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Qiao, Dan Yang, Feng Qiang Gao, Xin Ming Lin, Zeng Zheng Wang, and Zi Jian Lin. "A Study on HT32F1765 MCU-Based in Smart Home Gas Monitoring." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 1298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.1298.
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With the rapid development of today's society, air pollution is becoming one of the hottest topics of humans’ concern. Looking at the daily life, some peoples’ awareness in the dangers of indoor air pollution and household gas safety is not enough, so it may lead to a number of respiratory diseases, or "sub-health" conditions. (Such as influenza, pharyngitis and other diseases) On the other hand, some families, because of a gas leak, has not been timely warning of fires and caused the tragedy. To solve these problems, this work is designed based on low-power microcontroller as the master chip HT32F1765 100LQFP between the various smart sensors and did data exchange with the home environment monitoring system. The HT chip use as the master chip and combined with using Sharp PM2.5 gas sensors, temperature and humidity sensors, gas concentration sensor as gas sensing devices. We use all these sensors as information collection module, to collect the data information of air quality, temperature, humidity and combustible gas concentration in different rooms and different locations. The real-time data acquisition and sensor would be displayed on the touch screen. In addition, the creation of data monitoring hardware devices, as well as match the mobile phone in APP. Our users can log on the APP remotely to view home monitoring information, or to receive alarm information.. Thus, adults can safely work outside, avoiding unnecessary worry.
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Hu, Zhixiang, Licheng Zhou, Long Li, Binzhou Ying, Yunong Zhao, Peng Wang, Huayao Li, Yang Zhang, and Huan Liu. "Quantum Dots-Sensitized High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) for Sensitive NO2 Detection." Chemosensors 11, no. 4 (April 18, 2023): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11040252.
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Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are gaining increasing attention for gas sensing applications due to their large surface area and abundant active sites. However, traditional resistor-type gas sensors using CQDs to realize molecule recognition and signal transduction at the same time are associated with the trade-off between sensitivity and conductivity. This limitation has restricted their range of practical applications. In this study, we propose and demonstrate a monolithically integrated field-effect transistor (FET) gas sensor. This novel FET-type gas sensor utilizes the capacitance coupling effect of the CQD sensing film based on a floating gate, and the quantum capacitance plays a role in the capacitance response of the CQD sensing film. By effectively separating the gate sensing film from the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) conduction channel, the lead sulfide (PbS) CQD gate-sensitized FET gas sensor offers high sensitivity, a high signal-to-noise ratio, and a wide range, with a real-time response of sub-ppb NO2. This work highlights the potential of quantum dot-sensitized FET gas sensors as a practical solution for integrated gas sensor chip applications using CQDs.
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Gaudestad, Jan, and Antonio Orozco. "Magnetic Current Imaging of a TSV short in a 3D IC." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2015, DPC (January 1, 2015): 001408–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2015dpc-wp14.
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In this paper we show Magnetic Field Imaging (MFI) is the best method for Electric Fault Isolation (EFI) of short failures in 2.5/3D Through Silicon Via (TSV) devices in a true non-destructive way by imaging the current path. To confirm the failing locations and to do Physical Failure Analysis (PFA), a Dual Beam-Plasma FIB (DB-PFIB) system was used for cross sectioning and volume analysis of the TSV structures and high resolution imaging of the identified defects. Magnetic Current Imaging (MCI) is a sub technique of MFI which has been used by the semiconductor industry for more than a decade to find electrical shorts and leakage paths and which has the capability to “look through” all materials typically used in the semiconductor industry, allowing global imaging without the need for physical de-processing [1, 2, 3]. MCI utilizes two types of sensors: a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) sensor for low current and large working distances and a Giant Magneto Resistance (GMR) sensor for sub micron resolution current imaging at wafer/die level [3]. The sample investigated in this work is a triple-layer stack, in which 2 layers of 50 μm thick test chip (Chip 1 and Chip 2 in Figure 1) were assembled on a 200 μm thick bottom chip (Chip 0 in Figure 1). The test chips were manufactured by imec's standard 65 nm CMOS Back End of Line (BEOL) process, 5×50 μm via-middle TSV technology [4], and fine pitch micro bumping process [6]. Further details of the test vehicle and assembly process can be found elsewhere [5]. The sample had a short between daisy chain a1 and a2, which were supposed to be electrically separated. The probe tests that was used for this experiment is shown in Table 1. The signal was injected into the respective daisy chains by probing V+ to V− on the bottom chip. To send a signal between daisy chain a1 and a2 one could probe V− to V− and V+ to V+. The MCI scans were done using the GMR sensor only. The sample was attached to a vacuum chuck and raster scanned. From Fig. 2 one can see that the current enters the top layer (Chip 2) at TSV 18 and goes back down again to Chip 1 at TSV 28. Since the sample clearly has multiple shorts, the short located at TSV pair 23 was chosen for PFA using the PFIB. A short is found between the 2 BEOL layers of Chip 1, causing the current to leak into Chip 2 (Fig. 3).
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Comes, Maria Colomba, Arianna Mencattini, Davide Di Giuseppe, Joanna Filippi, Michele D’Orazio, Paola Casti, Francesca Corsi, Lina Ghibelli, Corrado Di Natale, and Eugenio Martinelli. "A Camera Sensors-Based System to Study Drug Effects on In Vitro Motility: The Case of PC-3 Prostate Cancer Cells." Sensors 20, no. 5 (March 10, 2020): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051531.
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Cell motility is the brilliant result of cell status and its interaction with close environments. Its detection is now possible, thanks to the synergy of high-resolution camera sensors, time-lapse microscopy devices, and dedicated software tools for video and data analysis. In this scenario, we formulated a novel paradigm in which we considered the individual cells as a sort of sensitive element of a sensor, which exploits the camera as a transducer returning the movement of the cell as an output signal. In this way, cell movement allows us to retrieve information about the chemical composition of the close environment. To optimally exploit this information, in this work, we introduce a new setting, in which a cell trajectory is divided into sub-tracks, each one characterized by a specific motion kind. Hence, we considered all the sub-tracks of the single-cell trajectory as the signals of a virtual array of cell motility-based sensors. The kinematics of each sub-track is quantified and used for a classification task. To investigate the potential of the proposed approach, we have compared the achieved performances with those obtained by using a single-trajectory paradigm with the scope to evaluate the chemotherapy treatment effects on prostate cancer cells. Novel pattern recognition algorithms have been applied to the descriptors extracted at a sub-track level by implementing features, as well as samples selection (a good teacher learning approach) for model construction. The experimental results have put in evidence that the performances are higher when a further cluster majority role has been considered, by emulating a sort of sensor fusion procedure. All of these results highlighted the high strength of the proposed approach, and straightforwardly prefigure its use in lab-on-chip or organ-on-chip applications, where the cell motility analysis can be massively applied using time-lapse microscopy images.
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Küng, Alain, Benjamin A. Bircher, and Felix Meli. "Low-Cost 2D Index and Straightness Measurement System Based on a CMOS Image Sensor." Sensors 19, no. 24 (December 11, 2019): 5461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245461.
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Accurate traceable measurement systems often use laser interferometers for position measurements in one or more dimensions. Since interferometers provide only incremental information, they are often combined with index sensors to provide a stable reference starting point. Straightness measurements are important for machine axis correction and for systems having several degrees of freedom. In this paper, we investigate the accuracy of an optical two-dimensional (2D) index sensor, which can also be used in a straightness measurement system, based on a fiber-coupled, collimated laser beam pointing onto an image sensor. Additionally, the sensor can directly determine a 2D position over a range of a few millimeters. The device is based on a simple and low-cost complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor chip and provides sub-micrometer accuracy. The system is an interesting alternative to standard techniques and can even be implemented on machines for real-time corrections. This paper presents the developed sensor properties for various applications and introduces a novel error separation method for straightness measurements.
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Sun, Mojie, Guoqing Song, Jingjing Liu, Hongmei Chen, and Fuqiang Nie. "In situ controllable synthesis of cotton-like polyaniline nanostructures for a H2O2 sensor using an embedded three-electrode microfluidic chip." RSC Advances 7, no. 22 (2017): 13637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra27165k.
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Li, Zhanming, Zunzhong Ye, Yingchun Fu, Yonghua Xiong, and Yanbin Li. "A portable electrochemical immunosensor for rapid detection of trace aflatoxin B1 in rice." Analytical Methods 8, no. 3 (2016): 548–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay02643a.
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To explore the possibility of achieving rapid and in situ detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a portable biosensing instrument consisting of an impedance detector and a 3D-printed USB-compatible sensor chip was developed.
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Y. Elsayed, Mohamed, Sherif M. Sherif, Amina S. Aljaber, and Mohamed A. Swillam. "Integrated Lab-on-a-Chip Optical Biosensor Using Ultrathin Silicon Waveguide SOI MMI Device." Sensors 20, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 4955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174955.
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Waveguides with sub-100 nm thickness offer a promising platform for sensors. We designed and analyzed multimode interference (MMI) devices using these ultrathin platforms for use as biosensors. To verify our design methodology, we compared the measured and simulated spectra of fabricated 220-nm-thick MMI devices. Designs of the MMI biosensors based on the sub-100 nm platforms have been optimized using finite difference time domain simulations. At a length of 4 mm, the 50-nm-thick MMI sensor provides a sensitivity of roughly 420 nm/RIU and with a figure of merit (FOM) definition of sensitivity/full-width-at-half-maximum, the FOM is 133. On the other hand, using a thickness of 70 nm results in a more compact design—only 2.4 mm length was required to achieve a similar FOM, 134, with a sensitivity of 330 nm/RIU. The limits of detection (LOD) were calculated to be 7.1 × 10−6 RIU and 8.6 × 10−6 RIU for the 50 nm and the 70-nm-thick sensor, respectively. The LOD for glucose sensing was calculated to be less than 10 mg dL−1 making it useful for detecting glucose in the diabetic range. The biosensor is also predicted to be able to detect layers of protein, such as biotin-streptavidin as thin as 1 nm. The ultrathin SOI waveguide platform is promising in biosensing applications using this simple MMI structure.
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Zhao, Dong, Bingyuan Zhao, Dmitri Koltsov, Shutang Chen, and Gugang Chen. "Detection of VOCs and Nitrogen Containing Gaseous Molecules By Utilizing Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) As Sensing Materials." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 63 (October 9, 2022): 2629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02632629mtgabs.
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Carbon nanomaterials are increasingly attractive as potential candidates to make new generation of sensors due to their unique nanostructures that grant their promising electrical, chemical, and physical properties. Among the group of carbon materials, carbon nanotube (CNT) is one of the most encouraging materials because of its features of high surface-to-volume ratio and unique electronic structure. These features enable CNTs the potential to become a highly sensitive sensing material. Since our project aims on detecting bio-marks from human breath, of which the concentrations are extremely low, the nature of our sensor R&D becomes extremely challenging. Consequently, using CNTs as the sensing materials ought to be our obvious choice at this stage. This choice of carbonous materials as sensing media is also on the hope to simplify the sensor’s instability problems in our R&D effort because carbon itself is very chemically inert toward many chemicals. This presentation will serve as a report of the preliminary results from a lab experiment setting to detect several human breath related bio-marks. Sensors were chemiresistive typed and constructed through drop casting on interdigitated sensor circuit. Each sensor chip contains 8 sensor pixels, and the test bed can host maximum of 16 sensor chips simultaneously. In other words, our sensor testing chamber can embed up to 128 sensors at the same time. We then performed the sensor testing against several gases. As expected, the application of nanotechnology in using CNTs enabled us to approach high sensitivity towards to several gaseous analytes, ranging from sub-ppb to sub-ppm. Noticed that, the previous study from our lab revealed that the sensitivity of sensors could be promoted by illuminations of UV light.1 It was approved that the detection limit of nitric oxides is about 27 ppm, providing reliable and stable sensitivity. To simplify the sensor fabrication and miniaturization as well as to reduce power consumption of final sensor units, in this work, we employed an external thermal power to improve the reversibility of the sensors. Two external 375W IR bulbs were used as the heating source in this setting. A dimmer and temperature control circuitry were integrated to maintain the intended operating temperatures. Moreover, we employed our test protocols and methods by functionalizing the CNTs with carboxylic group, besides utilizing the pristine CNTs. It was resulted that this sensor array was able to detect various gaseous species, including NH3, Isoprene, acetone, etc., with relatively high sensitivity. The existence of surfactants in the CNT sensing layer lowered the conductivity of sensor pixels by a great magnitude and resulted in much reduced sensors’ sensitivities. Therefore, removing surfactants in the CNT solution was made, which dramatically improved the sensors’ electric conductivities and boosted sensors’ sensitivities. However, CNT solutions with diluted surfactants destabilize the CNTs’ aqueous suspension, and lead to the non-uniform CNTs layers. The sensor pixels fabricated by using this surfactant deficient CNTs resulted in the formation of CNT bundles or clusters. The gathering of CNTs in a non-uniform fashion could dramatically reduce the sensor’s sensitivity because the bundles would short the interdigitated circuit and disable the CNTs’ sensing capability in most other area of the sensor film. We, therefore, increased the amount of surfactant in the CNT solutions. The sensors fabricated with excess amount of surfactant exhibited highly electric resistance or even non-conductance with very low or no sensitivity. A simple washing process was then developed to wash out the surfactant, which partially resolved the non-uniformity problem. The method to completely prevent the CNT bundles from formation in sensor film is in progress. In conclusion, we developed a gas sensor array that can detect various VOCs and certain nitrogen containing gas molecules with an extremely high or reasonably high sensitivities. Through applying pristine, modified CNTs or mixtures of both into sensor fabrication, the sensing properties were enhanced under an external heating source in comparison with illumination of UV light. The best sensitivity of the sensors is achieved by removing the surfactants in the sensing films. The application of external thermal energy to help on sensors’ performance gets approved. The benefit of using thermal energy vs. UV light is also discussed. G. Chen, T. M. Paronyan, E. M. Pigos, and A. R. Harutyunyan, Scientific Reports 2, 343 (2012).
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Castro-Hurtado, I., J. Gonzalez-Chávarri, S. Morandi, J. Samà, A. Romano-Rodríguez, E. Castaño, and G. G. Mandayo. "Formaldehyde sensing mechanism of SnO2 nanowires grown on-chip by sputtering techniques." RSC Advances 6, no. 22 (2016): 18558–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra26105h.
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Vasiliev, A. A., A. S. Lipilin, A. M. Mozalev, A. S. Lagutin, A. V. Pisliakov, N. P. Zaretskiy, N. N. Samotaev, A. V. Sokolov, and S. A. Soloviev. "Gas Sensors Based on Ceramic MEMS Structures Made of Anodic Alumina and Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Films." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, CICMT (September 1, 2012): 000528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2012-wp33.
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The application of thin ceramic films for the fabrication of MEMS devices enables the extension of their working temperature range up to 600°C, a decrease in heating power consumption, and a very considerable decrease in production cost of sensors and actuators based on this technology. These advantages are very important for the application of gas sensors under harsh environmental conditions, in autonomous and wireless sensor networks. The methods of the fabrication of MEMS platforms for metal oxide semiconductor and thermocatalytic gas sensors, fast thermometers, and flowmeters based on yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and alumina membranes for gas sensors are described. Alumina membranes stable up to 800°C have thickness of about 12 microns and are produced by anodic oxidation of aluminum foil in diluted oxalic acid followed by high-temperature annealing. YSZ membrane with the same thickness is made by slip casting with consequent annealing under mechanic load. Platinum heaters are deposited onto the surface of the membrane by magnetron sputtering through metallic shadow mask. Perfect adhesion of platinum to ceramic material permits us to avoid the application of adhesive sub-layers, and, therefore, improves long-term stability of the heater at high temperature. The sensor chip has a shape of triangle cut by laser beam; the heater meander is located in the vertex of triangle. This approach simplifies the technology of the fabrication of the platform and decreases power necessary for the heating of the sensing layer up to working temperature of 400 – 600°C. It is shown that the application of such triangle shaped membranes permits a decrease in power consumption of the MEMS working at 450°C down to ~ 40 mW at continuous and down to < 1 mW at pulse heating of gas sensor with duty cycle of 1 %. Thermal response time of the microheater is of about 80 ms.
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Shao, Gaofeng, Oleksandr Ovsianytskyi, Maged F. Bekheet, and Aleksander Gurlo. "On-chip assembly of 3D graphene-based aerogels for chemiresistive gas sensing." Chemical Communications 56, no. 3 (2020): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc09092d.
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Ngoc Hoa, Tran Thi, Nguyen Duc Hoa, Nguyen Van Duy, Chu Manh Hung, Dang Thi Thanh Le, Nguyen Van Toan, Nguyen Huy Phuong, and Nguyen Van Hieu. "An effective H2S sensor based on SnO2 nanowires decorated with NiO nanoparticles by electron beam evaporation." RSC Advances 9, no. 24 (2019): 13887–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra01105f.
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GOTO, Yoshio, Kosuke URUSHIHARA, Bunsuke TAKESHITA, and Ken-Ichiro MORI. "A study of Sub-micron Fan-out Wafer Level Packaging solutions." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2018, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 000488–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2018.1.000488.
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Abstract In Fan-out Wafer Level Packaging (FOWLP) processes, redistribution layer (RDL) line width reduction is a key challenge to expand the FOWLP market to multi-chip interconnections, including interconnections between SoC and DRAM, split-die connection of FPGA, and interconnections between image sensors and SoC. Next generation FOWLP requires 1.0 μm RDL and future FOWLP is targeting 0.8 μm RDL. To meet these requirements, Canon has developed new projection optics with a high NA and wide-field that is best suited for sub-micron FOWLP. These projection optics are a new option for FPA-5520iV steppers, offering NA 0.24 imaging and a 52 × 34 mm exposure field. FPA-5520iV steppers with NA 0.24 provide excellent 0.8 μm resolution performance throughout all imaging fields thanks to Canon's wave-front aberration based projection optics manufacturing methods and on-axis optical tilt focus sensor.
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Ngoc Hoa, Tran Thi, Nguyen Van Duy, Chu Manh Hung, Nguyen Van Hieu, Ho Huu Hau, and Nguyen Duc Hoa. "Dip-coating decoration of Ag2O nanoparticles on SnO2 nanowires for high-performance H2S gas sensors." RSC Advances 10, no. 30 (2020): 17713–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra02266g.
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Chen, Shih-Lun, He-Sheng Chou, Shih-Yao Ke, Chiung-An Chen, Tsung-Yi Chen, Mei-Ling Chan, Patricia Angela R. Abu, Liang-Hung Wang, and Kuo-Chen Li. "VLSI Design Based on Block Truncation Coding for Real-Time Color Image Compression for IoT." Sensors 23, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 1573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031573.
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It has always been a major issue for a hospital to acquire real-time information about a patient in emergency situations. Because of this, this research presents a novel high-compression-ratio and real-time-process image compression very-large-scale integration (VLSI) design for image sensors in the Internet of Things (IoT). The design consists of a YEF transform, color sampling, block truncation coding (BTC), threshold optimization, sub-sampling, prediction, quantization, and Golomb–Rice coding. By using machine learning, different BTC parameters are trained to achieve the optimal solution given the parameters. Two optimal reconstruction values and bitmaps for each 4 × 4 block are achieved. An image is divided into 4 × 4 blocks by BTC for numerical conversion and removing inter-pixel redundancy. The sub-sampling, prediction, and quantization steps are performed to reduce redundant information. Finally, the value with a high probability will be coded using Golomb–Rice coding. The proposed algorithm has a higher compression ratio than traditional BTC-based image compression algorithms. Moreover, this research also proposes a real-time image compression chip design based on low-complexity and pipelined architecture by using TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS technology. The operating frequency of the chip can achieve 100 MHz. The core area and the number of logic gates are 598,880 μm2 and 56.3 K, respectively. In addition, this design achieves 50 frames per second, which is suitable for real-time CMOS image sensor compression.
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Yin, Xi, Xiao Jun Wang, and Yong Que Xie. "Temperature Cycle Measurement System Based on Single Chip Computer." Key Engineering Materials 428-429 (January 2010): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.428-429.487.
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This thesis introduces a low cost and high precision temperature cycle measurement system with adoption of PT100 as temperature sensor, with single chip computer as the core. The method of sub-three-wire connection is proposed for engineering practice, then, can eliminate the effects of lead wire resistance and simplify the external cable connection. We discuss and research circuit component selection, circuit design, improving system reliability, and a software method of piecewise linearization process is adopted, thus we ensure exact and reliable measure and the system characteristic of low cost and high precision.
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Braach, Justus, Eric Buschmann, Dominik Dannheim, Katharina Dort, Thanushan Kugathasan, Magdalena Munker, Walter Snoeys, and Mateus Vicente. "Performance of the FASTPIX Sub-Nanosecond CMOS Pixel Sensor Demonstrator." Instruments 6, no. 1 (February 8, 2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments6010013.
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Within the ATTRACT FASTPIX project, a monolithic pixel sensor demonstrator chip has been developed in a modified 180 nm CMOS imaging process, targeting sub-nanosecond timing measurements for single ionizing particles. It features a small collection electrode design on a 25 micron thick epitaxial layer and contains 32 mini matrices of 68 hexagonal pixels each, with pixel pitches ranging from 8.66 to 20 micron. Four pixels are transmitting an analog output signal and 64 are transmitting binary hit information. Various design variations are explored, aiming at accelerating the charge collection and making the timing of the charge collection more uniform over the pixel area. Signal treatment of the analog waveforms, as well as reconstruction of time and charge information, is carried out off-chip. This contribution introduces the design of the sensor and readout system and presents the first performance results for 10 μm and 20 μm pixel pitch achieved in measurements with particle beams.
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Wen, Kunhua, Li Chen, Jinyun Zhou, Liang Lei, and Yihong Fang. "A Plasmonic Chip-Scale Refractive Index Sensor Design Based on Multiple Fano Resonances." Sensors 18, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 3181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103181.
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In this paper, multiple Fano resonances preferred in the refractive index sensing area are achieved based on sub-wavelength metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguides. Two slot cavities, which are placed between or above the MIM waveguides, can support the bright modes or the dark modes, respectively. Owing to the mode interferences, dual Fano resonances with obvious asymmetrical spectral responses are achieved. High sensitivity and high figure of merit are investigated by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. In view of the development of chip-scale integrated photonics, two extra slot cavities are successively added to the structure, and consequently, three and four ultra-sharp Fano peaks with considerable performances are obtained, respectively. It is believed that this proposed structure can find important applications in the on-chip optical sensing and optical communication areas.
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Dobrijević, D., P. Allport, I. Asensi, D. Berlea, D. Bortoletto, C. Buttar, F. Dachs, et al. "Future developments of radiation tolerant sensors based on the MALTA architecture." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 03 (March 1, 2023): C03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/03/c03013.
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Abstract The planned MALTA3 DMAPS designed in the standard TowerJazz 180 nm imaging process will implement the numerous process modifications, as well as front-end changes in order to boost the charge collection efficiency after the targeted fluence of 1 × 1015 1 MeV neq/cm2. The effectiveness of these changes have been demonstrated with recent measurements of the full size MALTA2 chip. With the original MALTA concept being fully asynchronous, a small-scale MiniMALTA demonstrator chip has been developed with the intention of bridging the gap between the asynchronous pixel matrix, and the synchronous DAQ. This readout architecture will serve as a baseline for MALTA3, with focus on improved timing performance. The synchronization memory has been upgraded to allow clock speeds of up to 1.28 GHz, with the goal of achieving a sub-nanosecond on-chip timing resolution. The subsequent digital readout chain has been modified and will be discussed in the context of the overall sensor architecture.
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Jonsson, Jonas, Katarina Smedfors, Leif Nyholm, and Greger Thornell. "Towards Chip-Based Salinity Measurements for Small Submersibles and Biologgers." International Journal of Oceanography 2013 (November 27, 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/529674.
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Water’s salinity plays an important role in the environment. It can be determined by measuring conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD). The corresponding sensor systems are commonly large and cumbersome. Here, a 7.5 × 3.5 mm chip, containing microstructured CTD sensor elements, has been developed. On this, 1.5 mm2 gold finger electrodes are used to measure the impedance, and thereby the conductivity of water, in the MHz frequency range. Operation at these frequencies resulted in higher sensitivities than those at sub-MHz frequencies. Up to 14 kΩ per parts per thousand salt concentration was obtained repeatedly for freshwater concentrations. This was three orders of magnitude higher than that obtained for concentrations in and above the brackish range. A platinum electrode is used to determine a set ambient temperature with an accuracy of 0.005°C. Membranes with Nichrome strain gauges responded to a pressure change of 1 bar with a change in resistance of up to 0.21 Ω. A linear fit to data over 7 bars gave a sensitivity of 0.1185 Ω/bar with an R2 of 0.9964. This indicates that the described device can be used in size-limited applications, like miniaturized submersibles, or as a bio-logger on marine animals.
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Liu, Jun, Qiu Lin Tan, Chen Yang Xue, and Ji Jun Xiong. "Design of a Gas Sensor for Hydrazines Based on Photo-Ionization Principle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 2050–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.2050.
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Based on the photo ionization principle, a gas sensor for the hydrazine is designed. The photo ionization gas sensor can also measure other volatile organic compounds and other gases in concentrations from sub parts per billion to 10000 parts per million (ppm). This gas sensor is the most efficient and inexpensive type of gas sensor. They are capable of giving real-time readings and monitoring continuously. The design of micro ionization chamber, signal detection circuits and installation technology is expatiated in detail. Through researching the design of cell structure, the cell with integration and miniaturization has been devised. By taking Single-Chip Microcomputer (SCM) as intelligence handling, the functional block diagram of gas detection system is designed with the analyzing and devising of its hardware and software system. Experiment results show that the gas sensor has reached the technology requirement of portable, mini-volume, high accuracy, fast response, continuous test, and is able to apply in detecting the organic gases. Therefore, the photo ionization sensor has a promising future for the hydrazines gas and volatile organic compounds detection.
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Widodo, Slamet, and Goib Wiranto. "LIFT OFF PROCESS ON FABRICATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) GAS SENSOR DEVICES." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 10, no. 2 (September 27, 2016): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.10.2.540.173-185.
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<p>This paper discuss the design and fabrication of microdevice to be used as platform for CO (Carbon monoxide) gas sensor based on tin dioxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>). The device has been designed on silicon substrate with an active area of 3x3 mm<sup>2</sup>, and it is consist of bonding pad, heater, electrode, and temperature sensor components. The minimum feature size used is 50 microns, as allowed by the capability of photolithographic process. The formation of microdevice structure was carried out by lift-off technique on platinum (Pt) layer, which was deposited by DC sputtering with aluminum (Al) as sacrificial layer. The overall chip dimension is 5x5 mm<sup>2</sup>. The measurement that was conducted to study the characteristic of resistance asfunction of temperature has shown that the heater and temperature sensor elements could work as expected, in which their resistances change linearly as the temperature of the substrate increase by 20 – 200 °C. The resistance values of the heater increase 500 – 1000 ohm. Meanwhile, the resistance increasing for temperatur sensor is between 100 – 300 ohm. </p>
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Widodo, Slamet, and Goib Wiranto. "LIFT OFF PROCESS ON FABRICATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) GAS SENSOR DEVICES." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 10, no. 2 (September 27, 2016): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.v10i2.540.
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<p>This paper discuss the design and fabrication of microdevice to be used as platform for CO (Carbon monoxide) gas sensor based on tin dioxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>). The device has been designed on silicon substrate with an active area of 3x3 mm<sup>2</sup>, and it is consist of bonding pad, heater, electrode, and temperature sensor components. The minimum feature size used is 50 microns, as allowed by the capability of photolithographic process. The formation of microdevice structure was carried out by lift-off technique on platinum (Pt) layer, which was deposited by DC sputtering with aluminum (Al) as sacrificial layer. The overall chip dimension is 5x5 mm<sup>2</sup>. The measurement that was conducted to study the characteristic of resistance asfunction of temperature has shown that the heater and temperature sensor elements could work as expected, in which their resistances change linearly as the temperature of the substrate increase by 20 – 200 °C. The resistance values of the heater increase 500 – 1000 ohm. Meanwhile, the resistance increasing for temperatur sensor is between 100 – 300 ohm. </p>
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Shi, Chen, Victoria Andino-Pavlovsky, Stephen A. Lee, Tiago Costa, Jeffrey Elloian, Elisa E. Konofagou, and Kenneth L. Shepard. "Application of a sub–0.1-mm3 implantable mote for in vivo real-time wireless temperature sensing." Science Advances 7, no. 19 (May 2021): eabf6312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf6312.
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There has been increasing interest in wireless, miniaturized implantable medical devices for in vivo and in situ physiological monitoring. Here, we present such an implant that uses a conventional ultrasound imager for wireless powering and data communication and acts as a probe for real-time temperature sensing, including the monitoring of body temperature and temperature changes resulting from therapeutic application of ultrasound. The sub–0.1-mm3, sub–1-nW device, referred to as a mote, achieves aggressive miniaturization through the monolithic integration of a custom low-power temperature sensor chip with a microscale piezoelectric transducer fabricated on top of the chip. The small displaced volume of these motes allows them to be implanted or injected using minimally invasive techniques with improved biocompatibility. We demonstrate their sensing functionality in vivo for an ultrasound neurostimulation procedure in mice. Our motes have the potential to be adapted to the distributed and localized sensing of other clinically relevant physiological parameters.
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Groeb, Marvin, Lorenz Hagelüken, Johann Groeb, and Wolfgang Ensinger. "Experimental Analysis of Ductile Cutting Regime in Face Milling of Sintered Silicon Carbide." Materials 15, no. 7 (March 24, 2022): 2409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15072409.
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In this study, sintered silicon carbide is machined on a high-precision milling machine with a high-speed spindle, closed-loop linear drives and friction-free micro gap hydrostatics. A series of experiments was undertaken varying the relevant process parameters such as feedrate, cutting speed and chip thickness. For this, the milled surfaces are characterized in a process via an acoustic emission sensor. The milled surfaces were analyzed via confocal laser scanning microscopy and the ISO 25178 areal surface quality parameters such as Sa, Sq and Smr are determined. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy was used to qualitatively characterize the surfaces, but also to identify sub-surface damages such as grooves, breakouts and pitting. Raman laser spectroscopy is used to identify possible amorphization and changes to crystal structure. We used grazing incidence XRD to analyze the crystallographic structure and scanning acoustic microscopy to analyze sub-surface damages. A polycrystalline diamond tool was able to produce superior surfaces compared to diamond grinding with an areal surface roughness Sa of below 100 nm in a very competitive time frame. The finished surface exhibits a high gloss and reflectance. It can be seen that chip thickness and cutting speed have a major influence on the resulting surface quality. The undamaged surface in combination with a small median chip thickness is indicative of a ductile cutting regime.
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Liu, Shi Wei, and Shi Bin Liu. "Design and Realization of a Digital Multichannel Fluxgate Signal Processing System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 182-183 (June 2012): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.182-183.491.
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Addressing drawbacks of analog components and questions of multi-channel fluxgate signal operation, a FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) based signal processing system is designed. Three copies of sub modules compose the whole system, each of which exclusively processes one of three outputs of the fluxgate sensor. A “Phase-Sensitive-Rectification & Low-Pass-Filtering” circuit structure is employed in the processing module, through which the fluxgate signal harmonics are extracted and converted into direct quantities according to detected magnetic intensities. Firstly designed in HDL (Hardware Description Language), afterward configurated in a FPGA chip, finally tested by processing outputs of a fluxgate sensor probe in real-time, the functionality of the designed system is verified. With inherent advantages, this FPGA based design is much reliable over temperature; by processing signals not time-sharingly but synchronously, its working speed is excellently high.
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Pillai, Sangeeth, Jan C. Kwan, Fares Yaziji, Hanwen Yu, and Simon D. Tran. "Mapping the Potential of Microfluidics in Early Diagnosis and Personalized Treatment of Head and Neck Cancers." Cancers 15, no. 15 (July 31, 2023): 3894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15153894.
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Head and neck cancers (HNCs) account for ~4% of all cancers in North America and encompass cancers affecting the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, sinuses, nasal cavity, and salivary glands. The anatomical complexity of the head and neck region, characterized by highly perfused and innervated structures, presents challenges in the early diagnosis and treatment of these cancers. The utilization of sub-microliter volumes and the unique phenomenon associated with microscale fluid dynamics have facilitated the development of microfluidic platforms for studying complex biological systems. The advent of on-chip microfluidics has significantly impacted the diagnosis and treatment strategies of HNC. Sensor-based microfluidics and point-of-care devices have improved the detection and monitoring of cancer biomarkers using biological specimens like saliva, urine, blood, and serum. Additionally, tumor-on-a-chip platforms have allowed the creation of patient-specific cancer models on a chip, enabling the development of personalized treatments through high-throughput screening of drugs. In this review, we first focus on how microfluidics enable the development of an enhanced, functional drug screening process for targeted treatment in HNCs. We then discuss current advances in microfluidic platforms for biomarker sensing and early detection, followed by on-chip modeling of HNC to evaluate treatment response. Finally, we address the practical challenges that hinder the clinical translation of these microfluidic advances.
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Fan, Suyan, Man-Kay Law, Mingzhong Li, Zhiyuan Chen, Chio-In Ieong, Pui-In Mak, and Rui P. Martins. "Wide Input Range Supply Voltage Tolerant Capacitive Sensor Readout Using On-Chip Solar Cell." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 25, no. 01 (November 15, 2015): 1640006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126616400065.
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In this paper, a wide input range supply voltage tolerant capacitive sensor readout circuit using on-chip solar cell is presented. Based on capacitance controlled oscillators (CCOs) for ultra-low voltage/power consumption, the sensor readout circuit is directly powered by the on-chip solar cell to improve the overall system energy efficiency. An extended sensing range with high sensing accuracy is achieved using a two-step successive approximation register (SAR) and delta-sigma ([Formula: see text]) analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion (ADC) scheme. Digital controls are generated on-chip using a customized sub-threshold digital standard cell library. Systematic error analysis and optimization including the finite switch on-resistance, buffer input-dependent delay, and SAR quantization nonlinearity are also outlined. High power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) is ensured by using a pseudo-differential topology with ratiometric readout. The complete sensing system is implemented using a standard 0.18[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process. Simulation results show that the readout circuit achieves a wide input range from 1.5[Formula: see text]pF to 6.5[Formula: see text]pF with a worst case PSRR of 0.5% from 0.3[Formula: see text]V to 0.42[Formula: see text]V (0.67% from 0.3[Formula: see text]V to 0.6[Formula: see text]V). With a 3.5[Formula: see text]pF input capacitance and a 0.3[Formula: see text]V supply, the [Formula: see text] stage achieves a resolution of 7.1-bit (corresponding to a capacitance of 2.2[Formula: see text]fF/LSB) with a conversion frequency of 371[Formula: see text]Hz. With an average power consumption of 40[Formula: see text]nW and a sampling frequency of 47.5[Formula: see text]kHz, a figure-of-merit (FoM) of 0.78[Formula: see text]pJ/conv-step is achieved.
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Butt, Muhammad Ali, and Nikolai Lvovich Kazansky. "SOI Suspended membrane waveguide at 3.39 µm for gas sensing application." Photonics Letters of Poland 12, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v12i2.1034.
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In this letter, we present a numerical study on the designing of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) suspended membrane waveguide (SMW). The waveguide geometry is optimized at 3.39 µm TE-polarized light which is the absorption line of methane gas by utilizing a 3D finite element method (FEM). The transmission loss (TL) and evanescent field ratio (EFR) of the waveguide are calculated for different geometric parameters such as the width of core, the height of core and period of the cladding. We found out that TL is directly related to EFR. Therefore, a waveguide geometry can be designed which can offer high EFR at the cost of high TL or low EFR with low TL, as desired. Based on the geometric parameters used in this paper, we have obtained a TL and EFR which lies in the range of 1.54 dB-3.37 dB and 0.26-0.505, respectively. Full Text: PDF ReferencesL. Vivien et al., "High speed silicon-based optoelectronic devices on 300mm platform", 2014 16th International conference on transparent optical networks (ICTON), Graz, 2014, pp. 1-4, CrossRef Y. Zou, S. Chakravarty, "Mid-infrared silicon photonic waveguides and devices [Invited]", Photonic Research, 6(4), 254-276 (2018). CrossRef J.S. Penades et al., "Suspended SOI waveguide with sub-wavelength grating cladding for mid-infrared", Optics letters, 39(19), 5661-5664 (2014). CrossRef T. Baehr-Jones, A. Spott, R. Ilic, A. Spott, B. Penkov, W. Asher, and M. Hochberg, "Silicon-on-sapphire integrated waveguides for the mid-infrared", Opt. Express, 18(12),12127-12135 (2010). CrossRef J. Mu, R. Soref, L. C. Kimerling, and J. Michel, "Silicon-on-nitride structures for mid-infrared gap-plasmon waveguiding", Appl. Phys. Lett., 104(3), 031115 (2014). CrossRef J.S. Penades et al., "Suspended silicon waveguides for long-wave infrared wavelengths", Optics letters, 43 (4), 795-798 (2018). CrossRef J.S. Penades et al., "Suspended silicon mid-infrared waveguide devices with subwavelength grating metamaterial cladding", Optics Express, 24, (20), 22908-22916 (2016). CrossRef M.A. Butt, S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy, "Modelling of Rib channel waveguides based on silicon-on-sapphire at 4.67 μm wavelength for evanescent field gas absorption sensor", Optik, 168, 692-697 (2018). CrossRef S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy, M.A. Butt, "Evanescent field ratio enhancement of a modified ridge waveguide structure for methane gas sensing application", IEEE Sensors Journal CrossRef M.A. Butt, S.A. Degtyarev, S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy, "An evanescent field absorption gas sensor at mid-IR 3.39 μm wavelength", Journal of Modern Optics, 64(18), 1892-1897 (2017). CrossRef S. Zampolli et al., "Selectivity enhancement of metal oxide gas sensors using a micromachined gas chromatographic column", Sensors and Actuators B Chemical, 105 (2), 400-406 (2005). CrossRef N. Dossi, R. Toniolo, A. Pizzariello, E. Carrilho, E. Piccin, S. Battiston, G. Bontempelli, "An electrochemical gas sensor based on paper supported room temperature ionic liquids", Lab Chip, 12 (1), 153-158 (2011). CrossRef V. Avetisov, O. Bjoroey, J. Wang, P. Geiser, K. G. Paulsen, "Hydrogen Sensor Based on Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy", Sensors, 19 (23), 5313 (2019). CrossRef M.A. Butt, S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy, "Silicon on silicon dioxide slot waveguide evanescent field gas absorption sensor", Journal of Modern Optics, 65(2), 174-178 (2018). CrossRef Nikolay Lvovich Kazanskiy, Svetlana Nikolaevna Khonina, Muhammad Ali Butt, "Subwavelength Grating Double Slot Waveguide Racetrack Ring Resonator for Refractive Index Sensing Application", Sensors, 20, 3416 (2020). CrossRef H. Tai, H. Tanaka, T. Yoshino, "Fiber-optic evanescent-wave methane-gas sensor using optical absorption for the 3.392-μm line of a He–Ne laser", Opt. Lett., 12, 437-439 (1987). CrossRef M.A. Butt, S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy, "Hybrid plasmonic waveguide-assisted Metal–Insulator–Metal ring resonator for refractive index sensing", Journal of Modern Optics, 65(9), 1135-1140 (2018). CrossRef S.A. Degtyarev, M.A. Butt, S.N. Khonina, R.V. Skidanov, "Modelling of TiO2 based slot waveguides with high optical confinement in sharp bends", 2016 International Conference on Computing, Electronic and Electrical Engineering, ICE Cube, Quetta, 2016, 10-13 CrossRef
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Göb, Stephan, Theresa Ida Götz, and Thomas Wittenberg. "Multispectral single chip reconstruction using DNNs with application to open neurosurgery." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2021-2010.
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Abstract Multispectral imaging devices incorporating up to 256 different spectral channels have recently become available for various healthcare applications, as e.g. laparoscopy, gastroscopy, dermatology or perfusion imaging for wound analysis. Currently, the use of such devices is limited due to very high investment costs and slow capture times. To compensate these shortcomings, single sensors with spectral masking on the pixel level have been proposed. Hence, adequate spectral reconstruction methods are needed. Within this work, two deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) architectures for spectral image reconstruction from single sensors are compared with each other. Training of the networks is based on a huge collection of different MSI imagestacks, which have been subsampled, simulating 16-channel single sensors with spectral masking. We define a training, validation and test set (‘HITgoC’) resulting in 351 training (631.128 sub-images), 99 validation (163.272 sub-images) and 51 test images. For the application in the field of neurosurgery an additional testing set of 36 image stacks from the Nimbus data collection is used, depicting MSI brain data during open surgery. Two DCNN architectures were compared to bilinear interpolation (BI) and an intensity difference (ID) algorithm. The DCNNs (ResNet-Shinoda) were trained on HITgoC and consist of a preprocessing step using BI or ID and a refinement part using a ResNet structure. Similarity measures used were PSNR, SSIM and MSE between predicted and reference images. We calculated the similarity measures for HitgoC and Nimbus data and determined differences of the mean similarity measure values achieved with the ResNet-ID and baseline algorithms such as BI algorithm and ResNet-Shinoda. The proposed method achieved better results against BI in SSIM (.0644 vs. .0252), PSNR (15.3 dB vs. 9.1 dB) and 1-MSE*100 (.0855 vs. .0273) and compared to ResNet-Shinoda in SSIM (.0103 vs. .0074), PSNR (3.8 dB vs. 3.6 dB) and 1-MSE*100 (.0075 vs. .0047) for HITgoC/Nimbus. In this study, significantly better results for spectral reconstruction in MSI images of open neurosurgery was achieved using a combination of ID-interpolation and ResNet structure compared to standard methods.
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Jones, A. T., C. P. Scheller, J. R. Prance, Y. B. Kalyoncu, D. M. Zumbühl, and R. P. Haley. "Progress in Cooling Nanoelectronic Devices to Ultra-Low Temperatures." Journal of Low Temperature Physics 201, no. 5-6 (June 5, 2020): 772–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10909-020-02472-9.
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AbstractHere we review recent progress in cooling micro-/nanoelectronic devices significantly below 10 mK. A number of groups worldwide are working to produce sub-millikelvin on-chip electron temperatures, motivated by the possibility of observing new physical effects and improving the performance of quantum technologies, sensors and metrological standards. The challenge is a longstanding one, with the lowest reported on-chip electron temperature having remained around 4 mK for more than 15 years. This is despite the fact that microkelvin temperatures have been accessible in bulk materials since the mid-twentieth century. In this review, we describe progress made in the last 5 years using new cooling techniques. Developments have been driven by improvements in the understanding of nanoscale physics, material properties and heat flow in electronic devices at ultralow temperatures and have involved collaboration between universities and institutes, physicists and engineers. We hope that this review will serve as a summary of the current state of the art and provide a roadmap for future developments. We focus on techniques that have shown, in experiment, the potential to reach sub-millikelvin electron temperatures. In particular, we focus on on-chip demagnetisation refrigeration. Multiple groups have used this technique to reach temperatures around 1 mK, with a current lowest temperature below 0.5 mK.
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Chierchie, F., C. R. Chavez, M. Sofo Haro, G. Fernandez Moroni, B. A. Cervantes-Vergara, S. Perez, J. Estrada, J. Tiffenberg, S. Uemura, and A. Botti. "First results from a multiplexed and massive instrument with sub-electron noise Skipper-CCDs." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 01 (January 1, 2023): P01040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/p01040.
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Abstract We present a new instrument composed of a large number of sub-electron noise Skipper-CCDs operated with a two stage analog multiplexed readout scheme suitable for scaling to thousands of channels. New, thick, 1.35 Mpix sensors, from a new foundry, are glued into a Multi-Chip Module (MCM) printed circuit board on a ceramic substrate which has 16 sensors each. The instrument, that can hold up-to 16 MCMs, a total of 256 Skipper-CCD sensors (called a Super-Module with ≈ 130 grams of active mass and 346 Mpix), is part of the R&D effort of the OSCURA experiment which will have ≈ 94 super-modules. Experimental results with 10 MCMs and 160 Skipper-CCDs sensors are presented in this paper. This is already the largest ever built instrument with single electron sensitivity CCDs using nondestructive readout, both, in terms of active mass and number of channels.
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Kang, Hosung, Hojong Choi, and Jungsuk Kim. "Ambient Light Rejection Integrated Circuit for Autonomous Adaptation on a Sub-Retinal Prosthetic System." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 21, 2021): 5638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165638.
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This paper introduces an ambient light rejection (ALR) circuit for the autonomous adaptation of a subretinal implant system. The sub-retinal implants, located beneath a bipolar cell layer, are known to have a significant advantage in spatial resolution by integrating more than a thousand pixels, compared to epi-retinal implants. However, challenges remain regarding current dispersion in high-density retinal implants, and ambient light induces pixel saturation. Thus, the technical issues of ambient light associated with a conventional image processing technique, which lead to high power consumption and area occupation, are still unresolved. Thus, it is necessary to develop a novel image-processing unit to handle ambient light, considering constraints related to power and area. In this paper, we present an ALR circuit as an image-processing unit for sub-retinal implants. We first introduced an ALR algorithm to reduce the ambient light in conventional retinal implants; next, we implemented the ALR algorithm as an application-specific integrated chip (ASIC). The ALR circuit was fabricated using a standard 0.35-μm CMOS process along with an image-sensor-based stimulator, a sensor pixel, and digital blocks. As experimental results, the ALR circuit occupies an area of 190 µm2, consumes a power of 3.2 mW and shows a maximum response time of 1.6 s at a light intensity of 20,000 lux. The proposed ALR circuit also has a pixel loss rate of 0.3%. The experimental results show that the ALR circuit leads to a sensor pixel (SP) being autonomously adjusted, depending on the light intensity.
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Oštir, K., K. Čotar, A. Marsetič, P. Pehani, M. Perše, K. Zakšek, J. Zaletelj, and T. Rodič. "Automatic Near-Real-Time Image Processing Chain for Very High Resolution Optical Satellite Data." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 29, 2015): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-669-2015.
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In response to the increasing need for automatic and fast satellite image processing SPACE-SI has developed and implemented a fully automatic image processing chain STORM that performs all processing steps from sensor-corrected optical images (level 1) to web-delivered map-ready images and products without operator's intervention. <br><br> Initial development was tailored to high resolution RapidEye images, and all crucial and most challenging parts of the planned full processing chain were developed: module for automatic image orthorectification based on a physical sensor model and supported by the algorithm for automatic detection of ground control points (GCPs); atmospheric correction module, topographic corrections module that combines physical approach with Minnaert method and utilizing anisotropic illumination model; and modules for high level products generation. Various parts of the chain were implemented also for WorldView-2, THEOS, Pleiades, SPOT 6, Landsat 5-8, and PROBA-V. Support of full-frame sensor currently in development by SPACE-SI is in plan. <br><br> The proposed paper focuses on the adaptation of the STORM processing chain to very high resolution multispectral images. The development concentrated on the sub-module for automatic detection of GCPs. The initially implemented two-step algorithm that worked only with rasterized vector roads and delivered GCPs with sub-pixel accuracy for the RapidEye images, was improved with the introduction of a third step: super-fine positioning of each GCP based on a reference raster chip. The added step exploits the high spatial resolution of the reference raster to improve the final matching results and to achieve pixel accuracy also on very high resolution optical satellite data.
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Zhang, Xiaosheng, Kyungmok Kwon, Johannes Henriksson, Jianheng Luo, and Ming C. Wu. "A large-scale microelectromechanical-systems-based silicon photonics LiDAR." Nature 603, no. 7900 (March 9, 2022): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04415-8.
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AbstractThree-dimensional (3D) imaging sensors allow machines to perceive, map and interact with the surrounding world1. The size of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) devices is often limited by mechanical scanners. Focal plane array-based 3D sensors are promising candidates for solid-state LiDARs because they allow electronic scanning without mechanical moving parts. However, their resolutions have been limited to 512 pixels or smaller2. In this paper, we report on a 16,384-pixel LiDAR with a wide field of view (FoV, 70° × 70°), a fine addressing resolution (0.6° × 0.6°), a narrow beam divergence (0.050° × 0.049°) and a random-access beam addressing with sub-MHz operation speed. The 128 × 128-element focal plane switch array (FPSA) of grating antennas and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-actuated optical switches are monolithically integrated on a 10 × 11-mm2 silicon photonic chip, where a 128 × 96 subarray is wire bonded and tested in experiments. 3D imaging with a distance resolution of 1.7 cm is achieved with frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) ranging in monostatic configuration. The FPSA can be mass-produced in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) foundries, which will allow ubiquitous 3D sensors for use in autonomous cars, drones, robots and smartphones.
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Yadav, Gunjan, Subrat Sahu, Ritesh Kumar, and Rajan Jha. "Bound States in the Continuum Empower Subwavelength Gratings for Refractometers in Visible." Photonics 9, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9050292.
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This paper describes a compact refractometer in visible with optical bounds states in the continuum (BICs) using silicon nitride (Si3N4) based sub-wavelength medium contrast gratings (MCGs). The proposed device is highly sensitive to different polarization states of light and allows a wide dynamic range from 1.330 (aqueous environment) to 1.420 (biomolecules) monitoring, apart from its being thermally stable. The proposed sensor has a sensitivity of 363 nm/RIU for X polarized light and 137 nm/RIU for Y polarized light. The spectral characteristics have been obtained with a high angular resolution for the smaller angle of incidence, which confirms the BIC hybrid modes with good quality factors and enhanced field confinement. The device is based on a normal-to-the-surface optical launching strategy to achieve exceptional interrogation stability and alignment-free performance. This system can also be used in the CMOS photodetectors for on-chip label-free biosensing.
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Yadav, Gunjan, Subrat Sahu, Ritesh Kumar, and Rajan Jha. "Bound States in the Continuum Empower Subwavelength Gratings for Refractometers in Visible." Photonics 9, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9050292.
Full textAbstract:
This paper describes a compact refractometer in visible with optical bounds states in the continuum (BICs) using silicon nitride (Si3N4) based sub-wavelength medium contrast gratings (MCGs). The proposed device is highly sensitive to different polarization states of light and allows a wide dynamic range from 1.330 (aqueous environment) to 1.420 (biomolecules) monitoring, apart from its being thermally stable. The proposed sensor has a sensitivity of 363 nm/RIU for X polarized light and 137 nm/RIU for Y polarized light. The spectral characteristics have been obtained with a high angular resolution for the smaller angle of incidence, which confirms the BIC hybrid modes with good quality factors and enhanced field confinement. The device is based on a normal-to-the-surface optical launching strategy to achieve exceptional interrogation stability and alignment-free performance. This system can also be used in the CMOS photodetectors for on-chip label-free biosensing.
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Shi, Leilei, and Leyla Esfandiari. "An Electrokinetically-Driven Microchip for Rapid Entrapment and Detection of Nanovesicles." Micromachines 12, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12010011.
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Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) has been widely used as a label-free and rapid characterization method for the analysis of cells in clinical research. However, the related work on exosomes (40–150 nm) and the particles of similar size has not yet been reported. In this study, we developed a new Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) device to rapidly entrap a cluster of sub-micron particles, including polystyrene beads, liposomes, and small extracellular vesicles (exosomes), utilizing an insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) scheme followed by measuring their impedance utilizing an integrated electrical impedance sensor. This technique provides a label-free, fast, and non-invasive tool for the detection of bionanoparticles based on their unique dielectric properties. In the future, this device could potentially be applied to the characterization of pathogenic exosomes and viruses of similar size, and thus, be evolved as a powerful tool for early disease diagnosis and prognosis.
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Li, Jian Wen, Hong Guo Dong, Yue Wang, Si Zhang, and Zheng Fei Xu. "Research on the Dynamic Model and ECU HIL Simulation System of Electronic-Controlled Engine." Advanced Materials Research 889-890 (February 2014): 962–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.889-890.962.
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An ECU hardware-in-loop simulation system for electronic-controlled engine in better real-time and augmentability is built. We establish a dynamic average model of the electronic-controlled engine and put emphasis on analysing its fuel and oil slick modelmass flow model of intake manifold air and the sub-model of inlet manifold pressure. The engine model has fewer parameters and lower orders in order to adjust and set parameters; We propose a building program based on virtual instrument technology and adopts the chip TMS320F2812-DSP to design a signal interface system used to achieve the simulation for sensor signal and the collection of ECU output signal. Through the verification of simulating experimental data, it's proved that the established model of electronic-controlled engine has suitable steps and good real-time performance, building a good foundation for further experimental design and research in the future.
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Neves, Geraldo Aparecido Rodrigues, José De Souza Nogueira, Marcelo Sacardi Biudes, Paulo Henrique Zanella de Arruda, João Basso Marques, and Rafael Da Silva Palácios. "Desenvolvimento e Calibração de um Termohigrômetro para uso em Pesquisas de Micrometeorologia, Agrometeorologia e Clima (Development and calibration of a Thermohygrometer for use in Research Micrometeorology, Agrometeorology and Climatological)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 8, no. 1 (September 23, 2015): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v8.1.p136-143.
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A utilização de sensores para medidas de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar (UR) são fundamentais para o desenvolvimento da micrometeorologia, na agrometeorologia para o manejo de irrigação, clima urbano, pesquisas ambientais de microclima e climatologia. Apesar de simples, o alto custo desses sensores dificulta sua aquisição para que haja a disponibilidade de séries temporais, dessas variáveis, nas cidades, campo e florestas brasileiras. Nesse contexto, desenvolvemos um termohigrômetro, utilizando o chip sensor SHT75, para medir a Temperatura e Umidade Relativa do Ar em ambientes externos, de acordo com a (WMO) e com eficiência compatível com os mais conceituados disponíveis no mercado. Após o desenvolvimento, foram feitas as calibrações dos sensores, utilizando equipamentos similares comerciais certificados. Realizamos comparações através do ajuste de modelos lineares dos dados. Os resultados mostraram que houve alta correlação entre os valores obtidos pelos sensores, construídos e os de referencia, com R2 acima de 99% e redução de custos de até 90%.
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Lee, Ah-Hyoung, Jihun Lee, Farah Laiwalla, Vincent Leung, Jiannan Huang, Arto Nurmikko, and Yoon-Kyu Song. "A Scalable and Low Stress Post-CMOS Processing Technique for Implantable Microsensors." Micromachines 11, no. 10 (October 5, 2020): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11100925.
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Implantable active electronic microchips are being developed as multinode in-body sensors and actuators. There is a need to develop high throughput microfabrication techniques applicable to complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)-based silicon electronics in order to process bare dies from a foundry to physiologically compatible implant ensembles. Post-processing of a miniature CMOS chip by usual methods is challenging as the typically sub-mm size small dies are hard to handle and not readily compatible with the standard microfabrication, e.g., photolithography. Here, we present a soft material-based, low chemical and mechanical stress, scalable microchip post-CMOS processing method that enables photolithography and electron-beam deposition on hundreds of micrometers scale dies. The technique builds on the use of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) carrier substrate, in which the CMOS chips were embedded and precisely aligned, thereby enabling batch post-processing without complication from additional micromachining or chip treatments. We have demonstrated our technique with 650 μm × 650 μm and 280 μm × 280 μm chips, designed for electrophysiological neural recording and microstimulation implants by monolithic integration of patterned gold and PEDOT:PSS electrodes on the chips and assessed their electrical properties. The functionality of the post-processed chips was verified in saline, and ex vivo experiments using wireless power and data link, to demonstrate the recording and stimulation performance of the microscale electrode interfaces.
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Pérez-Bailón, Jorge, Belén Calvo, and Nicolás Medrano. "1.0 V-0.18 µm CMOS Tunable Low Pass Filters with 73 dB DR for On-Chip Sensing Acquisition Systems." Electronics 10, no. 5 (February 27, 2021): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10050563.
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This paper presents a new approach based on the use of a Current Steering (CS) technique for the design of fully integrated Gm–C Low Pass Filters (LPF) with sub-Hz to kHz tunable cut-off frequencies and an enhanced power-area-dynamic range trade-off. The proposed approach has been experimentally validated by two different first-order single-ended LPFs designed in a 0.18 µm CMOS technology powered by a 1.0 V single supply: a folded-OTA based LPF and a mirrored-OTA based LPF. The first one exhibits a constant power consumption of 180 nW at 100 nA bias current with an active area of 0.00135 mm2 and a tunable cutoff frequency that spans over 4 orders of magnitude (~100 mHz–152 Hz @ CL = 50 pF) preserving dynamic figures greater than 78 dB. The second one exhibits a power consumption of 1.75 µW at 500 nA with an active area of 0.0137 mm2 and a tunable cutoff frequency that spans over 5 orders of magnitude (~80 mHz–~1.2 kHz @ CL = 50 pF) preserving a dynamic range greater than 73 dB. Compared with previously reported filters, this proposal is a competitive solution while satisfying the low-voltage low-power on-chip constraints, becoming a preferable choice for general-purpose reconfigurable front-end sensor interfaces.
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Wade, A. J., E. J. Palmer-Felgate, S. J. Halliday, R. A. Skeffington, M. Loewenthal, H. P. Jarvie, M. J. Bowes, et al. "From existing in situ, high-resolution measurement technologies to lab-on-a-chip – the future of water quality monitoring?" Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 5 (May 25, 2012): 6457–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-6457-2012.
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Abstract. This paper introduces new insights into the hydrochemical functioning of lowland river-systems using field-based spectrophotometric and electrode technologies. The streamwater concentrations of nitrogen species and phosphorus fractions were measured at hourly intervals on a continuous basis at two contrasting sites on tributaries of the River Thames, one draining a rural catchment, the River Enborne, and one draining a more urban system, The Cut. The measurements complement those from an existing network of multi-parameter water quality sondes maintained across the Thames catchment and weekly monitoring based on grab samples. The results of the sub-daily monitoring show that streamwater phosphorus concentrations display highly complex, seemingly chaotic, dynamics under storm conditions dependent on the antecedent catchment wetness, and that diurnal phosphorus and nitrogen cycles occur under low flow conditions. The diurnal patterns highlight the dominance of sewage inputs in controlling the streamwater phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations at low flows, even at a distance of 7 km from the nearest sewage works in the rural, River Enborne, and that the time of sample collection is important when judging water quality against ecological thresholds or standards. An exhaustion of the supply of phosphorus from diffuse and septic tank sources during storm events was evident and load estimation was not improved by sub-daily monitoring beyond that achieved by daily sampling because of the eventual reduction in the phosphorus mass entering the stream during events. The dominance of respiration over photosynthesis in The Cut indicated a prevalence of heterotrophic algae, and the seasonal patterns in respiration and photosynthesis corresponded with those of temperature and light in this nutrient over-enriched stream. These results highlight the utility of sub-daily water quality measurements but the deployment of modified wet-chemistry technologies into the field was limited by mains electricity availability. A new approach is therefore needed to allow measurement of a wide range of analytes at a broader range of locations for the development of water quality web-sensor networks. The development and field deployment of a miniaturised "lab-on-a-chip" ion chromatograph is proposed and justified.
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Barbara, Bruce J. "The Package Becomes the System." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2017, DPC (January 1, 2017): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2017dpc-wp1_presentation1.
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The benefits of system miniaturization lower-cost, higher electrical performance and better thermal mechanical reliability, than the current approach of discrete component packaging have been discussed at length. Several technologies have been used to address these benefits. SOC, SiP, Fan-In and Fan Out and wafer level packages. Recently there has been much discussion about Fan Out Wafer Level packaging (FOWLP) to integrate the entire system in package. However, actual implementations fall short of a complete system in a package in that only few of the chips and some passives are currently integrated into the FOWLP. But what about the rest of the system? A true system also requires additional components not traditionally considered integrate-able into a package. These include antennas, batteries, thermal structures, RF, Optical, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMs), and micro sensor functions. The current FOWLP package technology as discussed by the media falls short of this type of system integration due to limitations in the number of chips that can be integrated and the lack of sufficient interconnect layers to support these functions in a system. 3D stacking has also been employed to improve the SiP by adding memory components. These implementations are limited to stacking of identical chips with through hole silicon vias (TSV) located remotely from any circuitry. Aurora Semiconductor will introduce a packaging technology where the package becomes the system. We call this technology 4DHSiP™ or 4D Heterogeneous System in package. 4DHSiP™ is a system miniaturization technology in contrast to system on chip (SOC) at the integrated circuit level and system in package stacked ICs and packages (SIP) at the module level. 4DHSiP™ is considered an inclusive system technology in which, SIP, thermal structures and batteries are considered as substantive technologies. 3D stacking is no longer limited by the location of the TSV within the stacked components. Heterogeneous multi-chip sub module layers can be stacked to accommodate additional system components. These layers, when interconnected, form the entire system. By stacking sub module layers, specific component types can be located on the top most layer as needed by specific function (e.g. Bio functions, Optical functions, Antennas). An example of this type of module stacking used to create an optical based system will be shown.4DHSiP™ is a new, emerging system concept where the device, package, and system board are miniaturized into a single system package including all the needed system functions. Such a single system package with multiple heterogeneous ICs provides all the system functions by co-design and fabrication of digital, radiofrequency (RF), optical, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) in either the IC or the system package. 4DHSiP™ combines the best on chip and off chip integration technologies to develop ultra-miniaturized, high-performance, multifunctional products. A significant benefit of this miniaturization is the elimination of multiple sockets and connectors currently used to connect sub-systems together. This ultra-miniaturization of multiple to mega functions, ultrahigh performance, low cost and high reliability will be the way systems are designed in the future to achieve More than Moore.
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Eling, C., M. Wieland, C. Hess, L. Klingbeil, and H. Kuhlmann. "DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A UAV BASED MAPPING SYSTEM FOR REMOTE SENSING AND SURVEYING APPLICATIONS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1/W4 (August 26, 2015): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-1-w4-233-2015.
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In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have increasingly been used in various application areas, such as in the remote sensing or surveying. For these applications the UAV has to be equipped with a mapping sensor, which is mostly a camera. Furthermore, a georeferencing of the UAV platform and/or the acquired mapping data is required. The most efficient way to realize this georeferencing is the direct georeferencing, which is based on an onboard multi-sensor system. In recent decades, direct georeferencing systems have been researched and used extensively in airborne, ship and land vehicle applications. However, these systems cannot easily be adapted to UAV platforms, which is mainly due to weight and size limitations. <br><br> In this paper a direct georeferencing system for micro- and mini-sized UAVs is presented, which consists of a dual-frequency geodetic grade OEM GPS board, a low-cost single-frequency GPS chip, a tactical grade IMU and a magnetometer. To allow for cm-level position and sub-degree attitude accuracies, RTK GPS (real-time kinematic) and GPS attitude (GPS compass) determination algorithms are running on this system, as well as a GPS/IMU integration. <br><br> Beside the direct georeferencing, also the precise time synchronization of the camera, which acts as the main sensor for mobile mapping applications, and the calibration of the lever arm between the camera reference point and the direct georeferencing reference point are explained in this paper. Especially the high accurate time synchronization of the camera is very important, to still allow for high surveying accuracies, when the images are taken during the motion of the UAV. <br><br> Results of flight tests demonstrate that the developed system, the camera synchronization and the lever arm calibration make directly georeferenced UAV based single point measurements possible, which have cm-level accuracies on the ground.
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Xiao, Chao, Jihua Chen, and Lei Wang. "Optimal Mapping of Spiking Neural Network to Neuromorphic Hardware for Edge-AI." Sensors 22, no. 19 (September 24, 2022): 7248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197248.
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Neuromorphic hardware, the new generation of non-von Neumann computing system, implements spiking neurons and synapses to spiking neural network (SNN)-based applications. The energy-efficient property makes the neuromorphic hardware suitable for power-constrained environments where sensors and edge nodes of the internet of things (IoT) work. The mapping of SNNs onto neuromorphic hardware is challenging because a non-optimized mapping may result in a high network-on-chip (NoC) latency and energy consumption. In this paper, we propose NeuMap, a simple and fast toolchain, to map SNNs onto the multicore neuromorphic hardware. NeuMap first obtains the communication patterns of an SNN by calculation that simplifies the mapping process. Then, NeuMap exploits localized connections, divides the adjacent layers into a sub-network, and partitions each sub-network into multiple clusters while meeting the hardware resource constraints. Finally, we employ a meta-heuristics algorithm to search for the best cluster-to-core mapping scheme in the reduced searching space. We conduct experiments using six realistic SNN-based applications to evaluate NeuMap and two prior works (SpiNeMap and SNEAP). The experimental results show that, compared to SpiNeMap and SNEAP, NeuMap reduces the average energy consumption by 84% and 17% and has 55% and 12% lower spike latency, respectively.
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Tao, Andrea R. "Nanocrystal assembly for bottom-up plasmonic materials and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensing." Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-08-08-38.
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Plasmonic materials are emerging as key platforms for applications that rely on the manipulation of light at small length scales. Sub-wavelength metallic features support surface plasmons that can induce huge local electromagnetic fields at the metal surface, facilitating a host of extraordinary optical phenomena. Ag nanocrystals (NCs) and nanowires (NWs) are ideal building blocks for the bottom-up fabrication of plasmonic materials for photonics, spectroscopy, and chemical sensing. Faceted Ag nanostructures are synthesized using a colloidal approach to regulate nucleation and crystallographic growth direction. Next, new methods of nanoscale organization using Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) compression are presented where one- and two-dimensional assemblies can be constructed with impressive alignment over large areas. Using this method, plasmon coupling between Ag nanostructures can be controlled by varying spacing and density, achieving for the first time a completely tunable plasmon response in the visible wavelengths. Lastly, these assemblies are demonstrated as exceptional substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) by achieving high chemical sensitivity and specificity, exhibiting their utility as portable field sensors, and integrating them into multiplexed "lab-on-a-chip" devices.
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Tseng, Yen-Ta, Wan-Yun Li, Ya-Wen Yu, Chang-Yue Chiang, Su-Qin Liu, Lai-Kwan Chau, Ning-Sheng Lai, and Cheng-Chung Chou. "Fiber Optic Particle Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Label-Free Detection of Nucleic Acids and Its Application to HLA-B27 mRNA Detection in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis." Sensors 20, no. 11 (June 1, 2020): 3137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113137.
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We developed a label-free, real-time, and highly sensitive nucleic acid biosensor based on fiber optic particle plasmon resonance (FOPPR). The biosensor employs a single-strand deoxyoligonucleotides (ssDNA) probe, conjugated to immobilized gold nanoparticles on the core surface of an optical fiber. We explore the steric effects on hybridization affinity and limit of detection (LOD), by using different ssDNA probe designs and surface chemistries, including diluent molecules of different lengths in mixed self-assembled monolayers, ssDNA probes of different oligonucleotide lengths, ssDNA probes in different orientations to accommodate target oligonucleotides with a hybridization region located unevenly in the strand. Based on the optimized ssDNA probe design and surface chemistry, we achieved LOD at sub-nM level, which makes detection of target oligonucleotides as low as 1 fmol possible in the 10-μL sensor chip. Additionally, the FOPPR biosensor shows a good correlation in determining HLA-B27 mRNA, in extracted blood samples from patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), with the clinically accepted real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. The results from this fundamental study should guide the design of ssDNA probe for anti-sense sensing. Further results through application to HLA-B27 mRNA detection illustrate the feasibility in detecting various nucleic acids of chemical and biological relevance.
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Gong, Huimin, Changhui Zhao, Gaoqiang Niu, Wei Zhang, and Fei Wang. "Construction of 1D/2D α-Fe2O3/SnO2 Hybrid Nanoarrays for Sub-ppm Acetone Detection." Research 2020 (February 13, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/2196063.
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Exhaled acetone is one of the representative biomarkers for the noninvasive diagnosis of type-1 diabetes. In this work, we have applied a facile two-step chemical bath deposition method for acetone sensors based on α-Fe2O3/SnO2 hybrid nanoarrays (HNAs), where one-dimensional (1D) FeOOH nanorods are in situ grown on the prefabricated 2D SnO2 nanosheets for on-chip construction of 1D/2D HNAs. After annealing in air, ultrafine α-Fe2O3 nanorods are homogenously distributed on the surface of SnO2 nanosheet arrays (NSAs). Gas sensing results show that the α-Fe2O3/SnO2 HNAs exhibit a greatly enhanced response to acetone (3.25 at 0.4 ppm) at a sub-ppm level compared with those based on pure SnO2 NSAs (1.16 at 0.4 ppm) and pure α-Fe2O3 nanorods (1.03 at 0.4 ppm), at an operating temperature of 340°C. The enhanced acetone sensing performance may be attributed to the formation of α-Fe2O3–SnO2 n-n heterostructure with 1D/2D hybrid architectures. Moreover, the α-Fe2O3/SnO2 HNAs also possess good reproducibility and selectivity toward acetone vapor, suggesting its potential application in breath acetone analysis.