Journal articles: 'Sub-adult ecology'

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Mojica, Elizabeth K., J. Michael Meyers, Brian A. Millsap, and Katherin L. Haley. "Migration Of Florida Sub-Adult Bald Eagles." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 120, no. 2 (June 2008): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/07-079.1.

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Young, Glen C., Brent S. Wise, and Suzanne G. Ayvazian. "A tagging study on tailor (Pomatomus saltatrix) in Western Australian waters: their movement, exploitation, growth and mortality." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 7 (1999): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98139.

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Recreational anglers fishing for tailor (Pomatomus saltatrix) around Perth, Western Australia, have expressed concern over declining catches during the early 1990s. A total of 3949 undersize (below the legal minimum length of 250 mm), 1015 sub-adult and 143 adult tailor were tagged between November 1994 and August 1996 at 24 sites along 1200 km of Western Australian coastline. Undersize tailor were recaptured at lower rates than sub-adult tailor, and were, on average, at liberty for longer periods. Modelling indicates that fishers under-report undersize fish, probably because of the legal minimum length requirement, and that the natural loss rate is higher for undersize than sub-adult fish. The majority of recaptured undersize and sub-adult fish had moved <25 km, remaining in sheltered estuarine and marine areas. In contrast, recaptured undersize and sub-adult tailor that had become adults while tagged displayed behaviour consistent with a northward or offshore winter movement. Comparisons between tag returns and the annual commercial catch of tailor suggests that recreational fishers take the majority of the total catch of tailor in Western Australia. Growth estimates between 0.41 ± 0.19 and 0.44 ± 0.12 mm day −1 suggest that tailor reach legal size in 18–22 months.

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Reid, Jane M., Eric M. Bignal, Sue Bignal, Maria I. Bogdanova, Pat Monaghan, and Davy I. McCracken. "Diagnosing the timing of demographic bottlenecks: sub-adult survival in red-billed choughs." Journal of Applied Ecology 48, no. 3 (February 24, 2011): 797–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.01973.x.

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Anderson, Matthew, Guillermo Giannico, and Steve Jacobs. "Seasonal migrations of adult and sub-adult redband trout in a high desert basin of Eastern Oregon, USA." Ecology of Freshwater Fish 20, no. 3 (February 14, 2011): 409–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.2011.00488.x.

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Jarman, P. J., and P. Bayne. "Behavioural Ecology of Petrogale penicillata In Relation to Conservation." Australian Mammalogy 19, no. 2 (1996): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am97219.

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Brush-tailed Rock-wallabies Petrogale penicillata are still widely distributed in the gorges on the east of the New England Tablelands of northern NSW, in small (mean <6 adults) colonies, separated by an appreciable distance (median separation 308 m) from neighbouring colonies. Within colonies, established adults occupy a refuge or set of refuges by day, moving away from the colony to forage mainly at night. A set of 1-3 adult females shares a small number of refuges, with one adult male defending access to them and their refuges. A colony contains one or several such sets. Established females occupy refuges persistently, up to at least 4 years and perhaps until death; males also defend their diurnal ranges persistently, but male ranges do change owner through intrusion or supplanting, as well as when the incumbent dies. Sub-adults of both sexes seem to be the dispersing classes, although a daughter may remain, mature and breed in her mother’s range. Only adults established in refuges appear to breed. The most dominant among the females sharing a set of refuges tends to produce more young than do subordinates. The combination of small and separated colonies, dispersal only by naive sub-adults, a strong restriction of mating opportunities within breeding groups, and unequal contribution to breeding even by females, could make P. penicillata prone to predation by agile predators that can learn the locations of their persistently used sites, and to problems of conserving population numbers and allelic diversity. These latter conservation problems can be simply addressed by artificial dispersal (translocation) of appropriate animals.

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Ventura, F., PM Lukacs, JP Granadeiro, R. Matano, and P. Catry. "Demographic responses to environmental change of the black-browed albatross, sentinel of the Patagonian Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem." Marine Ecology Progress Series 668 (June 24, 2021): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13743.

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In long-lived marine top-predators with delayed sexual maturity such as seabirds, adult survival is predicted to drive population dynamics. Major knowledge gaps exist for the cryptic sub-adult stages of the population. Yet as the oceans undergo dramatic change, investigating the trends of top-predator populations and their responses to environmental variability is key for a process-based understanding of climate change. Using integrated population models based on a longitudinal data set spanning nearly 2 decades, we investigated the demographic rates and environmental drivers shaping the dynamics of a longevous marine top-predator population, the black-browed albatross Thalassarche melanophris in the Falklands. We quantified the dynamics of the whole population, including its cryptic sub-adult stages, and examined the effects of candidate environmental covariates on adult survival and productivity parameters. We found that high survival rates of both adults and juveniles are the main contributors to the growth of this albatross population, the only one that is increasing in the South Atlantic. The breeding parameters were affected by environmental fluctuations through bottom-up processes, with a negative effect of higher sea surface temperatures and a positive effect of wind intensity. The relatively constant adult survival was influenced by deeper ecosystem changes, captured by large-scale indices (Southern Annular Mode). Approximately half of the total population is composed of sub-adults, and the population dynamics are highly sensitive to changes in juvenile survival; addressing current knowledge gaps in these cryptic life-history stages is therefore a conservation goal of primary importance.

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DAVIES, L. "Long adult life, low reproduction and competition in two sub-Antarctic carabid beetles." Ecological Entomology 12, no. 2 (May 1987): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1987.tb00994.x.

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FAEGRE, SARAH K., LINDSEY NIETMANN, DYLAN HUBL, JAMES C. HA, and RENEE R. HA. "Spatial ecology of the Mariana Crow Corvus kubaryi: Implications for management strategies." Bird Conservation International 29, no. 4 (December 26, 2018): 527–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270918000394.

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SummaryKnowledge of species-specific spatial ecology is critical for applying appropriate management strategies to maximise conservation outcomes. We used radio-telemetry to describe spatial behaviour of the critically endangered, island-endemic Mariana Crow Corvus kubaryi. To determine whether management strategies should reflect life stage, we measured the home ranges and daily movements of 22 Mariana Crows. Fledgling mobility was low during the first 31 days post-fledging and effects of age (fledgling or sub-adult) and time (months post-fledging or post-dispersal) were often driven entirely by this period. After controlling for reduced fledgling mobility, cumulative home range size increased over time for both age classes and was, on average, more than twice the area for sub-adults than fledglings. Sub-adults also tended to make longer daily movements than fledglings. Non-cumulative, monthly home range areas did not increase over time but the average overlap in home range area between consecutive months was only 63%, suggesting large shifts in space use each month. These results highlight the dynamic nature of Mariana Crow home ranges and suggest that large-scale management efforts are critical for protecting both breeding and non-breeding individuals. The application of the traditional home range concept to Mariana Crows and other wide-ranging passerine birds may result in sub-optimal management strategies. Instead, we recommend that the spatial and temporal scale of conservation efforts be informed by species-specific spatial behaviour across all relevant life stages.

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Cadieux, Marie-Christine, Gilles Gauthier, and R. John Hughes. "Feeding Ecology of Canada Geese (Branta Canadensis Interior) in Sub-Arctic Inland Tundra During Brood-Rearing." Auk 122, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 144–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/122.1.144.

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AbstractThe diet of adult Canada Geese (Branta canadensis interior) and their goslings was determined during the brood-rearing season in a freshwater tundra habitat using esophageal contents from 25 adult females, 27 adult males, and 59 goslings. Habitat use by geese and the availability and quality of aboveground biomass in wet sedge meadows and around ponds in lichen-heath tundra were also evaluated throughout the summer. During the first four weeks of brood-rearing, adult Canada Geese ate primarily graminoids (>65%), especially leaves of the short form of Carex aquatilis and Eriophorum spp., which had the highest nitrogen concentration (2.5–3.5%). Although graminoids were also important for goslings, they consumed a greater variety of other plant species (68%) than adults, especially in the first two weeks, possibly because of their inexperience. Late in the brood-rearing period, as the nitrogen concentration of graminoid plants declined, adults shifted to a diet composed mainly of berries (>40%, mostly Empetrum nigrum). At that time, goslings consumed fewer berries (24%) and maintained a higher proportion of nitrogen-rich plants in their diet (53% leaves, mostly graminoids) than adults, presumably to complete their growth. Plant species consumed by geese over the summer indicated a preference for high-quality plants (i.e. those with a high nitrogen concentration). Consequently, wet sedge meadow, the habitat that offered plant species of highest quality, was the habitat most heavily used throughout the summer, particularly around peak hatch. Goose grazing had no effect on seasonal production of aboveground biomass of graminoids, probably because of the relatively low density of the goose population.Écologie alimentaire de Branta canadensis interior pendant la période d’élevage des jeunes dans un milieu d’eau douce sub-arctique

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Mola, Misganaw, Aklilu Ayiza, Muluye Asnakew, and Tiruye Abuye. "Population Status, Diurnal Activity Pattern, Feeding Ecology, and Habitat Association of Colobus Monkey (Colobus guereza) in Saja Forest, Kaffa Zone, Southwest Ethiopia." International Journal of Ecology 2022 (October 13, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5090212.

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Colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) are endemic to the Ethiopian plateau, distributed in different ecological habitats such as moist and deciduous forests, savanna woodlands, and montane forests. The population status, diurnal activity pattern, feeding ecology, and habitat association of Colobus guereza were investigated in Saja Forest, southwest Ethiopia, from June 2019 to February 2020, covering both wet and dry seasons. A total of 39 different types of transect were systematically established, distributed in both dense forest and in shrubland. Data were collected for 60 days in total across a wet and a dry season, both at dawn and in the afternoon. A total of 246 ± 39.1 individuals were recorded, of which 132 ± 24.4 and 114 ± 14.7 individuals were recorded during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The population and group sizes did not statistically differ between the wet and dry seasons but shrubland habitat had fewer individuals and smaller groups than forest. Out of the recorded Colobus guereza, 33.5% were adult males, 34.5% were adult females, 28% were sub-adult males, 14.5% were sub-adult females, and 12.5% were juveniles/young. Feeding (29.5%) and resting (19.5%) were the most recorded daily activities for Colobus guereza. Young leaves were the largest (31%) contributor to the diet followed by mature leaves (22%) in both seasons. Other common dietary items were shoots (20%), barks (13%), fruits (11%), and flowers (3%). Colobus guereza were observed feeding on a diverse diet of 26 plant species belonging to 21 genera within 21 families. The habitats of these primates are currently diminishing due to anthropogenic activities such as agricultural expansion, human settlement, livestock grazing, and other forms of human wildlife conflict. Furthermore, guerezas are hunted for their skin and are also major sources of meat for the Menja people in the study area. Therefore, awareness creation for local people towards wildlife conservation is needed.

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Rubtsova, N. Yu. "Redescription and Variability of Polystoma Mazurmovici and P. skuratovitchi (Monogenea, Polystomatidae), with a Key to Polystoma from Anurans of Ukraine." Vestnik Zoologii 52, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2018-0011.

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Abstract New distributional records for Polystoma mazurmovici Buchvarov, 1980 from Rana dalmatina Fitzinger in Bonaparte, 1839 and P. scuratovitchi Buchvarov, 1984 from Rana arvalis Nicolsson, 1842 reported for the Ukrainian territory of Europe. P. mazurmovici and P. skuratovitchi confirmed as valid species, though their original descriptions were very brief and based on a mixed sub-adult and adult individuals. Metrical data of these species together with new morphological information are provided and incorporated in a dichotomous key to adult Polystoma from anurans of Ukraine. Redescription of an adult form of P. skuratovitchi and descriptions of sub-adult forms of P. mazurmovici and P. skuratovitchi are provided. Study confirms strict host specificity of polystomes and increases the number of already known species of Polystoma of Ukrainian fauna to four.

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Whitledge, Gregory W., Robert S. Hayward, and Charles F. Rabeni. "Effects of Temperature on Specific Daily Metabolic Demand and Growth Scope of Sub-Adult and Adult Smallmouth Bass." Journal of Freshwater Ecology 17, no. 3 (September 2002): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2002.9663908.

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Houde, Aimee Lee S., Patricio J. Saez, Chris C. Wilson, Dominique P. Bureau, and Bryan D. Neff. "Effects of feeding high dietary thiaminase to sub-adult Atlantic salmon from three populations." Journal of Great Lakes Research 41, no. 3 (September 2015): 898–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2015.06.009.

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Crole, Martina Rachel, and John Thomson Soley. "Persistence of Meckel's cartilage in sub‐adult Struthio camelus and Dromaius novaehollandiae." Acta Zoologica 101, no. 2 (October 29, 2018): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/azo.12285.

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Mather, M. E., J. T. Finn, S. M. Pautzke, D. Fox, T. Savoy, H. M. Brundage, L. A. Deegan, and R. M. Muth. "Diversity in destinations, routes and timing of small adult and sub-adult striped bass Morone saxatilis on their southward autumn migration." Journal of Fish Biology 77, no. 10 (November 3, 2010): 2326–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02811.x.

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Ishwaran, Natarajan. "Ecology of the Asian Elephant in lowland dry zone habitats of the Mahaweli River Basin, Sri Lanka." Journal of Tropical Ecology 9, no. 2 (May 1993): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400007148.

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ABSTRACTThe ecology of the Sri Lankan elephant in the Wasgomuwa Strict Nature Reserve and its environs is reported for the first time. Seasonal changes in the availability of grazing sites influenced changes in the home range of elephants. Availability of such sites in the wet season was limited by agricultural activities. Paddylands, after the harvest of the rice crop in the late wet season, became important dry season grazing sites. In the Reserve and areas outside its southern boundary on the left bank of the Mahaweli River, (a) female herds were seen more often than solitaries (b) female herds were larger and had a higher than expected number of juveniles in the dry than in the wet season (c) about 45% of the individuals were juveniles and (d) 7.4% of adult and sub-adult females had calves. Conflict between elephants and farmers will be most intense along the southern and eastern boundaries of the Wasgomuwa National Park, established in 1984 by the addition of new areas predominantly to the northern part of the Wasgomuwa Strict Nature Reserve.

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Andrews, SN, T. Linnansaari, NM Leblanc, SA Pavey, and RA Curry. "Movements of juvenile and sub-adult striped bass Morone saxatilis in the Saint John River, New Brunswick, Canada." Endangered Species Research 43 (November 5, 2020): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01074.

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Juvenile striped bass (age-1) of distinct genetic ancestry were re-discovered in the Saint John River, New Brunswick in 2014 after a 35 yr hiatus of recognition. These juveniles were determined to be highly genetically divergent from all possible source populations, hypothesized to be of Saint John River ancestry, and thus considered evidence of the continued existence of the native stock. Successful recruitment of strong year classes of striped bass within the Saint John River, however, appears to be infrequent. We acoustically tagged and tracked juvenile and sub-adult striped bass (n = 37; age 2-4) in the Saint John River in both 2015 and 2016, and identified summer feeding and overwintering habitats that established an in-river residency. Following decades of poor or no recruitment of the native striped bass stock, it is now imperative that managers quickly include monitoring of juvenile and sub-adult striped bass and protection of their habitats in the conservation and recovery efforts for Saint John River striped bass.

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Logan, M., and G. D. Sanson. "The effects of tooth wear on the activity patterns of free-ranging koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus Goldfuss)." Australian Journal of Zoology 50, no. 3 (2002): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01022.

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The free-ranging activity patterns of five adult males and one sub-adult male koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) with varying degrees of tooth wear were investigated using acoustically sensitive radio-telemetry. Increased tooth wear was found to be associated with a significant decrease in the amount of time spent sleeping and being inactive. Furthermore, compared with individuals with low degrees of tooth wear, individuals with high tooth wear were found to spend considerably less time moving within and between trees, and had home ranges an order of magnitude smaller. Hence, feeding compensations were found to come at the expense of other activities such as sociality and therefore have important consequences for reproductive output. Individuals with high tooth wear also spent longer feeding per bout, and spaced feeding bouts out more evenly throughout a 24-h period, thereby exhibiting reduced degrees of nocturnality. The sub-adult was found to range over a disproportionately large area and spend a relatively large amount of time moving between trees, indicative of a dispersing individual. Moreover, the activity patterns of this individual were found to differ slightly from the adult trends and were perhaps affected by the extra energetic demands associated with dispersal.

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Moore, S. Drew, and Vanya G. Rohwer. "The functions of adult female begging during incubation in sub-Arctic breeding yellow warblers." Animal Behaviour 84, no. 5 (November 2012): 1213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.08.027.

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Loeppky, Alison R., Bryan C. Chakoumakos, Brenda M. Pracheil, and W. Gary Anderson. "Otoliths of sub‐adult Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens contain aragonite and vaterite calcium carbonate polymorphs." Journal of Fish Biology 94, no. 5 (April 2019): 810–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13951.

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STOCKDALE, JENNIFER E., JENNY C. DUNN, SIMON J. GOODMAN, ANTONY J. MORRIS, DANAË K. SHEEHAN, PHILIP V. GRICE, and KEITH C. HAMER. "The protozoan parasite Trichomonas gallinae causes adult and nestling mortality in a declining population of European Turtle Doves, Streptopelia turtur." Parasitology 142, no. 3 (September 12, 2014): 490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182014001474.

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SUMMARYStudies incorporating the ecology of clinical and sub-clinical disease in wild populations of conservation concern are rare. Here we examine sub-clinical infection by Trichomonas gallinae in a declining population of free-living European Turtle Doves and suggest caseous lesions cause mortality in adults and nestlings through subsequent starvation and/or suffocation. We found a 100% infection rate by T. gallinae in adult and nestling Turtle Doves (n = 25) and observed clinical signs in three adults and four nestlings (28%). Adults with clinical signs displayed no differences in any skeletal measures of size but had a mean 3·7% reduction in wing length, with no overlap compared to those without clinical signs. We also identified T. gallinae as the suggested cause of mortality in one Red-legged Partridge although disease presentation was different. A minimum of four strains of T. gallinae, characterized at the ITS/5·8S/ITS2 ribosomal region, were isolated from Turtle Doves. However, all birds with clinical signs (Turtle Doves and the Red-legged Partridge) carried a single strain of T. gallinae, suggesting that parasite spill over between Columbidae and Galliformes is a possibility that should be further investigated. Overall, we highlight the importance of monitoring populations for sub-clinical infection rather than just clinical disease.

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Ahuja, Akshay Kumar, Luca Pontiggia, Ueli Moehrlen, and Thomas Biedermann. "The Dynamic Nature of Human Dermal Fibroblasts Is Defined by Marked Variation in the Gene Expression of Specific Cytoskeletal Markers." Life 12, no. 7 (June 22, 2022): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12070935.

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The evidence for fibroblast heterogeneity is continuously increasing, and recent work has shed some light on the existence of different sub-populations of fibroblasts in the human skin. Although we now have a more precise understanding of their distribution in the human body, we do not know whether their properties are predictive of where these cells derive from or whether these sub-types have functional consequences. In this study, we employed single-cell transcriptomics (10X Genomics) to study gene expression and segregate fibroblast sub-populations based on their genetic signature. We report the differential expression of a defined set of genes in fibroblasts from human skin, which may contribute to their dynamicity in vivo and in vitro. We show that the sub-population of fibroblasts expressing cytoskeletal markers, such as ANXA2, VIM, ACTB, are enriched in an adult skin sample. Interestingly, this sub-population of fibroblasts is not enriched in a neonatal skin sample but becomes predominant when neonatal fibroblasts are cultivated. On the other hand, the fibroblast sub-populations expressing COL1A1 and ELN are enriched in neonatal skin but are reduced in the adult skin and in fibroblasts from neonatal skin that are cultured in vitro. Our results indicate that fibroblasts are a dynamic cell type, and while their genetic make-up changes markedly, only a handful of genes belonging to the same functional pathway govern this alteration. The gene expression pattern of cytoskeletal markers may help in identifying whether the fibroblasts were isolated from an adult or an infant or whether they were cultivated, and this information could be useful for quality control in clinics and in cell banking. Furthermore, this study opens additional avenues to investigate the role of these markers in defining the complexity of human dermal fibroblasts.

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Jones, Ian L., Sherrylynn Rowe, and Fridtjof Mehlum. "Social and self-maintenance behaviour of adult and sub-adult Little Auks Alle alle and Least Auklets Aethia pusilla at two breeding colonies." Ibis 144, no. 2 (April 19, 2002): E113—E117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1474-919x.2002.00070_3.x.

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Lapchin, L., A. Ferran, G. Iperti, J. M. Rabasse, and J. P. Lyon. "COCCINELLIDS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) AND SYRPHIDS (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE) AS PREDATORS OF APHIDS IN CEREAL CROPS: A COMPARISON OF SAMPLING METHODS." Canadian Entomologist 119, no. 9 (September 1987): 815–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent119815-9.

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AbstractThe reliability of three methods for sampling aphidophagous coccinellids and syrphids in a winter wheat field was compared.In the first method, an observer recorded predators seen during 2 min per 25-m2 sub-plot. In the second, two observers worked successively through each plot, scanning the full height of wheat plants and collecting predators. This method enables calculation of predator density using De Lury’s technique. The third method consisted of collecting wheat plants from each sub-plot for examination in the laboratory.The first method may be used for appraising populations of adult coccinellids on a large scale. The detailed searching method is appropriate for studies of the population dynamics of adult and fourth-instar coccinellids. The plant sampling method is the most accurate for assesssing densities of syrphid larvae and pupae.

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Short, Jeff, and Bruce Turner. "Ecology of burrowing bettongs, Bettongia lesueur (Marsupialia: Potoroidae), on Dorre and Bernier Islands, Western Australia." Wildlife Research 26, no. 5 (1999): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98039.

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Population structure, reproduction, condition, morphology, movements, habitat preference, and dynamics of the burrowing bettong were assessed on Dorre and Bernier Islands between 1988 and 1995. The data come from 982 captures of bettongs in 2661 trap-nights (an average of 37 captures per 100 trap-nights). Recaptures within a trip made up 39% of bettong captures. Bettongs were more abundant, as indexed by trap success, than were western barred bandicoots (the other species caught in considerable numbers on trapping grids). Sex ratio of bettongs (excluding recaptures) were skewed heavily towards males at 1.43: 1 despite approximate parity in pouch young. Production of young was concentrated in the wetter winter months and appeared to fall well below their theoretical capacity of 3 young per year. Bettong females were capable of producing young at 880–900 g (approximately 7–8 months of age) but incidence of females with pouch young or showing signs of recent lactation increased from 40% for females of 881–1000 g to 62% for females > 1000 g. The incidence of sub-adult bettongs in the population peaked in spring, but varied between years (range 0–14% of the population). There was an excess of males over females in the sub-adult population. Bettongs showed little sexual dimorphism but there were significant differences in morphology between the two island populations. Bettongs appeared to suffer substantial reductions in numbers in a prolonged drought extending from October 1986 to April 1989, reducing trap success for this species to 19% in the 1989 survey. Numbers grew strongly on both islands after the breaking of the drought in May 1989, showing an observed rate of increase of r = 0.75 on Dorre Island. Trap success had increased to 45% in September 1991. There was a high turnover of bettongs on trapping grids – 25–40% over 6 months to 80% over 3 years. Movements of bettongs appeared limited: the median distance moved by bettongs captured more than once within an 8-day trapping session was 160 m. Only 4% of recorded movements were greater than 1 km. There was no significant difference in movements between the sexes. Bettongs were widely dispersed in winter through the four habitats surveyed but tended to concentrate in dune and Triodia sandplain habitat in autumn and spring.

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Zimić, Adnan, and Tajna Klisura. "CONFUSION IN THE POND: NEW ITEM ON THE MENU FOR THE NAIVE GRASS SNAKE (NATRIX NATRIX LINNAEUS) VERSUS AN UNEXPECTED GREAT RAMSHORN (PLANORBARIUS CORNEUS LINNAEUS)." Ecologica Montenegrina 9 (October 21, 2016): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2016.9.2.

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Desai, Dattesh V., and A. C. Anil. "Recruitment of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite in a tropical estuary: implications of environmental perturbation, reproduction and larval ecology." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, no. 4 (June 27, 2005): 909–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315405011884.

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Phytoplankton blooms are known to influence barnacle recruitment and in boreal regions spring blooms work as an important trigger. Close to the west coast of the sub-continent of India, blooms tend to be triggered by breaks in the monsoon and the recurrence of the monsoon after a short break can stress the new recruits. The recruitment of Balanus amphitrite, an acorn barnacle, at Dona Paula Bay at the mouth of Zuari estuary, Goa, India was studied. Observations included variations in recruitment, larval abundance, development and reproduction. Adult conditioning and inter-brood variations were important factors in the larval ecology of this organism. The results indicate that the impulsive release of larvae during breaks between monsoons could be a short-sighted luxury for Balanus amphitrite in these waters. Temporal variations or recruitment failure in such environments can be attributed to inappropriate cue synchronization.

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Juhel, J. B., L. Wantiez, D. Mouillot, S. Mailau, and L. Vigliola. "Occurrence of sub-adult tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) in a small and very remote atoll lagoon." Marine Biodiversity 45, no. 2 (June 25, 2014): 151–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12526-014-0246-z.

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STAPLES, D. A. "Diagnosis of the new genus Agnathia (Pycnogonida, Callipallenidae) and description of two new species from southern Australia." Zootaxa 4950, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): 487–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4950.3.4.

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A new genus of Callipallenidae, Agnathia, is established to accommodate two new species of pycnogonid from southern Australia; A. aria and A. chuki. Both new species are represented by adult and sub-adult forms. Gravid females and ovigerous and larvigerous males are represented. Postembryonic growth stages are recorded and briefly discussed. The presence of six-segmented ovigers in males of one species, as opposed to the usual ten segments in both sexes, is recorded. Genera that share morphological relationships are discussed and a key to these genera is provided. The genera Bradypallene, Pycnopallene and Safropallene are reassessed and reassigned to family incertae sedis.

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Li, Zhiheng, Zhonghe Zhou, Min Wang, and Julia A. Clarke. "A new specimen of large-bodied basal Enantiornithine Bohaiornis from the Early Cretaceous of China and the inference of feeding ecology in Mesozoic birds." Journal of Paleontology 88, no. 1 (January 2014): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/13-052.

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A new specimen of Bohaiornis guoi from the Jiufotang Formation, comprising a nearly complete skeleton, sheds light on enantiornithine morphological variation and ecological specialization. The new specimen was collected from near Lamadong Village in Liaoning Province, which is the same area where the sub-adult holotype specimen was reported. It provides new information on the cranial and pectoral girdle anatomy of the species, e.g., broad nasal, strikingly robust acromion, medially curved acrocoracoid process. In contrast to the holotype, the newly referred specimen has small rounded stones in the thoracic region that in other extinct taxa has been interpreted as direct evidence of diet. Direct evidence of diet is so far unknown in other Enantiornithes. Specifically the lack of “stomach stones” or gastroliths in enantiornithines despite their excellent fossil record has been proposed to be related to their insectivorous diet as well as to their arboreal ecology. We hypothesize that cranial morphology as well as the number and shape of the preserved stones in Bohaiornis may be most consistent with a raptorial ecology previously unknown for Enantiornithes and considered rare for Avialae. While rostrum shape has a strong relationship to feeding ecology in living birds, in basal avialan birds most diversity is in dental morphology, number, and distribution of the teeth.

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DINESH, K. P., C. RADHAKRISHNAN, and GOPALAKRISHNA BHATTA. "A new species of Nyctibatrachus Boulenger (Amphibia: Anura: Nyctibatrachidae) from the surroundings of Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, India." Zootaxa 1914, no. 1 (October 24, 2008): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1914.1.3.

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A new species of Indian nyctibatrachid frog, Nyctibatrachus dattatreyaensis sp. nov. (Amphibia: Anura), is described from the montane Shola forests of Dattatreya Peeta, Bhadra Wildlife sanctuary, Karnataka, southwestern India, on the basis of unique combination of characters: head wider than long; skin on the dorsum highly wrinkled with transverse corrugated folds; three discontinuous longitudinal folds, one dorsolaterally and two laterally; webbing on toes medium (3/ 4 th ); two yellowish bands on the dorsolateral area, prominent from sub-adult to adult stage; femoral glands present. The largest specimen in the type series has a snout-vent length of 41.0 mm. A revised key to the species of Nyctibatrachus is provided.

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Logan, Murray, and Gordon D. Sanson. "The association of tooth wear with sociality of free-ranging male koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus Goldfuss)." Australian Journal of Zoology 50, no. 6 (2002): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01036.

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The sociality (as measured by the degree of bellowing and amount of tree use) of five adult male koalas and one sub-adult male koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), with varying degrees of tooth wear, were investigated using acoustically sensitive radio-telemetry. Initial increases in tooth wear that coincide with an increase in age to maturity were associated with an increase in reproductive effort. Advanced tooth wear was found to be associated with a decrease in reproductive effort. This trend in reproductive effort is consistent with life-history predictions, and suggests that tooth wear has the potential to impose limitations on the reproductive longevity and fecundity of free-ranging male koalas.

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Santos, Leonardo Vieira, Daniel de Lima Alvarez, Lucas Moraes Santos, Jean Carlo do Prado, Regiane Cristina Oliveira de Freitas Bueno, and William Wyatt Hoback. "Selectivity and sub-lethal effect of pesticides on the immature and adult stages of Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 42, no. 2 (February 4, 2022): 1731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42690-021-00698-y.

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Jackson, Casey A. L., and Joseph Zydlewski. "Summer Movements of Sub-Adult Brook Trout, Landlocked Atlantic Salmon, and Smallmouth Bass in the Rapid River, Maine." Journal of Freshwater Ecology 24, no. 4 (December 2009): 567–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2009.9664334.

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Williams, P. J., T. A. Floyd, and M. A. Rossong. "Agonistic interactions between invasive green crabs, Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus), and sub-adult American lobsters, Homarus americanus (Milne Edwards)." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 329, no. 1 (February 2006): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2005.08.008.

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Vindstad, Ole Petter Laksforsmo, Jane Uhd Jepsen, Nigel Gilles Yoccoz, Ottar N. Bjørnstad, Michel d. S. Mesquita, and Rolf Anker Ims. "Spatial synchrony in sub‐arctic geometrid moth outbreaks reflects dispersal in larval and adult life cycle stages." Journal of Animal Ecology 88, no. 8 (March 12, 2019): 1134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12959.

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Popov, Igor. "Smooth newt Lissotriton vulgaris and common toad Bufo bufo populations persisting in the unusually small area of Sommers Island in the Baltic Sea." Herpetological Bulletin, no. 156, Summer 2021 (July 1, 2021): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/hb156.610.

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Sommers Island is an abandoned 20 ha patch of land in the Baltic Sea. It is inhabited by isolated populations of smooth newt (Lissotriton vulgaris) and common toad (Bufo bufo). The island demonstrates the small area in which it is possible to have a stable population of newts and toads for a period of at least several decades, probably much longer. Most reproduction of both species occurred in one pool with an area of about 100 m². The total area of optimal terrestrial habitat is about 2.5 ha, with an additional 3.5 ha of sub-optimal habitat available. The island is inhabited by about 123 adult newts and several dozen adult toads.

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Girling, R. D., D. Ennis, A. B. Dillon, and C. T. Griffin. "The lethal and sub-lethal consequences of entomopathogenic nematode infestation and exposure for adult pine weevils, Hylobius abietis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 104, no. 3 (July 2010): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2010.04.003.

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CHATTERJEE, TAPAS, IGOR DOVGAL, VERONICA FERNANDES, AMRITA BHAUMIK, and MANDAR NANAJKAR. "Report of Acineta euchaetae Sewell, 1951 from new locality of the Arabian Sea with notes on their taxonomy and distribution." Zootaxa 5039, no. 2 (September 15, 2021): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5039.2.9.

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The article deals with the data about new find of the rare suctorian species Acineta euchaetae Sewell, 1951 on calanoid copepod host Euchaeta marina (Prestandrea, 1833) from the Arabian Sea. Seven young (sub-adult) individuals of the ciliate were observed on rear part of cephalothorax and on abdomen of adult male of copepod. The data about all known finds of A. euchaetae are discussed as well as the information on different developmental stages of the ciliate species. It is suggested that A. euchaetae is euryhaline species distributed in Eurasian coastal and inland waters and have preference for calanoid copepod hosts, but do not show specificity to any calanoid genus or species. The summarized diagnosis and refined systematic position of A. euchaetae are also provided.

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Melville, Jane, and Roy Swain. "Home-range characteristics of an alpine lizard, Niveoscincus microlepidotus (Scincidae), on Mt Wellington, southern Tasmania." Wildlife Research 26, no. 3 (1999): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98040.

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We studied the home ranges of the alpine skink, Niveoscincus microlepidotus, in an alpine transition zone on Mt Wellington, Tasmania, over a 5-month period to examine seasonal patterns in the home-range characteristics of four male, four female and two sub-adult juvenile lizards. Home-range sizes and activity patterns within these were quantified. Adult males had significantly larger home ranges with more activity centres than adult females; most activity centres were clearly synonymous with basking sites and were defended by overt aggressive behaviour. Home ranges of males showed little overlap and no seasonal variation while those of femals were unusual amongst reptiles in showing extensive overlap and seasonal change in size. Ranges were smallest in spring when all females were pregnant and were smallest in summer when only one female was pregnant. Range overlap ensured that all females studied had potential access to at least two males. Juveniles had no defined home ranges and appeared to be transients.

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Lynch, Brian R., and Rémy Rochette. "Spatial overlap and interaction between sub-adult American lobsters, Homarus americanus, and the invasive European green crab Carcinus maenas." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 369, no. 2 (February 2009): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.11.002.

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Lecomte, Jean-Baptiste, Olivier Le Pape, Hélène Baillif, Marie Nevoux, Youen Vermard, Marie Savina, Matthieu Veron, Sigrid Lehuta, Ewan Hunter, and Etienne Rivot. "State-space modeling of multidecadal mark–recapture data reveals low adult dispersal in a nursery-dependent fish metapopulation." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 77, no. 2 (February 2020): 342–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2019-0037.

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Quantifying connectivity within fish metapopulations is an important component in understanding population dynamics and providing an evidence base for assessment and management. We investigate metapopulation connectivity of the common sole (Solea solea) in the Eastern English Channel (EEC). The EEC common sole stock is currently assessed as a single and spatially homogeneous population, but connectivity induced through adult movements within this stock and with nearby stocks remains unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, we developed a state-space mark–recovery model, designed to estimate adult connectivity using mark–recapture data from multiple release experiments from 1970 to 2018 across the EEC and adjacent management areas. The model estimates seasonal fish movements between five predefined areas, Western English Channel, Eastern English Channel (split into three discrete sub-areas), and North Sea. Over 32 000 fish were tagged, 4036 of which were recovered via fisheries. Our results suggest minimal large-scale adult movements between these areas; movements among spatial units within the EEC were very low with even lower levels of immigration from areas adjoining the EEC. Our results support the hypothesis of segregated populations within the EEC. The importance of accommodating population substructure in the fisheries management is considered.

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Braham, Howard W. "Scientific investigations of the National Marine Mammal Laboratory, 1990." Polar Record 28, no. 164 (January 1992): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400020258.

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Field research was carried out on Seal Island (60°59.5'S, 55°24.5'W), South Shetland Islands from 14 December 1989 to 27 February 1990. The main focus ofstudy was the ecology and population biology of Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalusgazella (Bengtson and others 1990a, b)and chinstrap Pygoscelis antarctica and macaroni Eudyptes chrysolophus penguins (Bengtson and others 1990a; Croll and others 1990). Analysis of stomach and fecal contents of live adult and sub-adult animals showed that krill were predominate in the diets of all three species, especially the penguins. Prey fed to penguin chicks by their parents contained 99% krill by weight. Thedietof fur seals varied from principally krill (62%), to fish (13%), to mixed krill and fish (25%). Traces of squid beaks were found in 15% of the fur seal stomach samples. Time-depth recorders and radio transm itters were attached to 14 fur seals, 10 macaroni penguins and 40 chinstrap penguins, to assess foraging behavior. Fur seals foraged at depths averaging 20—30 m, and the penguins 35–50 m. All three species swam to areas 11—100 km north of Seal Island to feed (water depths varied from 200 m to greater than 3000 m). These results are consistent with data collected in 1988 and 1989.

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Skewes, T. D., D. M. Dennis, C. R. Pitcher, and B. G. Long. "Age structure of Panulirus ornatus in two habitats in Torres Strait, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 48, no. 8 (1997): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97191.

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The lobster population in Torres Strait, Australia, is made up of juvenile and sub-adult lobsters up to two years old (1+ and 2+), with some 3-year-old (3+) male lobsters. These lobsters live either on shallow reefs or in the deeper areas between reefs. Intensive surveys of lobsters in these two habitats showed that 1+ lobsters live only in the deep habitat, 2+ lobsters live in the deep habitat and on shallow reefs, and 3+ male lobsters live mainly on shallow reefs. In the deep habitat, lobsters were found mainly in areas that had rock and rubble substratum. There may be little movement of lobsters onto or off the shallow reefs during the winter months and 1+ lobsters probably recruit onto the shallow reefs so

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Liu, Xiaoshuang, Yixuan Li, and Zhiyong Di. "The revalidation of Otostigmus (O.) lewisi Song et al., 2005 (Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae) based on new material from Jiacha County, China." ZooKeys 1088 (March 4, 2022): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1088.77703.

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Otostigmus (O.) lewisiSong et al., 2005 was described from sub-adult specimens from Jiacha County (Xizang, China), but was synonymized by Lewis (2010) with the Nepalese species O. (O.) beroni Lewis, 2001. The latter was also recorded from Jilong County (Xizang, China) by Song et al. (2005). Following a comparison of O. (O.) beroni from Jilong County with new materials of O. (O.) lewisi from Jiacha County, we reaffirm that O. (O.) lewisi is a valid species.

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Arnold, GW, DE Steven, and A. Grassia. "Associations Between Individuals and Classes in Groups of Different Size in a Population of Western Gray Kangaroos, Macropus-Fuliginosus." Wildlife Research 17, no. 6 (1990): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9900551.

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Associations between different classes of animals, and between individuals, were analysed in a population of 150-170 western grey kangaroos living in a 300-ha remnant of wandoo woodland and adjacent farmland. The commonest group size was one, and 71% of groups were of three or fewer individuals. Females with juveniles at foot were seen in a significantly different distribution of group sizes than females without juveniles, or males. The associations between classes in groups of 2, 3 and 4 changed with the size of group. In groups of two, but not in groups of three and four, males were seen together more frequently than expected. Females without juveniles at foot associated with their peers more frequently than expected in groups of two and three, but those with juveniles at foot associated with their peers less frequently than expected. Other associations between classes were significantly different from expectation. About 70% of the sub-adult and adult animals were individually identifiable by numbered collars. The highest frequency of association of one individual with another was less than 40% of the times the two were seen on the same night. However, nearly all individuals had statistically significant associations with one or more individual in each year, and dissociations with others. The associations did not persist from year to year. The overall group social structure, as shown by single-linkage cluster analysis, was for individuals to associate with others of the same sex, although sub-adults were more generally associated with adult females. The overall level of association was lower in males than in females and juveniles.

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Jonker, F. C., and M. N. Bester. "Seasonal movements and foraging areas of adult southern female elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, from Marion Island." Antarctic Science 10, no. 1 (March 1998): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102098000042.

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Seasonal movements and foraging areas of postbreeding (n = 9) and postmoulting (n = 3) adult southern elephant seal females from Marion Island were studied using Geolocation Time-depth Recorders. Movements were classified into three phases – an outbound transit phase, distant foraging phase, and an inbound transit phase. The longest residence time of postbreeding females during their foraging migrations was in areas at the outer edge of their feeding range (± 1460 km) both to the north and south of the island, largely within inter-frontal zones south of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF) and between the Sub-Tropical Convergence (STC) and the Sub-Antarctic Front (SAF). Postmoulting females travelled further afield (2122–3133 km distant) to the APF, to inter-frontal zones south of the APF (within the pack ice outer edge), as well as to the Antarctic Continental Shelf. This study provides additional information on the putative function of dive types in relation to the movement phases of elephant seal females from Marion Island. The relative frequency of assumed ‘foraging’, ‘exploratory’ and ‘transit’ dive types, as well as the duration and location of the different phases of movement suggest two seasonal foraging strategies. Sea floor topography could possibly cue the transit phases of both postbreeding and postmoulting females from Marion Island.

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ASSOGBA, Orgely Doris Imeilda, Kolawolé Valère SALAKO, Benjamin FANTODJI, Éméline P. S. ASSÉDÉ, Achille Ephrem ASSOGBADJO, and Paxie Wanangwa CHIRWA. "Does land use type impact the demographic and spatial structures of Adansonia digitata L. in the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve in Northern Benin?" BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 344 (August 18, 2020): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2020.344.a31908.

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Changes in land use type (LUT) are a major driver of biodiversity loss and species decline. Responses to changes in LUT are species-specific, which may in turn be context-dependent. Understanding such responses is essential for the management of socio-economically important wild tree species. The baobab, Adansonia digitata L., is an important traditional agroforestry tree species in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study assesses how LUT affects the demographic and spatial structure of baobab stands. Using data from a census and mapping of baobab trees in 12 plots of 250 m × 250 m each, the study compared baobab tree density, total height and diameter, diameter size-class distribution (SCD), stand stability, and spatial relationships in a strictly protected area (national park), a buffer zone and farmlands (Matéri and Boukombé) in the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve in Benin. The results show that the highest young and adult tree densities are in farmlands (particularly in Matéri), followed by the buffer zone and the national park. No significant differences in tree diameter and total height of baobab trees were found among the different LUT. The SCD had a reverse J-shape with a better negative slope and population stability metrics in farmlands (particularly in Matéri) but a flattened slope in the buffer zone. The spatial distributions of juvenile and adult baobab trees were random, and independent of each other. The spatial distribution of juvenile and adult baobabs was also independent of the other tree species, irrespective of LUT. It was concluded that baobab conservation is better in farmlands than in the national park but that the difference between park and farmlands may be context-dependent, probably linked to local environmental conditions, the socio-ecological context and interactions with baobab trees.

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Bharati, Minu, and Dhiraj Saha. "Differential expression of carboxylesterases in larva and adult of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) from sub-Himalayan West Bengal, India." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 38, no. 04 (August 2, 2018): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758418000139.

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AbstractCulex quinquefasciatus Say, a widely distributed mosquito in tropical and subtropical areas, is the most important vector of the filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti, the causative agent of lymphatic filariasis. In India, filariasis is endemic in 17 States and six Union Territories, putting about 553 million people at risk of infection. Vector control, which aims to prevent pathogen transmission through interventions targeting adult mosquito vectors, is a significant component of control of the disease. Chemical-based control represents a chief strategy in the management of mosquito vectors; however, continuous application of insecticides has led to the development of resistance in many mosquito vectors around the world. The current study aims to observe the variability of expression of carboxylesterase isozymes that play a role in detoxifying insecticides into non-toxic compounds, in different life stages of Culex mosquitoes, to understand levels of insecticide susceptibility that may be used in integrated mosquito management for efficient vector control. C. quinquefasciatus were collected from different localities of sub-Himalayan West Bengal, India, and adult and larval bioassays were performed against one organophosphate insecticide (chlorpyrifos) and two synthetic pyrethroid insecticides (deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin). The activity of α- and β-carboxylesterases (quantitative assay) were measured in larvae and adults of C. quinquefasciatus using a microplate assay, and measured qualitative expression by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The study shows a differential activity of α- and β-carboxylesterases both in quantitative and qualitative assays. The quantitative assay reveals that larvae exhibit a 12.2-fold higher level activity of α-carboxylesterase and about 5.0-fold higher level of activity of β-carboxylesterase than adults. Some carboxylesterase isozymes, i.e., α-Est I-IV, α-Est VII and α-Est XI-XV were exclusively expressed in larvae, whereas α-Est V-VI and α-Est IX were expressed only in adults. In larvae, all β-Est I-IX were expressed, while in adults only β-Est IV-V was expressed. The results of adult and larval insecticide bioassay are also as per the above findings showing an LC90 value of 0.017 ppm, 0.097 ppm and 0.072 ppm in the larva, and LC90 value of 0.0015 ppm, 0.721 ppm, 0.364 ppm in adults against chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively.

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Hicks, Olivia, Sarah J. Burthe, Francis Daunt, Mark Newell, Adam Butler, Motohiro Ito, Katsufumi Sato, and Jonathan A. Green. "The energetic cost of parasitism in a wild population." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1879 (May 30, 2018): 20180489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0489.

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Parasites have profound fitness effects on their hosts, yet these are often sub-lethal, making them difficult to understand and quantify. A principal sub-lethal mechanism that reduces fitness is parasite-induced increase in energetic costs of specific behaviours, potentially resulting in changes to time and energy budgets. However, quantifying the influence of parasites on these costs has not been undertaken in free-living animals. We used accelerometers to estimate energy expenditure on flying, diving and resting, in relation to a natural gradient of endo-parasite loads in a wild population of European shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis . We found that flight costs were 10% higher in adult females with higher parasite loads and these individuals spent 44% less time flying than females with lower parasite loads. There was no evidence for an effect of parasite load on daily energy expenditure, suggesting the existence of an energy ceiling, with the increase in cost of flight compensated for by a reduction in flight duration. These behaviour specific costs of parasitism will have knock-on effects on reproductive success, if constraints on foraging behaviour detrimentally affect provisioning of young. The findings emphasize the importance of natural parasite loads in shaping the ecology and life-history of their hosts, which can have significant population level consequences.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sub-adult ecology'

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