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Journal articles on the topic 'Sub-surface defects'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Yu, Xiang, Lei Ma, Yang Liu, Zhong Zhou Yang, and Hua Meng. "Reducing Surface Defects of CrXOY Film in Mid-Frequency Dual-Magnetron Sputtering." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.219.

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Influence of the process parameters of a reactive mid-frequency dual-magnetron sputtering on surface defects of CrxOy film was investigated. The forming mechanisms of the observed droplets and craters were analyzed. The optimal parameter combination for accomplishing fewer surface defects was explored; and the optimized process parameters evidently minimized the surface defects of the film. In the condition of the target current of 16 A, the gases pressure of 0.31 Pa, and the bias voltages in a range of -120~-240 V, an optimized CrxOy film has been synthesized with surface defect density low to 78 defect/mm-2.
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2

Duarte Naia, Marco, Paulo M. Gordo, Orlando M. N. D. Teodoro, Adriano P. de Lima, Augusto M. C. Moutinho, and Roberto S. Brusa. "Sub-Surface Defects Induced by Low Energy Ar+ Sputtering of Silver." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 1608–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.1608.

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Induced defects in silver polycrystalline samples irradiated with 4 keV Ar+ were characterised with slow positron implantation spectroscopy. The implanted gas was found to interact with ion irradiation defects. The evolution of the defects and gas-defect interactions were followed through a multi-step isochronal annealing treatment. Two different defected regions were detected. A region near to the surface, due to a distribution of vacancy-like defects produced by irradiation, and a deeper one due to coalescence of Ar. The deeper defects evolve with thermal treatments and probably produce cavities which are not easily recovered.
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3

Gonchigsuren, Munkhsaikhan, Otgonbayar Dugerjav, Odontuya Bayarsaikhan, Buyanjargal Ragchaa, and Naranchimeg Dagviikhorol. "Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Observation of WSe2 Surface." Solid State Phenomena 323 (August 30, 2021): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.323.140.

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The surface structure of the WSe2 were studied using scanning tunneling microscopy. Exfoliation method in an ultra-high-vacuum chamber method is used to obtain a clean surface of WSe2 samples with atomically smooth terraces and multi-layer steps. Atomic-resolution images revealed two types of atomic defects of surface or near surface. These defects have been identified as the defects in the tungsten atom layer just below the topmost selenium layer.
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4

Coghill, Adam, Jan Scherfig, Nick Arhontes, and Steven E. Esmond. "Quantifying Sub-Surface Discharges from Individual Sewer Defects." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2006, no. 5 (January 1, 2006): 6932–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864706783761725.

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5

Rodà, Carmelita, Ahmed L. Abdelhady, Javad Shamsi, Monica Lorenzon, Valerio Pinchetti, Marina Gandini, Francesco Meinardi, Liberato Manna, and Sergio Brovelli. "O2 as a molecular probe for nonradiative surface defects in CsPbBr3 perovskite nanostructures and single crystals." Nanoscale 11, no. 16 (2019): 7613–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr01133a.

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Surface defects and environmental conditions affect the physical properties of CsPbBr3 perovskites differently, based on the materials dimensionality, despite their ‘defect tolerant’ electronic structure.
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6

Polfus, Jonathan M., Tor S. Bjørheim, Truls Norby, and Rune Bredesen. "Surface defect chemistry of Y-substituted and hydrated BaZrO3 with subsurface space-charge regions." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 19 (2016): 7437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta02067d.

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First-principles calculations were utilized to elucidate the complete defect equilibria of surfaces of proton conducting BaZrO3, encompassing charged species adsorbed to the surface, defects in the surface layer as well as in the subsurface space-charge region and bulk.
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7

Ogawa, Kenichi, Naoya Ogawa, Ryo Kosaka, Toshiyuki Isshiki, Toru Aiso, Masato Iyoki, Yong Zhao Yao, and Yukari Ishikawa. "AFM Observation of Etch-Pit Shapes on β-Ga2O3 (001) Surface Formed by Molten Alkali Etching." Materials Science Forum 1004 (July 2020): 512–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1004.512.

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In order to understand the crystal defects of beta-gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) in more detail, we classified the crystal defects of a 2-inch substrate of β-Ga2O3 (001) single crystal. As a result of observing the etch pits formed by molten alkali etching using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM), we succeeded in observing six different etch pit shapes. These etch pit shapes are categorized into “Cicada I type”, “Cicada II type”, “Cannonball type”, “Trapezoid type”, “Bar type”, and “Shell type”. We consider that “Cicada I type” and “Cicada II type” are etch pit shapes caused by planar defects, and “Cannon ball type” is etch pit shapes due to dislocations. In addition, “Trapezoid type”, “Bar type”, and “Shell type” are deduced the result of surface morphology.
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8

Patel, P. M., D. P. Almond, and H. Reiter. "Thermal-wave detection and characterisation of sub-surface defects." Applied Physics B Photophysics and Laser Chemistry 43, no. 1 (May 1987): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00693966.

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9

Raineri, Vito, Patrick Fiorenza, Raffaella Lo Nigro, and Derek C. Sinclair. "Nanoscale Imaging of CaCu3Ti4O12 Dielectric Properties: The Role of Surface Defects." Solid State Phenomena 131-133 (October 2007): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.131-133.443.

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Scanning probe microscopy with conductive tips has been used to image the dielectric properties of ceramics with giant permittivity. In particular, measurements in impedance mode and of local resistivity allowed to image the permittivity map on polycrystalline materials. Such imaging allows to correlate the dielectric properties with the local sample structure and with defects inside the single grains of the polycrystalline ceramics. However, artifacts due to surface imperfections should be distinguished from bulk properties and eliminated.
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10

Smentkowski, Vincent S., Sara G. Ostrowski, Lauraine Denault, and Charles G. Woychik. "Characterization of Surface and Sub- Surface Defects on Devices using Complimentary Techniques." Microscopy Today 16, no. 6 (November 2008): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500062325.

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Being able to differentiate surface from bulk defects on devices requires the use of complimentary characterization tools. In this article, we show how light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry provides complimentary information about the surface and sub-surface composition, topography, and microstructure of a semiconductor device.To create a gamma-ray spectroscopy detector, electrical contacts consisting of a blanket coated cathode and a pixilated anode can be deposited directly on opposite faces of a cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) crystal. The contact metallization must adhere to the surfaces, and the streets between adjacent anode pads must be free of residual metal and contaminants to avoid excessive interpixel leakage currents. The analysis reported below was used to validate the structure and composition of the contact metal stack and to characterize the streets of the anode pad array.
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11

Berteaux, Olivier, Roger Valle, Monique Raffestin, Marc Thomas, and G. Henaff. "An Investigation of Fracture Origins in Heat-Treated Ti49Al47Cr2Nb2 Powder Compacts." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 1422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.1422.

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The fatigue behaviour of a powder-metallurgy (PM) + heat-treated Ti49Al47Cr2Nb2 alloy is investigated using detailed SEM characterization. Based on the results of comparative static and cyclic loadings at RT, the fracture origins for the different test specimens is investigated. Conventional fractographic analyses revealed that internal structural defects inherent to powder metallurgy such as compaction defects, porosities and non-metallic inclusions can promote crack initiation. However, the fracture surface of test specimens is markedly affected by the microstructure, which is indicative of the microstructure dependence on crack initiation and propagation. In sub-transus heat treatment conditions, the detrimental effect of structural defects is illustrated by clear crack initiation sites onto the fracture surfaces. In super-transus conditions, crack propagation from defects can be blunted due to crack deflection, branching through lamellar interfaces, thus leading to lower defect sensitivity. Correlation of the results of these microfractographic examinations with the stress-strain curves corresponding to the various specimens allows identifying the role of such structural defects on the static and cyclic deformation behaviours. Finally, implications of such dependencies will be assessed relative to the requirements for aerospace gas turbine applications.
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12

Zeng, Qing Hua, Kenneth Wong, and Ai Bing Yu. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Au-TiO2 Catalysts: Deposition of Gold Nanoclusters on Rutile (110) Surface." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 870–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.870.

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In this work, molecular dynamics simulation was used to investigate the deposition process of a gold nanocluster on rutile TiO2(110) surface. The effects of surface defects (i.e., point, step, and groove) were examined in terms of interaction energy, morphology and structure. It was found that the gold nanocluster can be strongly attracted to rutile TiO2(110) surface. Moreover, a higher degree of defect results in a stronger attractive interaction between gold nanocluster and TiO2(110) surface. The simulated results also indicated that the stability of gold nanoclusters can be effectively controlled by adding citrate ions, which could lead to a high catalytic activity of gold/metal oxide catalysts.
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13

Demuth, V., W. Dorsch, Horst P. Strunk, M. Lyakas, M. Eizenberg, N. Mosleh, F. Meyer, and C. Schwebel. "Ion Beam Sputter Deposited Si0.8Ge0.2Epilayers: Lattice Defects and Surface Topology." Solid State Phenomena 47-48 (July 1995): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.47-48.431.

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14

Jones, D. P., and T. R. Leax. "Fatigue Crack Growth Testing of Sub-Clad Defects." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 121, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2883702.

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Fatigue crack growth tests were performed on four-point bend specimens with cracklike defects intentionally placed in A302B low-alloy pressure vessel steel clad with 308/309L weld-deposited stainless steel. The defects were placed in the base metal under the cladding by machining a cavity from the side opposite the cladding, electric-discharge machining a very sharp flaw, fatigue precracking the flaw, and then filling up the cavity by a weld repair process. The specimens were stress relieved before fatigue testing. The specimens were fatigue cycled at positive load ratios until the defects broke through to the surface. The specimens were then fractured at liquid nitrogen temperatures to reveal the fracture surfaces. Seven different sub-clad flaw specimens were tested in room temperature air and each test provides a record of cycles to defect breakthrough. Changes in defect size and shape as a function of applied load cycles were obtained by beach-marking the crack at various stages of the load history. The results provide a set of embedded defect data which can be used for qualifying fatigue crack growth analysis procedures such as those in Section XI of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. A comparison between calculated and measured values shows that the ASME B&PV Section XI fatigue crack growth procedures conservatively predict cycles to defect breakthrough for small sub-clad defects.
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15

Inoue, Fumihiro, Anne Jourdain, Lan Peng, Alain Phommahaxay, Joeri De Vos, Kenneth June Rebibis, Andy Miller, Erik Sleeckx, Eric Beyne, and Akira Uedono. "Influence of Si wafer thinning processes on (sub)surface defects." Applied Surface Science 404 (May 2017): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.01.259.

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16

Hu, Haibing, Bo Zhang, Dongjian Xu, and Guo Xia. "Battery Surface and Edge Defect Inspection Based on Sub-Regional Gaussian and Moving Average Filter." Applied Sciences 9, no. 16 (August 19, 2019): 3418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9163418.

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Detecting the defects of a battery on the surface and edge has always been difficult, especially for concave and convex ones, thereby seriously affecting its quality. Thus, sub-regional Gaussian and moving average filtering are innovatively proposed in this study considering the effect of the nonuniform background illumination of the battery edge and the difference between the edge background and the internal surface defects of the battery. The battery surface image is divided into two areas, namely, edge area W 1 and inner area W 2 . Gaussian and moving average filtering are carried out row-by-row and column-by-column in the inner area W 2 and the edge area W 1 , respectively. The algorithm is tested on 600 battery samples that mainly possess concave and convex defects. The proposed method has higher detection accuracy and lower omission detection rate than the traditional unpartitioned processing method, especially in detecting the accuracy of edge defects. The accuracy rates were approximately 20% higher than that obtained by the traditional processing algorithm. The proposed method has remarkable real-time performance that can process four 8192 × 10,240 pixel battery images per second, thereby meeting the industrial production line speed requirements while satisfying accuracy. The proposed method has been applied in actual production for defect inspection.
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17

Liu, Zixi, Zhengliang Hu, Longxiang Wang, Tianshi Zhou, Jintao Chen, Zhenyu Zhu, Hao Sui, Hongna Zhu, and Guangming Li. "Effective detection of metal surface defects based on double-line laser ultrasonic with convolutional neural networks." Modern Physics Letters B 35, no. 15 (April 15, 2021): 2150263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984921502638.

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The time–frequency analysis by smooth Pseudo-Wigner-Ville distribution (SPWVD) is utilized for the double-line laser ultrasonic signal processing, and the effective detection of the metal surface defect is achieved. The double-line source laser is adopted for achieving more defects information. The simulation model by using finite element method is established in a steel plate with three typical metal surface defects (i.e. crack, air hole and surface scratch) in detail. Besides, in order to improve the time resolution and frequency resolution of the signal, the SPWVD method is mainly used. In addition, the deep learning defect classification model based on VGG convolutional neural network (CNN) is set up, also, the data enhancement method is adopted to extend training data and improve the defects detection properties. The results show that, for different types of metal surface defects with sub-millimeter size, the classification accuracy of crack, air holes and scratch surface are 94.6%, 94% and 94.6%, respectively. The SPWVD and CNN algorithm for processing the laser ultrasonic signal and defects classification supplies a useful way to get the defect information, which is helpful for the ultrasonic signal processing and material evaluation.
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18

Li, Haoze, Bojing Sun, Fan Yang, Zhen Wang, Yachao Xu, Guohui Tian, Kai Pan, Baojiang Jiang, and Wei Zhou. "Homojunction and defect synergy-mediated electron–hole separation for solar-driven mesoporous rutile/anatase TiO2 microsphere photocatalysts." RSC Advances 9, no. 14 (2019): 7870–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra00633h.

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Mesoporous rutile/anatase TiO2 microspheres with surface defects are fabricated and exhibit excellent solar-driven photocatalytic performance due to synergistic effect of the homojunction and surface defects favoring efficient e–h separation.
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19

Shao, Chenyi, Ruotian Chen, Yongle Zhao, Zheng Li, Xu Zong, and Can Li. "Reducing the surface defects of Ta3N5 photoanode towards enhanced photoelectrochemical water oxidation." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 44 (2020): 23274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta08121c.

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Ta3N5 photoanodes with reduced surface defects were obtained through the nitridation of a two-step-flame-heating-derived Ta2O5 precursor and exhibited enhanced photoelectrochemical performance.
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20

Saari, M. M., N. A. Nadzri, A. M. Halil, M. Ishak, K. Sakai, T. Kiwa, and K. Tsukada. "Design of Eddy Current Testing Probe for Surface Defect Evaluation." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 1 (March 16, 2019): 6357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.16.1.2019.19.0481.

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Early detection of defects in metallic components used in infrastructure is crucial to ensure their safety and reliability. This paper presents a development of a small eddy current testing (ECT) probe for evaluation of sub-millimetre surface defects. The ECT probe is developed in a planar differential using sensitive anisotropy magnetoresistance sensors, and the signal amplification is achieved by a home-made instrumentation amplifier. The developed ECT probe is evaluated by performing phase sensitive measurement of the magnetic responses of sub-millimetre surface slits at the excitation field of 200 Hz and 10 kHz. Compared to the real component of the magnetic response, the imaginary component can be used to identify the existence and position of the slits based on the signal intensity change caused by the induced eddy current. The spatial distribution of the magnetic response measured by the ECT probe can be used to estimate the dimension of the slit. It is expected that the developed ECT probe can be utilised for assessment of sub-millimetre surface defect.
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21

Strzhemechny, Y. M., P. E. Smith, S. T. Bradley, D. X. Liao, A. A. Rockett, K. Ramanathan, and L. J. Brillson. "Near-surface electronic defects and morphology of CuIn[sub 1−x]Ga[sub x]Se[sub 2]." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 20, no. 6 (2002): 2441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1526357.

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22

Ou, Xinwen, Xueming Liu, Weizhen Liu, Wencong Rong, Jingyuan Li, and Zhang Lin. "Surface defects enhance the adsorption affinity and selectivity of Mg(OH)2 towards As(v) and Cr(vi) oxyanions: a combined theoretical and experimental study." Environmental Science: Nano 5, no. 11 (2018): 2570–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8en00654g.

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The surface defects of Mg(OH)2 adsorbent show high adsorption affinity and selectivity for heavy metal oxyanions from wastewater, and surface defects fabrication is proved to be an efficient strategy for extracting heavy metal oxyanions at low concentration.
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23

Yan, Yong, Moyan Han, Alexander Konkin, Tristan Koppe, Dong Wang, Teresa Andreu, Ge Chen, Ulrich Vetter, Joan Ramón Morante, and Peter Schaaf. "Slightly hydrogenated TiO2 with enhanced photocatalytic performance." J. Mater. Chem. A 2, no. 32 (2014): 12708–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta02192d.

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Slightly hydrogenated white TiO2 nanoparticles show enhanced photocatalytic performance due to their increased surface defects, while gray or black H-TiO2 nanoparticles display much worse catalytic performances due to the formation of bulk defects.
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24

Lan, Lan, Zhengkang Shi, Qian Zhang, Yuanzhi Li, Yi Yang, Shaowen Wu, and Xiujian Zhao. "Defects lead to a massive enhancement in the UV-Vis-IR driven thermocatalytic activity of Co3O4 mesoporous nanorods." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 16 (2018): 7194–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta01362d.

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Co3O4 mesoporous nanorods with Co2+ vacancy defects exhibit highly effective catalytic activity for the oxidation of recalcitrant benzene under UV-Vis-IR illumination. The presence of defects considerably promotes the surface lattice oxygen activity of Co3O4, thus massively enhancing the catalytic activity.
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25

Halwidl, Daniel, Wernfried Mayr-Schmölzer, Martin Setvin, David Fobes, Jin Peng, Zhiqiang Mao, Michael Schmid, Florian Mittendorfer, Josef Redinger, and Ulrike Diebold. "A full monolayer of superoxide: oxygen activation on the unmodified Ca3Ru2O7(001) surface." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 14 (2018): 5703–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta00265g.

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26

Mei, Jiang Ping, and Yi Liu. "Machine Vision Inspection of In Vitro Diagnostic Kits." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 2164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.2164.

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A machine vision-based inspection system was proposed to inspect the defects of in-vitro diagnostic kits in the production line. The proposed system consisted of two sub-systems, which inspect the strip surface defects and strip assembly defects respectively. The procedure to inspect five types of major defects was determined by the application of image processing and analysis techniques such as image enhancement, edge detection, threshold segmentation, and morphology. The proposed system was implemented using 300 defect samples. Experimental results show the proposed system is effective and efficient.
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27

Cavallari, Chiara, Daniele Pontiroli, Mónica Jiménez-Ruiz, Mark Johnson, Matteo Aramini, Mattia Gaboardi, Stewart F. Parker, Mauro Riccó, and Stéphane Rols. "Hydrogen motions in defective graphene: the role of surface defects." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 36 (2016): 24820–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp04727k.

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Understanding the mobility of H at the surface of carbon nanostructures is one of the essential ingredients for a deep comprehension of the catalytic formation of H2 in interstellar clouds.
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Lin, Bo, Zhiping Lin, Shougang Chen, Meiyan Yu, Wen Li, Qiang Gao, Mengyao Dong, et al. "Surface intercalated spherical MoS2xSe2(1−x) nanocatalysts for highly efficient and durable hydrogen evolution reactions." Dalton Transactions 48, no. 23 (2019): 8279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt01218d.

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Surface intercalated spherical MoS2xSe2(1−x) nanocatalysts with large numbers of defects and edge areas phase transition, and increased surface roughness significantly improved the HER catalytic activity.
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29

Shi, Baixuan, and Jian Gong. "Nondestructive image detection of surface and sub-surface defects of solid materials by OBD." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 25, no. 2-3 (August 1996): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-8166(95)00060-7.

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30

Bolse, W., K. Reimann, U. Geyer, and K. P. Lieb. "Surface and sub-surface defects on graphite after single ion impact studied with STM." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 118, no. 1-4 (September 1996): 488–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(96)00253-4.

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31

Ma, Yaqiang, Xu Zhao, Mengmeng Niu, Wei Li, Xiaolong Wang, Caiyun Zhai, Tianxing Wang, Yanan Tang, and Xianqi Dai. "Monoclinic Ga2O3 (100) surface as a robust photocatalyst for water-splitting." RSC Advances 7, no. 7 (2017): 4124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra24798a.

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32

Wang, Q. J., H. Wang, Z. H. Zhou, J. Zuo, and C. L. Zhang. "The split-off terahertz radiating dipoles on thermally reduced α-V2O5 (001) surface." Nanoscale 12, no. 41 (2020): 21368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr03889j.

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33

Cheng, Yu‐hua, Shu‐yan Jiang, and Gang Luo. "Visual detection of sub‐surface defects using enhanced eddy current microscope." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 29, no. 2 (March 9, 2010): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321641011014814.

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34

Zhang, Yaobang, Kazuyoshi Sekine, and Shinsuke Watanabe. "Magnetic leakage field due to sub-surface defects in ferromagnetic specimens." NDT & E International 28, no. 2 (April 1995): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0963-8695(94)00004-4.

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35

Jeong, Hyeon Jun, Seungho Bang, Dae Young Park, Hobeom Jeon, Gon Namkoong, and Mun Seok Jeong. "Fabrication of pyramidal (111) MAPbBr3 film with low surface defect density using homogeneous quantum-dot seeds." Nanoscale 12, no. 3 (2020): 1366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr10070a.

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Unique pyramidal MAPbBr3 film is formed by MAPbBr3 seeds. The pyramidal MAPbBr3 film effectively reduces surface defects, eliminating hysteresis from the photodetector.
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36

Ge, Ying Fei, Jiu Hua Xu, and Yu Can Fu. "Surface Generation and Chip Formation when Ultra-Precision Turning of SiCp/Al Composites." Advanced Materials Research 135 (October 2010): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.135.282.

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Chip formation and surface generation were investigated when ultra-precision turning of SiCp/2009Al and SiCp/ZL101A composites using Single Crystal Diamond (SCD) and Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD) tools. The results showed that the machined surfaces took on many defects of pits, voids, microcracks, grooves, protuberance, matrix tearing etc. It was noticed that most of these defects had an intimate relationship with the removal process of SiC particle. The surface finish was much better when the SiC particles were removed by cut through or in-situ pressed into mechanisms. Material swelling and side flow, tool-workpiece relative vibration, feed rate and tool nose radius, removal mode of SiC particles were these main mechanisms of surface generation. Generally, a saw-toothed chip was formed when ultra-precision turning this kind of material and the mechanisms of this type of chip were dynamic microcrack behavior and strain concentration, which induced by the non-uniform deformation of the workpiece material.
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37

Allahyarov, Elshad, and Hartmut Löwen. "Length segregation in mixtures of spherocylinders induced by imposed topological defects." Soft Matter 14, no. 44 (2018): 8962–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm01790e.

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38

Dattoma, Vito, Francesco Panella, Alessandra Pirinu, and Andrea Saponaro. "Advanced NDT Methods and Data Processing on Industrial CFRP Components." Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (January 24, 2019): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9030393.

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In this work, enhanced thermal data processing is developed with experimental procedures, improving visualization algorithm for sub-surface defect detection on industrial composites. These materials are prone to successful infrared nondestructive investigation analyses, since defects are easily characterized by temperature response under thermal pulses with reliable results. Better defect characterization is achieved analyzing data with refined processing and experimental procedures, providing detailed contrasts maps where defects are better distinguished. Thermal data are analyzed for different CFRP specimens with artificial defects and experimental procedures are verified on real structural aeronautical component with internal anomalies due to impact simulation. A better computation method is found to be useful for simultaneous defect detection by means of automatic mapping of absolute contrast, optimized to identify defect boundaries.
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39

Wang, Huan, Chuanyi Jia, Jing Yang, Xian Zhao, Yanlu Li, Honggang Sun, and Weiliu Fan. "Theoretical study of surface dependence of NH3 adsorption and decomposition on spinel-type MgAl2O4." RSC Advances 5, no. 95 (2015): 77973–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra07818k.

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The effects of the surface reconstruction and oxygen defects on the NH3 adsorption and dissociation on MgAl2O4 (100), (110), and (111) surfaces were studied based on density functional theory (DFT) slab calculations.
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40

Tong, Bin, Gang Meng, Zanhong Deng, Mati Horprathum, Annop Klamchuen, and Xiaodong Fang. "Surface oxygen vacancy defect engineering of p-CuAlO2via Ar&H2 plasma treatment for enhancing VOCs sensing performances." Chemical Communications 55, no. 78 (2019): 11691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc05881h.

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Ar&H2 plasma treatment offers a facile approach to engineer surface VO defects, which substantially enhance the VOCs responses of p-type delafossite CuAlO2 sensor.
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41

Zhao, Kun, Jian Qi, Huajie Yin, Zumin Wang, Shenlong Zhao, Xiang Ma, Jiawei Wan, et al. "Efficient water oxidation under visible light by tuning surface defects on ceria nanorods." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 41 (2015): 20465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta05817a.

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42

Ingebrigtsen, Mads E., Lasse Vines, Giovanni Alfieri, Andrei Mihaila, Uwe Badstübner, Bengt Gunnar Svensson, and Andrej Kuznetsov. "Bulk β-Ga2O3 with (010) and (201) Surface Orientation: Schottky Contacts and Point Defects." Materials Science Forum 897 (May 2017): 755–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.897.755.

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Electrical properties of Schottky contacts of high work-function metals (Pd, Au, and Ni) on (010) and (201) oriented β-Ga2O3 were investigated. Current-voltage characteristics reveal that all the contacts exhibit high rectifying behavior with ideality factors as low as 1.04. However, the reverse leakage currents were lower in the (010) samples compared to the (201) ones. Thermal admittance spectroscopy confirms a main charge carrier level to be at ~0.15 eV below the conduction band edge (Ec). Secondary ion mass spectrometry indicates that Si may be responsible for this donor level. Deep level transient spectroscopy reveals four levels (E1-E4) in the upper part of the band gap, with the corresponding energy level positions at 0.56, 0.76, 1.01, and 1.48 eV below Ec.
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43

Yin, Li-Li, Guanzhong Lu, and Xue-Qing Gong. "A DFT+U study on the oxidative chlorination of CH4 at ceria: the role of HCl." Catalysis Science & Technology 7, no. 12 (2017): 2498–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cy00454k.

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44

Zhang, Rui, Liang Li, Laszlo Frazer, Kelvin B. Chang, Kenneth R. Poeppelmeier, Maria K. Y. Chan, and Jeffrey R. Guest. "Atomistic determination of the surface structure of Cu2O(111): experiment and theory." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 43 (2018): 27456–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp06023a.

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45

Chen, Haipeng, Shixue Zhou, Zongying Han, Yaoyao Jiang, Hao Yu, Xinpei Zhou, Ruiqian Jiang, Xiaojing Liu, and Xinyuan Li. "A copper-based sorbent with oxygen-vacancy defects from mechanochemical reduction for carbon disulfide absorption." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 43 (2016): 17207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta07134a.

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46

Chen, Mengxin, Yang Liu, Chengcheng Li, Ang Li, Xiaoxia Chang, Wei Liu, Yun Sun, Tuo Wang, and Jinlong Gong. "Spatial control of cocatalysts and elimination of interfacial defects towards efficient and robust CIGS photocathodes for solar water splitting." Energy & Environmental Science 11, no. 8 (2018): 2025–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee03650g.

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Modifying TiO2-protected CIGS/CdS photocathodes: spatially controlled Pt cocatalysts accelerate the surface HER reaction, while the Al2O3 passivation layer eliminates interfacial defects.
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47

Yan, Shikai, Sheng Tang, Manman Luo, Lu Xue, Shilin Liu, Elias Emeka Elemike, Byung Seong Bae, et al. "Surface passivation by congeneric quantum dots for high-performance and stable CsPbBr3-based photodetectors." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 31 (2021): 10089–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc01933c.

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A facile and effective surface passivation strategy via congeneric quantum dots is demonstrated to produce CsPbBr3 films with improved morphology and reduced defects, enhancing the performance and stability of CsPbBr3-based photodetectors.
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48

Yang, Shaowei, Haidong Shen, Fang Cheng, Chen Wu, Yueling Cao, Sifei Zhuo, Qiuyu Zhang, and Hepeng Zhang. "Organometallic precursor induced defect-enriched mesoporous CeO2 with high specific surface area: preparation and catalytic performance." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 28 (2020): 14006–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta02218g.

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CeO2 with special physicochemical properties including high specific surface areas, suitable porous structure and surface enriched defects has been prepared by an organometallic precursor induced method.
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49

Wang, Yanan, Sihang Liu, Chunlei Pei, Qiang Fu, Zhi-Jian Zhao, Rentao Mu, and Jinlong Gong. "Modulating the surface defects of titanium oxides and consequent reactivity of Pt catalysts." Chemical Science 10, no. 45 (2019): 10531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sc03119g.

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50

Wei, Xuejiao, Sami Barkaoui, Jingwen Chen, Guiping Cao, Zeying Wu, Fei Wang, and Gao Li. "Investigation of Au/Co3O4 nanocomposites in glycol oxidation by tailoring Co3O4 morphology." Nanoscale Advances 3, no. 6 (2021): 1741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1na00053e.

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