Academic literature on the topic 'Subduction – Makran (Iran)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Subduction – Makran (Iran)"
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Haberland, Christian, Mohammad Mokhtari, Hassan Ali Babaei, Trond Ryberg, Mehdi Masoodi, Abdolreza Partabian, and Jörn Lauterjung. "Anatomy of a crustal-scale accretionary complex: Insights from deep seismic sounding of the onshore western Makran subduction zone, Iran." Geology 49, no. 1 (August 13, 2020): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47700.1.
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Abstract The Makran subduction zone has produced M 8+ earthquakes and subsequent tsunamis in historic times, hence indicating high risk for the coastal regions of southern Iran, Pakistan, and neighboring countries. Besides this, the Makran subduction zone is an end-member subduction zone featuring extreme properties, with one of the largest sediment inputs and the widest accretionary wedge on Earth. While surface geology and shallow structure of the offshore wedge have been relatively well studied, primary information on the deeper structure of the onshore part is largely absent. We present three crustal-scale, trench-perpendicular, deep seismic sounding profiles crossing the subaerial part of the accretionary wedge of the western Makran subduction zone in Iran. P-wave travel-time tomography based on a Monte Carlo Markov chain algorithm as well as the migration of automatic line drawings of wide-angle reflections reveal the crustal structure of the wedge and geometry of the subducting oceanic plate at high resolution. The images shed light on the accretionary processes, in particular the generation of continental crust by basal accretion, and provide vital basic information for hazard assessment and tsunami modeling.
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Safari, A., A. M. Abolghasem, N. Abedini, and Z. Mousavi. "ASSESSMENT OF OPTIMUM VALUE FOR DIP ANGLE AND LOCKING RATE PARAMETERS IN MAKRAN SUBDUCTION ZONE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W4 (September 27, 2017): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w4-523-2017.
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Makran subduction zone is one of the convergent areas that have been studied by spatial geodesy. Makran zone is located in the South Eastern of Iran and South of Pakistan forming the part of Eurasian-Arabian plate's border where oceanic crust in the Arabian plate (or in Oman Sea) subducts under the Eurasian plate ( Farhoudi and Karig, 1977). Due to lack of historical and modern tools in the area, a sampling of sparse measurements of the permanent GPS stations and temporary stations (campaign) has been conducted in the past decade. Makran subduction zone from different perspectives has unusual behaviour: For example, the Eastern and Western parts of the region have very different seismicity and also dip angle of subducted plate is in about 2 to 8 degrees that this value due to the dip angle in other subduction zone is very low. In this study, we want to find the best possible value for parameters that differs Makran subduction zone from other subduction zones. Rigid block modelling method was used to determine these parameters. From the velocity vectors calculated from GPS observations in this area, block model is formed. These observations are obtained from GPS stations that a number of them are located in South Eastern Iran and South Western Pakistan and a station located in North Eastern Oman. According to previous studies in which the locking depth of Makran subduction zone is 38km (Frohling, 2016), in the preparation of this model, parameter value of at least 38 km is considered. With this function, the amount of 2 degree value is the best value for dip angle but for the locking rate there is not any specified amount. Because the proposed model is not sensitive to this parameter. So we can not expect big earthquakes in West of Makran or a low seismicity activity in there but the proposed model definitely shows the Makran subduction layer is locked.
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Rashidi, Amin, Denys Dutykh, Zaher Hossein Shomali, Nasser Keshavarz Farajkhah, and Mohammadsadegh Nouri. "A Review of Tsunami Hazards in the Makran Subduction Zone." Geosciences 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10090372.
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The uncertain tsunamigenic potential of the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) has made it an interesting natural laboratory for tsunami-related studies. This study aims to review the recent activities on tsunami hazard in the Makran subduction zone with a focus on deterministic and probabilistic tsunami hazard assessments. While almost all studies focused on tsunami hazard from the Makran subduction thrust, other local sources such as splay faults and landslides can be also real threats in the future. Far-field tsunami sources such as Sumatra-Andaman and Java subduction zones, commonly lumped as the Sunda subduction zone, do not seem to pose a serious risk to the Makran coastlines. The tsunamigenic potential of the western segment of the MSZ should not be underestimated considering the new evidence from geological studies and lessons from past tsunamis in the world. An overview of the results of tsunami hazard studies shows that the coastal area between Kereti to Ormara along the shoreline of Iran-Pakistan and the coastal segment between Muscat and Sur along Oman’s shoreline are the most hazardous areas. Uncertainties in studying tsunami hazard for the Makran region are large. We recommend that future studies mainly focus on the role of thick sediments, a better understanding of the plates interface geometry, the source mechanism and history of extreme-wave deposits, the contribution of other local tsunamigenic sources and vulnerability assessment for all coastlines of the whole Makran region.
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Hafeez Abbasi, Muhammad Imran. "IS MAKRAN A SEPARATE MICROPLATE? A SHORT REVIEW." MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF GEOSCIENCES 5, no. 1 (November 19, 2020): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/mjg.01.2021.01.05.
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Makran Subduction Zone (MZS) is important as this region lies on both sides of the border of Iran and Pakistan along the coastline. Makran Subduction complex has pervasive seismicity and diverse focal mechanism solutions and being in the vicinity of Triple Junction where three major Tectonic plates; Arabian, Eurasian and Indian plates are connecting. Both of Chabahar and Gwadar ports are located in this vicinity, on which China is investing for CPEC, Belt and Road Initiative. The whole world is looking at these projects of Makran, as this may define and transform the future of trade. Hence Geoscience point of view is notable as well in consideration for the successful execution of these projects. Several Microplates/blocks have been proposed around the vicinity MSZ and Indian-Eurasian Plate boundary including the Ormara microplate, Lut Block, Helmand Block, and Pakistan-Iran Makran microplate (PIMM). The purpose of this review is to shed light on PIMM. Despite previous researches related to Makran, still many researchers are working to solve puzzles related to the complexity of MSZ. It is divided into Eastern and Western Makran due to seismicity and North to South into four parts based on stratigraphy, thrusts and folds. This review aims to give suggestions for the hypothesis on PIMM which was inferred as a separate microplate.
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Normand, Raphaël, Guy Simpson, and Abbas Bahroudi. "Extension at the coast of the Makran subduction zone (Iran)." Terra Nova 31, no. 6 (July 30, 2019): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ter.12419.
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Normand, Raphaël, Guy Simpson, Frédéric Herman, Rabiul Haque Biswas, and Abbas Bahroudi. "Holocene Sedimentary Record and Coastal Evolution in the Makran Subduction Zone (Iran)." Quaternary 2, no. 2 (June 12, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat2020021.
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The western Makran coast displays evidence of surface uplift since at least the Late Pleistocene, but it remains uncertain whether this displacement is accommodated by creep on the subduction interface, or in a series of large earthquakes. Here, we address this problem by looking at the short-term (Holocene) history of continental vertical displacements recorded in the geomorphology and sedimentary succession of the Makran beaches. In the region of Chabahar (Southern Iran), we study two bay-beaches through the description, measurement and dating of 13 sedimentary sections with a combination of radiocarbon and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating. Our results show that lagoonal settings dominate the early Holocene of both studied beach sections. A flooding surface associated with the Holocene maximum transgression is followed by a prograding sequence of tidal and beach deposits. Coastal progradation is evidenced in Pozm Bay, where we observe a rapid buildup of the beach ridge succession (3.5 m/years lateral propagation over the last 1950 years). Dating of Beris Beach revealed high rates of uplift, comparable to the rates obtained from the nearby Late Pleistocene marine terraces. A 3150-year-old flooding surface within the sedimentary succession of Chabahar Bay was possibly caused by rapid subsidence during an earthquake. If true, this might indicate that the Western Makran does produce large earthquakes, similar to those that have occurred further east in the Pakistani Makran.
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Hoechner, Andreas, Andrey Y. Babeyko, and Natalia Zamora. "Probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment for the Makran region with focus on maximum magnitude assumption." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 6 (June 10, 2016): 1339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1339-2016.
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Abstract. Despite having been rather seismically quiescent for the last decades, the Makran subduction zone is capable of hosting destructive earthquakes and tsunami. In particular, the well-known thrust event in 1945 (Balochistan earthquake) led to about 4000 casualties. Nowadays, the coastal regions are more densely populated and vulnerable to similar events. Furthermore, some recent publications discuss rare but significantly larger events at the Makran subduction zone as possible scenarios. We analyze the instrumental and historical seismicity at the subduction plate interface and generate various synthetic earthquake catalogs spanning 300 000 years with varying magnitude-frequency relations. For every event in the catalogs we compute estimated tsunami heights and present the resulting tsunami hazard along the coasts of Pakistan, Iran and Oman in the form of probabilistic tsunami hazard curves. We show how the hazard results depend on variation of the Gutenberg–Richter parameters and especially maximum magnitude assumption.
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Hoechner, A., A. Y. Babeyko, and N. Zamora. "Probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment for the Makran region with focus on maximum magnitude assumption." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 9 (September 1, 2015): 5191–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-5191-2015.
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Abstract. Despite having been rather seismically quiescent for the last decades, the Makran subduction zone is capable of hosting destructive earthquakes and tsunami. In particular, the well-known thrust event in 1945 (Balochistan earthquake) led to about 4000 casualties. Nowadays, the coastal regions are more densely populated and vulnerable to similar events. Furthermore, some recent publications discuss rare but significantly larger events at the Makran subduction zone as possible scenarios. We analyze the instrumental and historical seismicity at the subduction plate interface and generate various synthetic earthquake catalogs spanning 300 000 years with varying magnitude–frequency relations. For every event in the catalogs we compute estimated tsunami heights and present the resulting tsunami hazard along the coasts of Pakistan, Iran and Oman in the form of probabilistic tsunami hazard curves. We show how the hazard results depend on variation of the Gutenberg–Richter parameters and especially maximum magnitude assumption.
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Nemati, Majid. "Seismotectonic and seismicity of Makran, a bimodal subduction zone, SE Iran." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 169 (January 2019): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2018.08.009.
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Normand, Raphaël, Guy Simpson, Frédéric Herman, Rabiul Haque Biswas, Abbas Bahroudi, and Bastian Schneider. "Dating and morpho-stratigraphy of uplifted marine terraces in the Makran subduction zone (Iran)." Earth Surface Dynamics 7, no. 1 (March 26, 2019): 321–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-321-2019.
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Abstract. The western part of the Makran subduction zone (Iran) is currently experiencing active surface uplift, as attested by the presence of emerged marine terraces along the coast. To better understand the uplift recorded by these terraces, we investigated seven localities along the Iranian Makran and we performed radiocarbon, 230Th∕U and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of the layers of marine sediments deposited on top of the terraces. This enabled us to correlate the terraces regionally and to assign them to different Quaternary sea-level highstands. Our results show east–west variations in surface uplift rates mostly between 0.05 and 1.2 mm yr−1. We detected a region of anomalously high uplift rate, where two MIS 3 terraces are emerged, but we are uncertain how to interpret these results in a geologically coherent context. Although it is presently not clear whether the uplift of the terraces is linked to the occurrence of large megathrust earthquakes, our results highlight rapid surface uplift for a subduction zone context and heterogeneous accumulation of deformation in the overriding plate.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Subduction – Makran (Iran)"
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Ninkabou, Dia. "Tectono-sedimentary and geodynamic evolution of the Makran Subduction Zone and the Gulf of Oman, from the Late Cretaceous to Present." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS581.
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La zone de subduction du Makran, situé entre les plaques Arabe, Indienne et Eurasienne est caractérisé par l’un des plus grands prisme d’accrétion au monde. D’âge cénozoïque, ce prisme présente de fortes différences dans sa morphologie d’Est en Ouest, à terre et en mer. Afin de déterminer les causes de ces disparités, des données de sismiques réflexion ont été étudiés en mer à travers le prisme et le Golfe d’Oman, nous renseignant sur l’évolution de la zone d’étude à l’échelle du bassin. Des données de tomographie sismique ont aussi été étudiés à travers la région, nous renseignant sur la structure lithosphérique de la zone de subduction. Les résultats montrent que la structure du prisme en mer est régie par la dynamique sédimentaire Plio-Pléistocène du prisme, lié à sa cannibalisation. Le secteur occidental du prisme montre une accumulation préférentielle de sédiments dans la plateforme, alors qu’un système turbiditique permet l’acheminement de sédiments à la fosse dans le secteur oriental. La structure profonde de la zone de subduction est caractérisée par un premier panneau plongeant lié à la plaque Arabe, affecté par une déchirure subhorizontale dans la partie ouest de la zone de subduction. Cette déchirure se situe à l’ouest d’une zone de transfert majeur identifié sur la marge Omanaise, indiquant une possible segmentation de la plaque subduite. Cette déchirure est potentiellement responsable de la formation d’un olistostrome dans la partie occidentale du prisme, qui est responsable de la morphologie distincte du prisme émergé dans ce secteur. Un deuxième panneau plongeant, associé à la plaque indienne, est situé dans la partie la plus à l’Est de la subductionThe Makran subduction zone, located between the Arabian, Indian and Eurasian plates, is characterized by one of the largest accretionary prism of the world. This Cenozoic prism shows stark morphological differences from East to West, onshore and offshore. To assess the causes for these differences, offshore multichannel seismic data has been studied throughout the prism and the Gulf of Oman, allowing us to assess the evolution of the study area at the basin scale. Seismic tomography data was also studied across the region, providing insights into the subduction zone's lithospheric structure. The results show that the structure of the offshore prism is partly linked to Plio-Pleistocene surface processes due to its reworking. The western sector of the prism shows mainly a large accumulation of sediments in the shelf, compared to the eastern sector, where sediments are also routed to the trench by a turbiditic system. The deep structure of the subduction zone is characterized by a first subducting plate related to the Arabian plate, affected by a sub-horizontal tear. This tear is located west of a major transfer zone identified on the northern Oman margin, indicating a possible segmentation of the subducting plate. This tear may be responsible for forming a major olistostrome, which impacts the morphology of the onshore wedge. An additional subducting plate, related to the Indian plate, is located in the easternmost sector of the subduction zone
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Regard, Vincent. "Variations temporelle et spatiale de la transition subduction-collision : tectonique de la transition Zagros-Makran (Iran) et modélisation analogique." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003777.
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Les transitions spatiale et temporelle de la subduction à la collision sont des charnières géodynamiques. Nous précisons dans ce travail le rôle et le devenir de ces zones grâce à des modèles analogiques et l'étude tectonique d'un cas réel. La modélisation a montré qu'une transition temporelle entre subduction et collision est toujours marquée par une phase de subduction continentale. La durée de cette phase dépend de la façon dont se déforme la lithosphère subductée en profondeur. Plus elle se déforme, plus courte est la subduction continentale. Dans le cas d'une transition latérale entre subduction et collision, la déformation de la plaque supérieure est aussi fonction de sa résistance à la déformation et notamment de l'existence de zones de faiblesse. Notre analyse tectonique montre que la déformation actuelle à la transition Zagros-Makran (SE Iran) est distribuée sur un large domaine, au niveau de deux systèmes de failles, d'orientation N 160° et N 0°. Le régime est globalement transpressif, et montre deux phases distinctes. 1-Mio-Pliocène : failles inverses avec un probable partitionnement avec des plis. 2-Plio-Quaternaire : déformation purement cassante, avec une contrainte principale horizontale, s1, de direction NE-SO, homogène sur toute la zone. L'analyse de marqueurs géomorphologiques décalés et datés (datations 10Be, et corrélations paléoclimatiques et archéologiques), nous a permis de déterminer les vitesses de déplacement de chaque faille et d'obtenir le déplacement total sur la zone, de 12±2 mm/a dans une direction environ ~10°. La distribution de la déformation montrée par la tectonique peut être attribuée à la prolongation du slab du Makran sous le Zagros, et montre, comme la modélisation, à quel point la déformation de surface est tributaire de processus profonds. La déformation en Iran comme celle des modèles montre de plus une forte localisation de la déformation par des zones de faiblesse héritées de l'histoire géologique régionale.
Conference papers on the topic "Subduction – Makran (Iran)"
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Heidarzadeh, Mohammad, Moharram D. Pirooz, Nasser H. Zaker, and Mohammad Mokhtari. "Modeling of Tsunami Propagation in the Vicinity of the Southern Coasts of Iran." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29082.
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The extensive death toll and sever economical damages brought by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami has emphasized the urgent need for assessing the hazard of tsunami in this ocean, and determining the most vulnerable coastlines to the impact of possible tsunami. In this paper the hazard of tsunami for southern coasts of Iran bordering the Indian Ocean is discussed. At first, historical data of tsunami occurrences on the Iranian southern coasts are collected, described and analyzed. Then, numerical simulation of potential tsunamis in the Makran subduction zone is performed and the tsunami wave height distribution along the Iranian coast is calculated. The Makran subduction zone is among two main tsunamigenic zones in the Indian Ocean. In this zone the Oman oceanic plate subducts beneath the Iranian Micro-plate at an estimated rate of about 19 mm/yr. Historically, there is the potential for tsunami generation in this region and several tsunamis attacked the Makran coastlines in the past. The most recent tsunami in this region has occurred on 28 November 1945 which took the lives of more than 4000 people in the coasts of Iran, Pakistan, India, and Oman. Here we examine the seafloor uplift of the Makran zone and its potential for generating destructive tsunamis in the southern coastlines of Iran. Several earthquake scenarios with moment magnitudes ranging between 6.5 and 8.5 are used as initial conditions for analysis. For scenario of an earthquake with magnitude of 8.0, propagation of tsunami waves on coastlines and wave time histories in selected reference locations are calculated.
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Grando, Gianluca, and Ken McClay. "Subduction-related deformation processes in the Makran accretionary prism, offshore Iran." In GEO 2008. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.246.158.
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