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1
Schembri, Sharon. "The paradox of a legend: A visual ethnography of Harley-Davidson in Australia." Journal of Management & Organization 14, no. 4 (September 2008): 386–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200003151.
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AbstractConsumption, especially high profile brand consumption, implicates our identities. More than that, brand consumption connects our lives to others through shared lifestyle expressions to the extent that subcultures of consumption emerge. However, as this work shows, the meaning of particular consumption objects or brands cannot be assumed. Using visual ethnography, this study describes the experiential meaning of the legendary Harley-Davidson to owners and riders in Australia. For more than three years, fieldwork was conducted primarily from within a chapter of the Harley Owners Group (HOG) and included participant observation, interviews, and visual documentation of the Harley-Davidson experience. The findings show the Australian Harley-Davidson experience to be a postmodern paradox. As an iconic American brand with a rebellious image, Harley-Davidson is readily embraced in this Australian subculture of consumption. Also, despite the widely assumed deviancy of those on a Harley-Davidson, the Australian HOG subculture is shown to uphold mainstream values in a family-friendly environment. Moreover, as an iconic symbol of freedom, this experience is achieved through regulation and organization. This work also shows the act of consuming Harley-Davidson creates the experiential meaning and postmodern spectacle that demands attention. In effect, consumers become producers in co-constructing the postmodern paradox of the (Australian) Harley-Davidson experience.
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Schembri, Sharon. "The paradox of a legend: A visual ethnography of Harley-Davidson in Australia." Journal of Management & Organization 14, no. 4 (September 2008): 386–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.837.14.4.386.
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AbstractConsumption, especially high profile brand consumption, implicates our identities. More than that, brand consumption connects our lives to others through shared lifestyle expressions to the extent that subcultures of consumption emerge. However, as this work shows, the meaning of particular consumption objects or brands cannot be assumed. Using visual ethnography, this study describes the experiential meaning of the legendary Harley-Davidson to owners and riders in Australia. For more than three years, fieldwork was conducted primarily from within a chapter of the Harley Owners Group (HOG) and included participant observation, interviews, and visual documentation of the Harley-Davidson experience. The findings show the Australian Harley-Davidson experience to be a postmodern paradox. As an iconic American brand with a rebellious image, Harley-Davidson is readily embraced in this Australian subculture of consumption. Also, despite the widely assumed deviancy of those on a Harley-Davidson, the Australian HOG subculture is shown to uphold mainstream values in a family-friendly environment. Moreover, as an iconic symbol of freedom, this experience is achieved through regulation and organization. This work also shows the act of consuming Harley-Davidson creates the experiential meaning and postmodern spectacle that demands attention. In effect, consumers become producers in co-constructing the postmodern paradox of the (Australian) Harley-Davidson experience.
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Maksay, Arpad. "Japanese Working Holiday Makers in Australia: Subculture and Resistance." Tourism Review International 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427207784771897.
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Scott, Lydia, and Anna Chur-Hansen. "The Mental Health Literacy of Rural Adolescents: Emo Subculture and SMS Texting." Australasian Psychiatry 16, no. 5 (January 1, 2008): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10398560802027328.
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Objective: This study sought to explore the mental health literacy of adolescents living in a rural area in Australia through in-depth, semi-structured interviews, with a view to identifying areas for further research and making recommendations for improved education programs around mental health. Method: Nine Year 10 students (two boys and seven girls) from a rural secondary school in South Australia read two vignettes, one portraying depression and the other schizophrenia. Semi-structured individual interviews that focussed on the vignettes were audio-taped, transcribed and analysed for thematic content. Results: The data yielded a number of main themes, many of which have been previously identified in the literature. Two new findings also emerged. These were the role of Emo subculture and dealing with distress, and the value of confiding in another person through short message service (SMS) texting. Conclusions: The impact of Emo subculture and SMS texting on mental health literacy requires further exploration. It is suggested that these two findings are not confined to rural youth, but may have national and international relevance.
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Winchester, Hilary P. M., and Lauren N. Costello. "Living on the Street: Social Organisation and Gender Relations of Australian Street Kids." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 13, no. 3 (June 1995): 329–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d130329.
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The resurgence and visibility of homelessness since the 1980s have become significant social and political issues, widely debated in academic circles and in the popular press. The composition of the homeless population has changed markedly in this period, and now includes more women and children, and more of the deinstitutionalised mentally ill. The lives of street kids in the city of Newcastle, Australia show patterns of structured behaviour and territorial and social organisation. They have a distinctive group identity and moral order. Their subculture is complex with strains of nonpatriarchal and patriarchal relations combined with little tolerance of forms of difference. The moral code of the youth subculture may be a form of resistance to their histories of abuse but is also conservative in reproducing aspects of the culture that they resist. The social networks generated on the street provide a self-maintaining force which contributes to a culture of chronic homelessness.
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Sharp, Megan, and Steven Threadgold. "Defiance labour and reflexive complicity: Illusio and gendered marginalisation in DIY punk scenes." Sociological Review 68, no. 3 (September 5, 2019): 606–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038026119875325.
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Since punk emerged in the 1970s as a music genre and subculture it has gained significant academic attention. Punk as a concept now alludes to specific places or scenes, and has been established as a general anti-establishment attitude, as well as an anti-consumerist disposition, with a need to do-it-yourself (DIY). Drawing upon ethnographic and interview data from the east coast of Australia, this article analyses struggles that occur within punk spaces where women and queer identifying punks negotiate historically established male dominance. Punk scenes have the general illusio of being resistant to dominant norms and practices, which is attractive to individuals who feel like outsiders. Yet through symbolic violence, systematic oppression can be perpetrated against those who do not invoke idealised forms of masculinity or femininity. Using the affective transference of gendered norms in punk spaces, we find struggles that are often homogenised in punk research which attends critically to subcultural themes of collectivism and resistance. By unpacking these themes, this article puts forth the concepts of reflexive complicity – where men and women reproduce inequality in punk spaces – and defiance labour – moments of overt challenge to symbolic violence within punk spaces and scenes.
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Sinclair, John, and Barry Carr. "Making a market for Mexican food in Australia." Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 10, no. 2 (May 21, 2018): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-07-2017-0042.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to account for the remarkable proliferation of Mexican restaurants and tequila bars in contemporary urban Australia, in the absence of any geographical contiguity, historical connection or cultural proximity between Australia and Mexico.Design/methodology/approachThe paper traces how the particularities of direct cultural contact, interpersonal networks and grass-roots entrepreneurism can open up new markets, and how the ground is, thus, prepared for subsequent large-scale international corporate entry to those markets. This research is based on interviews with key figures in the development of the Mexican food industry in Australia, interpreted in terms of the extant literature on cultural globalisation. The first-hand accounts of these participants have been interpreted in the light of available secondary sources and relevant theory.FindingsThe most striking theme to emerge in the study is the relative absence of Mexicans, or even Mexico-experienced Australians, in the making of a market for Mexican food in Australia. Rather, initially, Americans were prominent, as entrepreneurs and in forming a consumer market, while in later decades, entrepreneurs and consumers alike have been Australians whose experience of Mexican food has been formed in the United States, not Mexico. The role of hipster subculture and travel is seen as instrumental. Also of interest is the manner in which the personal experiences and interrelationships of the Americans and Australians have shaped the development of the Mexican food industry. This is not to ignore the much more recent participation of a new wave of immigrants from Mexico.Research limitations/implicationsWhile the scope of the study is national, the sharper focus is on the experience of Melbourne; it would be useful for future researchers to investigate other major cities, even if Melbourne has been the most pivotal of Australian cities in the history of Mexican food in Australia. The study has conceptual and theoretical implications for debates around cultural globalisation and “Americanisation”.Originality/valueThe paper provides a close-grained and suitably theorised account of how a particular consumer trend has become extended on a global basis, with particular attention to both individual experience and agency, and corporate activity.
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Williams, J. Patrick. "Subculture’s Not Dead! Checking the Pulse of Subculture Studies through a Review of ‘Subcultures, Popular Music and Political Change’ and ‘Youth Cultures and Subcultures: Australian Perspectives’." YOUNG 27, no. 1 (April 23, 2018): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1103308818761271.
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Empirical studies of youth cultures and subcultures continue to flourish alongside active theoretical progression and debates within and across a variety of intellectual traditions. Annually, a range of published articles, monographs and edited collections improve our collective knowledge about youth (sub)cultural phenomena from nearly every corner of the globe. In this article I review two recent edited volumes that deal explicitly with subculture studies: The Subcultures Network’s Subcultures, Popular Music and Political Change (2014, Cambridge Scholars Publishing) and Baker, Robards and Buttigieg’s Youth Cultures and Subcultures: Australian Perspectives (2015, Ashgate). I provide a brief description and summative evaluation of each volume and then organize the review itself in terms of a set of topics that I find to be most salient across the many chapters: identity and identification, centre and periphery, social media, and history. The review moves back and forth between the two volumes as I bring together chapters that are conceptually or analytically similar. My goal is not only to review the significance of the various published studies, but to highlight the continued relevance of the subculture concept.
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Abraham, Ibrahim Bahige, and Francis Stewart. "Desacralizing Salvation in Straight Edge Christianity and Holistic Spirituality." International Journal for the Study of New Religions 5, no. 1 (July 31, 2019): 77–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.v5i1.77.
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Drawing on fieldwork in the punk scenes of the UK, USA and Australia, this article critically examines Christianity and holistic spirituality within punk’s Straight Edge subculture, a movement rejecting alcohol, drugs, and casual sex. Focusing on conceptualizations of salvation within Straight Edge Christianity and Straight Edge holistic spirituality, this article engages Heelas and Woodhead’s notion of the “subjectivization’”of contemporary religious identities to compare and contrast these forms of new religious practice. Straight Edge Christianity and Straight Edge holistic spirituality are shown to demonstrate the double movement of the ‘desacralization’ of religion in late modernity. Straight Edge Christianity illustrates the emergence of religion in traditionally secular cultural spaces, while Straight Edge holistic spirituality illustrates a movement away from the transcendent and supernatural, towards the location of salvation within wholly material concerns and therapeutic practices.
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Ramsden, Robyn, Delwyn Hewitt, Joanne Williams, Lee Emberton, and Catherine Bennett. "Tackling student drinking within the drinking subculture of a university sports competition: a culture change approach." Health Education 121, no. 4 (April 29, 2021): 388–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/he-01-2021-0006.
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PurposeThis paper explores the impact of a suite of alcohol culture change interventions implemented by Deakin University in Melbourne, Australia. The interventions were designed to change the alcohol culture at a bi-annual nation-wide university multi-sport competition known as Uni Nationals. This study aims to understand the critical success factors of the alcohol culture change initiatives that were developed by the university and implemented as part of a broader set of institutional practices.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative research design utilised in-depth, semi-structured interviews with nine Uni Nationals student team leaders. In total, two group interviews and four individual interviews were conducted with student team leaders who participated in the Uni Nationals. The interview transcripts were coded and themed. The themes were further refined and interpreted into a narrative. A total of two transcripts were independently coded by the first two authors. Discordant coding was flagged and discussed until a consensus was achieved. The remaining interviews were coded by the first author and discussed with the second author to ensure consistency. A socio-ecological framework was used to understand perceived changes to alcohol culture.FindingsStudent leaders were aware of and felt supported by the university-wide approach to changing the culture of Uni Nationals. Overall, the qualitative study indicated that students were positive about the alcohol culture change interventions. The leadership training that engaged team leaders in interactive activities had the greatest impact. Student leaders found the targeted messages, mocktail events and Chef de Mission (CdM) less effective cultural change strategies. However, they helped to establish expectations of students in this setting where a heightened focus on sport was associated with higher alcohol consumption.Originality/valueWhile there has been growing academic interest in exploring “drinking cultures”, there has been relatively little focus on alcohol culture of university students at sporting events. The paper contributes to addressing this gap by shedding light on the impact of a group of interventions on the drinking culture of the Uni Nationals subculture.
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Cheng, Vanessa Wan Sze, Tracey A. Davenport, Daniel Johnson, Kellie Vella, Jo Mitchell, and Ian B. Hickie. "An App That Incorporates Gamification, Mini-Games, and Social Connection to Improve Men's Mental Health and Well-Being (MindMax): Participatory Design Process." JMIR Mental Health 5, no. 4 (November 19, 2018): e11068. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/11068.
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Background Men have different mental health needs as compared with women, and women make up the primary audience of most digital mental health interventions. An Australian football-themed (specifically Australian Football League, AFL) app named MindMax incorporating psychoeducation, gamification, mini-games, and social connection was developed in an effort to address this issue. Objective The aim of this study was to identify the best way to structure and present MindMax, an app that aims to deliver psychoeducational modules, and create a Web-based community centering on well-being, AFL, and video games for men aged 16 to 35 years who are interested in AFL or video games. Methods We conducted 6 participatory design (PD) workshops with people aged 16 to 35 years in 3 cities in Australia, to identify the best way to present MindMax, and contracted a digital development agency to develop MindMax. We then iteratively tested MindMax prototypes with 15 user experience testing interviews across 3 separate time points: 2 before app launch and 1 after app launch. Results A total of 40 individuals (25 male and 15 female) participated in the PD workshops, and a total of 15 individuals (10 male and 5 female) participated in user experience interviews. Broadly, participants expressed a preference for activities requiring active engagement that practiced useful skills. They were also sensitive to how content was presented and wanted the ability to customize their own app experience. Although participants agreed that social motivations were important for engagement with an app, they recommended not to mimic existing social networks. Conclusions In basing itself strongly within the AFL subculture and by incorporating gamification as well as mini-games, MindMax aimed to tackle mental health help-seeking barriers for people who enjoy AFL or video games, with a particular emphasis on men, and to provide psychoeducation on strategies to increase mental health and well-being. If MindMax is successful, this would indicate that generalizing this approach to other traditional sporting codes and even competitive video gaming leagues (esports) would be fruitful.
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Mitchell, Tony. "The Diy Habitus of Australian Hip Hop." Media International Australia 123, no. 1 (May 2007): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0712300111.
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Since its origins in the late 1980s, Australian hip hop continues to be fundamentally a do-it-yourself (DIY) subcultural field which has little or no music industry input or support. This paper profiles some of the small labels and producers in Australian hip hop (Obese, Elefant Traks, Nuff Said, Crookneck, Invada, etc.) and examines how they have formed from the ground up, using community radio stations such as 2SER, PBS and 3ZZZ, and websites such as Ozhiphop.com , to promote their music, as well as organising their own gigs and tours. It also examines Aboriginal practitioners of hip hop, who have even less infrastructure than the DIY network of independent producers and labels. Drawing on Holly Kruse's writing about ‘situated practices’ in independent rock music, which refers to Bourdieu's ‘fields of practice’ and ‘habitus’, I examine the subcultural networks and associations that have emerged in Australian hip hop, mediated through a nexus of genre, gender, space, location, race and ethnicity. The concept of habitus is arguably a useful way of referring to hip hop practices like MCing, DJing, breakdancing and graffiti, as well as the social behaviour associated with the hip hop subculture.
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Pearson, Natalie, Lauren Williams, David Crawford, and Kylie Ball. "Maternal and best friends’ influences on meal-skipping behaviours." British Journal of Nutrition 108, no. 5 (January 31, 2012): 932–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451100612x.
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Skipping meals is particularly common during adolescence and can have a detrimental effect on multiple aspects of adolescent health. Understanding the correlates of meal-skipping behaviours is important for the design of nutrition interventions. The present study examined maternal and best friends’ influences on adolescent meal-skipping behaviours. Frequency of skipping breakfast, lunch and dinner was assessed using a Web-based survey completed by 3001 adolescent boys and girls from years 7 and 9 of secondary schools in Victoria, Australia. Perceived best friend and maternal meal skipping, modelling of healthy eating (eating healthy food, limiting junk food, eating fruit and vegetables) and weight watching were assessed. Best friend and maternal factors were differentially associated with meal-skipping behaviours. For example, boys and girls who perceived that their best friend often skipped meals were more likely to skip lunch (OR = 2·01, 95 % CI 1·33, 3·04 and OR = 1·93, 95 % CI 1·41, 2·65;P < 0·001). Boys and girls who perceived that their mother often skipped meals were more likely to skip breakfast (OR = 1·48, 95 % CI 1·01, 2·15;P < 0·05 and OR = 1·93, 95 % CI 1·42, 2·59;P < 0·001) and lunch (OR = 2·05, 95 % CI 1·35, 3·12 and OR = 2·02, 95 % CI 1·43, 2·86;P < 0·001). Educating adolescents on how to assess and interpret unhealthy eating behaviours that they observe from significant others may be one nutrition promotion strategy to reduce meal-skipping behaviour. The involvement of mothers may be particularly important in such efforts. Encouraging a peer subculture that promotes regular consumption of meals and educates adolescents on the detrimental impact of meal-skipping behaviour on health may also offer a promising nutrition promotion strategy.
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Vale, Colin. "Motorcycle Subcultures in Australia: Sketching the Big Picture." Policy, Organisation and Society 12, no. 1 (December 1996): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10349952.1996.11876655.
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Katial, Rohit K., Joyce Hershey, Tejashiri Purohit-Seth, John T. Belisle, Patrick J. Brennan, John S. Spencer, and Renata J. M. Engler. "Cell-Mediated Immune Response to Tuberculosis Antigens: Comparison of Skin Testing and Measurement of In Vitro Gamma Interferon Production in Whole-Blood Culture." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.2.339-345.2001.
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ABSTRACT Although delayed-type hypersensitivity skin testing with tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) is the standard for tuberculosis screening, its variability suggests the need for a more sensitive, noninvasive test. An in vitro whole-blood assay has been proposed as an alternative. Using health care worker volunteers, we confirmed the correlation between PPD skin test (PPD-ST) results (positive, induration of >15 mm) and a standardized gamma interferon (IFN-γ) assay, QuantiFERON-TB (Q-IFN), manufactured by CSL Biosciences in Australia, and we evaluated Mycobacterium tuberculosisculture subfractions as potential substitutes for PPD. Twenty healthy volunteers with positive PPD-ST results and 20 PPD-ST-negative controls were enrolled. Whole blood was cultured with human PPD antigens (HuPPD), Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) PPD, phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and four M. tuberculosis culture subfractions: low-molecular-weight culture, filtrate, culture filtrate without lipoarabinomannan, soluble cell wall proteins, and cytosolic proteins, all developed from M. tuberculosis strain H37RV. Secretion of IFN-γ (expressed as international units per milliliter) was measured by an enzyme immunoassay. The PPD or subculture fraction response as a percentage of the PHA response was used to determine positivity. Sixteen of 20 PPD-ST-positive individuals were classified as M. tuberculosis positive by Q-IFN, and 1 was classified as MAC positive. Sixteen of 20 PPD-ST-negative individuals were M. tuberculosis negative by Q-IFN, 2 were MAC positive, and 2 were M. tuberculosis positive. The tuberculosis culture subfractions stimulated IFN-γ production in PPD-ST-positive volunteers, and significant differences could be seen between the two PPD-ST groups with all subfractions except soluble cell wall protein; however, the response was variable and no better than the Q-IFN PPD. The agreement between the Q-IFN test and the PPD-ST was good (Cohen's kappa = 0.73). The Q-IFN assay can be a useful tool in further studies of immune responses to M. tuberculosisantigens.
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Cunneen, Chris. "Rob White (ed), Australian Youth Subcultures, Australian Clearinghouse for Youth Studies." Current Issues in Criminal Justice 11, no. 3 (March 2000): 355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2000.12036172.
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Coulter, Tristan J., Clifford J. Mallett, and Jefferson A. Singer. "A subculture of mental toughness in an Australian Football League club." Psychology of Sport and Exercise 22 (January 2016): 98–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.06.007.
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Degeling, Pieter, David Sage, John Kennedy, Rod Perkins, and Kai Zhang. "A comparison of the impact of hospital reform on medical subcultures in some Australian and New Zealand hospitals." Australian Health Review 22, no. 4 (1999): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah990172.
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This article examines similarities and differences in the way that hospital staff in Australia and New Zealand are evaluating efforts to improve quality, clinical effectiveness and service integration, and to strengthen clinical accountability. We draw on data from a cross-national study of hospital staff in Australia and New Zealand. The results highlight the way in which respondents' views about reform are influenced by the interplay of two factors: the impact of respondents' occupational backgrounds (our findings point to differences in the profession-based subcultures of medicine, nursing and general management and the way that these are reflected in respondents' assessments of particular aspects of reform); and the way that the impact of professional subcultures may be mitigated by differences between the systems in which respondents were located, including differences between the programs of reform that have been pursued in each country. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Fuller, Andrew. "Book Review: Youth Subcultures Theory, History and the Australian Experience." Australian Journal of Career Development 3, no. 2 (September 1994): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103841629400300214.
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Edwards, Ferne, and David Mercer. "Gleaning from Gluttony: an Australian youth subculture confronts the ethics of waste." Australian Geographer 38, no. 3 (November 2007): 279–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049180701639174.
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Luckman, Susan. "Review: Australian Youth Subcultures: On the Margins and in the Mainstream." Media International Australia 95, no. 1 (May 2000): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0009500141.
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Barham, Susan Baggett. "Conceptualisations of Women within Australian Egalitarian Thought." Comparative Studies in Society and History 30, no. 3 (July 1988): 483–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500015346.
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Both these quotations are products of considered reflection made by men upon the “nature” and place of women within Australian society. Withnell is president of the Perth chapter of the Coffin Cheaters and currently writing a Ph.D. thesis on the “subculture” of biker clubs. Sturgess, a barrister perhaps best known for his prosecution of Lindy Chamberlain in the second inquest into the disappearance of her daughter, at the time of the newspaper article was the one-man commission of inquiry into child abuse in Queensland. Both statements express commonsense Australian cultural understandings of women, which are also available within Australian myths of national identity. My intention in exploring these myths is to elucidate a more complete range of the cultural conceptualisations of women than is provided by these statements and, at the same time, account for the prevalent limited and often negative
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Vanclay, Frank, Luciano Mesiti, and Peter Howden. "Styles of Farming and Farming Subcultures: Appropriate concepts for Australian rural sociology?" Rural Society 8, no. 2 (January 1998): 85–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/rsj.8.2.85.
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Cheng, Y., and R. A. C. Jones. "Distribution and incidence of necrotic and non-necrotic strains of bean yellow mosaic virus in wild and crop lupins." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 4 (1999): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a98116.
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A new strain of bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), a non-necrotic strain, was found in south-west Western Australia. It differs from the original necrotic strain of BYMV in that it does not kill Lupinus angustifolius (narrow-leafed lupin) plants, but causes symptoms of mottle and stunting, or dead growing points, fleshy expanded leaves, and stunting. A survey of L. angustifolius crops during September and October 1997 compared the distribution and incidence of the necrotic strain with that of the non-necrotic strain. Based on 1000 plants inspected at the edge of each crop, the necrotic strain was found in 100 of 102 crops while the non-necrotic strain was found in 64 of them. Incidences ranged from 0.3 to 56% (necrotic strain) and 0.1 to 7% (non-necrotic strain) of plants counted. Both strains were present over the whole range of the survey. Wild L. angustifolius and L. luteus (yellow lupin) populations were also inspected. The necrotic and non-necrotic strains were found in 31 and 9 of the 34 L. angustifolius populations examined, respectively. Incidences ranged from 0.1 to 28% (necrotic strain) and 0.1 to 3% (non-necrotic strain) of plants counted. BYMV was found in 9 of 11 wild L. luteus populations with incidences ranging from 0.3 to 7% of plants counted. In a separate survey in which samples of L. angustifolius crops, with necrotic symptoms suspected of being caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (lupin anthracnose disease), were examined, 37 of 130 samples had typical necrotic BYMV symptoms. Samples with these necrotic symptoms also came from northern and eastern wheatbelt areas not normally associated with BYMV infection. When 8 BYMV isolates cultured by sap inoculation in Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) were tested by aphid transmission to L. angustifolius plants in 1994 and again in 1997, the isolates of the 2 strains behaved the same on both occasions causing only necrotic (3 isolates) or non-necrotic (5 isolates) symptoms. Thus, despite repeated subculture by sap inoculation over a 3.5-year period, the 2 BYMV strains still remained distinct. An isolate collected from wild L. luteus in 1997 produced only non-necrotic symptoms in L. angustifolius. The non-necrotic strain caused symptoms typical of BYMV in hosts other than L. angustifolius, reacted strongly with BYMV antiserum, and failed to react with antiserum to clover yellow vein virus. In a BYMV-infected lupin crop, grain yields of individual L. angustifolius plants infected early with the non-necrotic strain were decreased by 95%. Shoot weights, seed number, and seed size were also greatly decreased. Widespread occurrence of the non-necrotic strain of BYMV is cause for concern for the lupin industry.
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McGrath, Pam, and Hamish Holewa. "End-of-life Care of Aboriginal Peoples in Remote Locations: Language Issues." Australian Journal of Primary Health 13, no. 1 (2007): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py07003.
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To date, there is scant research literature that explores the provision of end-of-life care to Aboriginal peoples in Australia. In particular, there is a lack of published research available on issues at the interface of Aboriginal languages and English during palliative care. The complexity and importance of the issue for palliative care provision, however, is demonstrated by the fact that in Australia, Aboriginality is itself a very broad category, containing many distinct language groups and subcultures. Thus, although to date there is some mention of the problems associated with language in the literature, there is scant research on the topic of the provision of palliative care to Aboriginal peoples in remote areas. The following findings from a recent two-year National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) study are provided to address this hiatus. The findings provide insights on the impact of language difference on palliative care practice for Aboriginal peoples in the Northern Territory of Australia.
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MOORE, DAVID. "Drinking, the construction of ethnic iDentity and social process in a Western Australian youth subculture." Addiction 85, no. 10 (October 1990): 1265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01603.x.
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Edwards, Ferne, and Dave Mercer. "Food Waste in Australia: The Freegan Response." Sociological Review 60, no. 2_suppl (December 2012): 174–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-954x.12044.
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A common problem in all affluent societies, particularly in the retail sector, is the burgeoning issue of food waste. In this, Australia is no exception. However, to a large extent, the main focus of research in Australia to date has been on food waste at the household level. This paper focuses on the previous stage in the food life-cycle and examines the freegan practice of collecting and redistributing food discarded as ‘worthless’ by supermarket chains, in particular. For freegans, this is an act of choice, not need, to protest against issues of overconsumption and waste. The practice of freeganism has had multiple manifestations throughout history. It represents an alternative ethics of consumption and has multiple forms, embracing such issues as pesticide contamination, excessive labour exploitation, packaging and more. This paper reports on ongoing ethnographic research into two freegan subcultures in Australia: dumpster-divers and participation in the activities associated with ‘Food Not Bombs’. It complements freegan research conducted across the world while its analysis, applying theories of alternative food networks, food justice, diverse economies and concepts of autonomy, provides insights into contemporary forms of activism and social change around issues of food waste in Australia.
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Colyer, Sue. "Organizational Culture in Selected Western Australian Sport Organizations." Journal of Sport Management 14, no. 4 (October 2000): 321–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.14.4.321.
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This study of organizational culture in selected sport associations in Western Australia introduced a quantitative methodology to explore organizational culture to show its usefulness to complement the more qualitative methods traditionally applied to the study of organizational culture. The study used the competing values approach to develop cultural profiles for three sport organizations, which were compared with the sport association members' anecdotal, subjective views of their respective organizations. While the findings reveal evidence of the tensions between volunteers and employees that suggest the existence of subcultures, this study just touches the tip of the organizational culture “iceberg” in sport management. The conclusions indicate some benefits of using the competing values model in conjunction with more qualitative methods to probe sport organizational culture.
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Yang, YM, DG He, and KJ Scott. "Establishment of Embryogenic Suspension Cultures of Wheat by Continuous Callus Selection." Functional Plant Biology 18, no. 5 (1991): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9910445.
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Embryogenic callus, derived from immature embryos of an Australian wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Hartog) was used to establish liquid cultures which consisted of cell clumps (2-8 mm in diameter); these have been maintained for 20 months and still retain their embryogenic potential. This was achieved by continuous selection of embryogenic clumps at subculture. Incubation of callus in medium containing low concentrations of 2,4-D facilitated the selection of embryogenic cell clumps. After more than 1 year in liquid medium, 37% of the cell clumps formed embryoids and green plants on differentiation medium. The addition of silver nitrate to the subculture medium, which contained 5 μM 2,4-D, enhanced the differentiation frequency of the callus. A study of embryogenic calli from different wheat cultivars showed genotype was important for the retention of embryogenic potential in liquid medium. Fine suspension cultures, consisting of rapidly growing small aggregates of 2-200 cells, were derived from liquid cultures of cv. Hartog. Cytological examination showed that the cells of the fine suspension cultures had the normal wheat chromosome complement (2n = 42). Following transfer to differentiation medium, the fine suspension cultures formed soft as well as solid callus, from which embryoids and green plants have been obtained. Protoplasts isolated from the fine suspension cultures formed green plants with morphologically normal shoots and roots.
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Mahon, RE, MF Bateson, DA Chamberlain, CM Higgins, RA Drew, and JL Dale. "Transformation of an Australian Variety of Carica papaya Using Microprojectile Bombardment." Functional Plant Biology 23, no. 6 (1996): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9960679.
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We have developed a method for the stable transformation and regeneration of a dioecious Australian cultivar of Carica papaya (papaw or papaya) by microprojectile bombardment. This method was developed after investigation of both zygotic and somatic embryos as target tissue and optimisation of a number of parameters using transient expression of the uidA reporter gene. The tissue culture regime prior to bombardment was critical in optimisation of transformation. Factors such as age of embryos and various treatments prior to bombardment, increased transient expression by up to 22-fold. Highest uidA transient expression results were obtained when somatic embryos 3 weeks since last subculture on solid medium were given a 3 day treatment in liquid medium, and a 2 h osmotic treatment pre- and post-bombardment. Stably transformed plants were obtained 6 months after bombardment using this system. Transformation efficiency was high with two experiments yielding 45% and 37.5% of bombarded plates regenerating plantlets on media containing kanamycin. The presence of both the uidA and aphA genes, (selectable marker) which code for the enzymes β-glucuronidase (GUS), and neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) respectively, was confirmed in regenerated plantlets by Southern hybridisation.
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Sanders, Kellie. "Sportscapes: Contested bodies, gender and desire within a female Australian rules football team." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 55, no. 6 (April 14, 2019): 685–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690219837898.
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Despite the recent rise of female Australian rules football in the public eye, little research has explored the nuances of players’ experiences of gendered embodiment, performance, identity, desire and engagement in the sport. The aim of this article is to explore how spaces have the capacity to create, normalise and regulate gender, bodies, identity and desire through an analysis of a women’s Australian rules football team, a space that is neither dominated by heteronormativity and neither queer nor lesbian subcultures. Through analysis of photographs and photo-elicitation interviews, this paper seeks to explore how bodies, gender, desire and embodiment are experienced, perceived and contested by and through the lens of players, within this sportscape. The implications of this research are an insight into the fluid and complex dynamics of a particular sportscape and the capacity of such spaces to redefine belonging and normativity outside of dominant hetero-gendered discourses.
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You, M. P., V. Lanoiselet, C. P. Wang, R. G. Shivas, Y. P. Li, and M. J. Barbetti. "First Report of Rice Blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) on Rice (Oryza sativa) in Western Australia." Plant Disease 96, no. 8 (August 2012): 1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-12-0420-pdn.
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Commercial rice crops (Oryza sativa L.) have been recently reintroduced to the Ord River Irrigation Area in northern Western Australia. In early August 2011, unusual leaf spot symptoms were observed by a local rice grower on rice cultivar Quest. A leaf spot symptom initially appeared as grey-green and/or water soaked with a darker green border and then expanded rapidly to several centimeters in length and became light tan in color with a distinct necrotic border. Isolations from typical leaf lesions were made onto water agar, subcultured onto potato dextrose agar, and maintained at 20°C. A representative culture was lodged in the Western Australian Culture Collection Herbarium, Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia (WAC 13466) and as a herbarium specimen in the Plant Pathology Herbarium, Plant Biosecurity Science (BRIP 54721). Amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1 and (ITS)2 regions flanking the 5.8S rRNA gene were carried out with universal primers ITS1 and ITS4 (4). The PCR products were sequenced and BLAST analyses used to compare sequences with those in GenBank. The sequence had 99% nucleotide identity with the corresponding sequence in GenBank for Magnaporthe oryzae B.C. Couch, the causal agent of rice blast, the most important fungal disease of rice worldwide (1). Additional sequencing with the primers Bt1a/Bt1b for the β-tubulin gene, primers ACT-512F/ACT-783R for the actin gene, and primers CAL-228F/CAL-737R for the calmodulin gene showed 100% identity in each case with M. oryzae sequences in GenBank, confirming molecular similarity with other reports, e.g., (1). The relevant sequence information for a representative isolate has been lodged in GenBank (GenBank Accession Nos. JQ911754 for (ITS) 1 and 2; JX014265 for β-tubulin; JX035809 for actin; and JX035808 for calmodulin). Isolates also showed morphological similarity with M. oryzae as described in other reports, e.g., (3). Spores of M. oryzae were produced on rice agar under “black light” at 21°C for 4 weeks. Under 30/28°C (day/night), 14/12 h (light/dark), rice cv. Quest was grown for 7 weeks, and inoculated by spraying a suspension 5 × 105 spores/ml onto foliage until runoff occurred. Inoculated plants were placed under a dark plastic covering for 72 h to maximize humidity levels around leaves, and subsequently maintained under >90% RH conditions. Typical symptoms of rice blast appeared within 14 days of inoculation and were as described above. Infection studies were successfully repeated and M. oryzae was readily reisolated from leaf lesions. No disease symptoms were observed nor was M. oryzae isolated from water-inoculated control rice plants. There have been previous records of rice blast in the Northern Territory (2) and Queensland, Australia (Australian Plant Pest Database), but this is the first report of M. oryzae in Western Australia, where it could potentially be destructive if conditions prove conducive. References: (1) B. C. Couch and L. M. Kohn. Mycologia 94:683, 2002; (2) J. B. Heaton. The Aust. J. Sci. 27:81, 1964; (3) C. V. Subramanian. IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria No 169, Pyricularia oryzae, 1968; (4) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, New York, 1990.
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Grieve, Norma, Doreen Rosenthal, and Antoniette Cavallo. "Self-Esteem and Sex-Role Attitudes: A Comparison of Italian- and Anglo-Australian Adolescent Girls." Psychology of Women Quarterly 12, no. 2 (June 1988): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1988.tb00935.x.
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Two groups of 15-year-old girls, one Italian-Australian (IA, n = 60), and one Anglo-Australian (AA, n = 48), were compared on self-esteem and a wide range of measures associated with sex roles, including sex-role satisfaction, sex-role orientation, and assessment of and attitudes toward sex-role differentiation in the family and the culture. Self-esteem and sex-role satisfaction did not differ in the two groups. Nor were there differences in attitudes toward sex-role differentiation, even though cultural and familial differentiation were greater in the IA group and males were accorded relatively more value. However, the groups did differ in the pattern of variables associated with self-esteem and with these sex-role measures. In the more traditional IA subculture, girls' sex-role attitudes correlated with situational constraints. Unlike the AA girls, self-esteem was, in part, associated with stereotypic feminine attributes and preoccupations, and conformed to the androgyny model of well-being. In the AA group, sex-role attitudes and self-esteem were associated with perceptions of personal qualities valued in the broader, more egalitarian culture, such as intellectual ability and masculinity, thus confirming the masculinity model.
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Lanoiselet, V., M. P. You, Y. P. Li, C. P. Wang, R. G. Shivas, and M. J. Barbetti. "First Report of Sarocladium oryzae Causing Sheath Rot on Rice (Oryza sativa) in Western Australia." Plant Disease 96, no. 9 (September 2012): 1382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-12-0415-pdn.
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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has been grown in the Ord River Irrigation Area (ORIA) in northern Western Australia since 1960. In 2011, a sheath rot of rice was observed in the ORIA. Symptoms were variable, appearing as either (i) oblong pale to dark brown lesions up to 3 cm length, (ii) lesions with pale grey/brown centers and with dark brown margins, or (iii) diffuse dark or reddish brown streaks along the sheath. Lesions enlarged and coalesced, often covering the majority of the leaf sheath, disrupting panicle emergence. Isolations from small pieces of infested tissues from plants showing sheath rot symptoms were made onto water agar, subcultured onto potato dextrose agar, cultures maintained at 20°C, and a representative culture lodged both in the Western Australian Culture Collection maintained at the Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia (as WAC 13481) and in the culture collection located at the DAFF Plant Pathology Herbarium (as BRIP 54763). Amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1 and (ITS)2 regions flanking the 5.8S rRNA gene were carried out with universal primers ITS1 and ITS4 according to the published protocol (4). The DNA PCR products from a single isolate were sequenced and BLAST analyses used to compare sequences with those in GenBank. The sequence had 99% nucleotide identity with the corresponding sequence in GenBank for Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams & D. Hawksworth. Isolates showed morphological (e.g., conidiophore and conidia characteristics) (2) and molecular (1) similarities with S. oryzae as described in other reports. The relevant sequence information for a representative isolate was lodged in GenBank (GenBank Accession No. JQ965668). Spores of S. oryzae were produced on rice agar under “black light” at 22°C to induce sporulation over 4 weeks. Under conditions of 30/28°C (day/night), 14/12 h (light/dark), rice cv. Quest, grown for 11 weeks until plants reached the tillering stage, was inoculated by spraying a suspension 5 × 107 spores/ml of the same single isolate onto foliage until runoff occurred. Inoculated plants were placed under a dark plastic cover for 72 h to maximize humidity levels around leaves and subsequently maintained under >90% relative humidity conditions. Symptoms of sheath rot as described in (i) and (ii) above appeared by 14 days after inoculation, with lesions up to 23 cm long by 15 days post-inoculation. Severe disease prevented young panicles from emerging. Infection studies were successfully repeated and S. oryzae was reisolated from leaf lesions 1 week after lesion appearance. No disease was observed on water-inoculated control rice plants. There have been records of S. oryzae on rice in New South Wales in the early 1980s (3) and in 2006 to 2007 (Australian Plant Pest Database), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of this pathogen in Western Australia. References: (1) N. Ayyadurai et al. Cur. Microbiol. Mycologia 50:319, 2005. (2) B. L. K. Brady. No. 673 in: IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, 1980. (3) D. Phillips et al. FAO Plant Prot. Bull. 40:4, 1992. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.
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Wotherspoon, Garry. "A “Glimpse through an Interstice Caught”: Fictional Portrayals of Male Homosexual Life in Twentieth-Century Sydney." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 122, no. 1 (January 2007): 344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2007.122.1.344.
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Sydney is probably best known nowadays for its annual gay and lesbian mardi gras parade, beamed worldwide to millions of TV and Internet viewers, marking it as one of the iconic gay cities of the contemporary world. And while Sydney also had a reputation from its earliest convict-colony days as a city with high levels of homosexual activity—one early chief justice damned it as a “Sodom” in the South Pacific (UK, Parliament, 18 Apr. 1837, 518; question 505)—only in the last two or three decades have Sydney's homosexual or gay subcultures openly flourished and, perhaps grudgingly, been accepted. Indeed, from its earliest days until some years after World War II, Australia was in the grip of Victorian moralistic attitudes, only finally broken by the countercultural revolution of the 1960s and the social movements from the 1970s.
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Prestage, Garrett, Jeffrey Grierson, Jack Bradley, Michael Hurley, and Jeff Hudson. "The role of drugs during group sex among gay men in Australia." Sexual Health 6, no. 4 (2009): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09014.
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Background: Drug use has been associated with risk behaviour among gay men. We examined the use of drugs and sexual risk behaviour among homosexually-active men who engaged in group sex in Australia. Methods: We used an anonymous, self-complete survey about participants’ most recent occasion of group sex with other men and in-depth interviews with a small number of these survey participants. The 746 men who reported having engaged in group sex within the previous 6 months were included in these analyses. Results: Among 746 men who engaged in group sex within the previous 6 months, 63.0% reported using illicit drugs at the group sex encounter. Men commonly reported using drugs specifically to enhance their sexual experience and to intensify the pleasure of that experience. After controlling for each drug type and other risk factors, only use of methamphetamine (odds ratio = 1.74, confidence interval = 1.06–2.88, P = 0.030) and having more than five drinks (odds ratio = 2.41, confidence interval = 1.34–4.33, P = 0.003) were independently associated with unprotected anal intercourse with non-HIV seroconcordant partners in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Methamphetamine and heavy alcohol use are associated with increased sexual risk behaviour among men who engage in group sex. Within more ‘adventurous’ gay community subcultures, drug use is often for the explicit purpose of enhancing the sexual experience and this complex relationship may be key to understanding HIV risk among these men.
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Sharp, Megan. "Hypervisibility in Australian punk scenes: Queer experiences of spatial logics of gender and sexuality." Punk & Post Punk 8, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/punk_00004_1.
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In this article, I draw on the knowledge and lived experience of queer people – some of whom also identify as trans, gender diverse and/or non-binary – who actively participate in Australian punk scenes. Using socio-geographical research of intersectionality, critical race theory and spatiality I find queer experiences of and in punk highlight a complication to claims of female and queer invisibility, one that takes into account spacial formations. Attending to queer, trans and gender-diverse people’s experiences, hypervisibility presents a conceptual entanglement where genders, bodies and sexualities attract attention from a dominant, patriarchal group, rather than being rendered invisible by it. This hypervisibility appears steeped in unintelligibility where being visible but unknowable presents a range of issues such as standing out not only in physical punk spaces such as gigs, but on digital platforms and in everyday life. As such, this article builds on a feminist thesis of invisibility politics by aiming to elasticize knowledges of gender, resistance and subcultural participation among marginalized groups.
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Drysdale, Kerryn. "Intimate attunements: Everyday affect in Sydney’s drag king scene." Sexualities 21, no. 4 (January 19, 2018): 640–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460717741792.
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For over a decade, attending events featuring drag king performances—a subcultural phenomenon where women consciously perform masculinity—proved a popular pastime in Sydney, Australia. Established within a broader tradition of live performance culture but also part of a wider urban night-time economy catering to lesbian patrons, Sydney’s drag king scene sustained a range of activities and interactions that took place in the vicinity of the performances on stage. In this article, I draw on data collated from a series of group discussions with scene participants, alongside my own immersive form of participation over a sustained five-year period, to review the role of affect within the drag king scene. Combining Lauren Berlant’s account of queer intimacies with Kathleen Stewart’s rendering of atmospheric attunement, I consider how the act of being together engenders an intimate attunement of the everyday potentialities of the scene.
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Fidalgo, S. G., Q. Wang, and T. V. Riley. "Comparison of Methods for Detection ofErysipelothrix spp. and Their Distribution in Some Australasian Seafoods." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 2066–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.5.2066-2070.2000.
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ABSTRACT For many years, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae has been known to be the causative agent of the occupationally related infection erysipeloid. A survey of the distribution of Erysipelothrixspp. in 19 Australasian seafoods was conducted, and methodologies for the detection of Erysipelothrix spp. were evaluated. Twenty-one Erysipelothrix spp. were isolated from 52 seafood parts. Primary isolation of Erysipelothrix spp. was most efficiently achieved with brain heart infusion broth enrichment followed by subculture onto a selective brain heart infusion agar containing kanamycin, neomycin, and vancomycin after 48 h of incubation. Selective tryptic soy broth, with 48 h of incubation, was the best culture method for the detection ofErysipelothrix spp. with PCR. PCR detection was 50% more sensitive than culture. E. rhusiopathiae was isolated from a variety of different fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans, including a Western rock lobster (Panulirus cygnus). There was no significant correlation between the origin of the seafoods tested and the distribution of E. rhusiopathiae. An organism indistinguishable from Erysipelothrix tonsillarum was isolated for the first time from an Australian oyster and a silver bream. Overall, Erysipelothrix spp. were widely distributed in Australasian seafoods, illustrating the potential for erysipeloid-like infections in fishermen.
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Supski, Sian, and Jo Lindsay. "‘There’s Something Wrong with You’." YOUNG 25, no. 4 (August 16, 2016): 323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1103308816654068.
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Contemporary universities in Western democracies are renowned for heavy drinking youth cultures. In this context, abstinence is ‘accountable’ behaviour that requires justification. Some previous research has reported accounts of why young people choose not to drink and the social consequences, but there is limited research on how they achieve abstinence in a heavy drinking culture. Drawing on Heller’s notion of choosing oneself and Giddens’ concept of reflexive choice making, we show how young non-drinking Australian university students emphasize abstinence as an individual lifestyle choice, show determined strength in their decision not to drink and report eventual acceptance from their peers. The non-drinkers in our research use some similar accounts noted in other research such as ‘being sporty’ or ‘focused on their studies’, yet they do not position themselves as part of an alternative subculture such as those in straight edge or religious groups. They choose their abstinent selves both in an existential sense and as an act of everyday self-identity. We argue that the choice of abstinence needs to be viewed as a part of a positive claim to identity, alongside other alternative ways of being for university students.
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Stardust, Zahra, Johann Kolstee, Stefan Joksic, James Gray, and Siobhan Hannan. "A community-led, harm-reduction approach to chemsex: case study from Australia’s largest gay city." Sexual Health 15, no. 2 (2018): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh17145.
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Rates of drug use remain substantially higher among gay and bisexual men (GBM) and people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The use of drugs to enhance sexual pleasure within cultures of Party and Play creates opportunities to discuss sexual health, mental health, consent and wellbeing. Community organisations with a history of HIV prevention, care, treatment are well-placed to respond. ACON’s (formerly the AIDS Council of New South Wales) multi-dimensional response to ‘chemsex’ includes: direct client services support for individuals seeking to manage or reduce their use; health promotion activities that support peer education; partnerships with research institutions to better understand cultures of chemsex; and policy submissions that call for drug use to be approached as a health, rather than a criminal, issue. The approach speaks the language of Party and Play subcultures; employs culturally relevant terminology and imagery; uses content designed, created and delivered by peers; and operates within a pleasure-positive, harm-reduction and community-led framework. These interventions have led to increased service uptake, strong community engagement, robust research partnerships and the recognition of GBM as a priority population in relevant strategies.
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Ralph, Brittany, and Steven Roberts. "One Small Step for Man: Change and Continuity in Perceptions and Enactments of Homosocial Intimacy among Young Australian Men." Men and Masculinities 23, no. 1 (June 3, 2018): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x18777776.
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While recent scholarship has documented a growth of same-sex, nonsexual kissing among young men in Western societies, this may reflect a weakening, rather than complete transformation, of hegemonic gender structures. Critically engaging with current theorizing of “inclusive masculinities,” this article reports the findings from a study of young Australian men’s views on what constitutes acceptable forms of homosocial intimacy and how they attach meaning to these behaviors. Using qualitative data from focus groups with twenty-two men from five different subcultural peer groups and eight follow-up individual interviews, we illustrate that exaggerated intimate behaviors are not considered authentic displays of affection, and therefore do not meaningfully challenge gendered power structures. Rather, they have been adopted into the repertoire of ways men can perform masculinity. However, this hybridity is neither a means of reconfiguring male power, nor evidence of entirely inclusive masculinities, but instead constitutes an initial step toward inclusivity.
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Soh, Sze-Ee, Renata Morello, Sheral Rifat, Caroline Brand, and Anna Barker. "Nurse perceptions of safety climate in Australian acute hospitals: a cross-sectional survey." Australian Health Review 42, no. 2 (2018): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah16172.
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Objectives The aim of the present study was to explore nurse perceptions of safety climate in acute Australian hospitals. Methods Participants included 420 nurses who have worked on 24 acute wards from six Australian hospitals. The Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) Short Form was used to quantify nurse perceptions of safety climate and benchmarked against international data. Generalised linear mixed models were used to explore factors that may influence safety climate. Results On average, 53.5% of nurses held positive attitudes towards job satisfaction followed by teamwork climate (50.5%). There was variability in SAQ domain scores across hospitals. The safety climate and perceptions of hospital management domains also varied across wards within a hospital. Nurses who had worked longer at a hospital were more likely to have poorer perceptions of hospital management (β = –5.2; P = 0.014). Overall, nurse perceptions of safety climate appeared higher than international data. Conclusions The perceptions of nurses working in acute Victorian and New South Wales hospitals varied between hospitals as well as across wards within each hospital. This highlights the importance of surveying all hospital wards and examining the results at the ward level when implementing strategies to improve patient safety and the culture of safety in organisations. What is known about the topic? Prior studies in American nursing samples have shown that hospitals with higher levels of safety climate have a lower relative incidence of preventable patient complications and adverse events. Developing a culture of safety in hospitals may be useful in targeting efforts to improve patient safety. What does this paper add? This paper has shown that the perceptions of safety climate among nurses working in acute Australian hospitals varied between hospitals and across wards within a hospital. Only half the nurses also reported positive attitudes towards job satisfaction and teamwork climate. What are the implications for practitioners? Programs or strategies that aim to enhance teamwork performance and skills may be beneficial to improving the culture of safety in hospitals. Wards may also have their own safety ‘subculture’ that is distinct from the overall hospital safety culture. This highlights the importance of tailoring and targeting quality improvement initiatives at the ward level.
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Carrington, Kerry. "Girls and Violence: The Case for a Feminist Theory of Female Violence." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 2, no. 2 (September 11, 2013): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v2i2.101.
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Rises recorded for girls’ violence in countries like Australia, Canada, United Kingdom and United States have been hotly contested. One view is these rising rates of violence are an artefact of new forms of policy, policing, criminalisation and social control over young women. Another view is that young women may indeed have become more violent as they have increasingly participated in youth subcultural activities involving gangs and drugs, and cyber-cultural activities that incite and reward girls’ violence. Any comprehensive explanation will need to address how a complex interplay of cultural, social, behavioural, and policy responses contribute to these rises. This article argues that there is no singular cause, explanation or theory that accounts for the rises in adolescent female violence, and that many of the simple explanations circulating in popular culture are driven by an anti-feminist ideology. By concentrating on females as victims of violence and very rarely as perpetrators, feminist criminology has for the most part ducked the thorny issue of female violence, leaving a discursive space for anti-feminist sentiment to reign. The article concludes by arguing the case for developing a feminist theory of female violence.
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Wang Yang, Chiou-Rong, and Huei Lan Wang. "An International Comparison of Educational Research Review Mechanisms." Frontiers in Education Technology 1, no. 2 (September 27, 2018): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/fet.v1n2p180.
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<em>This paper explores the current status of educational research review mechanisms, assessment and ethical mechanisms in the UK, USA, Germany, France and Australia, and assesses the merits and shortcomings of the mechanisms and ways in which to improve them in those countries. This exploration is based on the perspective of comparative education and the concept of the academic tribe of T. Becher to assess peer review mechanisms. The research results include, first, the peer review system that was gradually developed in the UK, USA, France and Germany in the 1950s, which became a common mechanism for academic gatekeeping of the quality of educational research. Second, to ensure academic excellence, peer reviewers are required to be fair, professional, and specialized in a variety of “procedural justice” designs. Third, anonymous or not, peer review depends on the subcultures of different countries or academic communities. In the UK and USA, the process tends to be more transparent, and authors can suggest potential reviewers; however, this is not the case in Germany and France. Fourth, for the purpose of improving malpractice in terms of ethics and reliability in peer review, the professional qualifications of reviewers should be evaluated regularly. Finally, the outcome of the comparative study may be used as a reference for improvement of review mechanisms for educational research in Taiwan.</em>
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Lancaster, Sue, and Lee Di Milia. "Developing a supportive learning environment in a newly formed organisation." Journal of Workplace Learning 27, no. 6 (August 10, 2015): 442–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jwl-08-2014-0061.
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Purpose – The aim of this study was to examine the factors that employees perceived were important in creating a supportive learning environment in a recently merged organisation. The study provides rich qualitative data from the employees’ perspective. Design/methodology/approach – This case study used a qualitative phenomenological constructivist approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analysed with the aid of NVivo. The study was conducted in a large government-owned organisation in Australia and the sample consisted of 24 recent graduates of leadership development programs. Findings – The results suggested that together with the organisation’s leadership, there are several distinguishing characteristics of a learning environment. These include learning with colleagues, openness to new ideas and change, building relationships, open communication, sharing the learning, coaching and reflection. Providing support for managers to gain confidence and self-awareness was important to their ability to apply their learning. The results also suggest that learning with colleagues from different regional and functional areas helps to reform subcultures and contributes to an overarching learning culture and hence to creating a supportive learning environment. Some hindrances were also discovered. Originality/value – This study gives voice to employee perceptions of the important factors required to create a supportive learning environment. The authors used a qualitative methodology in a field dominated by quantitative studies to provide rich data that extends the extant literature.
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You, M. P., P. Simoneau, A. Dongo, M. J. Barbetti, Hua Li, and K. Sivasithamparam. "First Report of an Alternaria Leaf Spot Caused by Alternaria brassicae on Crambe abyssinicia in Australia." Plant Disease 89, no. 4 (April 2005): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0430a.
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Crambe abyssinicia Hochst. is grown sporadically worldwide for its value as a source of high erucic acid industrial oils and secondary commercial products. While there is increasing interest in cropping C. abyssinicia in Australia, for these potentials and also as a source of oil for biodiesel production, currently, there have been no commercial crops of this species. In September 2004, inspection of a small experimental field crop in Beverley, Western Australia indicated the presence of significant leaf spotting just prior to commencement of flowering. The symptoms of this disease included as many as 10 to 15 spot lesions per leaf that were generally rounded and varied between 0.5 to 11 mm in diameter. Clusters of these lesions were often associated with chlorosis of the region of leaves where they occurred. More than 95% of plants inspected showed these symptoms. When affected leaves were incubated in moist chambers, typical conidia of Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. were observed. The description of these conidia matched that of the Commonwealth Mycological Institute for this pathogen (1) showing obclavate conidia 105 to 210 μm long and 20 to 30 μm thick, with 11 to 15 transverse septa and 0 to 3 longitudinal or oblique septa, predominantly with a pronounced beak 5 to 8 μm thick extending 0.3 to 0.5 μm of the length of the conidium. Single-spore isolations were made onto potato dextrose agar. Subcultures of these isolates were identified using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)- based assay (2). This assay involved the use of two sets of A. brassicae-specific primers selected for conventional and real-time PCR. The colonies were confirmed to belong to A. brassicae. In a pathogenicity test to confirm Koch's postulates, single-spore isolates were inoculated onto cotyledons and leaves of 10-day-old C. abyssinicia seedlings. Symptoms on inoculated plants appeared within a period of 14 days of inoculation, matching those found on the affected plants in the field, and A brassicae was reisolated. A. brassicae causes an important worldwide disease of crucifers, for example, it can be a devastating disease of rapeseed and the other cruciferous crops in the United States and Canada. Since A. brassicae has already been reported on other species of crucifers Australia-wide, it may pose a threat to any potential Crambe spp. industry in this country. References: (1) M. B. Ellis No. 162 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI, Kew, England, 1966. (2) T. Guillemette et al. Plant Dis. 88:490, 2004.
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McAuliffe, Chris. "Trying to Live Now: Chronotopic Figures in Jenny Watson’s A Painted Page Series." Contemporaneity: Historical Presence in Visual Culture 3 (June 5, 2014): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/contemp.2014.98.
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Between late 1979 and early 1980, Australian artist Jenny Watson painted a sequence of six works, each with the title A Painted Page. Combining gridded, painted reproductions of photographs, newspapers and department store catalogues with roughly painted fields of color, the series brought together a range of recent styles and painterly idioms: pop, photorealism, and non-objective abstraction. Watson’s evocation of styles considered dated, corrupted or redundant by contemporary critics was read as a sign of the decline of modernism and the emergence of a postmodernism inflected with irony and a cool, “new wave” sensibility. An examination of the Painted Pages in the context of Watson’s interest in autobiography and her association with the women’s art movement, however, reveals the works to be subjective, highly personal reflections on memory, self and artistic aspiration. Drawing on Bahktin’s model of the chronotope, this paper argues for a spatio-temporal reading of Watson’s Painted Pages rather than the crude model of stylistic redundancy and succession. Watson’s source images register temporal orders ranging across the daily, the seasonal and the epochal. Her paintings transpose Bahktin’s typology of quotidian, provincial and “adventuristic” time into autobiographical paintings of teenage memories, the vicissitudes of the art world and punk subcultures. Collectively, the Painted Pages established a chronotopic field; neither an aggregation of moments nor a collaged evocation of a period but a point at which Watson closed off one kind of time (an art critical time of currency and succession) and opened up another (of subjectivity and affective experience).
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Smith, Elizabeth C., Hunter V. Brigman, Jadyn C. Anderson, Christopher L. Emery, Tiffany E. Bias, Cornelia B. Landersdorfer, Phillip J. Bergen, Elizabeth B. Hirsch, and Elizabeth B. Hirsch. "2164. Activity of Fosfomycin (FOF) and Frequency of Nonsusceptible Inner Colonies During Susceptibility Testing of an International Collection of Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) Isolates." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1844.
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Abstract Background FOF has been used clinically for the treatment of PA infections in the absence of established interpretive criteria. A recent study identified a low frequency of nonsusceptible inner colony mutants during disk diffusion (DD) testing of Escherichia coli; however, the frequency of this phenomenon in PA isolates is not well characterized. We sought to determine FOF activity against an international collection of PA isolates and the frequency of inner colony mutants observed during Etest and DD testing. Methods Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for a convenience collection of 109 PA ([70/94] 64.2% MDR) isolates from 4 institutions in the United States and Australia. MIC testing was conducted in duplicate on separate days utilizing agar dilution (AD), broth microdilution (BMD), DD, and Etest as recommended per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). CLSI E.coli interpretive criteria (≤ 64 mg/L susceptible) were used for MIC interpretations. The proportion of isolates containing inner colonies was determined using DD and Etest. Inner colony mutants were subcultured and retested using BMD with comparison to the parent isolate MICs. Results FOF MICs varied widely and ranged from 1024 mg/L with MIC50/MIC90 values of 64/256 (AD), 64/512 (Etest), and 64/256 (BMD) mg/L. Using E. coli criteria, susceptible/resistant rates were: 60.5/17.4% for AD; 60.5/22.0% for Etest; 86.2/7.3% for DD; and 53.2/17.4% for BMD. Inner colonies were frequently observed in 38.5% and 35.8% of DD and Etest inhibition zones, respectively. After repeat testing, mutant MIC values ranged from 64 to > 1024 mg/L and a majority (85.9%) had MIC values ≥ 512 mg/L. Conclusion Observed MIC values of this (64% MDR) collection varied widely with MIC50/90 values commonly at or above the E. coli susceptibility breakpoint. Inner colony mutants were frequently observed and highly resistant. Whole-genome sequencing is currently underway for a subset of parent/mutant pairs to determine whether specific genetic alterations are attributed to the increased MICs. Based on these results, caution should be warranted in extrapolating E. coli breakpoints to other organisms, and treatment of PA with FOF should be further evaluated. Disclosures Elizabeth B. Hirsch, PharmD, Merck: Grant/Research Support, Research Grant; Nabriva Therapeutics: Advisory Board; Paratek Pharmaceuticals: Advisory Board.
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Koike, S. T., S. C. Kirkpatrick, and T. R. Gordon. "Fusarium Wilt of Strawberry Caused by Fusarium oxysporum in California." Plant Disease 93, no. 10 (October 2009): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-10-1077a.
Full textAbstract:
Beginning in 2006 and continuing into 2009, an apparently new disease of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) affected commercial plantings (cvs. Albion, Camarosa, and others) in coastal (Ventura and Santa Barbara counties) California. Symptoms consisted of wilting of foliage, drying and withering of older leaves, stunting of plants, and reduced fruit production. Plants eventually collapsed and died. Internal vascular and cortical tissues of plant crowns showed a brown-to-orange-brown discoloration. Differences in cultivar susceptibility were not recorded. Internal crown and petiole tissues, when placed on acidified corn meal agar, consistently yielded Fusarium isolates having similar colony morphologies. No other pathogens were isolated. The Fusarium isolates were subcultured on carnation leaf agar and observed to be producing macroconidia and microconidiophores that are diagnostic of Fusarium oxysporum (1). For two of these isolates, the internal transcribed spacer region comprising ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S rRNA was amplified using primers ITS-1 and ITS-4 (3). On the basis of a comparison of 515 bp, both isolates had the identical sequence, which was a 100% match for 30 accessions of F. oxysporum in GenBank. This comparison included several formae speciales of F. oxysporum, but F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, a previously described pathogen of strawberry (4), was not included. The isolates are archived in the Department of Plant Pathology at UC Davis and are available on request. Both sequenced isolates plus four others were tested for pathogenicity on strawberries. For these tests, spore suspensions of 1 × 105 conidia/ml were prepared separately for six isolates. Roots of strawberry transplants (12 plants of cv. Camino Real) were cut and soaked in spore suspensions for 10 min. Plants were potted in soilless, peat moss-based medium in containers. Control strawberry plants were soaked in water prior to planting. All plants were then grown in a shadehouse. After 8 weeks, inoculated plants began to show wilting and decline of foliage and internal crown tissue was lightly discolored. F. oxysporum was isolated from all inoculated plants. Control plants did not exhibit any disease symptoms and crown tissue was symptomless. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Fusarium wilt of strawberry in California. This disease has been reported from a number of other countries including Argentina, Australia, China, South Korea, Spain, and Japan (2). Since 2006, Fusarium wilt of strawberry has increased in incidence and severity in California. Initial problems in 2006 consisted of multiple small patches (2 to 4 beds wide × 3 to 10 m long) of diseased plants; in these patches disease incidence could range from 80 to 100%. By 2009, in some fields, the disease affected large sections that ran the length of the field. References: (1) P. E. Nelson et al. Fusarium Species: An Illustrated Manual for Identification. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, 1983. (2) H. S. Okamoto et al. Plant Prot. 24:231, 1970. (3) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Application. Academic Press, NY, 1993. (4) B. L. Winks and Y. N. Williams. Qld. J. Agric. Anim. Sci. 22:475, 1966.