Relevant bibliographies by topics / Subchronic

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Subchronic'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 27 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Subchronic"

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Kudrow, Lee. "Subchronic Cluster Headache." Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 27, no. 4 (April 1987): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.1987.hed2704197.x.

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Carnevali, Luca, Evgeny Bondarenko, Andrea Sgoifo, Frederick R. Walker, Geoffrey A. Head, Elena V. Lukoshkova, Trevor A. Day, and Eugene Nalivaiko. "Metyrapone and fluoxetine suppress enduring behavioral but not cardiac effects of subchronic stress in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 301, no. 4 (October 2011): R1123—R1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00273.2011.

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In humans, chronic stressors have long been recognized as potential causes for cardiac dysregulation. Despite this, the underlying mechanistic links responsible for this association are still poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine whether exposure to a paradigm of subchronic stress can provoke enduring changes on the heart rate of experimental rats and, if so, to reveal the autonomic and neural mechanisms that mediate these effects. The study was conducted on adult male Sprague-Dawley rats instrumented for telemetric recording of heart rate and locomotor activity. Animals were submitted to a subchronic stress protocol, consisting of a 1-h foot shock session on five consecutive days. Heart rate and locomotor activity were recorded continuously for 3 days before and for 6 days after the subchronic stress period. Subchronic foot shock produced significant and enduring reduction in heart rate both during the dark/active [Δ= −23 ± 3 beats per minute (bpm)] and light/inactive (Δ= −20 ± 3 bpm) phases of the circadian cycle, and a reduction in locomotor activity during the dark/active phase [Δ= −54 ± 6 counts per hour (cph)]. The bradycardic effect of subchronic stress was not related to a reduced locomotion. Selective sympathetic (atenolol) and vagal (methyl-scopolamine) blockades were performed to reveal which autonomic component was responsible for this effect. We found that the fall in heart rate persisted after subchronic stress in animals treated with atenolol (active phase Δ= −16 ± 3 bpm, inactive phase Δ= −19 ± 2 bpm), whereas vagal blockade with scopolamine transiently prevented this effect, suggesting that the bradycardia following subchronic stress was predominantly vagally mediated. Fluoxetine (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) and metyrapone (inhibitor of corticosterone synthesis) treatments did not affect heart rate changes but prevented the reduction in locomotion. We conclude that subchronic stress exposure in rats reduces heart rate via a rebound in vagal activation and that this effect is serotonin- and corticosterone-independent.
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Landreth, K., U. Simanaviciute, J. Fletcher, B. Grayson, R. A. Grant, M. H. Harte, and J. Gigg. "Dissociating the effects of distraction and proactive interference on object memory through tests of novelty preference." Brain and Neuroscience Advances 5 (January 2021): 239821282110031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23982128211003199.

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Encoding information into memory is sensitive to distraction while retrieving that memory may be compromised by proactive interference from pre-existing memories. These two debilitating effects are common in neuropsychiatric conditions, but modelling them preclinically to date is slow as it requires prolonged operant training. A step change would be the validation of functionally equivalent but fast, simple, high-throughput tasks based on spontaneous behaviour. Here, we show that spontaneous object preference testing meets these requirements in the subchronic phencyclidine rat model for cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia. Subchronic phencyclidine rats show clear memory sensitivity to distraction in the standard novel object recognition task. However, due to this, standard novel object recognition task cannot assess proactive interference. Therefore, we compared subchronic phencyclidine performance in standard novel object recognition task to that using the continuous novel object recognition task, which offers minimal distraction, allowing disease-relevant memory deficits to be assessed directly. We first determined that subchronic phencyclidine treatment did not affect whisker movements during object exploration. Subchronic phencyclidine rats exhibited the expected distraction standard novel object recognition task effect but had intact performance on the first continuous novel object recognition task trial, effectively dissociating distraction using two novel object recognition task variants. In remaining continuous novel object recognition task trials, the cumulative discrimination index for subchronic phencyclidine rats was above chance throughout, but, importantly, their detection of object novelty was increasingly impaired relative to controls. We attribute this effect to the accumulation of proactive interference. This is the first demonstration that increased sensitivity to distraction and proactive interference, both key cognitive impairments in schizophrenia, can be dissociated in the subchronic phencyclidine rat using two variants of the same fast, simple, spontaneous object memory paradigm.
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Lavric, A., K. Culjak, D. Tibaut, and M. Nemec. "Subchronic toxicity of AmoksiklavR." Toxicology Letters 95 (July 1998): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(98)80457-8.

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JOHANNSEN, FREDERICK R., and GEORGE J. LEVINSKAS. "Subchronic Toxicity of Tetramethylsuccinonitrile." Toxicological Sciences 7, no. 1 (1986): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/7.1.41.

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JOHANNSEN, F. "Subchronic toxicity of tetramethylsuccinonitrile." Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 7, no. 1 (July 1986): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-0590(86)90195-8.

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Micovic, Zarko, Sanja Kostic, Slavica Mutavdzin, Aleksa Andrejevic, Aleksandra Stamenkovic, Mirjana Colovic, Danijela Krstic, et al. "The effects of acutely and subchronically applied DL-methionine on plasma oxidative stress markers and activity of acetylcholinesterase in rat cardiac tissue." Vojnosanitetski pregled 77, no. 2 (2020): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp171213055m.

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Background/Aim. Chronically induced hypermethioninemia leads to hyperhomocysteinemia which causes oxidative stress, atherogenesis, neurodegeneration and cancer. However, little is known about the acute and subchronic effects of DL-methionine (Met). The aim of study was to assess the effects of acutely and subchronically applied Met on oxidative stress parameters in rat plasma [enzymes: catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidise (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and index of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA)], and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in rat cardiac tissue. Methods. The enzymes activities, as well as MDA concentration were evaluated following acute (n = 8) and subchronic (n = 10) application of Met [i.p. 0.8 mmoL/kg body weight (b.w.) in a single dose in the acute overload or daily during three weeks in the subchronic overload]. The same was done in the control groups following application of physiological solution [i.p. 1 mL 0.9% NaCl (n = 8) in the acute overload and 0.1?0.2 mL 0.9% NaCl, daily during three weeks (n =10) in the subchronic overload]. Tested parameters were evaluated 60 minutes after application in acute experiments and after three weeks of treatment in subchronic experiments. Results. There were no difference in homocysteine values between the groups treated with Met for three weeks and the control group. Met administration significantly increased the activity of CAT and GPx after 1 h compared to the control group (p = 0.008 for both enzymes), whereas the activity of SOD and MDA concentrations were unchanged. Subchronically applied Met did not affect activity of antioxidant enzymes and MDA level. AChE activity did not show any change in rat cardiac tissue after 1 h, but it was significantly decreased after the subchronic treatment (p = 0.041). Conclusion. Results of present research indicate that Met differently affects estimated parameters during acute and subchronic application. In the acute treatment Met mobilizes the most part of antioxidant enzymes while during the subchronic treatment these changes seems to be lost. On the contrary, the acute Met overload was not sufficient to influence on the AChE activity, while longer duration of Met loading diminished function of the enzyme. These findings point out that methionine can interfere with antioxidant defense system and cholinergic control of the heart function.
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Vyas, Archana, Heera Ram, Ashok Purohit, and Rameshwar Jatwa. "Adverse Effects of Subchronic Dose of Aspirin on Reproductive Profile of Male Rats." Journal of Pharmaceutics 2016 (April 12, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6585430.

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Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is widely used for cardiovascular prophylaxis and as anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical. An investigation was carried out to evaluate the influence of subchronic dose of aspirin on reproductive profile of male rats, if any. Experimental animals were divided into three groups: control and aspirin subchronic dose of 12.5 mg/kg for 30 days and 60 days, respectively, while alterations in sperm dynamics, testicular histopathological and planimetric investigations, body and organs weights, lipid profiles, and hematology were performed as per aimed objectives. Subchronic dose of aspirin reduced sperm density, count, and mobility in cauda epididymis and testis; histopathology and developing primary spermatogonial cells (primary spermatogonia, secondary spermatogonia, and mature spermatocyte) count were also significantly decreased in rats. Hematological investigations revealed hemopoietic abnormalities in 60-day-treated animals along with dysfunctions in hepatic and renal functions. The findings of the present study revealed that administration with subchronic dose of aspirin to male rats resulted in altered reproductive profiles and serum biochemistry.
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Tung, Tran Thanh, Dau Thuy Duong, Pham Thi Thuy Minh, Nguyen Thu Hien, and Dinh Thi Thu Hang. "Evaluation of acute and subchronic toxicities of “Phuong Dong Dai Trang” tablets in experimental animals." Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Y học 141, no. 5 (June 30, 2021): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52852/tcncyh.v141i5.210.

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The study aimed to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicities of “Phuong Dong Dai Trang” tablets through oral administration using experimental animal models. Acute toxicity in Swiss mice was determined using the Litchfield Wilcoxon method. The subchronic toxicity in Wistar rats was evaluated according to WHO and OECD’s recommendation with oral doses of 4.68 g/kg/day (equivalent to recommended human dose) and 14.04 g/kg/day (3 times the recommended human dose) for 4 consecutive weeks. In terms of acute toxicity, “Phuong Dong Dai Trang” tablets did not express acute toxicity in mice at the highest dose used (232.14 g materials/kg). In terms of the subchronic toxicity, after oral administration of “Phuong Dong Dai Trang” tablets, hematological parameters, hepato - renal functions, and microscopic images of liver and kidney were unchanged in the treatment group compared to the control group. In conclusion, “Phuong Dong Dai Trang” tablets did not produce acute and subchronic toxicities in Swiss mice and Wistar rats.
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Fukuyama, Kouji, and Motohiro Okada. "Effects of Atypical Antipsychotics, Clozapine, Quetiapine and Brexpiprazole on Astroglial Transmission Associated with Connexin43." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 5623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115623.

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Recently, accumulating preclinical findings suggest the possibility that functional abnormalities of tripartite synaptic transmission play important roles in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and affective disorder. Therefore, to explore the novel mechanisms of mood-stabilizing effects associated with tripartite synaptic transmission, the present study determined the effects of mood-stabilizing antipsychotics, clozapine (CLZ), quetiapine (QTP) and brexpiprazole (BPZ), on the astroglial l-glutamate release and expression of connexin43 (Cx43) in the astroglial plasma membrane using cortical primary cultured astrocytes. Neither acute (for 120 min) nor subchronic (for 7 days) administrations of CLZ, QTP and BPZ affected basal astroglial l-glutamate release, whereas both acute and subchronic administration of CLZ, QTP and BPZ concentration-dependently enhanced astroglial l-glutamate release through activated hemichannels. Subchronic administration of therapeutic-relevant concentration of valproate (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibiting mood-stabilizing antiepileptic drug, enhanced the stimulatory effects of therapeutic-relevant concentration of CLZ, QTP and BPZ on astroglial l-glutamate release through activated hemichannel. Subchronic administration of therapeutic-relevant concentration of CLZ, QTP and BPZ did not affect Cx43 protein expression in the plasma membrane during resting stage. After subchronic administration of VPA, acute and subchronic administration of therapeutic-relevant concentrations of CLZ increased Cx43 protein expression in the plasma membrane. Both acute administrations of therapeutic-relevant concentrations of QTP and BPZ did not affect, but subchronic administrations enhanced Cx43 protein expression in the astroglial plasma membrane. Furthermore, protein kinase B (Akt) inhibitor suppressed the stimulatory effects of CLZ and QTP, but did not affect Cx43 protein expression in the astroglial plasma membrane. These results suggest that three mood-stabilizing atypical antipsychotics, CLZ, QTP and BPZ enhance tripartite synaptic glutamatergic transmission due to enhancement of astroglial Cx43 containing hemichannel activities; however, the Cx43 activating mechanisms of these three mood-stabilizing antipsychotics were not identical. The enhanced astroglial glutamatergic transmission induced by CLZ, QTP and BPZ is, at least partially, involved in the actions of these three mood-stabilizing antipsychotics.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Subchronic"

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許芝盛 and Chi-shing Hui. "The acute and subchronic toxic effects of dichloroacetonitrile inmice." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31970205.

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Hui, Chi-shing. "The acute and subchronic toxic effects of dichloroacetonitrile in mice." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B23316901.

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Rodvelt, Kelli Renee. "Acute & subchronic NMDA receptor blockade alters nicotine-evoked dopamine release." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5060.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on April 10, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
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Brown, Larry Dale. "Subchronic bioavailability and disposition of bivalent lead in pregnant swine and fetuses." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9901221.

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Kirby, Kyle Joseph. "The effects of subchronic and chronic SSRI treatments on learned helplessness behavior in rats." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1433498.

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Schwotzer, Daniela [Verfasser]. "Investigations on the Toxicity of CeO2 Nanoparticles after Subchronic Inhalation of Low Doses / Daniela Schwotzer." Hannover : Bibliothek der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1162651733/34.

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Masters, Karilane L. "Effects of TCDD on the Levels of Biogenic Amines in Rat Brains After Subchronic Exposure." See Full Text at OhioLINK ETD Center (Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader for viewing), 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1083853239.

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Thesis (M.S.P.)--University of Toledo, 2004.
Typescript. "A thesis [submitted] as partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Science degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 34-37).
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Healy, Charles E. "Immunologic, Hematologic, and Endocrine Responses to Subacute and Subchronic Exposures to Graded, Subanesthetic Levels of Nitrous Oxide in CD-1 Mice." DigitalCommons@USU, 1989. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4651.

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Nitrous oxide (N2O) oxidizes vitamin B12. disrupting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis. Occupational exposures to subanesthetic levels of the gas have been documented that may result in suppressed proliferative cell activities. Male CD-I mice were exposed to 0, 50, 500, and 5000 parts of N2O per million parts of air (ppm) for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 2 and 13 weeks. Splenic lymphocytes were assayed for responsiveness to mitogens and for the ability to produce interleukin-2 (lL-2) . Tritiated-thymidine ([3H]-TdR) uptake was measured in CD-I splenic lymphocytes cultured in a mixed-lymphocyte culture (MLC). Cytolytic cell activity was measured by 51chromium release assay. Antibody-mediated immunocompetency was determined for sheep red blood cell (SRBC)-sensitized animals by plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay and sera anti-SRBC antibody titer. Deoxyuridine suppression tests (dUdRST) were performed on bone marrow cells. Serum adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone levels were determined. There was significantly decreased splenic lymphocyte uptake of [3H)-TdR by cells cultured with mitogenic substances and in MLC following 2-week animal exposures to 5000 ppm. After 13-week exposures, the animals' splenic lymphocytes showed decreased [3H]-TdR uptake following low N20 dosing and nonsignificantly increased responsiveness at the higher gas exposures in both the blastogenic and MLC assays. Compared to control animals, the 5000- ppm-exposure group had significantly depressed PFC activity and circulating anti-SRBC immunoglobulin M levels following 13-week gas exposures, and all three subchronic exposure groups demonstrated both decreased liver weights and leukopenia. Bone marrow activity at these dosing levels was dose-responsively depressed following subchronic gas exposures.No hormonal effect appears to be attributable to N20 exposure.
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Costa, Thays Nascimento. "Avaliação da toxicidade aguda e subcrônica do aspidosperma subincanum (apocynaceae) em camundongos." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2922.

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In order to define the safety of phytotherapeutic use of plants is important an evaluation of the toxic potential by clinical, laboratory and histopathological studies in animals after exposure to extract of parts of the plant in different intervals of time. Due to bark infusion from species of Aspidosperma is employed without proof of its toxic potential in treatment of the diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and gastric disorders, this study proposes an experimental test with ethanolic extract of Aspidosperma subincanum to verify if induces acute and subchronic toxicity in heart, liver and kidneys of mices (Mus musculus). The animals (male and female) received orally a 75 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg of the extract for subchronic intoxication evaluation by daily exposure along of 28 days. In the acute toxicity evaluation were used female mices that received an only dose of 300mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg of the extract and observed during to 14 days. Pharmacological tests were conducted to check the possible action of the extract in central nervous system in male mices submitted to 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 750 mg/kg by oral, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal ways. The animals showed some signs of neurotoxicity whose intensity was proportional to extract concentration and died with oral dose of 2000 mg/kg. Hematological parameters did not showed any significant abnormalities. Biochemical tests did not presented any changes, except ALT and AST measures which presented significant increases in exposed groups in relation to control group. Concerning histopathological exam it was possible to detect lesions that suggest the existence of injuries in liver (microvacuolization and hyperemia) and kidney (hyperemia and hemorrhage). Thus, it can be concluded that ethanolic extract of Aspidosperma subincanum is toxic orally, both acute and subcronically, in mices and the estimated median lethal dosis (LD50) was below 2000 mg/kg.
Para se determinar a segurança do consumo de fitoterápicos é imperativo uma avaliação do pontecial tóxico por meio de exames clínicos, laboratoriais e histopatológicos de animais após exposição ao extrato de partes da planta em diferentes intervalos de tempo. Pelo fato de infusos da casca de espécies do gênero Aspidosperma serem empregados, sem comprovação de seu pontencial tóxico, no tratamento do diabetes mellitus, da hipercolesterolemia e de distúrbios gástricos, propõe-se um ensaio experimental com o objetivo de avaliar se o extrato etanólico de Aspidosperma subincanum (EEAs) induz toxicidade aguda e subcrônica no coração, fígado e rins de camundongos (Mus musculus). Os animais (machos e fêmeas) receberam por via oral a dose de 75, 150 e 300 mg/kg do extrato para a avaliação de intoxicação subcrônica por 28 dias de exposição diária ao extrato. Na avaliação da toxicidade aguda foram utilizados camundongos fêmeas que receberam a dose única de 300 e 2000 mg/kg do extrato e observados por 14 dias. Testes farmacológicos foram conduzidos para verificar a possível ação desse extrato no sistema nervoso central, sendo utilizados camundongos machos e as doses de 200, 400 e 750mg/kg por via oral, subcutânea e intraperitoneal. Os animais apresentaram alguns sinais de neurotoxicidade e os sinais tiveram intensidade proporcional à concentração do extrato, sendo letais na dose de 2000 mg/kg via oral. Dentre os exames laboratoriais realizados, o eritrograma, plaquetograma e leucograma, não apresentaram nenhuma alteração significativa. Nas provas bioquímicas não foram observadas alterações dignas de nota, à exceção de ALT e AST que apresentaram elevação significativa nos grupos expostos em relação ao grupo controle. Em relação ao exame histopatológico, observaram-se alterações compatíveis com injúrias estruturais hepáticas (microvacuolização e hiperemia) e renais (hiperemia e hemorragia). Conclui-se que o EEAs pode ser considerado tóxico quando administrado por via oral, tanto agudo como subcronicamente, em camundongos e a dose letal mediana (DL50) estimada encontra-se abaixo de 2000 mg/kg.
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Renata, Kovac. "Uticaj subhroničnog tretmana akrilamidom na histološke i biohemijske karakteristike jetre juvenilnih mužjaka pacova." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2016. http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=100604&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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Akrilamid (CASR No. 79-06-1) predstavlja veoma reaktivni, hidrosolubilni monomer za koji se smatra da ima toksične i potencijalno kancerogene efekte po zdravlje ljudi. Štetne posledice akrilamida i njegovog još reaktivnijeg metabolita, glicidamida, su dokazane kod eksperimentalnih životinja i podrazumevale su neurotoksičnost, genotoksičnost i kancerogenost. Epidemiološke studije rađene na ljudima pokazale su da akrilamid izaziva neurotoksične efekte, dok se genotoksičnost i kancerogenost još smatraju potencijalnim efektima, a zasnivaju se na podacima koji su dobijeni u okviru istraživanja na laboratorijskim životinjama. Njegove štetne posledice na jetru, posebno kod mladog organizma, još uvek nisu dovoljno istražene.Akrilamid se spontano formira u hrani koja je bogata ugljenim hidratima, tokom termičke obrade namirnica na visokim temperaturama. Ovaj monomer se formira tokom tzv. neenzimatske Mallard-ove reakcije, kojom se dobijaju smeđe komponente u hrani. U namirnicama ovaj monomer se formira reakcijom između redukujućih šećera (uglavnom glukoze ili fruktoze) i aminokiseline (dominantno asparagina).Imajući na umu da je jetra centralni organ za metabolizam akrilamida, ovo istraživanje  je imalo za cilj da ispita glavne histološke i biohemijske promene na jetri juvenilnog organizma pacova, nakon njegove subhronične ekspozicije akrilamidu. Istraživanje je  rađeno na 3 eksperimentalne grupe peripubertalnih/juvenilnih mužjaka Wistar pacova, od kojih su dve bile tretirane vodenim rastvorom akrilamida u dozi od 25 ili 50  mg/kg telesne mase, dok je treća grupa služila kao kontrola i primala destilovanu vodu. Životinje su bile tretirane oralno, putem gavaže, 5 dana nedeljno, tokom 3 nedelje. Nakon 24 h od poslednjeg tretmana, životinje su uvedene u etarsku  anesteziju i dekapitovane, a zatim su prikupljeni krv i uzorci tkiva jetre.Tkivo jetre je uzeto iz srednjeg lobusa, fiksirano u 10% neutralnom puferisanom  formalinu tokom 24 h i obrađeno prema standardnom protokolu za parafinsko kalupljenje. Ukalupljeni uzorci jetre su zatim isečeni na serijske preseke tkiva debljine 5 µm, a zatim bojeni histohemijskim i imunohistohemijskim metodama. Uzorci krvi su pripremljeni za serološku analizu. Histološka analiza preseka bojenih hematoksilin-eozin (H&E) metodom nije  zabeležila prisustvo značajnih razlika u opštoj arhitekturi jetre i njenoj lobularnoj  organizaciji među eksperimentalnim grupama. Stereološka analiza je ukazala na  mikrostrukturne promene kod hepatocita i jetrinih sinusoida. Rezultati sugerišu, na dozno-zavisno povećanje volumena hepatocita, njihove citoplazme i nukleusa, i doznozavsino smanjenje volumena sinusoida, u odnosu na kontrolne uzorke jetre.Analiza glikogena je rađena na presecima jetre bojenim metodom Periodic acid–Schiff-a (PAS), gde se uočilo smanjenje količine glikogena u grupi tretiranoj nižom  dozom akrilamida, dok je u grupi tretiranoj većom dozom uočena njegova akumulacija, u odnosu na kontrolne životinje.Imunopozitivnost hepatocita na marker proliferacije, Ki-67, bila je smanjena u grupi pacova tretiranoj nižom dozom, a bila povećana u grupi tretiranoj većom dozom akrilamida pri komparaciji sa kontrolom. Stereološki nalazi su potvrdili inicijalnu histološku analizu.Imunopozitivnost hepatocita na marker apoptoze, Caspase 3, je bila smanjena kod obe grupe životinja tretiranih akrilamidom u odnosu na kontrolu. Nasuprot tome, imunopozitivnost neparenhimskih ćelija jetre, pretežno Kupffer-ovih ćelija, je bila uvećana u obe tretirane grupe pri komparaciji sa kontrolom.Imunopozitivnost Kupffer-ovih ćelija na marker CD68 je bila smanjena u uzorcima jetre kod oba tretmana akrilamidom u odnosu na kontrolu.Populacija mastocita, prikazana toluidine-blue (TB) metodom bojenja, bila je uvećana  kod obe grupe pacova tretiranih akrilamidom u poređenju sa kontrolom. Povećanje brojnosti ovih ćelija je bilo posebno prominentno kod njihove degranulisane  subpopulacije. Stereološka analiza je potvrdila histološke nalaze. Serumska analiza je pokazala uvećanu aktivnost aspartat aminotrasferaze (AST) i smanjenu aktivnost alanin aminotrasferaze (ALT) kod obe grupe životinja tretiranih  akrilamidom u odnosu na kontrolu. Aktivnost alkalne fosfataze (ALP) je bila uvećana u grupi tretiranoj nižom dozom, a smanjena u grupi tretiranoj većom dozom akrilamida, u odnosu na kontrolu. Vrednosti koncentracije ukupnih serumskih proteina kao i koncentracije C reaktivnog proteina (CRP) nisu pokazale značajnije promene među eksperimentalnim grupama.Oba akrilamidna tretmana su izazvala gubitak telesne mase kod tretiranih pacova, u odnosu na kontrolne životinje. Postojeći podaci ukazuju prominentni hepatotoksični potencijal akrilamida koji može poremetiti mikrostrukturne osobine i funkcionalni status hepatocita kod jetre mladog organizma. Akrilamid može značajno poremetiti funkcionalnost jetre, obzirom da se promene na celularnom nivou mogu relativno brzo odraziti na nivo tkiva, a kasnije ugroziti i homeostazu celog organizma.
Acrylamide  (CASR No. 79-06- 1)  is highly reactive, water-soluble monomer which is considered as toxic and potentially cancer causing chemical to humans. Adverse health effects regarding acrylamide and its more reactive metabolite,glycidamide, were detected in experimental animals, and  included neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, and   carcinogenicity.  Human epidemiological studies claim that acrylamide has neurotoxic effects, while  genotoxicity and carcinogenicity are considered as  potential human health risks only on the basis of animal studies. Its harmful effects on the liver, especially in a young organism, are still to be elucidated.Acrylamide  is spontaneously formed in  carbohydrate-rich food during high-temperature  processing. It is  formed during heat-induced non-enzymatic reaction, also known as  the Maillard browning reaction, between reducing sugars (glucose and fructose), and free amino acids (mainly asparagine).Having in mind  that  acrylamide  metabolism takes place in a liver,  the study aimed to investigate the main histological and  biochemical changes in the liver of juvenile rat following subchronic acrylamide intoxication. Study was performed on peripubertal/juvenile male Wistar rats, divided in 3 experimental groups, two of which were treated with acrylamide in doses of 25 or 50 mg/kg of body weight, while the third group served as the control and received distilled water. Animals were treated orally, via gavage, 5 days a week, during 3 weeks. Animals  were anesthetized by   ether inhalation and decapitated 24 hrs after the last treatment.Liver tissue was sampled from the middle lobe, fixed in  10% neutral  buffered formalin for 24 hrs,  routinely processed for paraffin  embedding  and cut into 5-µm thick serial sections for subsequent histochemical and immunohistochemical staining.Blood samples were collected for subsequent biochemical analysis .Histological examination of haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections did not point to any major alteration in main in liver lobular architecture or organization among the experimental groups. Stereological analysis revealed a microstructural changes in hepatocytes and liver sinusoids. The analysis detected a dose-dependant increase in the volume of hepatocytes, their cytoplasm and nuclei, and dose-dependant decrease in the volume of liver sinusoids compared to the control, respectively.Glycogen analysis was performed on Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) stained sections which showed glycogen reduction in the low-dose group, and its accumulation in the high-dose group, compared to the control, respectively.Imunopositivity in hepatocytes for Ki-67 protein, a known marker for proliferation, showed a decrease in low-dose group, while in high- dose group was detected its increase compared to the control, respectively. Stereological analysis confirmed initial histological observation.Caspase 3 immunopositivity, a known marker for apoptosis, proved to be decreased in hepatocytes in both acrylamide-treated groups when compared to the control. One the other hand, immunopositivity was increased in non-parenchymal  cell, predominantly in Kupffer cells, in comparison to the control. Immunopositivity for CD68, a marker for Kupffer cells, proved to be decreased in both acrylamide-treated groups when compared to the control.Population of the mast cells, visualized on toluidine blue (TB) stained sections, showed its increase in both acrylamide-treated groups, in comparison to the control. The increase was especially prominent regarding a degranulated subpopulation of these cells. Subsequent stereological analysis confirmed histological findings.Serum analysis showed increased  activity of  aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and decreased  activity  of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in  both AA-treated groups, while the  activity  of alkaline phosphatase (ALP)  was increased in low-dose, but   decreased in high- dose group compared to the control, respectively.  The concentration of total serum proteins as well as concentration of C reactive protein (CRP) did not show any major changes among the experimental groups.Body weight measurements showed that all acrylamide-treated rats lost their body weight as opposed to the control rats whose body mass increased.Present results suggest a prominent hepatotoxic potential of acrylamide which might alter the microstructural features and functional status in hepatocytes of  immature liver.  Acrylamide may cause significant perturbation in liver functionality which may be reflected from cellular to the tissue level, thereby endangering the whole body’s homeostasis.
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Books on the topic "Subchronic"

1

Izett, Glen Arthur. p40sAr-p39sAr dating of the Jaramillo Normal Subchron and the Matuyama and Brunhes geomagnetic boundary. [Denver, Colo.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1992.

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Izett, Glen Arthur. Ar-Ar dating of the Jaramillo Normal Subchron and the Matuyama and Brunhes geomagnetic boundary. [Denver, Colo.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1992.

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Izett, Glen Arthur. þ́ʻ́Ar-℗đ£́Ar dating of the Jaramillo Normal Subchron and the Matuyama and Brunhes geomagnetic boundary. [Denver, Colo.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1992.

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Call, D. J. Subchronic Toxicities of Industrial & Agricultural Chemicals to Fathead Minnows, Pimephales Promelas (Subchronic Toxicity Test Series). Univ of Wisconsin, 1993.

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Bernard, Daniel F., and United States. Environmental Protection Agency., eds. Comparative subchronic toxicity studies of three disinfectants. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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Test No. 413: Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90-day Study. OECD, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264070806-en.

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C, Moser Virginia, and United States. Environmental Protection Agency., eds. Comparison of subchronic neurotoxicity of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate and acrylamide in rats. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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B, Terrill James, and United States. Environmental Protection Agency., eds. The Subacute and subchronic oral toxicity of 1,3-dichloropropane in the rat. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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Bernard, Daniel F., and United States. Environmental Protection Agency., eds. Subchronic toxicity study of ozonated and ozonated/chlorinated humic acids in Sprague-Dawley rats: A model system for drinking water. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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R, Hudson Mark, Obradovich John D, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. A paleomagnetic study of the Reunion Subchron in Pliocene lacustrine beds, Beaver basin, Utah. [Reston, Va.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Subchronic"

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Nešković, N. K., M. Vukša, V. Radonjić, D. Stojić, D. Janković, and S. Lj Vitorović. "Subacute and Subchronic Toxicity of Dietary Bendiocarb in Rats." In Archives of Toxicology, 298. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69928-3_53.

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Schilling, E., A. Siegemund, and V. Görisch. "Serum Enzymes in Toxicity of Trichloroethylene After Subchronic Ethanol Pretreatment." In Archives of Toxicology, 409–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69928-3_90.

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Kadiiska, M., T. Stoytchev, and E. Serbinova. "Effect of Some Heavy Metal Salts on Hepatic Monooxygenases After Subchronic Exposure." In Archives of Toxicology, 313–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69928-3_59.

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Nair, Rashmi S., Michel W. Stevens, Mark A. Martens, and Jethro Ekuta. "Comparison of BMD with NOAEL and LOAEL Values Derived from Subchronic Toxicity Studies." In Archives of Toxicology, 44–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79451-3_5.

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Petrovic, L. M., S. A. Lorens, M. George, T. Cabrera, B. H. Gordon, R. J. Handa, D. B. Campbell, and J. Clancy. "Subchronic D-Fenfluramine Treatment Enhances the Immunological Competance of Old Female Fischer 344 Rats." In Serotonin: Molecular Biology, Receptors and Functional Effects, 389–97. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7259-1_38.

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Kadiiska, M., E. Serbinova, and T. Stoytchev. "Effect of Some Heavy Metal Salts on Lipid Peroxidation After Acute Intoxication and Subchronic Exposure." In Archives of Toxicology, 401. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71248-7_79.

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Warnet, J. M., I. Bakar-Wesseling, M. Thevenin, J. J. Serrano, A. Jacqueson, M. Boucard, and J. R. Claude. "Effects of Subchronic Low-Protein Diet on Some Tissue Glutathione - Related Enzyme Activities in the Rat." In Mechanisms and Models in Toxicology, 45–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72558-6_7.

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Rozman, Karl K. "Use of Acute Toxicity Data in the Design and Interpretation of Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity Studies." In Integration of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Toxicokinetics in Rational Drug Development, 39–48. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1520-0_6.

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Novak, Edward W., and David J. Schaeffer. "Developing Comprehensive Field Studies to Identify Subchronic and Chronic Effects of Chemicals on Terrestrial Ecosystems: Ecosystem Health — VI." In In Situ Evaluation of Biological Hazards of Environmental Pollutants, 109–18. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5808-4_10.

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Pauluhn, J. "Different Methods Used in Acute and Subchronic Inhalation Studies of Potential Lung Irritants, with Particular Attention to Lung Function Measurements." In Inhalation Toxicology, 87–101. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61355-5_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Subchronic"

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Kwangnyeon, Kim, Jungmin Cho, Juhyun Son, Jiyoung Shim, and Taeboo Choi. "The Study for 13 weeks subchronic toxicity of B9 -Vitamineral complex in rats." In Annual International Conference on BioInformatics and Computational Biology & Annual International Conference on Advances in Biotechnology. Global Science and Technology Forum, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/978-981-08-8119-1_biotech33.

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Kotlyarova, Anastasiya, Nataliya Bgatova, Tatiana Popova, Andrey Letyagin, Tatiana Tolstikova, and Valery Pedder. "Cognitive Outcome and Neuroprotective Effect of Lithium on Subchronic Alcohol-induced Brain Damage in Mice." In 2019 International Multi-Conference on Engineering, Computer and Information Sciences (SIBIRCON). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sibircon48586.2019.8958231.

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Kibar, Kezban. "’The investigation of paricalcitol effects on testicular tissue exposed to subchronic 1800 MHz electromagnetic field." In 15th International Congress of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. Istanbul: LookUs Scientific, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/2017ichc.pp-194.

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Arfsten, D., E. Johnson, A. Thitoff, K. Still, W. Brinkley, and D. Schaeffer. "66. Subchronic Toxicity Assessment of a Small Arms Cleaning Compound in Use with the U.S. Military." In AIHce 2003. AIHA, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2757964.

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Livingstone, Merricka C., Bill D. Roebuck, Natalie M. Johnson, Thomas W. Kensler, and John D. Groopman. "Abstract 1083: Temporal trends in microRNAs during subchronic aflatoxin dosing and modulation by the chemopreventive oleane triterpenoid, CDDO-Im." In Proceedings: AACR 107th Annual Meeting 2016; April 16-20, 2016; New Orleans, LA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-1083.

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Wang, Liying, Todd Stueckle, Anurag Mishra, Raymond Derk, Terence Meighan, Vincent Castranova, and Yon Rojanasakul. "Abstract 3583: Subchronic exposure of carbon nanotubes to human small airway epithelial cells induces neoplastic transformation and toxicogenomic responses." In Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-3583.

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Motto, Aku Enam, Povi Lawson-Evi, Aboudoulatif Diallo, Kwashie Eklu-Gadegbeku, Kodjo Aklikokou, and Messanvi Gbeassor. "Acute and subchronic toxicity assessments of hydro alcoholic extract of roots of <em>Anogeissus leiocarpus</em> (combretaceae)." In 6th International Electronic Conference on Medicinal Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecmc2020-07266.

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Hill, Thomas, Carla-Maria Alexander, and Alison K. Bauer. "Abstract 4801: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from subchronic exposure to butylated-hydroxytoluene (BHT) inhibits gap junctional communication in a toll-like receptor 4-dependent manner." In Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-4801.

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Gao, Peng, Junsheng Nie, Mingsong Li, and Pu Li. "CONFIRMATION OF A LATE MIOCENE SUBCHRON C4N.2N-1R FROM THE EASTERN QAIDAM BASIN IN THE NE TIBETAN PLATEAU." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-351855.

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Reports on the topic "Subchronic"

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Lent, Emily M., Lee C. Crouse, Theresa Hanna, and Shannon M. Wallace. The Subchronic Oral Toxicity of 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN) in Rats. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada563070.

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Joe Mauderly. Health Effects of Subchronic Inhalation of Simulated Downwind Coal Combustion Emissions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/945018.

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Sasser, L. B., J. A. Cushing, D. R. Kalkwarf, P. W. Mellick, and R. L. Buschbom. Toxicology Studies on Lewisite and Sulfur Mustard Agents: Subchronic Toxicity Study of Lewisite in Rats Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1086505.

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Sasser, L. B., R. A. Miller, Kalkwarf, D, R., R. L. Buschbom, and J. A. Cushing. Toxicology Studies on Lewisite and Sulfur Mustard Agents: Subchronic Toxicity of Sulfur Mustard (HD) In Rats Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1086507.

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Michie, Mark, and Richard A. Angerhofer. Trichloromelamine 14-Day Range Finding and 90-Day Subchronic Studies in Rats. 3 August 1988 - 17 January 1989. Phase 2. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada259102.

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Benson, J. M., E. B. Barr, and D. L. Lundgren. Subchronic inhalation of carbon tetrachloride alters the tissue retention of acutely inhaled plutonium-239 nitrate in F344 rats and syrian golden hamsters. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/381392.

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Houpt, John T., and Glenn J. Leach. 4-Amino 2-Nitrotoluene (4A2NT) Oral Approximate Lethal Dose 14-day Range Finding 90-day Subchronic Feeding Studies in Rats, August 1991-November 1993. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada639936.

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Houpt, John T., and Glenn J. Leach. Toxicological Study No. 75-51-YJ81-93, 4-Amino-2-Nitrotoluene (4A2NT) Oral Approximate Lethal Dose 14-day Range Finding 90-Day Subchronic Feeding Studies in Rats, August 1991-November 1993. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada562931.

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