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Journal articles on the topic 'Styrene'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Gu, Zhenhua, and Jia Feng. "Atropisomerism in Styrene: Synthesis, Stability, and Applications." SynOpen 05, no. 01 (January 2021): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1706028.

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AbstractAtropisomeric styrenes are a class of optically active compounds, the chirality of which results from restricted rotation of the C(vinyl)–C(aryl) single bond. In comparison with biaryl atropisomers, the less rigid skeleton of styrenes usually leads them to have lower rotational barriers. Although it has been overlooked for a long time, scientists have paid attention to this class of unique molecules in recent years and have developed many methods for the preparation of optically active atropisomeric styrenes. In this article, we review the development of the concept of atropisomeric styrenes, along with their isolation, asymmetric synthesis, and synthetic applications.1 Introduction2 The Concept of Styrene Atropisomerism3 Early Research: Separation of Optically Active Styrenes4 Synthesis of Optically Active Styrenes5 Stability of the Chirality of Atropisomeric Styrenes6 Outlook

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2

Ohkita, Kenzo, Hideo Asano, Hideo Kurosawa, Toshikazu Hirao, Yohko Miyaji, and Isao Ikeda. "Observation of buttressing effect and hindered rotation about C(sp2)—C(sp2) single bond in styrenes coordinated to a ruthenium cation, Cp(diphosphine)Ru+." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 74, no. 11 (November 1, 1996): 1936–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v96-220.

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Complexes of (η5-cyclopentadienyl)(bis(di-p-tolylphosphino)ethane)ruthenium(II) cation with some styrenes containing meta or para substituants were prepared and their NMR spectra examined in detail. Variable-temperature NMR studies on the unsubstituted and para-substituted styrene analogues demonstrated occurrence of a restricted rotation about the C(sp2)—C(sp2) single bond of the styrenes where one of the ortho hydrogens of the styrene phenyl group receives a very large diamagnetic shielding effect by one of the phosphine tolyl groups. Similar studies on the meta-substituted styrene complexes showed existence of two unequally populated conformational isomers arising from the similar restricted rotation where the meta substituent in the dominant isomer was placed further away from the C=C group. The origin of such conformational isomerism was deduced to be the buttressing effect of the meta substituent transmitted via the ortho-hydrogen atom. Key words: buttressing effect, hindered rotation, Ru–styrene complex.

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3

Liu, Jianzhong, Jun Pan, Xiao Luo, Xu Qiu, Cheng Zhang, and Ning Jiao. "Selective Dealkenylative Functionalization of Styrenes via C-C Bond Cleavage." Research 2020 (November 10, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/7947029.

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As a readily available feedstock, styrene with about 25 million tons of global annual production serves as an important building block and organic synthon for the synthesis of fine chemicals, polystyrene plastics, and elastomers. Thus, in the past decades, many direct transformations of this costless styrene feedstock were disclosed for the preparation of high-value chemicals, which to date, generally performed on the functionalization of styrenes through the allylic C-H bond, C(sp2)-H bond, or the C=C double bond cleavage. However, the dealkenylative functionalization of styrenes via the direct C-C single bond cleavage is so far challenging and still unknown. Herein, we report the novel and efficient C-C amination and hydroxylation reactions of styrenes for the synthesis of valuable aryl amines and phenols via the site-selective C(Ar)-C(alkenyl) single bond cleavage. This chemistry unlocks the new transformation and application of the styrene feedstock and provides an efficient protocol for the late-stage modification of substituted styrenes with the site-directed dealkenylative amination and hydroxylation.

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4

Rabagliati, Franco M., Mónica A. Pérez, Rodrigo A. Cancino, Marcelo A. Soto, Francisco J. Rodriguez, and Carlos J. Caro. "Styrene copolymerization using diphenylzinc-additive initiator systems: styrene/p-substituted styrenes." Macromolecular Symposia 192, no. 1 (March 2003): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200390023.

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5

Tanaka, Yasuyuki, Yasunobu Nakafutami, Yasushi Kashiwazaki, Junichi Adachi, and Kaoru Tadokoro. "Sequence Structure of Styrene-Butadiene Copolymer Determined by Ozonolysis-HPLC Method." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 60, no. 2 (May 1, 1987): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536125.

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Abstract The configurational sequence of styrene units and the arrangement of styrene and 1,2-butadiene units in styrene-butadiene copolymers were characterized by 1H- and 13C-NMR analysis of the ozonolysis products which were separated by a combination of GPC and HPLC. The ozonolysis products from diad and triad styrene sequences flanked by 1,4-butadiene units showed two and three peaks in HPLC, respectively, reflecting the diad and triad tacticity. The probability of racemic addition was found to be 0.56 and 0.58 for radical and anionic SBR, respectively. The ozonolysis products from styrene-1,2 sequences were separated into three fractions by HPLC. The first and second fractions were assigned to a 1,4-1,2 styrene-1,4 (VS) structure differed only in cotacticity. The third fraction was considered to be a mixture of the meso and racemic forms of the l,4-styrene-l,2-l,4 (SV) sequence. The GPC fraction corresponding to a sequence consisting of two styrenes and one 1,2 units was separated into four peaks by HPLC. Both large peaks contained SSV + VSS structures, where one peak consisted of meso configurations with respect to the two styrene units, and the second peak contained racemic styrene alignments. The two small peaks were SVS with the separation due to cotacticity. Based on the intensity of HPLC peaks, it was deduced that the addition of a 1,2 unit after the styrene terminal predominated the addition of a styrene unit after the 1,2 terminal.

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6

Pellecchia, Claudio, and Leone Oliva. "Ethylene—Styrene Copolymerization." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 72, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538817.

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Abstract Ethylene—styrene copolymers are new materials developed within the last decade using the new homogeneous olefin polymerization catalysts (generally referred to as “metallocene catalysts”). By proper selection of the catalytic system and the reaction conditions, a variety of copolymers with different compositions, structures, and properties can be obtained. Thus, copolymers containing a very low amount of styrene (or p-methylstyrene) on a substantially polyethylenic backbone are crystalline thermoplastics, which could be used to produce functionalized PEs. Increasing the styrene content leads to a rapid decrease in the crystallinity, affording materials which show good thermoelastomeric properties. Copolymers containing around 20 mol % styrene are effective compatibilizers for polyethylene—polystyrene blends. The molecular structure of these copolymers has been defined being “pseudorandom,” since EEE, EES, ESE, and SES sequences are observed, and no SS sequences are present, thus the styrene content cannot exceed 50 mol %. Very recently, however, a random copolymer containing SS sequences in a stereoregular arrangement has been reported. Also, truly alternating E-S copolymers have been obtained with suitable catalysts. These poly(ethylene-alt-styrenes) can be either atactic (and thus amorphous) or stereoregular, depending on the particular catalyst used. Interestingly, isotactic poly(ethylene-alt-styrene) is a new crystalline material with a melting point of 145 °C, whose crystal structure has recently been determined. In conclusion, further research on ethylene—styrene copolymerization promises to afford a variety of new interesting materials starting from two widespread, easily available and inexpensive monomers.

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7

Tsai, Bin-Hong, Tse-An Lin, Chi-Hui Cheng, and Jui-Che Lin. "Studies of the Sulfonated Hydrogenated Styrene–Isoprene–Styrene Block Copolymer and Its Surface Properties, Cytotoxicity, and Platelet-Contacting Characteristics." Polymers 13, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020235.

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Styrenic thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) consist of styrenic blocks. They are connected with other soft segments by a covalent linkage and are widely used in human life. However, in biomedical applications, TPEs need to be chemically hydrogenated in advance to enhance their properties such as strong UV/ozone resistance and thermal-oxidative stability. In this study, films composed of sulfonated hydrogenated TPEs were evaluated. Hydrogenated tert-butyl styrene–styrene–isoprene block copolymers were synthesized and selectively sulfonated to different degrees by reaction with acetyl sulfate. By controlling the ratio of the hydrogenated tert-butyl styrene–styrene–isoprene block copolymer and acetyl sulfate, sulfonated films were optimized to demonstrate sufficient mechanical integrity in water as well as good biocompatibility. The thermal plastic sulfonated films were found to be free of cytotoxicity and platelet-compatible and could be potential candidates in biomedical film applications such as wound dressings.

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8

Moe-Helgesen, Eli. "Utfordringer i styrerommet." Magma 19, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/magma.v19.990.

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I våre prosjekter der vi støtter norske styrer med å evaluere sitt arbeid, ser vi noen felles trekk ved hva de strever med. En hovedproblemstilling er uavklart rollefordeling og utfordringer i samspillet mellom styret og ledelse. Vi ser at styrene bruker for mye tid til å se bakover, og har for lite fokus på risiko og muligheter. Styrene bruker for mye tid på brannslukking og hendelser som allerede har inntruffet. Et annet tema mange styrer strever med, er arbeidet med misligheter og antikorrupsjon – for hva er godt nok? Og en gjenganger er at styrene forteller om at de mottar for lange saksdokumenter, at presentasjonene av saker tar for mye tid, og at det blir for lite tid til diskusjon og beslutning. Den gode nyheten er at dette er forhold som styrene kan gjøre noe med gjennom systematisk forbedring.

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9

Guliyev, K. G., A. E. Rzayeva, and A. M. Guliyev. "SYNTHESIS OF ETHYL ESTERS OF PHENYL- AND p-PHENYL SUBSTITUTED CYCLOPROPANECARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR CONVERSION." Azerbaijan Chemical Journal, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/0005-2531-2021-1-11-17.

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The reaction of carboethoxycarbene with styrene and p-substituted styrenes in the conditions of thermocatalytic decomposition of ethyl diazoacetate has been studied. It has been shown that the substituents in the investigated styrenes have an essential effect on the activity of the double bond with respect to carboethoxy¬¬carbene. It has been established as a result of the investigation that the substituents in the para- position of styrene influence essentially on the activity of the double bond with respect to carboethoxycarbene. It has been revealed that carboethoxycarbene is connected to the double bond of styrene and p-styrenes practically without formation of by products. As a result of the reaction, 2-phenyl and 2-p-substituted phenyl-1-ethoxycarbonyl cyclopropane (1–4) as a mixture of cis- and trans- isomers at a ratio of~ (30:70) with the predominant formation of a trans-isomer has been obtained. The composition and structure of the synthesized compounds have been established. It has been revealed that all synthesized cyclopropane-containing compounds show the various biologically active properties. In addition, the compounds 9–12 can be used as a modifier and diluent for epoxy resin ED-20

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10

Costa, Fabio Luiz Paranhos, and Mauro Barbosa de Amorim. "Theoretical Study on Styrenes Planarity: Styrene and p-Hydroxi-Styrene." Advanced Science Letters 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2010.1160.

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11

Bertke, Stephen J., Alexander P. Keil, and Robert D. Daniels. "Lung Cancer Mortality and Styrene Exposure in the Reinforced-Plastics Boatbuilding Industry: Evaluation of Healthy Worker Survivor Bias." American Journal of Epidemiology 190, no. 9 (April 13, 2021): 1784–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwab108.

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Abstract The evidence for styrene’s being a human lung carcinogen has been inconclusive. Occupational cohorts within the reinforced-plastics industry are an ideal population in which to study this association because of their relatively high levels of exposure to styrene and lack of concomitant exposures to other known carcinogens. However, healthy worker survivor bias (HWSB), where healthier workers stay employed longer and thus have higher exposure potential, is a likely source of confounding bias for exposure-response associations, in part due to styrene’s acute effects. Through December 31, 2016, we studied a cohort of 5,163 boatbuilders exposed to styrene in Washington State who were employed between 1959 and 1978; prior regression analyses had demonstrated little evidence for an exposure-response relationship between styrene exposure and lung cancer mortality. Based on estimates of necessary components of HWSB, we found evidence for a potentially large HWSB. Using g-estimation of a structural nested model to account for HWSB, we estimated that 1 year of styrene exposure at more than 30 parts per million accelerated time to lung cancer death by 2.29 years (95% confidence interval: 1.53, 2.94). Our results suggest possibly strong HWSB in our small cohort and indicate that large, influential studies of styrene-exposed workers may suffer from similar biases, warranting a reassessment of the evidence of long-term health effects of styrene exposure.

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12

Kaszas, Gabor, and Binh Tran. "Synthesis, Bromination and Cure of Isobutylene/Isoprene/P-Methylstyrene and Isobutylene/Isoprene/Styrene Terpolymers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 75, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547667.

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Abstract High molecular weight isobutylene/isoprene/p-methylstyrene and isobutylene/isoprene/styrene terpolymers containing up to 10.6 mol% p-methylstyrene and 3.6 mol% styrene were synthesized using “H2O”/AlCl3 as an initiator/coinitiator system in methylchloride at -95 °C. p-Methylstyrene was found to be uniformly distributed in the chains due to its similar reactivity to isobutylene. In contrast, styrene had a lower reactivity than isobutylene or even isoprene, resulting in low conversion of the styrene monomer. The reactivity ratios obtained were in good agreement with the published values. Up to about 3 mol% styrenic monomer content, the Tg of the terpolymers showed no significant increase. The isoprene units of the terpolymers were brominated by the conventional bromination technique. During bromination, some of the aromatic rings also underwent bromination. The extent of this reaction was found to be much lower in the case of p-methylstyrene than in the case of styrene. The brominated terpolymers were cured using ZnO. The brominated terpolymers displayed much faster cure, higher maximum torque and modulus at the same brominated isoprene concentration than brominated copolymers of isobutylene and isoprene, indicating that the aromatic rings participate in the cure. The brominated terpolymers showed an increased resistance to hot air aging, compared to brominated polymers containing no styrenic termonomer.

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13

Adamovic, Ivana, Hui Li, Monica H. Lamm, and Mark S. Gordon. "Modeling Styrene−Styrene Interactions†." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 110, no. 2 (January 2006): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp058140o.

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14

Patel, J. D., M. Maiti, K. Naskar, and Anil K. Bhowmick. "Novel Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomers from Blends with Special Reference to Compatibilization and Dynamic Vulcanization." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 78, no. 5 (November 1, 2005): 893–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547921.

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Abstract A thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) is a rubbery material with final properties and functional performance similar to those of a conventional vulcanized rubber at ambient temperature, yet it can be processed in a molten condition as a thermoplastic polymer at elevated temperature. The main objectives of the present investigation are: to prepare novel styrenic-based thermoplastic elastomers based on blends of a thermoplastic (polystyrene or styrene acrylonitrile) with a rubber (styrene butadiene or ethylene vinylacetate) and to investigate the interaction between various polymers with special reference to compatibilization via oxazoline-modified polystyrene or oxazoline-modified styrene acrylonitrile and dynamic vulcanization. Styrene acrylonitrile/ethylene vinylacetate blends are found to exhibit better overall properties, especially tensile strength, elongation at break and tension set. The solubility or interaction parameter and the morphology of the blends are the key parameters, which basically govern the final properties of blends. Physical properties of these blends have been correlated with the interaction parameter and final morphology.

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15

Xiao, Hang, Dan Cao, Na Fu, and Hongyu Yi. "Impact of Block Ratio, Polymer Architecture, and Soft Segment Structure on Modified Asphalt Rheological Performance." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 52, no. 4 (July 1, 2024): 2140–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte20230661.

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Abstract This study investigates the impact of styrenic triblock copolymer (STC) modifiers with different block ratios, polymerization methods, and soft segment structures on the microstructure and rheological properties of modified asphalt. Six commonly used STCs were selected, and modified asphalt was prepared using a rapid quenching method without stabilizers, ensuring no phase separation. These samples underwent laser confocal microscopy, temperature sweep, multiple stress creep recovery, linear amplitude sweep, and bending beam rheometer tests. The findings are as follows: Based on the characteristics of different STC types, it is observed that modifiers with higher block ratios and crystallinity are more challenging to disperse uniformly in modified asphalt. However, the presence of methyl side chains enhances the dispersion uniformity of the modifier in asphalt. Additionally, star-shaped modifiers exhibit weaker dispersion uniformity compared to linear ones. Among them, the styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modified asphalt with a block ratio of 3/7 demonstrates the highest composite modulus and maximum creep recovery, showcasing superior high-temperature performance. Star-shaped SBS-modified asphalt excels in high-temperature performance and exhibits better stress relaxation at low temperatures, but it has a lower fatigue life compared to linear SBS. Styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene modified asphalt exhibits the maximum modulus but the poorest elastic recovery performance. Styrene-isoprene-styrene modified asphalt has the minimum modulus and fatigue life but demonstrates optimal elastic recovery.

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16

Guazzotti, Valeria, Veronika Hendrich, Anita Gruner, Angela Störmer, and Frank Welle. "Styrene Monomer Levels in Polystyrene-Packed Dairy Products from the Market versus Simulated Migration Testing." Foods 12, no. 13 (July 6, 2023): 2609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12132609.

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In view of the fact that a specific migration limit (SML) is to be established in the near future for styrene monomer in plastic food contact materials (FCMs), data on the dietary exposure of the European population, as well as sensitive and reliable analytical methodologies to implement compliance testing, are needed. The properties of the substance styrene as well as those of styrenic polymers pose challenges for analysts and their design of experimental migration tests. The aim of this study was to assess the level of styrene in polystyrene (PS)-packed dairy products from supermarkets and compare these values with the results from simulated migration testing. In addition to the conventional food simulant and test conditions described in Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 for refrigerated dairy products (50% ethanol for 10 days at 40 °C), milder simulants and test conditions (10% ethanol and 20% ethanol for 10 days at 40 °C and 20 °C) were investigated. Styrene levels in the investigated foods ranged from 2.8 µg/kg to 22.4 µg/kg. The use of 50% ethanol causes interactions with PS (swelling) that do not occur with dairy products and leads to highly exaggerated migration results. In contrast, testing PS for 10 days at 40 °C with 10% and 20% ethanol leads to higher styrene migration levels than found in real food, which are still conservative but far less extreme. Testing PS for 10 days at 20 °C leads to styrene migration levels that are more comparable to, but still overestimate, those found in real food products stored under refrigerated conditions.

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17

Yang, Ke, Hui Niu, Zhenghai Shi, Rui Tan, Tingting Li, Kaihua Shen, and Yang Li. "Convenient synthesis of versatile syndiotactic polystyrene materials containing pendant alkenyl groups with a scandium catalyst system." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 27 (2018): 3709–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py00607e.

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The syndioselective copolymerization of styrene with five alkenyl functionalized styrenic monomers, with the use of a scandium catalyst, produced a new family of versatile syndiotactic polystyrene materials with pendant alkenyl groups.

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18

Nyquist, R. A. "Infrared Group Frequency Correlations for Styrenes, α-Methylstyrenes, and Related Compounds." Applied Spectroscopy 40, no. 2 (February 1986): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702864509547.

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Infrared group frequency correlations are presented which aid in spectra-structure identification of styrenes, α-methylstyrenes, and related compounds. The vinyl and phenyl groups in styrene are coplanar in only those cases where atoms or groups such as Cl and CH3 are not substituted in the 2,6-positions, and the isopropenyl and phenyl groups in α-methylstyrenes are coplanar in only those cases where atoms or groups such as Cl and CH3 are not substituted in one ortho-position. Steric factors prevent the vinyl and phenyl groups from being coplanar in styrene substituted with atoms or groups in at least the 2,6-positions, and steric factors also prevent the isopropenyl and phenyl groups from being coplanar in 2-substituted α-methylstyrenes.

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19

Schultz, Alison R., Gregory B. Fahs, Chainika Jangu, Mingtao Chen, Robert B. Moore, and Timothy E. Long. "Phosphonium-containing diblock copolymers from living anionic polymerization of 4-diphenylphosphino styrene." Chemical Communications 52, no. 5 (2016): 950–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc08699j.

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Living anionic polymerization of 4-diphenylphosphino styrene (DPPS) achieved well-defined homopolymers, poly(DPPS-b-S) styrenic block copolymers, and poly(I-b-DPPS) diene-based diblock copolymers with predictable molecular weights and narrow polydispersities.

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20

Toprakci, Ozan, Mukaddes Sevval Cetin, and Hatice Aylin Karahan Toprakci. "Production of Styrene-[Ethylene-(Ethylene-Propylene)]-Styrene Block Copolymer (SEEPS) Microfibers by Electrospinning." Material Science Research India 18, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/180104.

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Thermoplastic elastomer-based fibers have many advantages including lightness, flexibility, resilience. Styrene-[ethylene-(ethylene-propylene)]-styrene (SEEPS) is a styrenic block copolymer based thermoplastic elastomer and it can be used for many applications with many functions as a matrix, compatibilizer, modifier or adhesive. It has good resistance to oxidizing agents, weathering, aging, and it can be used under various conditions. In this study, SEEPS block copolymer fibers were electrospun. This study is the first study about the electrospinning of SEEPS block copolymer in the literature. Various spinning solutions were used, and process was optimized by changing the electrospinning conditions. Fiber morphology was analyzed by an optical microscope and fiber diameter distribution histograms were drawn. In order to understand the effects of polymer concentration on electrospinning, viscosity of the spinning solutions was measured. Although electrospinning conditions were found to be critical in terms of spinnability, solution concentration and viscosity were the most significant factors for obtaining flexible SEEPS based fibrous nonwoven mats.

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21

Guo, Fang, Lei Jiang, Kaiying Diao, and Zhaomin Hou. "Stereoselective copolymerization of 4-(N,N-diphenylamino)styrene and isoprene by a C5H5-ligated scandium catalyst: synthesis of amino-functionalized crystalline styrenic thermoplastic elastomers." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 7 (2020): 1314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py01789e.

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Amino-functionalized crystalline styrenic thermoplastic elastomers were prepared by carrying out stereoselective copolymerizations of 4-(N,N-diphenylamino)styrene and isoprene with the use of a C₅H₅-ligated scandium catalyst.

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22

Zhang, Yan, Yintao Li, Sufang Zhao, Leidong Xie, and Kanglong Sheng. "Compatibility effect of radiation-grafting-functionalized styrene–butadiene–styrene on polyamide 6/styrene–butadiene–styrene blends." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 108, no. 2 (2008): 1029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.27212.

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23

Sadygova, A. I. "COPOLYMERS ON THE BASIS OF (p-CHLOROPHENOXYCARBONYL)-CYCLOPROPYL STYRENE WITH STYRENE AND METHYL METHACRYLATE." Azerbaijan Chemical Journal, no. 3 (September 22, 2022): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/0005-2531-2022-3-45-50.

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The radical copolymerization of (p-chlorophenoxycarbonyl)cyclopropyl styrene with styrene and methyl methacrylate has been carried out. New cyclopropane-containing copolymers have been obtained. It has been established that the synthesized copolymers due to peculiarities of their structure and polyfucntionality, namely with content of carbonyl and cyclopropane groups sensitive to UV irradiation in the macromolecule have photosensitivity. The constant values of relative activity of monomers have been determined and Q-e parameters on Alfrey and Price have been calculated. The copolymerization constants of this compound (r1) with styrene and methyl methacylate (r2), calculated on Fineman-Ross method are: r1 = 1.1 and1.05, but r2 = 0.56 and 0.48, respectively; Q and e parameters values: Q1 = 3.1 and 2.4, e1 = –1.4 and –0.8, respectively. The photochemical structuring has been investigated and it has been shown that the structuring process proceeds due to of cyclopropane ring opening and carbonyl group. The composition and structure of these copolymers have been established and their some characteristics (heat resistance, hardness, adhesive strength, water absorption) have been investigated. The structuring process has been also studied and it has been established that the synthesized copolymer has relatively high photosensitivity (50–55 cm2J-1)

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24

Luo, Yunjie, Jens Baldamus, and Zhaomin Hou. "Scandium Half-Metallocene-Catalyzed Syndiospecific Styrene Polymerization and Styrene−Ethylene Copolymerization: Unprecedented Incorporation of Syndiotactic Styrene−Styrene Sequences in Styrene−Ethylene Copolymers." Journal of the American Chemical Society 126, no. 43 (November 2004): 13910–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja046063p.

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25

Kurup, Sudheer S., Natalie M. Woodland, Richard L. Lord, and Stanislav Groysman. "Aziridination Reactivity of a Manganese(II) Complex with a Bulky Chelating Bis(Alkoxide) Ligand." Molecules 27, no. 18 (September 6, 2022): 5751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185751.

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Treatment of Mn(N(SiMe3)2)2(THF)2 with bulky chelating bis(alkoxide) ligand [1,1′:4′,1′′-terphenyl]-2,2′′-diylbis(diphenylmethanol) (H2[O-terphenyl-O]Ph) formed a seesaw manganese(II) complex Mn[O-terphenyl-O]Ph(THF)2, characterized by structural, spectroscopic, magnetic, and analytical methods. The reactivity of Mn[O-terphenyl-O]Ph(THF)2 with various nitrene precursors was investigated. No reaction was observed between Mn[O-terphenyl-O]Ph(THF)2 and aryl azides. In contrast, the treatment of Mn[O-terphenyl-O]Ph(THF)2 with iminoiodinane PhINTs (Ts = p-toluenesulfonyl) was consistent with the formation of a metal-nitrene complex. In the presence of styrene, the reaction led to the formation of aziridine. Combining varying ratios of styrene and PhINTs in different solvents with 10 mol% of Mn[O-terphenyl-O]Ph(THF)2 at room temperature produced 2-phenylaziridine in up to a 79% yield. Exploration of the reactivity of Mn[O-terphenyl-O]Ph(THF)2 with various olefins revealed (1) moderate aziridination yields for p-substituted styrenes, irrespective of the electronic nature of the substituent; (2) moderate yield for 1,1′-disubstituted α-methylstyrene; (3) no aziridination for aliphatic α-olefins; (4) complex product mixtures for the β-substituted styrenes. DFT calculations suggest that iminoiodinane is oxidatively added upon binding to Mn, and the resulting formal imido intermediate has a high-spin Mn(III) center antiferromagnetically coupled to an imidyl radical. This imidyl radical reacts with styrene to form a sextet intermediate that readily reductively eliminates the formation of a sextet Mn(II) aziridine complex.

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26

Zhao, Chunxu, Xiaohan Chen, and Xian Chen. "A Morphological Study of Dynamically Vulcanized Styrene-Ethylene-Butylene-Styrene/Styrene-Butylene-Styrene/MethylVinylSilicon Rubber Thermoplastic Elastomer." Polymers 14, no. 9 (April 20, 2022): 1654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14091654.

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In this work, we prepared thermoplastic silicone rubber (TPSiV) by dynamically vulcanizing different relative proportions of methyl vinyl silicone rubber (MVSR), styrene ethylene butene styrene block copolymer (SEBS), and styrene butadiene styrene block copolymer (SBS). The compatibility and distribution of the MVSR phase and SEBS/SBS phase were qualitatively characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests on TPSiV. Subsequently, the backscattered electron signal image was analyzed using a colorimeter, and it was found that the size of the interface layer between the MVSR phase and the SEBS-SBS phase could be quantitatively characterized. This method overcomes the defect of the etching method, which cannot quantitatively analyze the size of the compatible layer between the two polymers. The final experiment proved that the two phases in TPSiV exhibited a “sea-island” structure, in which the MVSR phase acted as a dispersed phase in the SEBS-SBS phase. In addition, the addition of the silane coupling agent KH-907 (γ-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane) improved the mechanical properties of TPSiV, increasing the tensile strength by about 40% and the elongation at break by 30%. The permanent tensile deformation increase rate was about 15%. Through the quantitative measurement of the compatible layer, it was found that KH-907 could increase the thickness of the interface layer between the MVSR phase and the SEBS-SBS phase by more than 30%, which explained why the silane coupling agent KH-907 improved the mechanical properties of TPSiV at the micro level.

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27

Lakk-Bogáth, Dóra, Patrik Török, Dénes Pintarics, and József Kaizer. "A Mechanistic Study on Iron-Based Styrene Aziridination: Understanding Epoxidation via Nitrene Hydrolysis." Molecules 29, no. 15 (July 24, 2024): 3470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153470.

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Transition-metal-catalyzed nitrene transfer reactions are typically performed in organic solvents under inert and anhydrous conditions due to the involved air and water-sensitive nature of reactive intermediates. Overall, this study provides insights into the iron-based ([FeII(PBI)3](CF3SO3)2 (1), where PBI = 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole), catalytic and stoichiometric aziridination of styrenes using PhINTs ([(N-tosylimino)iodo]benzene), highlighting the importance of reaction conditions including the effects of the solvent, co-ligands (para-substituted pyridines), and substrate substituents on the product yields, selectivity, and reaction kinetics. The aziridination reactions with 1/PhINTs showed higher conversion than epoxidation with 1/PhIO (iodosobenzene). However, the reaction with PhINTs was less selective and yielded more products, including styrene oxide, benzaldehyde, and 2-phenyl-1-tosylaziridine. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of water in the formation of oxygen-containing by-products during radical-type nitrene transfer catalysis. During the catalytic tests, a lower yield was obtained in a protic solvent (trifluoroethanol) than in acetonitrile. In the case of the catalytic oxidation of para-substituted styrenes containing electron-donating groups, higher yield, TON, and TOF were achieved than those with electron-withdrawing groups. Pseudo-first-order kinetics were observed for the stoichiometric oxidation, and the second-order rate constants (k2 = 7.16 × 10−3 M−1 s−1 in MeCN, 2.58 × 10−3 M−1 s−1 in CF3CH2OH) of the reaction were determined. The linear free energy relationships between the relative reaction rates (logkrel) and the total substituent effect (TE, 4R-PhCHCH2) parameters with slopes of 1.48 (MeCN) and 1.89 (CF3CH2OH) suggest that the stoichiometric aziridination of styrenes can be described through the formation of a radical intermediate in the rate-determining step. Styrene oxide formation during aqueous styrene aziridination most likely results from oxygen atom transfer via in situ iron oxo/oxyl radical complexes, which are formed through the hydrolysis of [FeIII(N•Ts)] under experimental conditions.

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28

Tao, Xuchen, Chenggong Hu, Zhenzhen Xu, Meifang Zhu, Maobin Xie, Yi Li, and Gang Li. "Development and antiultraviolet properties of epoxidized styrene–butadiene–styrene nanofibers loaded with nanometer titania dioxide." Journal of Industrial Textiles 46, no. 8 (April 28, 2016): 1715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083716647200.

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The epoxidized styrene–butadiene–styrene nanofibers, which were prepared by epoxidation of the styrene–butadiene–styrene in toluene with peroxyformic acid generated in situ, were successfully embedded with nanometer titania dioxide by electrospinning. The optimum blended electrospinning parameters on preparing the nanometer titania dioxide/epoxidized styrene–butadiene–styrene fibers were obtained. The morphology and antiultraviolet property of nanometer titania dioxide/epoxidized styrene–butadiene–styrene composite fiber were examined using scanning electron microscope and an antiultraviolet transmission tester according to American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC183-2004) standard. The scanning electron microscope results showed that nanometer titania dioxide and the epoxy group could lead to the cementation of electrospinning fibers. The ultraviolet protection factor of rutile nanometer titania dioxide/epoxidized styrene–butadiene–styrene fiber membrane is the largest one of the four fiber membranes. The epoxidized styrene–butadiene–styrene nanofibers embedded with nanometer titania dioxide have great potential in the applications of antiultraviolet textiles.

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29

Valentino, Matteo, Mario Governa, Isabella Marchiseppe, and Isabella Visona'. "Human Granulocyte LTB4 Production and Respiratory Burst Impaired by Styrene." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 16, no. 1 (September 1988): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119298801600106.

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Human granulocytes (PMN) incubated in vitro with styrene at a concentration of 3.3 x 10-4 M have shown an impairment of leucotriene B4 (LTB4) production and of respiratory burst after stimulation with N-formyl-methyonil-leucyl-phenylalanine peptide (nFMLP), which has a specific membrane receptor. The level of impairment in LTB4 production was lower in cells pretreated for 15 minutes with styrene than in cells treated with styrene and nFMLP simultaneously. Styrene did not cause irreversible damage, because 15 minutes after styrene treatment PMN partially recovered their function. The determination of styrene and styrene oxide, the presumed active metabolite, in the supernatant of cell culture, showed that styrene rapidly enters the cell and only 15 minutes or more after styrene addition was styrene oxide found. On this basis, the action of styrene does not seem to be mediated by metabolites.

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30

Li, Xiaolong, Junan Shen, Zhen Dai, Tianqing Ling, and Xinsheng Li. "Comprehensive Performances of Hybrid-Modified Asphalt Mixtures with Nano-ZnO and Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) Modifiers." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 17, no. 3 (September 28, 2022): 170–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2022-17.574.

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An effort was made to improve the separation issue of styrene-butadiene-styrene modifiers in styrene-butadiene-styrene-modified asphalt binders and to further enhance their performance by adding nano-ZnO to the styrene-butadiene-styrene-modified asphalt binder to prepare compound modified binder. First, the optimum nano-ZnO dosage was determined based on conventional tests, i.e., penetration, ring and ball softening point, and ductility at a fixed styrene-butadiene-styrene dosage; then, dynamic shear rheometer, bending beam rheometer, and fluorescence microscopy tests were conducted to evaluate the properties of the nano-ZnO/styrene-butadiene-styrene hybrid-modified asphalt binders. Finally, the rutting test, trabecular bending test, submerged Marshall test, and the freeze-thaw splitting test was conducted to evaluate the properties of the asphalt mixtures produced with the hybrid-modified binders. The main results showed that: the optimum nano-ZnO dosage, which was 4% by weight to the asphalt binder, and an improvement of the separation issue of the styrene-butadiene-styrene, and the flexural tensile strength and the maximum bending tensile strain of the hybrid-modified asphalt mixtures increased by 13.4% and 16.4%, respectively. In addition, the residual stability and the tensile strength ratio also increased by 4.3% and 4.8%, respectively, compared to the styrene-butadiene-styrene-modified asphalt mixtures. In conclusion, nano-ZnO improves the low-temperature and water stability performances of the styrene-butadiene-styrene-modified asphalt mixture.

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31

Oudhuis, A. A. C. M., G. ten Brinke, and F. E. Karasz. "Random copolymer blends of styrene, para-fluoro styrene and ortho-fluoro styrene." Polymer 34, no. 9 (May 1993): 1991–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(93)90453-h.

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32

Chen, Junxian, Bowen Li, Xiaofu Li, Jie Zhang, and Xinhua Wan. "Gradient helical copolymers: synthesis, chiroptical properties, thermotropic liquid crystallinity, and self-assembly in selective organic solvents." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 15 (2018): 2002–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py00237a.

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A series of novel gradient copolymers R-(−)-poly(StN-grad-C8) were synthesized through atom transfer radical copolymerization of an achiral styrenic monomer, N,N-dimethyl-4-ethenylbenzamide (M-StN), and a chiral bulky vinylterphenyl monomer, (−)-2,5-bis{4′-[(R)-sec-octyloxycarbonyl]phenyl}styrene (R-(−)-M-C8).

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33

KATO, NOBUKO, MINAKO HARADA, and ARATA MIYAGI. "STYRENE SEQUENCE DISTRIBUTION OF STYRENE-BUTADIENE COPOLYMERS." Analytical Sciences 7, Supple (1991): 1605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.7.supple_1605.

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34

Galkin, A. V., and Y. I. Pyrig. "STYRENE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE MODIFIED LOW PENETRATION BITUMEN." Bulletin of Kharkov National Automobile and Highway University, no. 83 (December 25, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/bul.2219-5548.2018.83.0.5.

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35

Chipara, M., D. Hui, J. Sankar, D. Leslie-Pelecky, A. Bender, L. Yue, R. Skomski, and D. J. Sellmyer. "On styrene–butadiene–styrene–barium ferrite nanocomposites." Composites Part B: Engineering 35, no. 3 (January 2004): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-8368(03)00054-4.

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36

Zhang, Yan, Sufang Zhao, Yintao Li, Leidong Xie, and Kanglong Sheng. "Radiation effects on styrene–butadiene–styrene copolymer." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 266, no. 15 (August 2008): 3431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2008.04.018.

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37

Wu, Guoliang, Songjun Zeng, Encai Ou, Puren Yu, Yanbing Lu, and Weijian Xu. "Photoinitiator grafted styrene–butadiene–styrene triblock copolymer." Materials Science and Engineering: C 30, no. 7 (August 2010): 1030–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2010.05.004.

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38

da Silva, Schana Andréia, Caroline Lemos Marques, and Nilo Sérgio Medeiros Cardozo. "Composition and Performance of Styrene-Isoprene-Styrene (SIS) and Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) Hot Melt Pressure Sensitive Adhesives." Journal of Adhesion 88, no. 2 (February 2012): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218464.2012.648873.

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39

Hong, Kailiang, Zhe Wang, Guoming Lu, Lai Wei, Zhijuan Yuan, Hongqing Wang, Zhen Qiao, Lun Wang, Xue Wang, and Zewen Li. "Mechanical and piezo-resistive properties of styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer covalently modified with graphene/styrene-butadiene-styrene composites." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 135, no. 31 (April 21, 2018): 46568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.46568.

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40

Ito, Satoru, Yoshihiro Kon, Takuya Nakashima, Dachao Hong, Hideo Konno, Daisuke Ino, and Kazuhiko Sato. "Titania-Catalyzed H2O2 Thermal Oxidation of Styrenes to Aldehydes." Molecules 24, no. 14 (July 10, 2019): 2520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142520.

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We investigated the selective oxidation of styrenes to benzaldehydes by using a non-irradiated TiO2–H2O2 catalytic system. The oxidation promotes multi-step reactions from styrenes, including the cleavage of a C=C double bond and the addition of an oxygen atom selectively and stepwise to provide the corresponding benzaldehydes in good yields (up to 72%). These reaction processes were spectroscopically shown by fluorescent measurements under the presence of competitive scavengers. The absence of the signal from OH radicals indicates the participation of other oxidants such as hydroperoxy radicals (•OOH) and superoxide radicals (•O2−) into the selective oxidation from styrene to benzaldehyde.

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41

Abdallah, Dalia, Mohmad Asri Abd Ghani, Michael F. Cunningham, Peter M. Kazmaier, Barkev Keoshkerian, and Erwin Buncel. "Multi-armed, TEMPO-functionalized unimolecular initiators for starburst dendrimer synthesis via stable free radical polymerization. 1. Tri azo-functionalized unimer." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 82, no. 9 (September 1, 2004): 1393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v04-107.

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The synthesis of azobenzene-functionalized multi-armed unimolecular initiators or "unimers" that can be polymerized using styrene or styrenic derivatives via TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidenyl-1-oxyl) mediated stable free radical polymerization (SFRP) is described. The unimers are composed of an azobenzene-functionalized core and a TEMPO-modified unit. Homopolymers and copolymers of styrene and acetoxystyrene were synthesized using the mono-and trifunctionalized unimers as initiators under bulk conditions with average molecular weights and polydispersities reported. The studies lay the groundwork for further investigations involving SFRP towards building a light harvesting system by introducing chromophores onto the polymer chains for capturing light and thence transferring it to the azobenzene core.Key words: azo-functionalized unimolecular initiator, stable free radical polymerization, starburst dendrimer.

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42

Raghu, P., C. K. Nere, and R. N. Jagtap. "Effect of styrene-isoprene-styrene, styrene-butadiene-styrene, and styrene-butadiene-rubber on the mechanical, thermal, rheological, and morphological properties of polypropylene/polystyrene blends." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 88, no. 2 (February 7, 2003): 266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.11677.

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43

Tanaka, Yasuyuki, Hisaya Sato, and Junichi Adachi. "Sequence Distribution of Commercial SBR by Ozonolysis-GPC Measurement." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 59, no. 1 (March 1, 1986): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538184.

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Abstract Sequence distribution of commercially obtained styrene-butadiene copolymers (SBR) was investigated by high-resolution-GPC measurement of ozonolysis products. The ozonolysis-GPC of emulsion SBR samples showed peaks corresponding to 1 to 4 styrene sequences and styrene-1,2-butadiene sequences flanked by 1,4-butadiene units. In random SBR samples with anionic polymerization, long styrene sequences of from 8 to 19% were detected in addition to the short styrene sequences. So-called tapered-block structure was clearly observed in partially block SBR samples; a broad peak derived from block styrene sequences in a relative intensity of 49 to 55% was overlapped by peaks due to styrene sequences longer than 10 styrene units. The content of pure-block styrene sequences in S-B-S type triblock SBR samples was found to be 85 to 99% or above.

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44

Yao, Hua, Sen Lin, Xiaoyang Zhong, Bingqing Wang, Zhaohua Yan, and Feng Xiong. "H2O2-Promoted Alkylation of Quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with Styrenes and Dimethyl Sulfoxide." Synlett 32, no. 12 (May 12, 2021): 1213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1507-6499.

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AbstractA hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mediated quinoxaline-2(1H)-ones hydrocarbylation reaction has been reported. The reaction is achieved through the difunctionalization of styrene. In this transformation, methyl radical resulting from dimethyl sulfoxide firstly attacks styrenes to provide alkyl radicals which then undergo alkylation at the C3 position of quinoxalin-2(1H)-one. A green, convenient, and simple protocol for the synthesis of 3-alkylquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones was provided.

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45

Mieczkowski, Paweł, Bartosz Budziński, Mieczysław Słowik, Jan Kempa, and Wojciech Sorociak. "Experimental Study of Tensile Properties of Styrene–Butadiene–Styrene Modified Asphalt Binders." Materials 14, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 1734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14071734.

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The requirements imposed on road pavements are ever increasing nowadays, necessitating the improvement of the properties of paving materials. The most commonly used paving materials include bituminous mixtures that are composed of aggregate grains bound by a bituminous binder. The properties of bitumens can be improved by modification with polymers. Among the copolymers used for modifying bitumens, styrene–butadiene–styrene, a thermoplastic elastomer, is the most commonly used. This article presents the results of tests conducted on bitumens modified with two types of styrene–butadiene–styrene copolymer (linear and radial). Two bitumen types of different penetration grades (35/50 and 160/220) were used in the experiments. The content of styrene–butadiene–styrene added to the bitumen varied between 1% and 6%. The results of the force ductility test showed that cohesion energy can be used for qualitative evaluation of the efficiency of modification of bitumen with styrene–butadiene–styrene copolymer. The determined values of the cohesion energy were subjected to the original analysis taking into account the three characteristic elongation zones of the tested binders. The performed analyses made it possible to find a parameter whose values correlate significantly with the content of styrene–butadiene–styrene copolymer in the modified bitumen. With smaller amounts of added modifier (approximately 2%), slightly better effects were obtained in the case of linear copolymer styrene–butadiene–styrene and for larger amounts of modifier (5–6%) radial copolymer styrene–butadiene–styrene was found to be more effective. This is confirmed by the changes in the binder structure, as indicated by the penetration index (PI).

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46

OHARA, Masayuki, Tamotsu HASHIMOTO, Michio URUSHISAKI, Toshikazu SAKAGUCHI, Takashi SAWAGUCHI, and Daisuke SASAKI. "Radical Polymerization of Styrene Dimer and Radical Copolymerizations of Styrene Dimer with Styrene." KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 66, no. 11 (2009): 498–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/koron.66.498.

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47

Peydro, M. A., F. Parres, J. E. Crespo, and R. Navarro. "Recovery of recycled acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene, through mixing with styrene–ethylene/butylene–styrene." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 213, no. 8 (August 2013): 1268–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.02.012.

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48

Yamaoka, Ikuro. "Anisotropic behaviour of styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer/methyl methacrylate-styrene copolymer blends." Polymer 39, no. 5 (March 1998): 1081–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(97)00399-6.

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49

Ta?demir, M�nir. "Properties of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/polycarbonate blends with styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 93, no. 6 (2004): 2521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.20708.

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50

Picchioni, Francesco, Elisa Passaglia, Giacomo Ruggeri, Maria Teresa Piccini, and Mauro Aglietto. "Blends of styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer with random styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 203, no. 10-11 (July 2002): 1396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3935(200207)203:10/11<1396::aid-macp1396>3.0.co;2-p.

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