa Agost. "Teaching Theory in Applied Degrees: A Critical Examination of Curricular Design for Translation Theory Subjects in Comparison with the Students' Expectations." In Third International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head17.2017.5309.
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Due to the practice-oriented nature of Translation and Interpreting study programmes, students are generally assumed to have a reluctant attitude towards the study of theory. However, previous empirical research allows us to dispel this myth: students are aware of the contribution of translation theory to their education as future translators. Taking into account students' needs and expectations, in this paper emphasis is placed on curricular design. A critical examination of the syllabi of Translation Theory subjects, focusing on learning outcomes and teaching methodology, reveals some (mis)matches between teaching planning and the students' expectations. The results obtained show a relatively high degree of coincidence between these two aspects on the one hand, while also highlighting some inaccuracies in the teaching planning of these subjects on the other. These two aspects should be considered a starting point for a revision of the curricular design in order to present an accurate description of the subject by means of an adequate explanation of the intended learning outcomes and teaching methodology, and in order to provide students with significant and useful insights into the theoretical dimension of translation.
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Hildebrandt, Claudia, and Ira Diethelm. "Students' motivations, self-concepts of ability and expectations regarding the subject informatics." In the 9th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2670757.2670764.
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Gutl, Christian, Christopher Cheong, France Cheong, Vanessa Chang, S. Zaung Nau, and Johanna Pirker. "Expectations of the generation NeXt in higher education: Learning engagement approaches in information sciences subjects." In 2015 International Conference on Interactive Collaborative Learning (ICL). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icl.2015.7318027.
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Šmeringaiová, Anna. "EXPECTATIONS AND EXPERIENCES FOR CURRICULUM DESIGN OF THE SUBJECT BASICS OF MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY." In 15th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2021.1521.
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Ravichandar, Harish, Ashwin Dani, Jacquelyn Khadijah-Hajdu, Nicholas Kirsch, Qiang Zhong, and Nitin Sharma. "Expectation Maximization Method to Identify an Electrically Stimulated Musculoskeletal Model." In ASME 2015 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2015-9956.
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A system identification algorithm for a musculoskeletal system using an approximate expectation maximization (E-M) is presented. Effective control design for neuroprosthesis applications necessitates a well defined muscle model. A dynamic model of the lower leg with a fixed ankle is considered. The unknown parameters of the model are estimated using an approximate E-M algorithm based on knee angle measurements collected from an able-bodied subject during stimulated knee extension. The parameters estimated from the data are compared to reference values obtained by conducting experiments that separate the parameters in the dynamics from one another. The presented results demonstrate the capability of the proposed algorithm to identify the parameters of the dynamic model from knee angle measurements.
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O'Regan, Patricia. "Hiding in Plain Sight: Literacy Development Possibilities in Initial Teacher Education." In Seventh International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head21.2021.12908.
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The development of literacy competencies among second-level school students has been highlighted, by the Programme for International Student Assessment as ‘vital to succeed in society’. Literacy competency development has become the remit of all teachers, in all disciplines and initial teacher education programmes have a responsibility to address this. This paper aims to explore the provisions made within one Irish Initial Teacher Education programme, for the development of teaching strategies to enable literacy competency development within the technical-subject classrooms at second level. It also explores the perspectives of its pre-service teachers on this topic. A mixed method case-study was conducted, collecting data through questionnaires, dialogic-discussion groups, focus-groups and interviews. A key finding was the challenge in defining ‘literacy’. This ambiguity left pre-service teachers and teacher-educators unsure of expectations in this regard and resulted in a missalignment between the theory being taught and pre-service teacher practice. Technical-subjects are unexpectedly rich in opportunities to develop literacy competency. However, only some pre-service teachers were recognising the potential for literacy development within these subjects. Further training is required to address the challenges highlighted in this paper and to equip pre-service teachers with the appropriate tools to meet the literacy demands of today’s technical-subject students.
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Dontsov, Aleksandr, Elena Syutkina, and Lyudmila Tarasova. "The Relationship Between Acculturation Expectations and Personal Psychological Security." In The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-32.
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Since the realities of today’s world are full of disturbing events such as wars, terrorist attacks, natural disasters, violent crimes, the news of which is instantly transmitted through the media around the world, the subject’s sense of psychological security is severely threatened. Furthermore, globalisation processes and the transition from an industrial and post-industrial to an information society have greatly intensified the processes of inter-ethnic interaction through active internal and external migration, tourism, modern information and communication technologies, etc. The need to adapt to life in the new country of residence for migrants and to face the transformation of their familiar environment and anxiety regarding their own group status for the population of host countries, make the issue of psychological security be of the highest relevancy. In this context, a study of acculturation expectations of the host population and security needs satisfaction among residents of three regions of the Russian Federation was undertaken upon the basis of the method of the ‘Assessment of Personal Satisfaction with Security Needs’ (O.Y. Zotova), and the acculturation analysis technique suggested by J. Berry, and modified by Z.H. Lepshokova, A.N. Tatarko. The study has shown that priorities in the choice of acculturation strategies across regions that determine the nature of inter-ethnic interaction are differentiated by region, their link to psychological security is present, although not always obvious, and demonstrates regional specificity due to the action of a number of additional factors.
Reports on the topic "Subject's Expectation"
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Nilsson, Kayla. The effect of subject expectations of "hypnosis" upon the vividness of visual imagery. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5448.
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Semerikov, Serhiy O., Mykhailo M. Mintii, and Iryna S. Mintii. Review of the course "Development of Virtual and Augmented Reality Software" for STEM teachers: implementation results and improvement potentials. [б. в.], 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4591.
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The research provides a review of applying the virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technology to education. There are analysed VR and AR tools applied to the course “Development of VR and AR software” for STEM teachers and specified efficiency of mutual application of the environment Unity to visual design, the programming environment (e.g. Visual Studio) and the VR and AR platforms (e.g. Vuforia). JavaScript language and the A-Frame, AR.js, Three.js, ARToolKit and 8th Wall libraries are selected as programming tools. The designed course includes the following modules: development of VR tools (VR and Game Engines; physical interactions and camera; 3D interface and positioning; 3D user interaction; VR navigation and introduction) and development of AR tools (set up AR tools in Unity 3D; development of a project for a photograph; development of training materials with Vuforia; development for promising devices). The course lasts 16 weeks and contains the task content and patterns of performance. It is ascertained that the course enhances development of competences of designing and using innovative learning tools. There are provided the survey of the course participants concerning their expectations and the course results. Reduced amounts of independent work, increased classroom hours, detailed methodological recommendations and increased number of practical problems associated with STEM subjects are mentioned as the course potentials to be implemented.
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Butyrina, Maria, and Valentina Ryvlina. MEDIATIZATION OF ART: VIRTUAL MUSEUM AS MASS MEDIA. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11075.
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The research is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of mediatization of art on the example of virtual museums. Main objective of the study is to give communication characteristics of the mediatized socio-cultural institutions. The subject of the research is forms, directions and communication features of virtual museums. Methodology. In the process of study, the method of communication analysis, which allowed to identify and characterize the main factors of the museum’s functioning as a communication system, was used. Among them, special emphasis is put on receptive and metalinguistic functions. Results / findings and conclusions. The need to be competitive in the information space determines the gradual transformation of socio-cultural institutions into mass media, which is reflected in the content and forms of dialogue with recipients. When cultural institutions begin to function as media, they take on the features of media structures that create a communication environment localized by the functions of communicators and audience expectations. Museums function in such a way that along with the real art space they form a virtual space, which puts the recipients into the reality of the exhibitions based on the principle of immersion. Mediaization of art on the example of virtual museum institutions allows us to talk about: expanding of the perceptual capabilities of the audience; improvement of the exposition function of mediatized museums with the help of Internet technologies; interactivity of museum expositions; providing broad contextual background knowledge necessary for a deep understanding of the content of works of art; the possibility to have a delayed viewing of works of art; absence of thematic, time and space restrictions; possibility of communication between visitors; a huge target audience. Significance. The study of the mediatized forms of communication between museums and visitors as well as the directions of their transformation into media are certainly of interest to the scientific field of “Social Communications”.
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Monetary Policy Report - July 2022. Banco de la República, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr3-2022.
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In the second quarter, annual inflation (9.67%), the technical staff’s projections and its expectations continued to increase, remaining above the target. International cost shocks, accentuated by Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been more persistent than projected, thus contributing to higher inflation. The effects of indexation, higher than estimated excess demand, a tighter labor market, inflation expectations that continue to rise and currently exceed 3%, and the exchange rate pressures add to those described above. High core inflation measures as well as in the producer price index (PPI) across all baskets confirm a significant spread in price increases. Compared to estimates presented in April, the new forecast trajectory for headline and core inflation increased. This was partly the result of greater exchange rate pressure on prices, and a larger output gap, which is expected to remain positive for the remainder of 2022 and which is estimated to close towards yearend 2023. In addition, these trends take into account higher inflation rate indexation, more persistent above-target inflation expectations, a quickening of domestic fuel price increases due to the correction of lags versus the parity price and higher international oil price forecasts. The forecast supposes a good domestic supply of perishable foods, although it also considers that international prices of processed foods will remain high. In terms of the goods sub-basket, the end of the national health emergency implies a reversal of the value-added tax (VAT) refund applied to health and personal hygiene products, resulting in increases in the prices of these goods. Alternatively, the monetary policy adjustment process and the moderation of external shocks would help inflation and its expectations to begin to decrease over time and resume their alignment with the target. Thus, the new projection suggests that inflation could remain high for the second half of 2022, closing at 9.7%. However, it would begin to fall during 2023, closing the year at 5.7%. These forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty, especially regarding the future behavior of external cost shocks, the degree of indexation of nominal contracts and decisions made regarding the domestic price of fuels. Economic activity continues to outperform expectations, and the technical staff’s growth projections for 2022 have been revised upwards from 5% to 6.9%. The new forecasts suggest higher output levels that would continue to exceed the economy’s productive capacity for the remainder of 2022. Economic growth during the first quarter was above that estimated in April, while economic activity indicators for the second quarter suggest that the GDP could be expected to remain high, potentially above that of the first quarter. Domestic demand is expected to maintain a positive dynamic, in particular, due to the household consumption quarterly growth, as suggested by vehicle registrations, retail sales, credit card purchases and consumer loan disbursement figures. A slowdown in the machinery and equipment imports from the levels observed in March contrasts with the positive performance of sales and housing construction licenses, which indicates an investment level similar to that registered for the first three months of the year. International trade data suggests the trade deficit would be reduced as a consequence of import levels that would be lesser than those observed in the first quarter, and stable export levels. For the remainder of the year and 2023, a deceleration in consumption is expected from the high levels seen during the first half of the year, partially as a result of lower repressed demand, tighter domestic financial conditions and household available income deterioration due to increased inflation. Investment is expected to continue its slow recovery while remaining below pre-pandemic levels. The trade deficit is expected to tighten due to projected lower domestic demand dynamics, and high prices of oil and other basic goods exported by the country. Given the above, economic growth in the second quarter of 2022 would be 11.5%, and for 2022 and 2023 an annual growth of 6.9% and 1.1% is expected, respectively. Currently, and for the remainder of 2022, the output gap would be positive and greater than that estimated in April, and prices would be affected by demand pressures. These projections continue to be affected by significant uncertainty associated with global political tensions, the expected adjustment of monetary policy in developed countries, external demand behavior, changes in country risk outlook, and the future developments in domestic fiscal policy, among others. The high inflation levels and respective expectations, which exceed the target of the world's main central banks, largely explain the observed and anticipated increase in their monetary policy interest rates. This environment has tempered the growth forecast for external demand. Disruptions in value chains, rising international food and energy prices, and expansionary monetary and fiscal policies have contributed to the rise in inflation and above-target expectations seen by several of Colombia’s main trading partners. These cost and price shocks, heightened by the effects of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been more prevalent than expected and have taken place within a set of output and employment recovery, variables that in some countries currently equal or exceed their projected long-term levels. In response, the U.S. Federal Reserve accelerated the pace of the benchmark interest rate increase and rapidly reduced liquidity levels in the money market. Financial market actors expect this behavior to continue and, consequently, significantly increase their expectations of the average path of the Fed's benchmark interest rate. In this setting, the U.S. dollar appreciated versus the peso in the second quarter and emerging market risk measures increased, a behavior that intensified for Colombia. Given the aforementioned, for the remainder of 2022 and 2023, the Bank's technical staff increased the forecast trajectory for the Fed's interest rate and reduced the country's external demand growth forecast. The projected oil price was revised upward over the forecast horizon, specifically due to greater supply restrictions and the interruption of hydrocarbon trade between the European Union and Russia. Global geopolitical tensions, a tightening of monetary policy in developed economies, the increase in risk perception for emerging markets and the macroeconomic imbalances in the country explain the increase in the projected trajectory of the risk premium, its trend level and the neutral real interest rate1. Uncertainty about external forecasts and their consequent impact on the country's macroeconomic scenario remains high, given the unpredictable evolution of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, geopolitical tensions, the degree of the global economic slowdown and the effect the response to recent outbreaks of the pandemic in some Asian countries may have on the world economy. This macroeconomic scenario that includes high inflation, inflation forecasts, and expectations above 3% and a positive output gap suggests the need for a contractionary monetary policy that mitigates the risk of the persistent unanchoring of inflation expectations. In contrast to the forecasts of the April report, the increase in the risk premium trend implies a higher neutral real interest rate and a greater prevailing monetary stimulus than previously estimated. For its part, domestic demand has been more dynamic, with a higher observed and expected output level that exceeds the economy’s productive capacity. The surprising accelerations in the headline and core inflation reflect stronger and more persistent external shocks, which, in combination with the strength of aggregate demand, indexation, higher inflation expectations and exchange rate pressures, explain the upward projected inflation trajectory at levels that exceed the target over the next two years. This is corroborated by the inflation expectations of economic analysts and those derived from the public debt market, which continued to climb and currently exceed 3%. All of the above increase the risk of unanchoring inflation expectations and could generate widespread indexation processes that may push inflation away from the target for longer. This new macroeconomic scenario suggests that the interest rate adjustment should continue towards a contractionary monetary policy landscape. 1.2. Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s Board of Directors (BDBR), at its meetings in June and July 2022, decided to continue adjusting its monetary policy. At its June meeting, the BDBR decided to increase the monetary policy rate by 150 basis points (b.p.) and its July meeting by majority vote, on a 150 b.p. increase thereof at its July meeting. Consequently, the monetary policy interest rate currently stands at 9.0% . 1 The neutral real interest rate refers to the real interest rate level that is neither stimulative nor contractionary for aggregate demand and, therefore, does not generate pressures that lead to the close of the output gap. In a small, open economy like Colombia, this rate depends on the external neutral real interest rate, medium-term components of the country risk premium, and expected depreciation. Box 1: A Weekly Indicator of Economic Activity for Colombia Juan Pablo Cote Carlos Daniel Rojas Nicol Rodriguez Box 2: Common Inflationary Trends in Colombia Carlos D. Rojas-Martínez Nicolás Martínez-Cortés Franky Juliano Galeano-Ramírez Box 3: Shock Decomposition of 2021 Forecast Errors Nicolás Moreno Arias
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Monetary Policy Report - January 2021. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr1.-2021.
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Macroeconomic Summary Overall inflation (1.61%) and core inflation (excluding food and regulated items) (1.11%) both declined beyond the technical staff’s expectations in the fourth quarter of 2020. Year-end 2021 forecasts for both indicators were revised downward to 2.3% and 2.1%, respectively. Market inflation expectations also fell over this period and suggested inflation below the 3% target through the end of this year, rising to the target in 2022. Downward pressure on inflation was more significant in the fourth quarter than previously projected, indicating weak demand. Annual deceleration among the main groups of the consumer price index (CPI) was generalized and, except for foods, was greater than projected in the October report. The CPI for goods (excluding foods and regulated items) and the CPI for regulated items were subject to the largest decelerations and forecasting discrepancies. In the first case, this was due in part to a greater-than-expected effect on prices from the government’s “VAT-fee day” amid weak demand, and from the extension of some price relief measures. For regulated items, the deceleration was caused in part by unanticipated declines in some utility prices. Annual change in the CPI for services continued to decline as a result of the performance of those services that were not subject to price relief measures, in particular. Although some of the overall decline in inflation is expected to be temporary and reverse course in the second quarter of 2021, various sources of downward pressure on inflation have become more acute and will likely remain into next year. These include ample excesses in capacity, as suggested by the continued and greater-than-expected deceleration in core inflation indicators and in the CPI for services excluding price relief measures. This dynamic is also suggested by the minimal transmission of accumulated depreciation of the peso on domestic prices. Although excess capacity should fall in 2021, the decline will likely be slower than projected in the October report amid additional restrictions on mobility due to a recent acceleration of growth in COVID-19 cases. An additional factor is that low inflation registered at the end of 2020 will likely be reflected in low price adjustments on certain indexed services with significant weight in the CPI, including real estate rentals and some utilities. These factors should keep inflation below the target and lower than estimates from the previous report on the forecast horizon. Inflation is expected to continue to decline to levels near 1% in March, later increasing to 2.3% at the end of 2021 and 2.7% at year-end 2022 (Graph 1.1). According to the Bank’s most recent survey, market analysts expect inflation of 2.7% and 3.1% in December 2021 and 2022, respectively. Expected inflation derived from government bonds was 2% for year-end 2021, while expected inflation based on bonds one year forward from that date (FBEI 1-1 2022) was 3.2%.
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Monetary Policy Report - October 2022. Banco de la República Colombia, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr4-2022.
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1.1 Macroeconomic summary In September, headline inflation (11.4% annually) and the average of core inflation indicators (8.6% annually) continued on a rising trend, and higher increases than expected were recorded. Forecasts increased again, and inflation expectations remained above 3%. Inflationary surprises in the third quarter were significant and widespread, and they are the result of several shocks. On the one hand, international cost and price shocks, which have mainly affected goods and foods, continue to exert upwards pressure on national inflation. In addition to these external supply shocks, domestic supply shocks have also affected foods. On the other hand, the strong recovery of aggregate demand, especially for private consumption and for machinery and equipment, as well as a higher accumulated depreciation of the Colombian peso and its pass-through to domestic prices also explain the rise in inflation. Indexation also contributes, both through the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and through the Producer Price Index (PPI), which continues to have a significant impact on electricity prices and, to a lesser degree, on other public utilities and rent. In comparison with July’s report, the new forecast trajectory for headline and core inflation (excluding food and regulated items) is higher in the forecast horizon, mainly due to exchange rate pressures, higher excess demand, and indexation at higher inflation rates, but it maintains a trend of convergence towards the target. In the case of food, a good domestic supply of perishable foods and some moderation in international processed food prices are still expected. However, the technical staff estimates higher pressures on this group’s prices from labor costs, raw material prices, and exchange rates. In terms of the CPI for regulated items, the new forecast supposes reductions in electricity prices at the end of the year, but the effects of indexation at higher inflation rates and the expected rises in fuel prices would continue to push this CPI group. Therefore, the new projection suggests that, in December, inflation would reach 11.3% and would decrease throughout 2023 and 2024, closing the year at 7.1% and 3.5%, respectively. These forecasts have a high level of uncertainty, due especially to the future behavior of international financial conditions, external price and cost shocks, the persistence of depreciation of the Colombian peso, the pace of adjustment of domestic demand, the indexation degree of nominal contracts, and the decisions that would be made regarding domestic fuel and electricity prices. Economic activity continues to surprise on the upside, and the projection of growth for 2022 rose from 6.9% to 7.9% but lowered for 2023 from 1.1% to 0.5%. Thus, excess demand is higher than estimated in the previous report, and it would diminish in 2023. Economic growth in the second quarterwas higher than estimated in July due to stronger domestic demand, mainly because of private consumption. Economic activity indicators for the third quarter suggest that the GDP would stay at a high level, above its potential, with an annual change of 6.4%, and 0.6% higher than observed in the second quarter. Nevertheless, these numbers reflect deceleration in its quarterly and annual growth. Domestic demand would show similar behavior, with a high value, higher than that of output. This can be explained partly by the strong behavior of private consumption and investment in machinery and equipment. In the third quarter, investment in construction would have continued with mediocre performance, which would still place it at levels lower than those observed before the pandemic. The trade deficit would have widened due to high imports with a stronger trend than that for exports. It is expected that, in the forecast horizon, consumption would decrease from its current high levels, partly as a consequence of tighter domestic financial conditions, lower repressed demand, higher exchange rate pressures on imported goods prices, and the deterioration of actual income due to the rise in inflation. Investment would continue to lag behind, without reaching the levels observed before the pandemic, in a context of high financing costs and high uncertainty. A lower projected behavior in domestic demand and the high levels of prices for oil and other basic goods that the country exports would be reflected in a reduction in the trade deficit. Due to all of this, economic growth for all of 2022, 2023, and 2024 would be 7.9%, 0.5%, and 1.3%, respectively. Expected excess demand (measured via the output gap) is estimated to be higher than contemplated in the previous report; it would diminish in 2023 and could turn negative in 2024. These estimates remain subject to a high degree of uncertainty related to global political tension, a rise in international interest rates, and the effects of this rise on demand and financial conditions abroad. In the domestic context, the evolution of fiscal policy as well as future measures regarding economic policy and their possible effects on macroeconomic imbalances in the country, among others, are factors that generate uncertainty and affect risk premia, the exchange rate, investment, and the country’s economic activity. Interest rates at several of the world’s main central banks continue to rise, some at a pace higher than expected by the market. This is in response to the high levels of inflation and their inflation expectations, which continue to exceed the targets. Thus, global growth projections are still being moderated, risk premia have risen, and the dollar continues to gain strength against other main currencies. International pressures on global inflation have heightened. In the United States, core inflation has not receded, pressured by the behavior of the CPI for services and a tight labor market. Consequently, the U.S. Federal Reserve continued to increase the policy interest rate at a strong pace. This rate is expected to now reach higher levels than projected in the previous quarter. Other developed and emerging economies have also increased their policy interest rates. Thus, international financial conditions have tightened significantly, which reflects in a widespread strengthening of the dollar, increases in worldwide risk premia, and the devaluation of risky assets. Recently, these effects have been stronger in Colombia than in the majority of its peers in the region. Considering all of the aforementioned, the technical staff of the bank increased its assumption regarding the U.S. Federal Reserve’s interest rate, reduced the country’s external demand growth forecast, and raised the projected trajectory for the risk premium. The latter remains elevated at higher levels than its historical average, within a context of high local uncertainty and of extensive financing needs from the foreign sector and the public sector. All of this results in higher inflationary pressures associated to the depreciation of the Colombian peso. The uncertainty regarding external forecasts and its impact on the country remain elevated, given the unforeseeable evolution of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, of geopolitical tensions, and of the tightening of external financial conditions, among others. A macroeconomic context of high inflation, inflation expectations and forecasts above 3%, and a positive output gap suggests the need for contractionary monetary policy, compatible with the macroeconomic adjustment necessary to eliminate excess demand, mitigate the risk of unanchoring in inflation expectations, and guarantee convergence of inflation at the target. In comparison with the July report forecasts, domestic demand has been more dynamic, with a higher observed output level that surpasses the economy’s productive capacity. Headline and core inflation have registered surprising rises, associated with the effects of domestic and external price shocks that were more persistent than anticipated, with excess demand and indexation processes in some CPI groups. The country’s risk premium and the observed and expected international interest rates increased. As a consequence of this, inflationary pressures from the exchange rate rose, and in this report, the probability of the neutral real interest rate being higher than estimated increased. In general, inflation expectations for all terms and the bank’s technical staff inflation forecast for 2023 increased again and continue to stray from 3%. All of the aforementioned elevated the risk of unanchoring inflation expectations and could heighten widespread indexation processes that push inflation away from the target for a longer time. In this context, it is necessary to consolidate a contractionary monetary policy that tends towards convergence of inflation at the target in the forecast horizon and towards the reduction of excess demand in order to guarantee a sustainable output level trajectory. 1.2 Monetary policy decision In its September and October of 2022 meetings, Banco de la República’s Board of Directors (BDBR) decided to continue adjusting its monetary policy. In September, the BDBR decided by a majority vote to raise the monetary policy interest rate by 100 basis points (bps), and in its October meeting, unanimously, by 100bps. Therefore, the rate is at 11.0%. Boxes 1 Food inflation: a comparison with other countries