Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Subcoal'

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 75-82).
Two-terminal multijunction solar cells are a promising technology to surpass the energy-conversion efficiency of commercial single junction devices. Multijunction solar cells that integrate silicon bottom subcells could allow cost-effective efficiency enhancements and further growth in the worldwide installed photovoltaic capacity. However, the fabrication and characterization of multijunction devices is more complex than the standard single junction case, due to optical, electrical and architecture constraints. In this context, this thesis proposes and tests methods for fabrication and characterization of two-terminal multijunction devices, with special emphasis in the bottom silicon subcells. A low-capex, local area back-surface field, silicon cell is adapted for operation in a two-terminal perovskite-silicon tandem device. A contactless voltage loss analysis methodology is developed, and used to optimize the tunnel junction of the device. Finally, a general methodology to identify the shunted cells in two-terminal tandem devices is developed and validated in GaAs/GaAs tandem device. These characterization methodologies allow an adequate diagnosis of quality issues in multijunction solar cells, and provide useful tools for future efficiency improvements.
by Juan Felipe Oviedo Perhavec.
S.M.

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Introdução: a dignidade humana é um valor essencial na prática do enfermeiro, em especial, no que tange ao cuidado à pessoa que está morrendo. Assim, entende-se ser importante uma atuação interdisciplinar pautada no respeito à dignidade da pessoa em processo de terminali-dade, de modo que, se faz necessário conhecer e planejar sistematicamente os cuidados a se-rem empreendidos à pessoa e sua família, pautados nos princípios humanísticos e científicos. Objetivo: desenvolver um Subconjunto Terminológico CIPE® para pessoas em Cuidados Paliativos, contemplando diagnósticos/resultados e intervenções de enfermagem, com base no Modelo de Cuidados para Preservação da Dignidade. Método: estudo do tipo metodológico, estruturado em três etapas: na primeira etapa foi realizada a identificação de termos a partir de entrevistas com profissionais da equipe de enfermagem de um hospital especializado em on-cologia; na segunda foram construídos e validados os enunciados de diagnósticos/resultados utilizando-se o Índice de Concordância (IC) e para as intervenções de enfermagem optou-se por aplicar o Índice de Validação de Concordância (IVC) e o Teste Binominal e, a terceira e última etapa culminou com a estruturação do Subconjunto Terminológico CIPE® para pesso-as em Cuidados Paliativos de modo que os diagnósticos/resultados e intervenções de enfer-magem, produto do estudo, foram organizados conforme as categorias, temas e subtemas do Modelo de Cuidados para Preservação da Dignidade. Participaram 26 peritos na fase de vali-dação dos diagnósticos/resultados e 13 na fase de validação das intervenções. A coleta de da-dos, mediante aplicação de questionário, enviado via correio eletrônico, apresentava questões relativas à caracterização dos peritos e um instrumento elaborado com base numa Escala Li-kert de cinco pontos (1 = nada pertinente; 2 = pouco pertinente; 3 = muito pertinente; 4 = per-tinente; 5 = muitíssimo pertinente), para mensuração da pertinência de cada enunciado. O projeto foi apreciado e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem da UFBA recebendo parecer de aprovação nº. 353.005. Resultados: na primeira etapa, foram identificados 432 termos a partir das entrevistas, os quais foram submetidos a um processo de normalização que resultou em 262 termos. Estes passaram por um processo de mapeamento cruzado com a CIPE® versão 2011, evidenciando 167 termos constantes e 95 termos como não constantes nessa classificação, que constituíram o banco de termos relevantes para a área dos Cuidados Paliativos. Na segunda etapa, foram construídos 56 enunciados de diagnósti-cos/resultados de enfermagem, os quais, após a avaliação de concordância de especialistas, resultaram em 33 enunciados validados. Estes foram categorizados segundo o modelo teórico e, em seguida, foram construídos os 248 enunciados de intervenções de enfermagem. As in-tervenções de enfermagem interligadas aos diagnósticos/resultados de enfermagem foram submetidas a uma segunda validação pelos peritos resultando em 220 intervenções de enfer-magem validadas. Na terceira etapa, se deu a estruturação do Subconjunto Terminológico CIPE® para pessoas em Cuidados Paliativos construído com 33 diagnósticos/resultados e 220 intervenções de enfermagem, tendo como base o Modelo de Cuidados para Preservação da Dignidade. Considerações finais: o subconjunto Terminológico CIPE®, produto desta pes-quisa, é uma ferramenta de tecnologia leve que visa subsidiar o enfermeiro no contexto das práticas dos cuidados paliativos. Espera-se que seja utilizado, tanto nos ambientes de atendi-mentos hospitalares quanto domiciliares, conforme a demanda nesses serviços.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
Experiments were carried out to adapt the technical photodynamic therapy (PDT) to the subclinical mastitis treatment in bovine. Two LEDs equipments were tested with manufactured acrylic fibers to penetration in the teats. Different energy densities were tested to development the methodology. The photodynamic therapy using low energy density was efficient to treat subclinical mastitis, it can be seen the reduction of mammary infection. The constructions the acrylic fibers to LEDs equipments were efficient, where it was possible to reach all interior of the mammary treated. The toluidine blue at 2,5% was efficient to light dispersal and in microbial activity. The energy densities (ED) used was efficient to the principal microbial agents of subclinical mastitis found in the present work. Staphylococcus coagulase positive was removed with ED 25J/cm2, Staphylococus coagulase negative were removed with ED 75J/cm2, Bacillus sp was removed with ED 100J/cm2, Streptococcus dysgalactiae bacterial total count was reduced when ED 200J/cm2 was used.
Foram realizados v?rios experimentos para adequar ? t?cnica terapia fotodin?mica (PDT) para o tratamento de mastite subcl?nica em bovinos. Foram avaliados dois aparelhos de LEDs adaptados com fibra de acr?lico para a penetra??o nos tetos. Varias densidades de energia foram testadas para o efeito desejado com o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia pr?pria. A terapia fotodin?mica utilizando baixa densidade de energia para tratar mastite subcl?nica foi eficiente posto que, houve redu??o na infec??o nos quartos mam?rios tratados. As adapta??es para adequa??o dos aparelhos LEDs para tratamento dos tetos afetados com mastite subcl?nica em bovinos foi eficiente permitindo que a irradia??o atingisse todo interior do quarto mam?rio tratado. O agente fotossensibilizante azul de toluidina a 2,5% foi capaz de desencadear o efeito desejado permitindo a dispers?o da luz e estimulando resposta antimicrobiana. As densidades de energia (DE) testadas reduziram os principais agentes microbianos isolados. Staphylococcus coagulase positivos foi eliminado com DE 25J/cm2, Estafilococos coagulase negativos com DE 75J/cm2, Bacillus sp. com DE 100J/cm2 e Streptococcus dysgalactiae diminuiu na contagem bacteriana total quando se utilizou DE 200J/cm2.

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CNPq
Experiments were carried out to adapt the technical photodynamic therapy (PDT) to the subclinical mastitis treatment in bovine. Two LEDs equipments were tested with manufactured acrylic fibers to penetration in the teats. Different energy densities were tested to development the methodology. The photodynamic therapy using low energy density was efficient to treat subclinical mastitis, it can be seen the reduction of mammary infection. The constructions the acrylic fibers to LEDs equipments were efficient, where it was possible to reach all interior of the mammary treated. The toluidine blue at 2,5% was efficient to light dispersal and in microbial activity. The energy densities (ED) used was efficient to the principal microbial agents of subclinical mastitis found in the present work. Staphylococcus coagulase positive was removed with ED 25J/cm2 removed with ED 75J/cm2, Staphylococus coagulase negative were , Bacillus sp was removed with ED 100J/cm2 , Streptococcus dysgalactiae bacterial total count was reduced when ED 200J/cm2 was used.
Foram realizados v?rios experimentos para adequar ? t?cnica terapia fotodin?mica (PDT) para o tratamento de mastite subcl?nica em bovinos. Foram avaliados dois aparelhos de LEDs adaptados com fibra de acr?lico para a penetra??o nos tetos. Varias densidades de energia foram testadas para o efeito desejado com o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia pr?pria. A terapia fotodin?mica utilizando baixa densidade de energia para tratar mastite subcl?nica foi eficiente posto que, houve redu??o na infec??o nos quartos mam?rios tratados. As adapta??es para adequa??o dos aparelhos LEDs para tratamento dos tetos afetados com mastite subcl?nica em bovinos foi eficiente permitindo que a irradia??o atingisse todo interior do quarto mam?rio tratado. O agente fotossensibilizante azul de toluidina a 2,5% foi capaz de desencadear o efeito desejado permitindo a dispers?o da luz e estimulando resposta antimicrobiana. As densidades de energia (DE) testadas reduziram os principais agentes microbianos isolados. Staphylococcus coagulase positivos foi eliminado com DE 25J/cm2, Estafilococos coagulase negativos com DE 75J/cm2, Bacillus sp. com DE 100J/cm2 e Streptococcus dysgalactiae diminuiu na contagem bacteriana total quando se utilizou DE 200J/cm

Analyse probabiliste est l'un des domaines de recherche les plus attractives en langage naturel En traitement. Analyseurs probabilistes succès actuels nécessitent de grandes treebanks qui Il est difficile, prend du temps et coûteux à produire. Par conséquent, nous avons concentré notre l'attention sur des approches moins supervisés. Nous avons proposé deux catégories de solution: l'apprentissage actif et l'algorithme semi-supervisé. Stratégies d'apprentissage actives permettent de sélectionner les échantillons les plus informatives pour annotation. La plupart des stratégies d'apprentissage actives existantes pour l'analyse reposent sur la sélection phrases incertaines pour l'annotation. Nous montrons dans notre recherche, sur quatre différents langues (français, anglais, persan, arabe), que la sélection des phrases complètes ne sont pas une solution optimale et de proposer un moyen de sélectionner uniquement les sous-parties de phrases. Comme nos expériences ont montré, certaines parties des phrases ne contiennent aucune utiles information pour la formation d'un analyseur, et en se concentrant sur les sous-parties incertains des phrases est une solution plus efficace dans l'apprentissage actif
Probabilistic parsing is one of the most attractive research areas in natural language processing. Current successful probabilistic parsers require large treebanks which are difficult, time consuming, and expensive to produce. Therefore, we focused our attention on less-supervised approaches. We suggested two categories of solution: active learning and semi-supervised algorithm. Active learning strategies allow one to select the most informative samples for annotation. Most existing active learning strategies for parsing rely on selecting uncertain sentences for annotation. We show in our research, on four different languages (French, English, Persian, and Arabic), that selecting full sentences is not an optimal solution and propose a way to select only subparts of sentences. As our experiments have shown, some parts of the sentences do not contain any useful information for training a parser, and focusing on uncertain subparts of the sentences is a more effective solution in active learning

Notre cadre de réflexion nous amène à voir le Monde comme une installation. Cette installation permet, contraint, et guide l'activité des sujets. Elle est distribuée dans l'espace physique sous forme d'objets matériels ; dans l'espace mental sous forme de représentations, dans l'espace social sous forme d'institutions. C'est l'existence préalable de cette installation qui permet au sujet de réagir rapidement et de façon pertinente en situation : le sujet joue dans une pièce déjà préparée. Quand il interprète (et il faut prendre ici ce terme au sens théâtral), s'il improvise c'est le plus souvent en combinant des séquences d'interprétation déjà connues. Cette installation du Monde est naturellement le résultat historique d'une construction collective. Ses différentes formes (objets, représentations, institutions) sont liées, génétiquement et fonctionnellement. Notre modèle général, qui sera décrit dans la dernière section, met en lumière une détermination multiple des conduites ; il ne se substitue pas aux modèles existants, mais plutôt il les combine et les met en perspective. Dans ce cadre, nous explicitons les liens entre les aspects pragmatique (mobilisation dans l'action des représentations, en situation) et génétique (construction diachronique du système de représentations, en lien avec les pratiques et les objets). On trouvera en particulier ici rassemblés et mis en perspective divers modèles que nous avons développée au cours des 25 dernières années. On a également décrit les techniques de recueil et d'analyse des comportements que nous avons développés, et notamment l'analyse des processus, l'analyse lexicale et l'analyse des représentations à partir des dictionnaires et encyclopédies, la subcam (camera miniaturisée porte à hauteur de l'œil par le sujet et qui fournit une perspective située du point de vue du sujet), la réalité expérimentale (une méthode de conception participative en situation réelle qui permet de développer rapidement des systèmes sociotechniques complexes).

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Objetivo: Explorar o potencial valor da deforma????o mioc??rdica como preditor do primeiro epis??dio de Acidente Vascular Encef??lico (AVE) isqu??mico. M??todos: Indiv??duos entre 40-80 anos com o primeiro epis??dio de AVE isqu??mico, sem doen??a card??aca e com ecocardiograma normal foram pareados com controles saud??veis por sexo, idade e hipertens??o na propor????o 1:2. A t??cnica ecocardiogr??fica de rastreamento de pontos (TERP) foi utilizada para avaliar a deforma????o mioc??rdica longitudinal global (DLG) a qual serviu como marcador de doen??a card??aca subcl??nica. Na an??lise univariada foi utilizado o valor de p menor que 0,1 para a vari??vel entrar na analise multivariada de regress??o log??stica. Resultados: A amostra consistiu de 29 casos e 62 controles, m??dia de idade foi 60 ??? 4 anos; 54% foram do sexo masculino. Tabagismo foi mais prevalente nos casos comparado aos controles (34% versus 9%; p = 0,001). Dislipidemia teve tamb??m uma preval??ncia maior nos casos (54% versus 37%, respectivamente; p = 0,09). Casos tiveram menos deforma????o mioc??rdica comparado aos controles (DLG -16,7 ?? 3,4% versus -19,2 ?? 2,8%; p < 0,001). N??o houve diferen??a em rela????o aos par??metros ecocardiogr??ficos tradicionais. Ap??s ajuste para tabagismo e dislipidemia, a DLG permaneceu um preditor independente para AVE (OR = 1,3; 95% IC: 1,1 ??? 1,6; p = 0,005). A capacidade discriminat??ria dos preditores cl??nicos foi representada por uma ??rea sob a curva ROC de 0,62, com incremento para 0,78 ap??s feita a adi????o do DLG (p = 0,001). Conclus??o: Deforma????o mioc??rdica longitudinal reduzida ?? um potencial preditor ??til do primeiro epis??dio de AVE isqu??mico em indiv??duos sem doen??a card??aca.

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Background: The number of elderly (60 years or more) grows all over the world, for two reasons: increased life expectancy and reducing fertility rates. Furthermore, cardiovascular diseases, particularly atherosclerosis, are the major cause of death in the elderly people. Aging causes changes in the immune system that contribute to a higher incidence of infectious diseases and chronic degenerative diseases. Increased basal levels of cytokines, represent a systemic chronic inflammatory state known Inflammation. In the elderly, the redistribution of tissue calcification is different from the predictive value of coronary artery calcification. Thus, the association of comorbidities caused by aging prevents the extrapolation of knowledge gained in younger populations. Main: To investigate the relantionship between serum levels of cytokines: TNF- , IL-10 and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) with coronary calcification in the very elderly. Materials and methods: Individuals aged between 80 and 102 years (n = 178). Was evaluated plasma cytokines, acute phase proteins, intima-media thickness (IMT), presence of plaques in the carotid arteries by ultrasound and coronary artery calcification (CAC) by computed tomography. Results: There was no association between CAC and carotid plaques(p = 0.8),maximum(p = 0.06) or mean IMT (p = 0.2). No association was found between the presence of carotid plaques and CRP (p = 0.4),TNF- (p = 0.8)orIL-10(p = 0.2).Likewise, individuals in the first three quartiles for CRP, TNF- or IL-10 had similar values of CAC, mean and maximum IMT. In contrast, individuals above the 75 th percentile for CRP or for TNF- had enhanced maximum IMT (p = 0.017and p < 0.0001) and CAC (p = 0.026 and p = 0.01) and subjects with IL-10 levels above the 75th percentile had lower maximum IMT (p = 0.027) and CAC (p = 0.006) as compared with those below this percentile. There was no difference in mean IMT for individuals above or below the 75th percentile for CRP, TNF-A or IL-10. Conclusion: In very old individuals, CAC and maximum IMT were positively associated with systemic inflammatory activity only in those above the 75th percentile.
Introdu????o: O n??mero de pessoas idosas (60 anos ou mais) cresce em todo o mundo, por dois motivos: aumento da expectativa de vida e redu????o das taxas de fertilidade. Por outro lado, as doen??as cardiovasculares, particularmente a aterosclerose, s??o a maior causa de morte, especialmente na popula????o idosa. O envelhecimento provoca altera????es no sistema imunol??gico que contribuem para uma maior incid??ncia de doen??as infecciosas e cr??nicodegenerativas. N??veis basais de citocinas aumentados, representam um estado inflamat??rio cr??nico sist??mico, chamado de Inflammaging. Na pessoa idosa, a redistribui????o da calcifica????o nos tecidos ?? distinta dos valores preditivos da calcifica????o das art??rias coron??rias. Desta forma, a associa????o de comorbidades provocadas pelo envelhecimento inviabiliza a extrapola????o dos conhecimentos adquiridos em popula????es mais jovens. Objetivo: investigar a associa????o entre n??veis s??ricos das citocinas: TNF- , IL-10 e Prote??na C Reativa (PCR) com a calcifica????o coronariana em pessoas muito idosas. Materiais e m??todos: Indiv??duos com idade entre 80 e 102 anos (n = 178). Foram avaliadas citocinas plasm??ticas, prote??nas de fase aguda, espessura ??ntima-m??dia (IMT), presen??a de placas nas art??rias car??tidas por ultrassom e calcifica????o da art??ria coron??ria (CAC) por tomografia computadorizada. Resultados: N??o houve associa????o entre CAC e placas carot??deas (p = 0,8), m??ximo (p = 0,06) ou m??dia IMT (p = 0,2). N??o foi encontrada associa????o entre a presen??a de placas carot??deas e PCR (p = 0,4), TNF- (p = 0,8) ou IL-10 (p = 0,2). Da mesma forma, os indiv??duos nos tr??s primeiros quartis de PCR, TNF- ou valores de IL-10 an??ncios similares de CAC e IMT m??ximo. Os valores de CAC e IMT m??ximo, foram associados positivamente com a atividade inflamat??ria sist??mica apenas entre aqueles acima do percentil 75. Conclus??o: Em indiv??duos muito idosos, os valores de CAC e IMT m??ximo, foram associados positivamente com a atividade inflamat??ria sist??mica apenas entre aqueles acima do percentil 75.

Um dos parâmetros termo-hidráulicos de segurança mais importantes no projeto e operação de reatores a água pressurizada é o fluxo de calor crítico (FCC). O FCC ocorre quando se atinge uma região de instabilidade na mudança de mecanismo de transferência de calor de uma parede aquecida para um fluido, aumentado drasticamente a temperatura da parede. Transientes em um reator nuclear podem afetar a taxa de geração de calor ou a fluxo de refrigerante no núcleo, prejudicando a retirada de calor das varetas combustíveis. Conhecer o FCC nestas condições é essencial para evitar danos às varetas e, consequentemente, a liberação de material radioativo. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o FCC para o LABGENE (Laboratório de Geração Nucleoelétrica) por meio do planejamento experimental e da simulação de seções de teste em condições de operação utilizando o código COBRAIIIc/MIT-1 e a correlação EPRI para o FCC. Considerou-se primeiramente seções de teste 3×3 de dois tamanhos distintos e os resultados para 100 pontos experimentais foram mostrados por meio de superfícies de resposta, a fim de melhor visualizar e analisar o comportamento de FCC para cada condição. Dois pontos importantes são os valores máximo e mínimo do FCC encontrados. O valor máximo (1,038 MBtu/hr.ft2 ou 3,27 MW/m2) indica o fluxo de calor necessário para a realização dos experimentos e o mínimo (0,162 MBtu/hr.ft2 ou 0,51 MW/m2) indica a pior condição de operação, a qual estaria mais próxima do ponto de ebulição. As simulações e modificações no código foram verificadas utilizando o banco de dados da Universidade de Columbia. Foram selecionados 2718 pontos experimentais referentes a seções de teste 5×5 com perfil de potência uniforme. Os resultados foram apresentados pela razão entre o valor predito e o valor experimental (DNBR) e os limites de tolerância unilateral 95/95 foram calculados, estando dentro dos valores esperados.
One of the most important thermal-hydraulic safety parameters for pressurized water reactor design and operation is the critical heat flux (CHF). The CHF occurs when a region of instability reached in the change of heat transfer mechanism from a hot wall to a fluid is reached, dramatically increasing the wall temperature. Transients in a nuclear reactor can affect the heat generation rate or the coolant flow in the core, impairing the removal of heat from the fuel rods. Knowledge of the CHF on these conditions is essential to prevent fuel rod damages and therefore the release of radioactive material. The main goal of this work is to analyze the CHF for LABGENE (Nuclear-electrical Generation Laboratory) by an experimental design and test sections simulation in operating conditions by using COBRAIIIc/MIT-1 code and the EPRI correlation for CHF. 3x3 test sections were initially considered for two different heights and outcomes for 100 experimental points were shown by means of response surfaces in order to better visualize and analyze the behavior of CHF for each condition. Two important points are the maximum and minimum values of the CHF found. The maximum value (1.038 MW/m2 or 3.27 MBtu/hr.ft2) indicates the power required for the experiments and the minimum one (0.162 MBtu/hr.ft2 or 0.51 MW/m2) indicates the worst operation condition, which would be closer to the boiling point. Code simulations and modifications were verified using the CHF database of Columbia University. 2718 data points pertaining to test sections 5×5 with uniform power profile were selected. The results were presented by the ratio between the predicted value and the experimental value (DNBR) and the limits of unilateral tolerance 95/95 were calculated, being within the expected values.

Atrial fibrillation is the most frequent clinically significant arrhythmia. Its occurrence in adult population was previously reported to be 0.4 %, currently it is more or less 0.95 %. In industrial countries the population of patients with ischemic heart disease is increasing; with progress in therapy of such patients the number of individuals with heart disease has increased. Increasing prevalence of atrial fibrillation, which occurs frequently with such diseases, is also expected. Concurrence with atrial flutter, atrial macroreetnry arrhythmia is relatively frequent. Both arrhythmias may alternate in a patent or change from one to another. Efforts with medication therapies were not sufficiently successful in the past. New products have been sought all the time – the products which would have influence on the atrial muscle and have no influence on ventricular myocardium, have no side effects and no proarrhythmogenic potential. Simultaneously, ways of non-pharmacological treatment have been sought. The non-pharmacological methods are prevailing currently since pharmaceutical products fail and have irregular effect. The category of non-pharmacological treatment includes cardio-stimulating methods and ablation techniques. Accordingly, there were no sufficiently sophisticated methods of evaluating of arrhythmia occurrence after ablation procedures. The development of efficient detection, processing and evaluation of heart activity proceeds to long-term monitoring of heart signals using an implantable heart monitor. The latest model of implantable heart monitor has been introduced in clinical practice; it is particularly intended for diagnostics of atrial arrhythmias. The above-mentioned implant bears trade name REVEALŽ XT, produced by the MEDTRONIC Company. This thesis elaborates comprehensively the issue of implantable heart monitors of the latest generation which are specially intent on diagnostics of atrial arrhythmias. It summarizes data that was collected as a part of two world-wide multicentre studies EPECT and VISIT. In this thesis I analyze data obtained at the centre of acute cardiology hospital Na Homolce. The data population offers a comprehensive view of potentials of subcutaneous heart monitors from the pre-implanting phase to one-year follow-up of detection properties and classifications of heart arrhythmias with a strong emphasis on an analysis of atrial tachyarrhythmias. Based on thus analyzed data the following conclusion can be made: The implantable heart monitor REVEALŽ XT is suitable for clinical applications of long-term monitoring of heart rhythm both in the area of ventricular and atrial arrhythmias.

La présente thèse s’intéresse au comportement collectif dans un espace public comme phénomène social et anonyme, à partir de l’étude du mouvement et de la configuration corporelle des voyageurs du métro parisien. Pour ce faire, une technologie nouvelle d’acquisition de données, la « Subcam », et un outil de codage du mouvement appelé « notation Laban » sont mobilisés. Cette dernière, créée par Rudolf Laban et développée en chorégraphie, est peu connue dans le monde scientifique, mais son apport est potentiellement considérable en sociologie. La notation Laban permet d’objectiver et de rendre analysables les dynamiques corporelles qui étaient jusque-là considérées comme un objet insaisissable. L’étude de cas a été menée sur la ligne 14 du métro parisien, au moment des échanges quai-train, et en situation de forte densité. La notation des mouvements et des configurations corporelles des voyageurs met en évidence l’existence de tendances récurrentes dans leurs façons de se tenir et de se mouvoir. Notre travail démontre également l’existence des techniques corporelles qui sont souvent évoquées par les sociologues comme Mauss, Bourdieu et Boltanski sans qu’ils en aient développé l’étude. Notre recherche montre non seulement que la notation Laban est applicable aux travaux scientifiques mais aussi qu’il est possible de faire une étude sociologique du mouvement et de la configuration corporelle grâce à cette méthode. Nous ouvrons ainsi un nouveau champ de recherche en sociologie – une sociologie du mouvement
This thesis focuses on the collective behavior in a public space as a social and anonymous phenomenon through the study of movements and physical configurations of Parisian subways passengers. For this purpose, a new technology for data acquisition ("Subcam") and a coding tool ("Kinetography Laban") are mobilized. The latter, created by Rudolf Laban and developed in choreography, is little known in the scientific world, but its contribution could be significant in sociology. Kinetography Laban allows us to objectify and to analyze the body dynamics that were previously considered to be an elusive object. The case study was conducted on the Parisian subway, line 14 at the time of exchange platform-train in high-density situation. The scoring of movements and body configurations of travelers highlights the existence of recurring patterns in the way they stand and move. Our work also demonstrates the existence of body techniques that are often referred to by sociologists as Mauss, Bourdieu and Boltanski without any real description and analysis. Our research shows not only that the Kinethography Laban is applicable to social science but also that it is possible to do a sociological study by the movement and body configuration using that method. We therefore open up a new field of research in sociology – sociology of the movement

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has undergone changes in terms of clinical and epidemiological presentation worldwide. Urbanization has been described in different regions of Brazil and the world, as well as in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. These changes have impacted in the clinical outcome of Leishmania infection. A new clinical entity called co-infection of HIV/Leishmania has been described as a consequence of overlapping areas of occurrence of VL and HIV / AIDS in different countries including Brazil. The aim of this study was to define the process of periurbanization of the LV and describe a case series of co-infection HIV / Leishmania in Rio Grande do Norte. A new demographic pattern of VL was detected, with an increase in the number VL adult male subjects. Analysis of spatial distribution of VL in the state of Rio Grande do Norte showed that in the past 20 years VL tends to occur in larger cities and therefore the highest risk disease is greater in the eastern and western regions. The first region included Natal, the state capital, where the process of suburbanization began in 1990, and more recently the city of Mossor?, the second largest state, where periurbanization began in the last five years. In 1990, the emergence of co-infection HIV/Leishmania in the state was observed. Case-control study revealed that the new clinical entity affects adult males, who acquired HIV through sexual intercourse, 40% of those with a preivous history of leishmania infection Relapse and death from LV is increased in HIV positive compared with HIV-negative patients matched by sex and age. This pattern is similar to the observed in Europe, except of the route of transmission, where in Europe occured concomitantly, by parenteral route in drug users. Analysis of spatial distribution identified overlapping new areas of occurrence of HIV / AIDS and LV potentially signaling to increased risk of this new clinical entity as described above. Therefore, epidemiological surveillance for co-infection HIV / Leishmania should be adopted in all areas of risk of VL. At the same time, it is necessary to evaluate drug resistance currently used in the treatment of VL, as well as parenteral transmission of L infantum/ chagasi in areas where drug dependence is a risk factor for HIV acquisition
Leishmaniose visceral (LV) vem sofrendo modifica??es do ponto de vista cl?nico e epidemiol?gico mundialmente. Urbaniza??o foi descrita em diferentes regi?es do Brasil e do mundo, como tamb?m no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, influenciando sobremaneira no comportamento cl?nico da doen?a. Uma nova entidade cl?nica denominada co-infec??o HIV/leishmania vem sendo descrita, como conseq??ncia da sobreposi??o de ?reas de ocorr?ncia de LV e HIV/AIDS, em diferentes pa?ses incluindo o Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi definir o processo de periurbaniza??o da LV e descrever s?rie de casos da co-infec??o HIV/Leishmania no Rio Grande do Norte. Mudan?a no padr?o demogr?fico da LV no RN foi detectada, sendo observado aumento no n?mero de indiv?duos na idade adulta, do sexo masculino. An?lise da distribui??o espacial demonstrou que nos ?ltimos 20 anos LV tende a instalar-se em munic?pios de maior porte e, portanto, mais urbanizados do RN, sendo as regi?es leste e oeste as de maior risco para a doen?a. A primeira regi?o inclui Natal, capital do estado, onde o processo de periurbaniza??o iniciou-se, em 1990 e, a outra, inclui a cidade de Mossor?, segunda maior do estado, onde a periurbaniza??o iniciou-se nos ?ltimos 5 anos. Tamb?m em 1990 registra-se a emerg?ncia da co-infec??o HIV/ Leishmania no estado. Estudo tipo caso-controle revelou que a nova entidade cl?nica acomete indiv?duos adultos do sexo masculino, que adquirem HIV por via sexual; 40% destes com hist?ria de infec??o pr?via por leishmania. Reca?das e ?bito por LV ? maior em pacientes HIV positivos comparados com pacientes HIV negativos, pareados por sexo e idade. Esse padr?o ? bastante semelhante ao europeu, exceto, pela via de transmiss?o, que ocorre l? de modo concomitante, por via parenteral, em usu?rios de drogas il?citas. Adicionalmente, a an?lise de distribui??o espacial identificou sobreposi??o de ?reas de ocorr?ncia de HIV/AIDS e LV no RN apontando para risco aumentado da nova entidade cl?nica descrita acima. Portanto, vigil?ncia epidemiol?gica para co-infec??o HIV/Leishmania deve ser adotada em todas as ?reas de risco. Ao mesmo tempo, faz-se necess?rio avaliar resist?ncia ?s drogas utilizadas atualmente, no tratamento da LV, bem como, transmiss?o parenteral de L infantum/chagasi, nas ?reas onde a depend?ncia de droga ? fator de risco para aquisi??o de HIV

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
The use of antibiotic in the control of intramammary infections and in the elimination of its possible sources in dairy farms is an important control measure. However, the inappropriate use of antibiotics can result in the appearance of resistant strains and compromise the efficiency of the treatment. Besides Staphylococcus spp. are among the main pathogens of bovine mastitis, they are often resistant to antibiotics, especially beta-lactamics, mainly by two distinct mechanisms: the production of extracellular enzyme beta-lactamase, encoded by the blaZ gene, and production of PBP2a or PBP2 ' a penicillin-binding protein with low affinity, encoded by the mecA gene. The expression of mecA gene is constitutive or induced by beta-lactamic antibiotics, such as oxacillin and cefoxitin. The mecA gene is inserted into the chromosome through a staphylococcal mobile genetic element, called staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). The present study evaluated the phenogenotypical resistance profile to betalactam antibiotics of 250 Staphylococcus spp. isolates, using oxacillin and cefoxitin as markers in order to produce data to the knowledge of resistance in dairy farms located in the South-Fluminense and the Metropolitan regions of the State of Rio de Janeiro to support the implementation of measures to control this disease. The assessment of resistance was made through 8 different phenotypic tests and yielded 54 profiles. Disk diffusion and agar screen with oxacillin were used as "gold standard" for the calculation of sensitivity, specificity and prediction once they are recommended by the CLSI veterinarian as standardized tests. Disk diffusion with cefoxitin achieved the best performance in the prediction of oxacillin resistance. Genotypic detection of mecA do not provided any positive isolate, otherwise mecI and mecRI genes were also detected in 11.6% (29/250) of the studied Staphylococcus spp. Four cassette mec types were detected (I, II, III and IV), being type I the most disseminated one. Gene blaZ was detected in 5.2% (13/250) isolates. From these 13 blaZ positive isolates, the whole system comprising blaR1-blaI-blaZ was detected in 23.1% (3/13) isolates
MENDON?A, Elaine Concei??o Liporage. Caracteriza??o fenogenot?pica da resist?ncia antimicrobiana em Staphylococcus spp. isolados de mastites cl?nicas e subcl?nicas em unidades leiteiras de munic?pios do Rio de Janeiro como subs?dio para implementa??o de medidas de controle. 89 p. Disserta??o (Mestrado em Ci?ncias Veterin?rias). Instituto de Veterin?ria, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica, RJ, 2012. A utiliza??o de antibi?ticos no controle das infec??es intramam?rias e na elimina??o de prov?veis fontes de infec??o nas fazendas leiteiras se constitui em importante medida de controle. No entanto, o uso inadequado de antibi?ticos no tratamento da doen?a pode gerar o aparecimento de cepas resistentes e comprometer a efici?ncia do tratamento. Bact?rias do g?nero Staphylococcus spp. est?o entre os principais agentes etiol?gicos da mastite bovina e s?o freq?entemente resistentes aos antimicrobianos, em especial aos beta-lact?micos, principalmente por dois mecanismos distintos: a produ??o da enzima extracelular beta-lactamase, codificada pelo gene blaZ, e a produ??o de PBP2a ou PBP2?, uma prote?na ligante de penicilina de baixa afinidade, codificada pelo gene mecA. A express?o do gene mecA ? constitutiva ou induzida por antibi?ticos betalact?micos, como a oxacilina e cefoxitina. O gene mecA est? inserido no cromossomo estafiloc?cico atrav?s de um elemento gen?tico m?vel, denominado cassete estafiloc?cico cromoss?mico mec (SCCmec). O presente estudo avaliou o perfil fenogenot?pico de resist?ncia aos beta-lact?micos em 250 isolados de Staphylococcus spp, utilizando os marcadores oxacilina e cefoxitina, de modo a produzir dados que possam contribuir para o conhecimento da resist?ncia antimicrobiana em algumas propriedades leiteiras das regi?es Sul-Fluminense e Metropolitana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro com o objetivo de subsidiar a implementa??o de medidas de controle dessa enfermidade. A avalia??o da resist?ncia foi feita a partir de 8 diferentes testes fenot?picos, sendo obtidos 54 perfis. Os testes de difus?o em disco simples e ?gar screen com oxacilina foram utilizados como ?padr?o ouro? para os c?lculos dos valores de sensibilidade, especificidade e predi??o por serem preconizados pelo CLSI veterin?rio. O teste de difus?o em disco simples com cefoxitina foi o de melhor desempenho na predi??o da resist?ncia a oxacilina. Na avalia??o genot?pica, n?o foi detectado qualquer isolado positivo para o gene mecA, j? os genes mecI e mecRI foram detectados igualmente em 11,6% (29/250) dos Staphylococcus spp avaliados. Foram detectados os quatro tipos de cassete mec analisados (I, II, III e IV), sendo o tipo I o que teve mais ampla distribui??o entre as regi?es estudadas. Gene blaZ foi detectado em 5,2% (13/250) dos isolados, sendo que nestes, todo o sistema blaZ-blaI- blaR1 foi detectado em 23,1% (3/13) dos isolados.

Dans les grandes entreprises industrielles, la transmission des savoirs incorporés dans les gestes professionnels s'opère traditionnellement au sein d'une articulation de stages de formation animés par d'anciens opérateurs, et de pratiques de compagnonnage réalisées directement sur site. Cette situation est amenée à évoluer car aujourd'hui, beaucoup d'entreprises industrielles sont confrontées au problème d'un départ à la retraite massif d'opérateurs. Cela nécessite, d'une part, la conservation des gestes professionnels adaptés au maintien des installations techniques vieillissantes, et d'autre part une adaptation des gestes professionnels à la mutation technologique. Dans le secteur de l'énergie, Electricité de France (EDF) est confrontée à cette problématique d'évolution du compagnonnage. Pour cette entreprise, la situation est complexifiée par la variabilité des pratiques : présence d'un parc de près d'une centaine de centrales de production électrique fortement distribuées géographiquement avec des modes de production énergétique diversifiés impliquant des pratiques culturelles différentes (nucléaire, thermique, hydraulique). Le présent travail de recherche vise deux objectifs : (1) Sur le plan théorique, nous avons cherché à comprendre, à partir de données de terrain, la nature de la transmission et de la formalisation des savoirs - aussi bien explicites qu'implicites - sous-jacents à l'exécution des gestes professionnels. Cela passe : i) d'une part, par la confrontation des approches existantes dans les différentes écoles, au niveau international, à la réalité empirique ; ii) et d'autre part, par l'identification du fossé existant dans la littérature quant au traitement et à la modélisation des connaissances tacites et des savoirs incorporés par rapport aux nécessités pratiques de la transmission. (2) Sur le plan pratique, nous avons cherché à développer une approche de capture située des savoirs incorporés en explorant le recours aux instruments d'ethnographie numérique. Ceci vise : i) d'une part, à pérenniser les connaissances liées aux gestes ; ii) et d'autre part, à concevoir une méthode de création de supports pédagogiques structurés, à base de vidéo. Cette phase pratique a permis de tester nos modèles sur des cas réels. L'articulation des outils techniques, théoriques et méthodologiques que nous avons appliqués a conduit à la conception de plusieurs produits. Nous avons conçu et confronté au terrain une méthode de capture et d'analyse des gestes professionnels. Cette méthode s'appuie sur un double enregistrement vidéo : caméra externe et caméra subjective embarquée sur le casque de l'opérateur réalisant le geste. Cet enregistrement est couplé à un protocole de verbalisation spécifique en situation de réalisation du geste. Nous avons également maquetté, testé en situation pédagogique, et formalisé une ressource didactique : le Multimédia Apprenant (MAP). Ce dernier se base sur une décomposition et une structuration du geste illustrée principalement par de la vidéo annotée mais aussi par des schémas fonctionnels, des images, des photos, etc. Cette décomposition du geste est issue de l'analyse réalisée en amont sur fond de théorie russe de l'activité et de qualité perçue. Ces deux produits fournissent une chaîne opérationnelle, à destination des formateurs de la branche formation d'EDF, pour la capture et la transmission du savoir tacite et explicite incorporé dans les gestes professionnels. L'insertion du MAP dans le dispositif pédagogique d'EDF, au sein des sessions de formation réelles, a été évaluée et accueillie très positivement par les formateurs et les stagiaires. Il a été décidé au mois de mai 2011 de lancer la phase d'industrialisation de la méthode et du MAP dans l'entreprise.

碩士
亞洲大學
健康管理研究所
97
Purpose A higher complication of supracostal approach is noted in standard PCNL (percutaneous nephrolithotomy). We prospectively evaluate the morbidity associated with supracostal and subcostal access during our tubeless PCNL series. Materials and methods From January 2002 to December 2007, 118 patients underwent one-stage fluoroscopic-guide percutaneous nephrolithotomy for complex renal and upper ureteral stone by one experienced surgeon at our medical center. Surgical indications were renal staghorn stones, large renal calculi (larger diameter >2.5cm), large upper ureteral stone (transverse diameter >1.5cm) or mixed. It was not a randomized trial, whether to place a nephrostomy tube (standard PCNL) or double-J stent only (tubeless PCNL); the decision was made at the end of the procedure. Our exclusion criteria included: significant postoperative bleeding, significant perforation of the collecting system, much residue stone burden, more than one percutaneous tracts and obstructive renal anatomy. There were 86 patients received tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy totally. In 56 patients, a supracostal puncture, above the 12th rib (between 11-12th rib) was performed. In the other 30 patients, a subcostal tract, below the 12th rib was established. Morbidity, 0peration time, analgesia requirement, length of hospital stay, stone- free rate, was analyzed. Results A total of 86 patients (56 patients in supracostal group and 30 patients in subcostal group) were included in this study. The mean age, operation side, stone locations were similar. The male: female ratio is higher in supracostal group (39/17) than in subcostal group (13/17) (p=0.0174). Large renal stones and staghorn stones occupied most of the stone cases (supracostal group: subcostal group= 75%: 80%). Whenever possible, an upper pole access was chosen when operation. The operative puncture calyx was most located over post middle or upper calyx in both groups. The stone–free rate of supracostal group was 59% (33/56) and in subcostal group was 50 % (15/30) (p=0.4274). Our initial total stone-free rate was 56% (p=0.4274). Post ancillary procedure (SWL or URSL) 3 months later, the total stone-free rate was increasing to 90%. Upper ureteral stone group had the highest initial stone-free rate (10/11) and the staghorn stone group owned the lowest (3/25) (p<0.0001). The mean operation time is 100±23 minutes in supracostal group and 110±27 minutes in subcostal group. The staghorn stone group spent more operation time than the other 3 groups. Length of stay is around the same 4 days in both groups. There was no statistically significant difference in pethidine requirements (supracostal: subcostal =25.76mg: 33.92mg) and Hct change (supracostal: subcostal=3.5%: 3.3%). The overall complication rate is 6% (supracostal group: 2 % (1/56) and subcostal group: 13 %( 4/30)) (p=0.0292). Most complications were renal infection. They got recovery eventually. No hemothorax or pneumothorax happened. Conclusions Supracostal puncture within 11th -12th rib intercostal space by an experienced urologist during tubeless PCNL is a safe and effective procedure. It does not cause a higher incidence of hemothorax or pneumothorax. Key word: calculi; renal, upper ureter, nephrostomy, percutaneous; endoscopy, Double- stent

碩士
中臺科技大學
醫學影像暨放射科學系暨研究所
100
The optimization of coronary angiography of subcostal view via Taguchi methodology was studied in this work. Interventional cardiac catheterization of coronary artery disease was the standard method in clinical diagnosis and treatment. In doing so, the optimal diagnostic view of either left main trunk, left anterior descending artery or left circumflex artery ostium till to middle segment was recommended as the subcostal view. However, inappropriate parameter settings of the angiography often mislead the diagnosis in practical evaluation and cause the unnecessary treatment. Therefore, an indigenous cardiac phantom was adopted to imply a 90 kg adult patient and six parameters settings of X-ray facility was optimized to acquire the exposed cardiac imaging. The six factors were set as (A) with or without the X-ray filter; (B) angle of RAO; (C) angle of CAU; (D) kVp; (E) ms and (F) SID of X-ray. The optimized results implied the S/N and the cumulative error from the original 20.038 dB and 1.056% to revised 20.585 dB and 0.807%, respectively. Furthermore, the optimal setting of the X-ray facility was (A) with the X-ray filter; (B) 50o angle of RAO; (C) 250 angle of CAU; (D) 70 kVp; (E) 8.0 ms and (F) 105 cm of SID of X-ray. The follow up study also effectively confirmed the optimal setting of X-ray facility in practical verification.

碩士
大同大學
應用數學研究所
93
We introduce the notion of subcell resolution, which is based on the observation that is unlike point values, cell-averages of a discontinuous piecewise-smooth function containing information about the exact location of the discontinuous within the cell. In this article, we also compare high order resolution numerical schemes (TVD2, TVB2, ENO2, ENO3, etc.) and these schemes with subcell resolution. We will observe that subcell resolution can improve accuracy of these schemes and have effect on the contact discontinuity.

碩士
大同大學
應用數學學系(所)
94
We introduce the notion of subcell resolution, which is based on the observation that is unlike point values, cell-averages of a discontinuous piecewise-smooth function containing information about the exact location of the discontinuous within the cell. In this article, we also compare high order resolution numerical schemes (TVD2, TVB2, ENO2, ENO3, etc.) and these schemes with subcell resolution. We will observe that subcell resolution can improve accuracy of these schemes and have effect on the contact discontinuity

Tese de mestrado, Oncobiologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2017
Na mesma linha dos estudos da especiação Darwinista, os tumores geralmente surgem através da evolução ramificada de uma única linhagem celular inicialmente transformada (clone fundador). Apesar de inicialmente se pensar que os tumores consistiam numa população celular homogénea, múltiplos estudos têm demonstrado que existe uma profunda heterogeneidade molecular intratumoral em cada cancro, onde coexistem múltiplos subclones. A aplicação de terapia conduz à seleção de subclones pré-existentes, que sinergiza com mutações de novo, gerando mais heterogeneidade intratumoral e o aparecimento de variantes resistentes à terapêutica, que acabam por originar recidiva. Na realidade, a heterogeneidade intratumoral observada em cada doente constitui a maior barreira ao tratamento e cura do cancro. A leucemia mielóide aguda (LMA) é uma doença maligna hematológica heterogénea e agressiva, caraterizada pelo bloqueio da diferenciação mielóide e pela proliferação descontrolada das células mielóides progenitoras transformadas. LMA é o tipo de cancro hematológico mais mortal e a leucemia aguda mais frequente. A quimioterapia induz remissões completas na maioria dos doentes (50-75%) mas muitos têm recidiva com clones resistentes e destes apenas 10% sobrevivem. As alterações genéticas que influenciam o prognóstico em LMA estão bem caraterizadas. No entanto, os mecanismos moleculares que interferem ao nível subclonal, assim como a natureza do fenómeno da recorrência à terapia convencional, não são claros, principalmente devido ao facto de faltarem sistemas experimentais que nos permitam estudar variantes subclonais que se tornam resistentes após terapia, particularmente com a resolução de linhagens de células únicas. Esta tese teve como objetivo dissecar a dinâmica subclonal responsável pela recidiva em LMA. Em detalhe, clarificar a natureza do processo de recidiva em LMA após tratamento com quimioterapia convencional (citarabina combinada com antraciclinas) e com terapias emergentes (decitabina), de modo a esclarecer como diferentes terapias interferem com o desenvolvimento de linhagens/subclones resistentes às mesmas e determinar se estas terapias resultam num processo de recidiva estocástico ou pré-determinado. Posteriormente, quisemos também verificar se os resultados obtidos eram consistentes entre diferentes subtipos de LMA. Utilizou-se uma tecnologia de marcação celular que permite estudar a dinâmica subclonal, através do rastreio em grande escala de várias linhagens celulares em paralelo. Esta tecnologia permite a incorporação de códigos de barras celulares (sequências únicas de DNA não codificante, rastreáveis por SNG) no genoma de células individuais de LMA. Assim, foi possível seguir os descendentes de todas as células de LMA submetidas a terapia e que sobreviveram à mesma, através da análise quantitativa baseada em SNG das frequências dos diferentes códigos de barras moleculares, permitindo perceber se o processo de recidiva após terapêutica foi estocástico (diferentes distribuições de códigos de barras na recidiva em replicados tratados com a mesma terapia) ou determinístico (distribuições de códigos de barras semelhantes na recidiva em replicados tratados com a mesma terapia). Adicionalmente, realizaram-se análises funcionais, que permitiram avaliar a cinética de crescimento de células submetidas a terapia ao longo do tempo, de modo a verificar se as células sobreviventes à terapia eram resistentes ou sensíveis à mesma. Os resultados obtidos nesta tese mostraram que a terapia originou alterações na arquitetura dos códigos de barras apenas após ser removida. Apesar de haver uma seleção de subclones específicos nas amostras tratadas quer com quimioterapia convencional quer com a combinação de quimioterapia convencional e decitabina, os resultados mostraram que a adição de decitabina à quimioterapia convencional resultou num aumento da estocasticidade do processo de recidiva, nos casos em que a quimioterapia foi responsável por uma grande pressão seletiva. Para além disto, os resultados mostraram também que o tratamento com quimioterapia convencional selecionou subclones resistentes à terapia, enquanto os subclones sobreviventes após tratamento com combinação de quimioterapia convencional e decitabina não adquiriram resistência. Não foi, no entanto, possível concluir se este fenómeno era transversal a vários subtipos de LMA devido a diferenças na suscetibilidade aos tratamentos, e decorrente variabilidade na pressão seletiva aplicada. Concluindo, estes resultados sugerem que a quimioterapia convencional afeta o potencial de crescimento de cada linhagem diferencialmente, contribuindo para originar resistência às terapias. A adição de decitabina, quando acompanhada de alta pressão seletiva e consequente indução de maior estocasticidade do processo de recidiva, reverte a resistência observada nas amostras submetidas a tratamento com quimioterapia convencional, pelo que devia ser ponderada a combinação de quimioterapia e decitabina como terapia de primeira linha. No futuro, para percebermos melhor o fenómeno de resistência em LMA, pretende-se dissecar os mecanismos moleculares que interferem na resistência de leucemia mielóide aguda, ao nível da genómica e transcritómica.
In the same line as studies of Darwinian speciation, tumors usually arise through branched evolution of a single transformed lineage (the founding clone). Although tumors were initially thought to consist of a homogeneous population, multiple studies have shown that there is a profund intratumoral molecular heterogeneity in each cancer, with the coexistence of multiple subclones. Therapy leads to the selection of preexisting subclones, which synergizes with de novo mutations, leading to more intratumor heterogeneity and the emergence of therapeutically resistant variants that end up causing recurrence. In fact, the intratumor heterogeneity observed in each patient constitutes the greatest barrier to treatment. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous and aggressive hematological malignancy characterized by the blockage of myeloid differentiation and the uncontrolled proliferation of the transformed myeloid progenitor cells. AML is the most lethal hematological cancer and the most common acute leukemia. Chemotherapy induces complete remissions in most patients (50-75%) but many relapse with resistant clones and of these only 10% survive. Genetic changes that influence the prognosis in AML have been characterized. However, the molecular mechanisms that interfere at the subclonal level, as well as the nature of the recurrence phenomenon, have not yet been discovered. This is mainly due to the lack of experimental systems that allow us to study subclonal variants which become resistant after standard therapy, in particular with the resolution of single-cell lineages. This thesis aimed to dissect the subclonal dynamics responsible for recurrence in AML and to study the nature of the recurrence process in AML after treatment with first-line chemotherapy (cytarabine combined with anthracyclines) and with emerging therapies (decitabine). Aditionally, we aimed to clarify how different therapies interfere with the development of resistant clonal populations and determine if these therapies result in a stochastic or predetermined recurrence process. Subsequently, we also wanted to verify if the results were consistent between different AML subtypes. We used a lentiviral-based cellular barcoding technology, allowing us to study subclonal dynamics through large-scale screening of several cell lineages in parallel. This technology allows the incorporation of cellular barcodes (unique sequences of non-coding DNA, traceable by NGS) into the genome of individual AML cells. Thus, it was possible to follow the descendants of all surviving AML cells through the NGS-based quantitative analysis of the frequencies of the different molecular barcodes in the populations resistant to therapy, allowing us to see if the recurrence process was stochastic (different distributions of barcodes upon relapse in replicates treated with the same therapy) or deterministic (similar distributions of barcodes upon relapse in replicates treated with the same therapy). In addition, functional analyzes were carried out to evaluate the growth kinetics of treated cells over time (in order to verify if the cells surviving the therapy were resistant to the therapy). The results obtained in this thesis showed that the therapy originated changes in the architecture of barcodes only after the remotion of the therapy. Although there was a selection of specific subclones in the treated samples either with conventional chemotherapy or with combination of conventional chemotherapy and decitabine, the results showed that the addition of decitabine to conventional chemotherapy resulted in an increase of stochacity in the relapse process, in the cases where chemotherapy was responsible for strongest selective pressure. In addition, the results also showed that treatment with conventional chemotherapy gave rise to subclones resistant to therapy, while surviving subclones after treatment with a combination of conventional chemotherapy and decitabine were not resistant. However, we could not conclude whether this was true across various AML subtypes due to differences in susceptibility to treatment, thus resulting in variability in the selective pressure applied. In conclusion, these results suggest that standard chemotherapy affects the growth potential of each lineage differentially, thus contributing to resistance to therapies. The addition of decitabine, when accompanied by high selective pressure and consequent induction of a greater stochasticity of the relapse process, reverses the resistance observed in the samples submitted to treatment with conventional chemotherapy, so the combination of chemotherapy and decitabine should be considered as first-line therapy. In the future, to better understand the phenomenon of resistance in AML, we intend to dissect the molecular mechanisms that interfere in the resistance of acute myeloid leukemia, at the levels of genomics and transcriptomics.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
電機工程學系
102
The purpose of this thesis, we study compound semiconductor based of the triple-junction solar cell. First, we fabricated the Ge-subcell and we have successfully fabricated single-, double-, triple-junction solar cells. We use the origin overall InGaP-InGaAs-Ge structure to fabricate all junction-type solar cells. The main feature in fabrication of the Ge-subcell is to reserve semiconductor layers of forming the InGaP-subcell and the InGaAs-subcell. Finally we used the solar simulator to perform the temperature dependences of various photovoltaic parameters of the single-, double-, triple-junction solar cells. For evaluating the single-, double-, triple-junction solar cells in temperature range from 25C-80C. We investigated the important photovoltaic parameters such as open circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current density (JSC), and conversion efficiency (η).While the Ge-subcell whose Voc approaches to zero at 143C is the first subcell failing to be a real solar cell. In addition we investigated the photocurrent which is 25.8 mA/cm2 operating in temperature range from 30C-80C. In the other hand, max @30C obtained from the Ge-subcell is 3.22% with corresponding temperature coefficient of 0.0373%/C.Finally, we investigated the possible operating temperature range from 30C-80C on the dark and under sunlight in order to measure the temperature dependences of various photovoltaic parameters of the Ge-subcell. Temperature-sensitive voltages are also gained from current-voltage characteristics of the solar cell biased under 0.8 and 2 mA/cm2 current densities. Furthermore we find out the time-dependent cell temperature. The junction temperature increases quickly with an initial rate as high as ~1C /s when the Ge-subcell is under irradiation. Experimentally estimated cell temperature finally stabilized at 48C.

Herein a fully parallel, upwind and flux-split Finite-Volume Time-Domain (FVTD) numerical engine for solving Maxwell's Equations on unstructured grids is developed. The required background theory for solving Maxwell's Equations using FVTD is given in sufficient detail, including a description of both the temporal and spatial approximations used. The details of the local-time stepping strategy of Fumeaux et al. is included. A global mesh-truncation scheme using field integration over a Huygens' surface is also presented. The capabilities of the FVTD algorithm are augmented with thin-wire and subcell circuit models that permit very flexible and accurate simulations of circuit-driven wire structures. Numerical and experimental validation shows that the proposed models have a wide-range of applications. Specifically, it appears that the thin-wire and subcell circuit models may be very well suited to the simulation of radio-frequency coils used in magnetic resonance imaging systems. A parallelization scheme for the volumetric field solver, combined with the local-time stepping, global mesh-truncation and subcell models is developed that theoretically provides both linear time- and memory scaling in a distributed parallel environment. Finally, the FVTD code is converted to the frequency domain and the possibility of using different flux-reconstruction schemes to improve the iterative convergence of the Finite-Volume Frequency-Domain algorithm is investigated.