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Journal articles on the topic 'Sub-acute toxicity'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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1

Hosseinzad, Hossein, Leila Etemad, Reza Zafari, Naser Vahdati Mashhadian, Seyed Adel Moallem, and Zahra Oskouei Shirvan. "Acute, Sub-Acute and Cell Toxicity of Verbascoside." Research Journal of Medicinal Plant 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2015): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjmp.2015.354.360.

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2

Pandhare, Ramdas Bhanudas. "Assessment of Acute and 28-Day Sub-Acute Oral Toxicity of a Polyherbal Formulation in Rats." International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine 4, no. 1 (2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ipcm-16000200.

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Purpose: Most of these studies are conducted to assess the degree to which substances are toxic (poisonous) for humans, animals or the environment, to investigate the mechanism of toxic chemicals, or to develop new or improved tests for specific types of chemically induced effects. The present study was designed to evaluate the acute and 28 days repeated oral toxicity study of Polyherbal formulation according to OECD guidelines. Materials and Methods: In acute oral toxicity study, Herbal mixture was administered at 2000mg/kg orally and animals were observed for toxic signs at 30 min, 1, 2 and 4 hrs and thereafter once a day for the next 14 days. In repeated dose-28-day oral toxicity study, the animals were divided into four groups of 6 animals each. Group-1 animals served as a control. Group II animals received low dose of herbal mixture 50 mg/kg, Group III animals received middle dose 100 mg/kg and Group IV animals received high dose of 200 mg/kg (orally) once daily for 28 days respectively. Results: The assessment study results showed that neither the acute toxicity study of herbal mixture at the dose level of 2000mg/kg nor the 28 days repeated oral toxicity study produced any toxic signs or mortality during study. In 28 days repeated oral toxicity study, no significant changes were observed in the haematological and biochemical parameters, relative organ weight, gross necropsy and histopathological examination with herbal mixture treatment. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that LD50 of newly developed Polyherbal formulation was >2000 mg /kg and the mixture is completely safe and non-toxic for therapy.

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3

H., Hasnisa, Syahida M., and Hadijah H. "Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of roselle leaves." Food Research 6, Supplementary 2 (December 8, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.6(s2).011.

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Roselle leaves are widely used in traditional medicine but have not previously been studied for their safety through standard in vivo toxicity studies. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of roselle leaves extract through acute and sub-acute oral toxicity studies in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. An acute toxicity study was carried out using a single high dose of roselle leaves extract at 3000 mg/kg and toxic signs were observed within 14 days. While sub-acute toxicological study was carried out using 28-days repeated doses of 0 mg/kg (control), 1000 mg/kg, 2000 mg/kg, and 5000 mg/kg of roselle leaves extract. Bodyweight changes were recorded throughout the experimental period. On day 29, blood was withdrawn and analysed for haematology and clinical biochemistry values. During the 14-day acute toxicity study, there were no significant changes in body weight increment, adverse clinical signs and mortality. In the sub-acute toxicity study, there were also no toxicology significant changes in haematology and clinical biochemistry except a slight decrease in triglyceride (TG) and glucose level (p < 0.05) which is attributed to roselle leaves aqueous extract administration. However, the results were within the normal reference range of SD rats. Therefore, the acute and sub-acute toxicity studies in SD rats showed that roselle leaves aqueous extract is non-toxic and could be classified as a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL).

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4

Madhavan, Ramachandran. "Acute and sub acute toxicity study on Sangu parpam." Bioinformation 17, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.6026/97320630017046.

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Peptic ulcer is described in the siddha system of medicinal classification of 4448 diseases. Information on the use of Sangu Parpam in treating peptic ulcer is known. Therefore, it is of interest to document the acute and sub acute toxicity analysis on Sangu parpam in this regard.

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5

Murugesan, S. "Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity Studies of Linga Chenduram." International Journal of Traditional Medicine and Applications 1, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.18689/ijtma-1000101.

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6

Karbovskyi, V. L., I. A. Shevchuk, O. V. Kurkina, and T. Ye Makovska. "Study of PEG-Filstim sub-acute toxicity." Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal, no. 2 (August 14, 2018): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32352/0367-3057.2.17.10.

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Febrile neutropenia caused by cytostatic therapy in the treatment of oncological diseases is a frequent complication, which results in enforced reduction in chemotherapy doses and lower effectiveness of the treatment. Introduction of the recombinant forms of the natural protein granulocyte colony-stimulating factor into clinical practice has allowed to minimize the negative consequences of myelosuppressive therapies. The main task of repeated dose toxicity studies of drugs is evaluation of damaging effects of the pharmacological substance, revealing the most sensitive organs and systems in the body. Therefore, our work was aimed at studying sub-acute toxicity of PEG-Filstim. Toxicity study of PEG-Filstim was performed in 50 white wild-type rats of both sexes with body weight 170 to 230 g on daily (28 days) subcutaneous administration in the doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg. During the whole observational period, survival, water and food consumption, body weight and symptoms of intoxication were registered. After completion of the experiment, spontaneous diurnal diuresis was evaluated and clinical blood and urine examination performed in all groups of animals. The results have shown that PEG-Filstim on daily subcutaneous administration in the doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg during 28 days does not cause death in the animals, nor general toxic effects on health, behaviour, food and water consumption, body weight growth in laboratory rats. Upon repeated administration in the studied doses, PEG-Filstim does not affect protein, lipid, carbohydrate metabolism, does not impair functions of urinary and hepatobiliary systems, but increases blood serum alkaline phosphatase activity. PEG-Filstim causes development of pronounced neutrophil leucocytosis and increase in monocyte, lymphocyte and eosinophil count. In the maximum dose of 2.0 mg/kg the studied drug decreases blood red cell count and haemoglobin level.

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7

Falang, Kakjing, Mary Uguru, and Jurbe Gotep. "Acute and Sub-acute Toxicity of HRT 123 Polyherbal Formula." Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 4, no. 4 (January 10, 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2015/16877.

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8

Patil, Shanta, and Surekha S. Medikeri. "TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF SURYASHEKHARA RASA." International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 8, no. 10 (October 18, 2020): 4610–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj0708102020.

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Suryashekhara Rasa is unique mercurial preparation, which contains Parada, Gandhaka, Hingula and Vatsanabha. The quantity of Vatsanabha is equal to the sum of other ingredients, and also its antidote (Tankana) is not mentioned in this formulation. To ensure that the drug is devoid of toxicity and harmful effects, assessing the level of toxicity is important. So, this research work is an attempt to perform acute and sub-acute toxicity evaluation of Suryashekhara Rasa. Acute toxicity study of test drug was carried at a limit dose of 2000mg/kg orally in albino mice. For sub-acute toxicity Suryashekhara rasa was adminis-tered at therapeutic equivalent dose (TED) (0.35mg/kg bw po), TED x 2 (0.70mg/kg bw po) TED x 5 (1.75 mg/kg bw po) for 28 days. Acute toxicity result showed that drug did not produce any signs and symptoms of toxicity or mortality up to an oral dose of 2000 mg/kg in albino mice. The data generated during sub-acute toxicity study are indicated that it is mild toxic substance for sub-acute administration at TED dose level, may be because of alkanes which are found in functional group of aconitum ferox.

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9

Balyshev, A. V., M. S. Zhuravleva, V. V. Golovin, S. V. Abramov, and M. I. Slozhenkina. "Sub-acute injection toxicity of Florfenicol VS 30." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 677, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 032080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/677/3/032080.

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10

Yasmeen, Sidra, Sadaf Yasmeen, Fatima Qamar, Saif Ur Rehman Khattak, Safila Naveed, Mahrukh Mughal, and Halima Sadia. "Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity of Spray-Dried Extract of Tribulus Terrestris." Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences 49, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.49.9.8.

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The use of herbal medicines has tremendously grown over the past few years. Owing to their safety, they are more preferred over conventional allopathic medicine. Plant-based therapies have significantly improved and protected human health. Additionally, dry powdered herbal medications are more effective than liquid extracts. The numerous claims are not backed up by any data that can be verified. It is the first time that the activity of Tribulus Terrestris spray-dried extract has been linked to acute and suba-cute oral toxicity. The objective of the current work was to investigate the acute and sub-acute toxicity of spray-dried extract (SDE) of Tribulus terrestris. For acute toxicity, two different doses, i.e., 2000 and 5000 mg/kg, were given to the female Wistar rats. Only one dose was administered and each animal was observed for any signs of mortality along with behavioral changes and physical symptoms for 2 weeks. Multiple doses of the SDE were given to the Wistar (both genders) rats for 28 days in the sub-acute toxicity. Animals of both the genders received 500, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg/day SDE doses for 28 days consecutively. Blood samples were obtained for biochemical and hematological analysis on the 29th day of the experiment, following which subjects were sacrificed for the histopathological examination. The results of acute toxicity revealed no signs of morbidity and mortality in rats. Similar results were recorded in the sub-acute toxicity. Mild variations were observed at 1000 and 1500 mg/kg/day, however results were non-significant. The SDE of Tribulus terrestris did not show any significant harmful effects in the treated animals after 14 and 28 days of treatment. Therefore, SDE of Tribulus terrestris can be safely employed in pharmaceutical formulations for therapeutic use, addressing further safety in chronic and sub-chronic study.

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11

Yevtushenko, A. V., V. S. Boyko, and M. Ye Romanko. "Acute and sub-acute toxicity assessment of ‘Rybozuril’ on common carp." Journal for Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnology and Biosafety 5, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36016/jvmbbs-2019-5-1-6.

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The goal of the work was to study of acute and sub-acute toxicity parameters of ‘Rybozuril’ biological product (AI — diclazuril) on the model of carp. This drug is effective in the treatment of diseases caused by parasitic Eimeriidae. Carp scales of two years old were used in experiments. To determine acute toxicity, the fish were prescribed with diclazuril in doses of 1 g/kg, 5, 10, and 15 g/kg of live weight. Two experimental and control fish groups of 30 individuals each were formed to determine sub-acute toxicity of ‘Rybozuril’. Experimental groups of fish were prescribed with ‘Rybozuril’ in a dose (by AI) of 50 and 10 mg/kg for two consecutive days. Blood samples were collected from six fish from each group for clinical and biochemical indicators after 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The hemoglobin content, number of red blood cells and leukocytes blood was determined. The intensity of peroxide oxidation of lipids (PОL), catalase activity, level of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total proteins, albumin, globulins and glucose, circulating immune complexes (CІC) and seromucoids concentration, level of enzymatic activity: aspartate transaminase (АSТ), alanine transaminase (АLТ), α-amylase blood plasma were determined. The acute toxicity of diclazuril for carp was estimated, LD50 is more than 15,000 mg/kg of live weight, the toxicity of diclazuril can be classified as undifferentiated and, in terms of toxicity, it can be classified as hazard class IV. Two administrations of the drug ‘Rybozuril’ in a daily dose of 50.0 mg/kg of live weight, the maximum expression of metabolic changes in fish was detected from the initial terms of the studies and up to day 21. According to the results the toxic effect of the drug in fish was estimated, which did not influence to a number of indicators. The drug in such dose was shown immunosuppression and membrane-toxic effects in fish. Two-time administration of the ‘Rybozuril’ drug in a daily dose of 10.0 mg/kg body weight leads to metabolic alterations in fish due to the activation of detoxification processes and lipoperoxidation maintenance in cell membranes at the physiological level. At the end of the experiment the toxic effect of ‘Rybozuril’ in fish characterized by stable parameters in comparing to the control group.

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12

T G, Soumya, and Surekha S. Medikeri. "TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF MUGDHA RASA, AN AYURVEDIC FORMULATION." International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 8, no. 10 (October 18, 2020): 4626–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj1008102020.

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Mugdha Rasa is one type of Kharaliya Rasayana and comes under Nirgandha, Niragni Murchana of Parada. Parada and Khatika are the main ingredients of Mugdha Rasa. This investigation is an attempt to perform toxicological study of Mugdha Rasa. Acute toxicological study and sub-acute toxicological study were carried out as per OECD guideline 425 and 407 respectively. Oral acute toxicity study was carried out at the limit dose of 2000 mg/ kg orally in Swiss albino mice. Sub- acute toxicity study of Mugdha Rasa was carried out in Albino rats and it was administered at therapeutic equivalent dose (TED), TED ×2 and TED×5. No signs of toxicity and mortality were observed Mugdha Rasa in acute toxicity study. So, LD50 of Mugdha Rasa is greater than 2000 mg/kg body weight and Mugdha Rasa can be considered assafe on acute exposure. The data generated during sub-acute toxicity study are indicated that it is not a hazardous substance for sub-acute administration at TED dose level. Higher dose levels show mild changes in parameters.

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13

Patel, Sita Sharan, Shashi Verma, Govind Nayak, Akhlesh Kumar Singhai, and N. Ganesh. "Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of Passiflora nepalensis in rats." Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 21, no. 4 (August 2011): 730–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-695x2011005000103.

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14

Alrawe, Shahaad A., and Muna H. ALzubaidy. "Acute and sub-acute toxicity effects of lambda-cyhalothrin in chicks." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences 36, no. 1 (November 24, 2021): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2021.129674.1678.

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15

Lawal, Bashir, Oluwatosin Kudirat Shittu, Florence Inje Oibiokpa, Hadiza Mohammed, Sheriff Itopa Umar, and Garba Muhammed Haruna. "Antimicrobial evaluation, acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of Allium sativum." Journal of Acute Disease 5, no. 4 (July 2016): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joad.2016.05.002.

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16

Nagalingam, Varnakulendran, and Elango Veeriah. "Sub-acute Toxicity Study and Toxicity Reversibility of Ayabirungarajakarpamin Wistar Albino Rats." International Journal of pharma and Bio Sciences 11, no. 4 (August 17, 2021): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22376/ijpbs/lpr.2021.11.4.p33-41.

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17

Millan, Natalia C., Analía Pastrana, Myriam R. Guitter, Pedro A. Zubizarreta, María S. Monges, and María S. Felice. "Acute and sub-acute neurological toxicity in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia." Leukemia Research 65 (February 2018): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leukres.2017.12.010.

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18

ZHANG, Chao, Xun-xi LI, Xue-jun SUN, and Juan ZHENG. "Effect of exogenous H₂S on acute oxygen toxicity." Academic Journal of Second Military Medical University 31, no. 1 (April 25, 2011): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1008.2011.00101.

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19

Amujoyegbe, O. O., M. Idu, J. M. Agbedahunsi, E. M. Obuotor, I. J. Olawuni, O. Oyasowo, and G. E. Ogundepo. "Acute and sub-acute toxicity of antisickling polyherbal extract in Wistar albino rats." Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine 23 (May 13, 2020): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njnpm.v23i1.6.

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Piper guineense, Gongronema latifolium and Cymbopogon citratus (PGC) serve as an effective polyherbal antisickling extract used in the management of sickle cell disorder. This present study assessed the toxicity effect of the ethanol leaf extract of PGC in rats. The acute oral toxicity test of the polyherbal was evaluated in albino rats using a single-dose based on behavioral changes and mortality. Sub-acute toxicological evaluation of PGC was examined using biochemical, hematological and histopathological methods. Biochemical analysis was carried out using liver markers enzymes, kidney markers enzymes, and lipid profiles. The hematological measurement includes white blood cell counts (WBC), Lymphocytes (LYM), monocytes (MON), granulocytes (GRAN), Red blood cell count (RBC). The organs (liver, kidney, and heart) were collected and prepared using standard protocols with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological evaluation. The acute toxicity study of ethanol leaf extract of PGC up to the limit dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight of the animals used did not produce any signs and symptoms of toxic effects or mortality after 48 hrs. of oral administration. There were no significant differences (p < 0.001) in the observed values between the control and the treated groups for all the biochemical and hematological parameters analyzed. Histopathological evaluation of the organs demonstrated mild degeneration in the kidney and liver while the heart revealed no pathological changes in the treated group of rats. The result of acute toxicity indicates that the combined antisickling polyherbal PGC extract appeared to be safe and non- toxic. Our findings for the 28 days daily oral administration of PGC extract was dose dependent and well tolerated by the animals. Although, slight changes were observed in some biochemical parameters and histology of the kidney and liver at high doses when compared with control rats. Therefore, the consumption of the antisickling polyherbal PGC extract orally should be used encouraged at lower doses and high doses should be avoided for the management of sickle cell disorder until subjected to further cytotoxicity evaluation. Keywords: Polyherbal combination, acute toxicity, subacute toxicity, biochemical parameter, hematological parameter, histopathological parameters.

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20

Eboji, O. K., A. A. Sowemimo, O. O. Ogunkunle, M. O. Sofidiya, K. B. Badmos, and F. B. Abdulkareem. "Toxicological evaluation of the stem bark of Burkea africana hook. (Caesalpiniaceae) in wistar rats." Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine 23 (May 13, 2020): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njnpm.v23i1.5.

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Burkea africana Hook. (Caesalpiniaceae) is used traditionally to treat ulcers, headaches, skin disease and tumors. The study investigated the acute, sub-acute and chronic toxicity profiles of the ethanolic extract of Burkea africana stem bark. Rats of either sexes were used in this study (n=10). For acute toxicity, a single dose of 5,000 mg/kg was administered while for the sub-acute and chronic toxicity study, three doses (40, 200 and 1000 mg/kg) of the extract were administered orally for 28 and 90 days respectively. At the end of each study, the biochemical, hematological and histological parameters were evaluated. No mortality or behavioral changes were observed in the acute toxicity study. Extract caused significant changes in the hematological parameters after the sub-acute toxicity study. In the chronic toxicity study, the extract caused significant increase in the white blood cell count of the 200 mg/kg group. There was significant increase in the platelet count of treated groups compared to control in the sub-acute and chronic toxicity studies, with an observed total mortality of all the animals in the 1000 mg/kg group on the 44th day. No adverse pathology was observed in the organs examined. The extract elicited a hematological response and short term consumption of the extract at low doses might be relatively safe. However, long term consumption at high doses should be discouraged.

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21

Yadav, Mukesh Kumar, Santosh Kumar Singh, Manish Singh, Shashank Shekhar Mishra, Anurag Kumar Singh, Jyoti Shankar Tripathi, and Yamini Bhusan Tripathi. "In Vivo Toxicity Study of Ethanolic Extracts of Evolvulus alsinoides & Centella asiatica in Swiss Albino Mice." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 7 (April 11, 2019): 1071–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.209.

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AIM: We aimed to investigate several parameters after the in vivo acute and sub-acute administration of ethanolic extracts from E. alsinoides & C. asiatica. METHODS: Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors for in vivo toxicity study guidelines 423 and 407 of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) were followed for acute and sub-acute toxicity assays respectively. For LD50 evaluation, a single dose of ethanolic extracts of Evolvulus alsinoides L. (EEA) and ethanolic extracts of Centella asiatica (ECA) was orally administered to mice at doses of 200, 400, 800, 1600 and 2000 mg/kg. Then the animals were observed for 72 hours. For acute toxicity evaluation, a single dose of both extracts was orally administered to mice at doses of 300, 600, 1200 and 2000 mg/kg and the animals were observed for 14 days. In the sub-acute study, the extracts were orally administered to mice for 28 days at doses of 300, 600, 1200 and 2000 mg/kg. To assess the toxicological effects, animals were closely observed on general behaviour, clinical signs of toxicity, body weight, food and water intake. At the end of the study, it was performed biochemical and hematological evaluations, as well as histopathological analysis from the following organs: brain, heart, liver, and kidney. RESULTS: The oral administration of E. alsinoides and C. asiatica ethanolic extracts, i.e. EEA 300, EEA 600, EEA 1200, EEA 2000, ECA 300, ECA 600, ECA 1200 & ECA 2000 mg/kg doses showed no moral toxicity effect in LD50, acute and sub-acute toxicity parameters. CONCLUSION: In this study, we had found that E. alsinoides & C. asiatica extract at different doses cause no mortality in acute and sub-acute toxicity study. Also, histopathology of kidney, liver, heart, and brain showed no alterations in tissues morphology.

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22

Kantham, Lakshmi T., Ganapathy G, Suba V, Srinivasan M R, and Geetha A. "ACUTE, SUB-ACUTE (28-DAYS), AND SUB-CHRONIC (90-DAYS) ORAL TOXICITY STUDIES OF NANDHI MEZHUGU." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy 8, no. 2 (June 11, 2017): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.082110.

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23

IGA, Yusuke, Kazunori NAKAMICHI, Yoko SHIRAI, and Tatsuhiro MATSUO. "Acute and Sub-Chronic Toxicity ofD-Allose in Rats." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 74, no. 7 (July 23, 2010): 1476–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.100121.

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24

Lekshmi, U. M. Dhana, Narra Kishore, and P. Neelakanta Reddy. "Sub Acute Toxicity Assessment of Glipizide Engineered Polymeric Nanoparticles." Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 7, no. 4 (August 1, 2011): 578–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2011.1317.

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25

Zhang, Qianqian, Jianguo Li, Wei Zhang, Quan An, Jianhua Wen, Aiping Wang, Hongtao Jin, and Shizhong Chen. "Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of honokiol microemulsion." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 71, no. 3 (April 2015): 428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.11.007.

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26

Fujitani, Tomoko, Hiroshi Ando, Kazumasa Fujitani, Torao Ikeda, Akie Kojima, Yoshikazu Kubo, Akio Ogata, et al. "Sub-acute toxicity of piperonyl butoxide in F344 rats." Toxicology 72, no. 3 (January 1992): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483x(92)90180-m.

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27

Sangeetha, M. K., D. Eazhisai Vallabi, Veeresh Kumar Sali, J. Thanka, and Hannah R. Vasanthi. "Sub-acute toxicity profile of a modified resveratrol supplement." Food and Chemical Toxicology 59 (September 2013): 492–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.037.

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28

Tamrakar, Shonam, M. Mondal, R. C. Ghosh, C. S. Mishra, N. Sahu, P. Thakur, and A. Jain. "Pathomorphological alterations of sub-acute selenium toxicity in broilers." Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 38, no. 2 (2014): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0973-970x.2014.01148.1.

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29

Narayani, M. Mondal, and R. C. Ghosh. "Toxicopathological alterations of sub-acute alphamethrin toxicity in broilers." Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 39, no. 3 (2015): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0973-970x.2015.00052.8.

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30

Sertié, Jayme, Aulus Basile, Sylvio Panizza, Amabile Matida, and Raymond Zelnik. "Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Sub-Acute Toxicity of Artemetin1." Planta Medica 56, no. 01 (February 1990): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960879.

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31

Kuznietsova, M., T. Halenova, and O. Savchuk. "Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of an extract from white bean pods under the condition of its intragastric administration." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Biology 71, no. 1 (2016): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728_2748.2016.71.31-35.

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The article is devoted to the studies of acute and sub-acute toxicity of dry extract from white bean (P. vulgaris) pods. The acute toxicity study of the extract was carried out according to the conventional classification of K.K Sidorov and showed that the extract refers to low-toxic substances (LD 50 following its intragastric administration is greater than 2000 mg/kg). The study of extract sub-acute toxicity showed the increasing of relative liver and kidney weight, which may indicate the existence of adverse effects of the extract under the conditions of its long-term administration.

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32

Rezzagui, Abir, Mounira Merghem, Ismahane Derafa, and Saliha Dahamna. "Acute and Sub-acute Toxic Effects of Algerian Peganum harmala L. Crud Extract." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 2 (March 15, 2020): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i2.3920.

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The present study was carried out to evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity of Algerian Peganum harmala L. seeds (Zygophyllaceae). For the acute toxicity assessment, oral administration of P. harmala crud extract to mice in single doses of 0-12 g/kg caused dose-dependent general behavior adverse effects and mortality with LD50 of 2,86 g/kg. In the sub-acute study, daily oral administration of the crude aqueous extract for 28 consecutive days did not result no mortality. However, our results showed a significant difference in organs weights between control and treated animals. In the biochemical analysis, significant changes occurred in Bilirubin, uric acid (UA) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the treated animals when compared to the control ones. Hematological analysis showed differences in WBC count and Hemoglobin estimation. However, urinalysis was negative for all parameters except Glucose in the treated group. Pathologically, a few gross abnormalities and histological changes were observed in hepatic and nephritic tissues. Keywords: Peganum harmala L., Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity, Hematological parameters, Biochemical parameters

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Alkahtani, Saad, Md Saquib Hasnain, Hamzah Algamdy, Nada H. Aljarba, and Abdullah AlKahtane. "Acute and sub-acute oral toxicity Lagerstroemia speciosa in Sprague-Dawley rats." Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 29, no. 3 (March 2022): 1585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.11.005.

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Kalaivanan, K., and V. Manjari. "ACUTE AND SUB ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF GANDHAGA BAGA PARPAM IN RATS." International Research Journal of Pharmacy 10, no. 11 (December 6, 2019): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2230-8407.1011320.

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35

Arts, J. H. E., P. G. J. Reuzel, H. E. Falke, and R. B. Beems. "Acute and sub-acute inhalation toxicity of germanium metal powder in rats." Food and Chemical Toxicology 28, no. 8 (January 1990): 571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(90)90158-j.

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Avila-Villarreal, GM, DE Giles-Rivas, B. Aguilar-Guadarrama, P. Castillo-España, and S. Estrada-Soto. "Acute and sub-acute toxicity methanolic extract from Brickellia cavanillesii in mice." Planta Medica 81, S 01 (December 14, 2016): S1—S381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1596393.

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Dumpis, Marina A., Viktor V. Iljin, Elena V. Litasova, Dmitry N. Nikolaev, Valentina V. Bulion, Irina B. Krylova, Irina V. Okunevich, et al. "The acute and sub-acute toxicity of C60/PVP complex in vivo." Advances in nano research 4, no. 3 (September 25, 2016): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/anr.2016.4.3.167.

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Megala, Jayaraman, and Arumugam Geetha. "Acute and sub-acute toxicity study of hydroalcoholic fruit extract ofPithecellobium dulce." Natural Product Research 26, no. 12 (June 2012): 1167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2011.562206.

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da Silva, Rafaela Oliveira, Valléria Matos Andrade, Ester Seixas Bullé Rêgo, Grace Anne Azevedo Dória, Bruno dos Santos Lima, Francilene Amaral da Silva, Adriano Antunes de Souza Araújo, Ricardo Luiz Cavalcanti de Albuquerque Júnior, Juliana Cordeiro Cardoso, and Margarete Zanardo Gomes. "Acute and sub-acute oral toxicity of Brazilian red propolis in rats." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 170 (July 2015): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.009.

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40

Guo, Zhiling, Peng Zhang, Andrew J. Chetwynd, Heidi Qunhui Xie, Eugenia Valsami-Jones, Bin Zhao, and Iseult Lynch. "Elucidating the mechanism of the surface functionalization dependent neurotoxicity of graphene family nanomaterials." Nanoscale 12, no. 36 (2020): 18600–18605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr04179c.

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Differentially functionalized graphene caused different neurotoxicities. G-COOH, G-OH, and RGO induced more severe acute toxicity than G-NH₂, while G-NH₂ caused more persistent toxicity and more disturbance of the cellular metabolism.

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EL Moussaoui, Abdelfattah, Mohammed Bourhia, Fatima Zahra Jawhari, Hamza Mechchate, Meryem Slighoua, Ahmed Bari, Riaz Ullah, et al. "Phytochemical Identification, Acute, and Sub-Acute Oral Toxicity Studies of the Foliar Extract of Withania frutescens." Molecules 25, no. 19 (October 2, 2020): 4528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194528.

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Withania frutescens (W. frutescens) is a medicinal plant widely used to treat several diseases. This work aims to study phytochemical composition as well as acute and subacute toxicity of W. frutescens hydroethanolic extract in mice. The phytochemical composition of W. frutescens extract was performed using gas chromatographic analysis. Acute toxicity was studied in vivo with oral administration of single doses 400 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg for 14 days. Subacute toxicity was studied with the administration of repeated doses of 400 mg/kg/day and 2000 mg/kg/day for 28 days. Phytochemical analysis of W. frutescens hydro-ethanolic extract confirmed the presence of interesting chemical compounds. Acute toxicity results showed no toxic symptoms in mice treated with an increasing dose up to a maximum of 2000 mg/kg. Alongside acute toxicity, subacute data showed no clinical symptoms nor biochemical or histological alteration in mice treated with an increasing dose up to a maximum of 2000 mg/kg compared to the control group (p < 0.05). This study shows no toxic effects in animals treated with W. frutescens extract, and, therefore, this plant can be considered safe in animals up to 2000 mg/kg under both acute and subacute toxicity conditions.

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de Brito, Alanne Lucena, Carla Mirele Tabósa Quixabeira, Lidiane Mâcedo Alves de Lima, Silvana Tavares Paz, Ayala Nara Pereira Gomes, Thiago Antônio de Souza Araújo, Ulysses Paulino de Albuquerque, Dayane Aparecida Gomes, Tania Maria Sarmento Silva, and Eduardo Carvalho Lira. "Safety assessment of Bauhinia cheilantha Bong. Steud leaves extract: acute, sub-acute toxicity, antioxidant, and antihemolytic evaluations." Toxicology Research 10, no. 3 (May 2021): 613–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfab044.

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Abstract Bauhinia cheilantha (Fabaceae), known popularly as pata-de-vaca and mororó has been largely recommended treating several diseases in folk medicine. However, information on safe doses and use is still scarce. The goal was to evaluate in-vitro antioxidant and antihemolytic and also acute and sub-acute toxicity effects of hydroalcoholic extract from B. cheilantha leaves (HaEBcl). The identification of the compounds in the HaEBcl was performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Antioxidant and hemolytic activity of HaEBcl was evaluated in vitro. To study acute toxicity, female mice received HaEBcl in a single dose of 300 and 2.000 mg/kg. Later, sub-acute toxicity was introduced in both female and male mice by oral gavage at 300, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg for 28 consecutive days. Hematological and biochemical profiles were created from the blood as well as from histological analysis of the liver. HaEBcl is rich in flavonoids (quercitrin and afzelin), has no hemolytic effects and moderate antioxidant effects in vitro. Acute toxicity evaluation showed that lethal dose (LD50) of HaEBcl was over 2000 mg/kg. Sub-acute toxicity testing elicited no clinical signs of toxicity, morbidity, or mortality. The hematological and biochemical parameters discounted any chance of hepatic or kidney toxicity. Furthermore, histopathological data did not reveal any disturbance in liver morphology in treated mice. Results indicate that HaEBcl has no hemolytic and moderate antioxidant effects in vitro. In addition, HaEBcl dosage levels up to 2000 mg/kg are nontoxic and can be considered safe for mammals.

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Adebisi, I. M., Y. Mansur, S. J. Fajobi, C. J. Ugwah-Oguejiofor, and K. Abubakar. "Acute and sub-acute oral toxicity of the methanol extract of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp." Sokoto Journal of Medical Laboratory Science 7, no. 3 (November 15, 2022): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sokjmls.v7i3.2.

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Most rural and urban-based communities in Africa rely on traditional remedies for their primary healthcare. One probable reason for this is the assumption that they are free of harmful side effects and toxicity, compared to orthodox drugs. However, very few plants have been thoroughly evaluated for their toxic effects. Adansonia digitata (A. digitata) also known as (Baobab) is a member of the Malvaceae family. Almost all components of the tree are utilized in traditional African medicine. The present study evaluated the potential toxicity of methanol extract from the fruit pulp of Adansonia digitata through acute and sub-acute oral administration in rats. The acute oral toxicity study was done according to Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines no 425 using a limit dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight (BW). Sub-acute oral toxicity using (250, 500, and, 1000 mg/kg BW) was performed by daily administration for 28 days according to the OECD guideline 407. The acute toxicity study revealed no lethal effects and behavioral signs of toxicity at the tested dose indicating that LD is greater than 2000mg/kg. In the sub-acute study, no significant difference was observed in the body weight, organ weight, liver, and kidney parameters in all treated groups compared to the control. A non-significant decrease in packed cell volume (PCV) was observed across the groups. Also, a significant increase in the white blood cell count and a decrease in the lymphocyte count occurred in the group treated with 250 mg/kg BW. These results show that methanol extract of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp is generally safe on short-term use but can cause changes in haematological parameters on long-term use.

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Oluwaseyi Adegoke Adetunji, Oluwafunmilola Christiana Adetunji, Grace Aimalohi Agbebaku-Izobo, Gogonte Hezekiah Amah, Opeyemi Adebola Adetunji, Adeola Mariam Sonuga, Babafemi Tosin Ogunbiyi, and Modupe Olusola Adetayo. "Toxicological evaluation of a Nigeria-made polyherbal product on selected reproductive functions in adult male Wistar rats." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.11.3.0410.

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Ruzu bitters black for men (RBBM) is a polyherbal product widely used amongst men in Nigeria to enhance libido, rejuvenate male organs and to manage erectile dysfunctions, prostate anomalies, weak erection, and premature ejaculation. This study was carried out to investigate the toxicological effect from the use of herbal product. Acute toxicity test of RBBM on rats was carried out in two phases; 10 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg for phase I and 1600mg/kg, 2900 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg for phase II, were administered respectively. For sub-acute toxicity, two groups of 5 animals each received RBBM (0.87 mg/kg and1.17 mg/kg respectively) and a third group received water orally for 28 days. The study analyzed the median lethal dosage, and sperm morphology, sperm motility, sperm count, sperm viability and histology of the testes as indices for sub-acute toxicity. No death was recorded for the acute and sub-acute studies but there was a moderate physical sign of toxicity. In the sub-acute toxicity study, there was a significant increase (p˂0.05) in testicular weight of Group 1 animals. Also, sperm count, and sperm motility increases significantly (p˂0.05) while there was a decrease in multiple tail sperm across the test groups. RBBM is not toxic to sperm morphology and causes no death at 5000 mg/kg in male albino Wistar rats.

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Hemalatha, T., D. Ahino Mary, and A. Saravana Ganthi. "Acute and sub-acute toxicity study of Trema orientalis (L.) Bl. methanol extract in rats." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 1-s (February 15, 2019): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i1-s.2353.

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The medicinal plants find wide applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural and food industry. Trema orientalis has emerged as a good source of phytomedicine. T. orientalis has beneficial therapeutic properties, and indicates that it has potential as an effective herbal remedy for several diseases. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity of methanol powder extract of aerial part of Trema orientalis. There were no major changes in the body weight of animal treated with plant extract. The biochemical parameters like ALP, SGPT, SGOT, total protein, globulin, albumin and bilirubin were within the normal limit in the plant extract treated groups of animals. The present study shows that the methanolic extract of Trema orientalis is safe in lower dose for pharmaceutical analysis. Keywords: Acute toxicity, biochemical parameters, Sub-acute toxicity, Trema orientalis

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Kamil, Muhammad, Arifa Fatima, Sami Ullah, Gowhar Ali, Rasool Khan, Naila Ismail, Mughal Qayum, et al. "Toxicological Evaluation of Novel Cyclohexenone Derivative in an Animal Model through Histopathological and Biochemical Techniques." Toxics 9, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9060119.

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Toxicity studies were conducted to provide safety data of potential drug candidates by determining lethal and toxic doses. This study was designed for pre-clinical evaluation of novel cyclohexenone derivative with respect to the acute and sub-acute toxicity along with the diabetogenic potential. Acute and sub-acute toxicity were assessed after intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of the investigational compound through selected doses for 21 days. This was followed by assessment of isolated body organs (liver, kidney, heart and pancreas) via biochemical indicators and histopathological techniques. No signs of toxicity were revealed in the study of acute toxicity. Similarly, a sub-acute toxicity study showed no significant difference in biochemical indicators on 11th and 21st days between treated and control groups. However, in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and random blood glucose/sugar (RBS) values, significant differences were recorded. Histopathological evaluation of liver, kidney, pancreas and heart tissues revealed mild to severe changes in the form of steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, necrosis and myofibrillary damages on 11th and 21st days of treatment. In conclusion, the median lethal dose of the tested compound was expected to be greater than 500 mg/kg. No significant change occurred in selected biomarkers, except BUN and RBS levels, but a histopathological study showed moderate toxic effect on liver, kidney, pancreas and heart tissues by the cyclohexenone derivative.

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Velasco-Chong, Jonas Roberto, Oscar Herrera-Calderón, Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas, Renán Dilton Hañari-Quispe, Linder Figueroa-Salvador, Gilmar Peña-Rojas, Vidalina Andía-Ayme, Ricardo Ángel Yuli-Posadas, Andres F. Yepes-Perez, and Cristian Aguilar. "TOCOSH FLOUR (Solanum tuberosum L.): A Toxicological Assessment of Traditional Peruvian Fermented Potatoes." Foods 9, no. 6 (June 2, 2020): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9060719.

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Potato tocosh is a naturally processed potato for nutritional and curative purposes from traditional Peruvian medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute and sub-acute toxicity of tocosh flour (TF). For sub-acute toxicity, TF was administered orally to rats daily once a day for 28 days at doses of 1000 mg/kg body weight (BW). Animals were observed for general behaviors, mortality, body weight variations, and histological analysis. At the end of treatment, relative organ weights, histopathology, hematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed. For acute toxicity, TF was administered orally to mice at doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg BW at a single dose in both sexes. Body weight, mortality, and clinical signs were observed for 14 days after treatment. The results of acute toxicity showed that the median lethal dose (LD50) value of TF is higher than 2000 g/kg BW but less than 5000 mg/Kg BW in mice. Death and toxicological symptoms were not found during the treatment. For sub-acute toxicity, we found that no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAEL) of TF in rats up to 1000 g/kg BW. There were statistically significant differences in body weight, and relative organ weight in the stomach and brain. No differences in hematological and biochemical parameters were observed when compared with the control group. For sub-acute toxicity, histopathological studies revealed minor abnormalities in liver and kidney tissues at doses of 5000 mg/Kg. Based on these results, TF is a traditional Peruvian medicine with high safety at up to 1000 mg/kg BW for 28 days in rats.

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Maimaiti, Aikebaier, Li Jing-Jing, and Linsen Shi. "Investigating the acute and sub-acute toxicity of medicinal Cuscuta chinensis Lam plant." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 273 (June 2021): 114005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114005.

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Nwidu, Lucky Legbosi, Adesite Samson Olu, and Paul Alozie Nwafor. "Acute and Sub-acute Toxicity Profile of Carpolobia lutea Leaf Extract in Rats." Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 7, no. 3 (March 15, 2012): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jpt.2012.140.149.

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Saacute;, Coecirc;lho. "Acute and sub-acute toxicity of Terminalia fagifolia Mart. Zucc. (Combretaceae) in rodents." African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 7, no. 39 (October 22, 2013): 2680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2013.3865.

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