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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Park, Yuem, Nicholas L. Swanson-Hysell, Scott A. MacLennan, Adam C. Maloof, Mulubrhan Gebreslassie, Marissa M. Tremblay, Blair Schoene, et al. "The lead-up to the Sturtian Snowball Earth: Neoproterozoic chemostratigraphy time-calibrated by the Tambien Group of Ethiopia." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 5-6 (October 17, 2019): 1119–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35178.1.

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Abstract The Tonian-Cryogenian Tambien Group of northern Ethiopia is a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sequence that culminates in glacial deposits associated with the first of the Cryogenian glaciations—the Sturtian “Snowball Earth.” Tambien Group deposition occurred atop arc volcanics and volcaniclastics of the Tsaliet Group. New U-Pb isotope dilution–thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) dates demonstrate that the transition between the Tsaliet and Tambien Groups occurred at ca. 820 Ma in western exposures and ca. 795 Ma in eastern exposures, which is consistent with west to east arc migration and deposition in an evolving back-arc basin. The presence of intercalated tuffs suitable for high-precision geochronology within the Tambien Group enable temporal constraints on stratigraphic data sets of the interval preceding, and leading into, the Sturtian glaciation. Recently discovered exposures of Sturtian glacial deposits and underlying Tambien Group strata in the Samre Fold-Thrust Belt present the opportunity to further utilize this unique association of tuffs and carbonate lithofacies. U-Pb ID-TIMS ages from zircons indicate that Tambien Group carbonates were deposited from ca. 820 Ma until 0–2 m.y. before the onset of the Sturtian glaciation, making the group host to a relatively complete carbonate stratigraphy leading into this glaciation. New δ13C and 87Sr/86Sr data and U-Pb ID-TIMS ages from the Tambien Group are used in conjunction with previously published isotopic and geochronologic data to construct newly time-calibrated composite Tonian carbon and strontium isotope curves. Tambien Group δ13C data and U-Pb ID-TIMS ages reveal that a pre-Sturtian sharp negative δ13C excursion (referred to as the Islay anomaly in the literature) precedes the Sturtian glaciation by ∼18 m.y., is synchronous in at least two separate basins, and is followed by a prolonged interval of positive δ13C values. The composite Tonian 87Sr/86Sr curve shows that, following an extended interval of low and relatively invariant values, inferred seawater 87Sr/86Sr rose ca. 880–770 Ma, then subsequently decreased leading up to the ca. 717 Ma initiation of the Sturtian glaciation. These data, when combined with a simple global weathering model and analyses of the timing and paleolatitude of large igneous province eruptions and arc accretion events, suggest that the 87Sr/86Sr increase was influenced by increased subaerial weathering of radiogenic lithologies as Rodinia rifted apart at low latitudes. The following 87Sr/86Sr decrease is consistent with enhanced subaerial weathering of arc lithologies accreting in the tropics over tens of millions of years, lowering pCO2 and contributing to the initiation of the Sturtian glaciation.
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2

Rooney, Alan D., Chuan Yang, Daniel J. Condon, Maoyan Zhu, and Francis A. Macdonald. "U-Pb and Re-Os geochronology tracks stratigraphic condensation in the Sturtian snowball Earth aftermath." Geology 48, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 625–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47246.1.

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Abstract The snowball Earth hypothesis predicts a strong hysteresis resulting in discrete multi-million-year glaciations followed by globally synchronous deglaciation. Here we present new U-Pb zircon and Re-Os sedimentary rock geochronology and Os isotope chemostratigraphy from post-Sturtian sequences in south China to test the synchroneity of deglaciation. High-precision chemical abrasion–isotope dilution–thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-ID-TIMS) U-Pb zircon dates refine the minimum age of deglaciation to 660.98 ± 0.74 Ma, which is ∼2 m.y. older than previously reported. We also provide a new maximum age constraint on the onset of the Marinoan glaciation of 657.17 ± 0.78 Ma. A global compilation of new Os isotope chemostratigraphy reveals a large and systematic trend to unradiogenic values over <1 m of stratigraphy. Together, these data indicate that the Mn-carbonates in south China are not cap carbonates that formed as a response to post-snowball alkalinity, but are authigenic carbonates that formed millions of years after deglaciation. Sturtian cap carbonates tend to be absent or more condensed than their younger Marinoan counterparts. We suggest that this reflects a combination of enhanced accommodation space in early Cryogenian underfilled rift basins, stronger hysteresis, larger ice volume, and/or higher CO2 levels needed for deglaciation of the longer Sturtian glaciation. Further, our findings indicate that the apparent diachroneity of deglaciation can be explained readily as a consequence of stratigraphic condensation, itself due to the large post-Sturtian glacioeustatic transgressive sequence that outpaced shallow-water carbonate deposition.
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3

Smith, Loren H., Alan J. Kaufman, Andrew H. Knoll, and Paul Karl Link. "Chemostratigraphy of predominantly siliciclastic Neoproterozoic successions: a case study of the Pocatello Formation and Lower Brigham Group, Idaho, USA." Geological Magazine 131, no. 3 (May 1994): 301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800011079.

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AbstractIsotopic chemostratigraphy has proven successful in the correlation of carbonate-rich Neoproterozoic successions. In successions dominated by siliciclastic rocks, chemostratigraphy can be problematic, but if thin carbonates punctuate siliciclastic strata, useful isotopic data may be obtained. The upper Pocatello Formation and lower Brigham Group of southeastern Idaho provide an opportunity to assess the potential and limitations of isotopic chemostratigraphy in overwhelmingly siliciclastic successions. The 5000 m thick succession consists predominantly of siliciclastic lithologies, with only three intervals that contain thin intercalated carbonates. Its depositional age is only broadly constrained by existing biostratigraphic, sequence stratigraphic and geochronometric data. The lowermost carbonates include a cap dolomite atop diamictites and volcanic rocks of the Pocatello Formation. The δ13C values of these carbonates are distinctly negative ( −5 to −3), similar to carbonates that overlie Neoproterozoic glaciogenic rocks worldwide. Stratigraphically higher carbonates record a major positive δ13C excursion to values as high as +8.8 within the carbonate member of the Caddy Canyon Quartzite. The magnitude of this excursion is consistent with post-Sturtian secular variation recorded elsewhere in the North American Cordillera, Australia, Svalbard, Brazil and Namibia, and exceeds the magnitude of any post-Varanger δ13C excursion documented to date. In most samples, Sr-isotopic abundances have been altered by diagenesis and greenschist facies metamorphism, but a least-altered value of approximately 0.7076 supports a post-Sturtian and pre-Marinoan/Varanger age for upper Pocatello and lower Brigham rocks that lie above the Pocatello diamictite. Thus, even though available chemostratigraphic data are limited, they corroborate correlations of Pocatello Formation diamictites and overlying units with Sturtian glaciogenic rocks and immediately post-Sturtian successions in western North America and elsewhere.
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4

Goddéris, Y., Y. Donnadieu, A. Nédélec, B. Dupré, C. Dessert, A. Grard, G. Ramstein, and L. M. François. "The Sturtian ‘snowball’ glaciation: fire and ice." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 211, no. 1-2 (June 2003): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(03)00197-3.

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5

MacLennan, Scott A., Michael P. Eddy, Arthur J. Merschat, Akshay K. Mehra, Peter W. Crockford, Adam C. Maloof, C. Scott Southworth, and Blair Schoene. "Geologic evidence for an icehouse Earth before the Sturtian global glaciation." Science Advances 6, no. 24 (June 2020): eaay6647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay6647.

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Snowball Earth episodes, times when the planet was covered in ice, represent the most extreme climate events in Earth’s history. Yet, the mechanisms that drive their initiation remain poorly constrained. Current climate models require a cool Earth to enter a Snowball state. However, existing geologic evidence suggests that Earth had a stable, warm, and ice-free climate before the Neoproterozoic Sturtian global glaciation [ca. 717 million years (Ma) ago]. Here, we present eruption ages for three felsic volcanic units interbedded with glaciolacustrine sedimentary rocks from southwest Virginia, USA, that demonstrate that glacially influenced sedimentation occurred at tropical latitudes ca. 751 Ma ago. Our findings are the first geologic evidence of a cool climate teetering on the edge of global glaciation several million years before the Sturtian Snowball Earth.
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6

MAMBWE, Pascal, Franck DELPOMDOR, Sébastien LAVOIE, Philippe MUKONKI, Jacques BATUMIKE, and Philippe MUCHEZ. "Sedimentary evolution and stratigraphy of the ~765–740 Ma Kansuki-Mwashya platform succession in the Tenke-Fungurume Mining District, Democratic Republic of the Congo." Geologica Belgica 23, no. 1-2 (July 3, 2020): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20341/gb.2020.022.

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The origin of the Mwashya Conglomerate at the base of the Mwashya Subgroup in the Lufilian Belt is uncertain since it is considered as either a tectonic or as a sedimentary breccia. At Tenke Fungurume Mining District (TFMD) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Mwashya Conglomerate is marked by an iron-bearing polymictic conglomerate embedded between the Kansuki and Kamoya formations. In this paper, the Kansuki-Mwashya platform succession at TFMD was investigated to shed light on the origin of this conglomerate, the depositional evolution and the tectonostratigraphic framework of the platform. Lithofacies analysis revealed that the Mwashya Conglomerate is a periglacial olistostrome, which was formed around ~765–745 Ma. A pre-Sturtian age for this conglomerate is supported by the Kamoya Formation, which is here interpreted as a post-glacial cap carbonate sequence. The Kansuki-Mwashya platform succession consists of a protected coastal lagoon adjacent to a tidal flat environment, both bordered by a barrier shoal. This paper concludes that the Kansuki-Mwashya platform succession was driven by rifting pulses, occurring gravity flows on instable slope, superimposed upon the ~750–717 Ma long-lasting Sturtian glacial period.
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7

Lechte, Maxwell, and Malcolm Wallace. "Sub–ice shelf ironstone deposition during the Neoproterozoic Sturtian glaciation." Geology 44, no. 11 (September 12, 2016): 891–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g38495.1.

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8

Le Heron, D. P. "The significance of ice-rafted debris in Sturtian glacial successions." Sedimentary Geology 322 (June 2015): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.04.001.

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9

Busfield, M. E., and D. P. Le Heron. "Sequencing the Sturtian icehouse: dynamic ice behaviour in South Australia." Journal of the Geological Society 171, no. 3 (January 30, 2014): 443–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2013-067.

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10

Lindsay, J. F., M. D. Brasier, G. Shields, V. V. Khomentovsky, and Y. A. Bat-Ireedui. "Glacial facies associations in a Neoproterozoic back-arc setting, Zavkhan Basin, western Mongolia." Geological Magazine 133, no. 4 (July 1996): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800007561.

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AbstractDiamictites, many of glacial origin, are globally distributed in the Neoproterozoic. Recently, two relatively thin diamictites in the Maikhan Uul Member at the base of the Neoproterozoic Tsagaan Oloom Formation from the Zavkhan Basin of western Mongolia have been identified as being of glacial origin. The Mongolian diamictites form a series of backstepping units within the transgressive systems tract of two major depositional sequences associated with sea-level changes. In each case the diamictites of the transgressive systems tract are abruptly overlain by deeper water, upward shoaling highstand systems tracts consisting of thinly bedded sandstones and shales in sequence 1 and thinly bedded, dark carbonates in sequence 3. The fact that the sequences conform closely to depositional models established at other localities suggests that all are related to major ice ages and that the depositional sequences they have generated provide a valuable tool for global correlation in this part of the stratigraphic column. Available stratigraphic and isotope geochemical information presented by Brasier et al. (1996, this issue) suggests that both diamictites are likely to be of Sturtian age. A riftogenic setting and Sturtian age for the diamictites provide a link with eastern Australia and western America. It is possible, therefore, that these diamictites formed during the breakup of a supercontinental assembly including Siberia, Australia and Laurentia c. 750–725 Ma BP.
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11

Lu, Kai, Ross N. Mitchell, Chuan Yang, Jiu-Long Zhou, Li-Guang Wu, Xuan-Ce Wang, and Xian-Hua Li. "Widespread magmatic provinces at the onset of the Sturtian snowball Earth." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 594 (September 2022): 117736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117736.

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12

Nagy, Robin M., Susannah M. Porter, Carol M. Dehler, and Yanan Shen. "Biotic turnover driven by eutrophication before the Sturtian low-latitude glaciation." Nature Geoscience 2, no. 6 (May 24, 2009): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo525.

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13

Yu, Wenchao, Thomas J. Algeo, Yuansheng Du, Qi Zhou, Ping Wang, Yuan Xu, Liangjun Yuan, and Wen Pan. "Newly discovered Sturtian cap carbonate in the Nanhua Basin, South China." Precambrian Research 293 (May 2017): 112–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2017.03.011.

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14

Lan, Zhongwu, Magdalena H. Huyskens, Kai Lu, Xian-Hua Li, Gangyang Zhang, Dingbiao Lu, and Qing-Zhu Yin. "Toward refining the onset age of Sturtian glaciation in South China." Precambrian Research 338 (March 2020): 105555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2019.105555.

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15

Chew, David M., Nicola Fallon, Christine Kennelly, Quentin Crowley, and Michael Pointon. "Basic volcanism contemporaneous with the Sturtian glacial episode in NE Scotland." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 100, no. 04 (December 2009): 399–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691009009037.

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ABSTRACTThe Dalradian Supergroup contains three distinct glacigenic units, formerly termed ‘Boulder Beds’, which are correlated with widespread Neoproterozoic glaciations. The oldest and thickest unit, the Port Askaig Formation, marks the Appin–Argyll group boundary of the Dalradian Supergroup and has been correlated with the Middle Cryogenian (Sturtian) glaciation. The Auchnahyle Formation, a diamictite-bearing sequence near Tomintoul in NE Scotland, exhibits strong lithological similarities to the Port Askaig Formation. Both these glacigenic ‘Boulder Bed’ units contain abundant dolomite clasts in their lower parts and more granitic material at higher levels. Both metadiamictite units are overlain by thick shallow-marine quartzite units. C isotope data from Appin Group carbonate strata below the Auchnahyle Formation support this correlation. U–Pb laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) detrital zircon data from the Auchnahyle Formation metadiamictite differ slightly from the Port Askaig Formation, but are similar to detrital zircon spectra obtained from the Macduff Formation, a diamictite unit in the younger Southern Highland Group of the Dalradian Supergroup; both apparently reflect derivation from local basement rocks. No detritus younger than 0·9 Ga is observed, so the data do not constrain significantly the depositional age of the glacial strata. A thin tholeiitic pillow basalt unit in the lower part of the Auchnahyle Formation is geochemically distinct from pre-tectonic metadolerite sills and from basic metavolcanic rocks up-section. A Sturtian (c. 720–700 Ma) age for the Auchnahyle Formation metadiamictite would imply that this basaltic volcanism represents the oldest recorded volcanic activity in the Dalradian Supergroup and is inferred to represent an early, local phase of proto-Iapetan rifting within the Rodinian supercontinent.
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16

Bosak, Tanja, Daniel J. G. Lahr, Sara B. Pruss, Francis A. Macdonald, Andrew J. Gooday, Lilly Dalton, and Emily D. Matys. "Possible early foraminiferans in post-Sturtian (716−635 Ma) cap carbonates." Geology 40, no. 1 (January 2012): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g32535.1.

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17

Bosak, T., D. J. G. Lahr, S. B. Pruss, F. A. Macdonald, L. Dalton, and E. Matys. "Agglutinated tests in post-Sturtian cap carbonates of Namibia and Mongolia." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 308, no. 1-2 (August 2011): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.05.030.

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18

Isakson, Vincent H., Mark D. Schmitz, Carol M. Dehler, Francis A. Macdonald, and W. Adolph Yonkee. "A robust age model for the Cryogenian Pocatello Formation of southeastern Idaho (northwestern USA) from tandem in situ and isotope dilution U-Pb dating of volcanic tuffs and epiclastic detrital zircons." Geosphere 18, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): 825–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02437.1.

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Abstract Tandem in situ and isotope dilution U-Pb analysis of zircons from pyroclastic volcanic rocks and both glacial and non-glacial sedimentary strata of the Pocatello Formation (Idaho, northwestern USA) provides new age constraints on Cryogenian glaciation in the North American Cordillera. Two dacitic tuffs sampled within glacigenic strata of the lower diamictite interval of the Scout Mountain Member yield high-precision chemical abrasion isotope dilution U-Pb zircon eruption and depositional ages of 696.43 ± 0.21 and 695.17 ± 0.20 Ma. When supplemented by a new high-precision detrital zircon maximum depositional age of ≤670 Ma for shoreface and offshore sandstones unconformably overlying the lower diamictite, these data are consistent with correlation of the lower diamictite to the early Cryogenian (ca. 717–660 Ma) Sturtian glaciation. These 670–675 Ma zircons persist in beds above the upper diamictite and cap dolostone units, up to and including a purported “reworked fallout tuff,” which we instead conclude provides only a maximum depositional age of ≤673 Ma from epiclastic volcanic detritus. Rare detrital zircons as young as 658 Ma provide a maximum depositional age for the upper diamictite and overlying cap dolostone units. This new geochronological framework supports litho- and chemostratigraphic correlations of the lower and upper diamictite intervals of the Scout Mountain Member of the Pocatello Formation with the Sturtian (716–660 Ma) and Marinoan (≤650–635 Ma) low-latitude glaciations, respectively. The Pocatello Formation thus contains a more complete record of Cryogenian glaciations than previously postulated.
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19

Xu, Zhiming, Chengquan Wu, Zhengwei Zhang, Jinhong Xu, Xiyao Li, and Ziru Jin. "Separation of Fe from Mn in the Cryogenian Sedimentary Mn Deposit, South China: Insights from Ore Mineral Chemistry and S Isotopes from the Dawu Deposit." Minerals 11, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11050446.

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Manganese and Fe have similar geochemical properties in the supergene environment. Separation of Mn and Fe is an important process for the formation of high-grade sedimentary manganese deposits. Large-scale manganese carbonate deposits (total reserves of approximately 700 Mt) were formed during the interglacial of the Sturtian and Marinoan in South China. The orebodies are hosted in the black rock series at the basal Datangpo Formation of the Cryogenian period. The Fe contents in ores range from 1.15 to 7.18 wt.%, with an average of 2.80 wt.%, and the average Mn/Fe ratio is 8.9, indicating a complete separation of Mn and Fe during the formation of manganese ores. Here, we present element data of manganese carbonates and sulfur isotopes of pyrite from the Dawu deposit, Guizhou, China, aiming to investigate the separation mechanism of Mn and Fe and the ore genesis. The Fe in ores mainly occurs as carbonate (FeCO3) and pyrite (FeS2). The Mn, Ca, Mg and Fe exist in the form of isomorphic substitutions in manganese carbonate. The contents of FeCO3 in manganese carbonates are similar in different deposits, with averages of 2.6–2.8 wt.%. The whole-rock Fe and S contents have an obvious positive correlation (R = 0.69), indicating that the difference of whole-rock Fe content mainly comes from the pyrite content. The δ34SV-CDT of pyrite varies from 40.0 to 48.3‰, indicating that the pyrite formed in a restricted basin where sulfate supply was insufficient and the sulfate concentrations were extremely low. Additionally, the whole-rock Fe content is negatively correlated with the δ34S values of the whole-rock and pyrite, with correlation coefficients of −0.78 and −0.83, respectively. Two stages of separations of Mn and Fe might have occurred during the mineralization processes. The reduced seawater became oxidized gradually after the Sturtian glaciation, and Fe2+ was oxidized and precipitated before Mn2+, which resulted in the first-stage separation of Mn and Fe. The residual Mn-rich and Fe-poor seawater flowed into the restricted rift basin. Mn and Fe were then precipitated in sediments as oxyhydroxide as the seawater was oxidized. At the early stage of diagenesis, organic matter was oxidized, and manganese oxyhydroxide was reduced, forming the manganese carbonate. H2S was insufficient in the restricted basin due to the extremely low sulfate concentration. The Fe2+ was re-released due to the lack of H2S, resulting in the second-stage separation of Mn and Fe. Finally, the manganese carbonate deposit with low Fe and very high δ34S was formed in the restricted basin after the Sturtian glaciation.
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20

Zhou, Chuan-Ming, Magdalena H. Huyskens, Shuhai Xiao, and Qing-Zhu Yin. "Refining the termination age of the Cryogenian Sturtian glaciation in South China." Palaeoworld 29, no. 3 (September 2020): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2020.04.002.

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21

Giddings, Jonathan A., and Malcolm W. Wallace. "Sedimentology and C-isotope geochemistry of the ‘Sturtian’ cap carbonate, South Australia." Sedimentary Geology 216, no. 1-2 (April 2009): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.01.007.

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22

Gorjan, Paul, Malcolm R. Walter, and Roger Swart. "Global Neoproterozoic (Sturtian) post-glacial sulfide-sulfur isotope anomaly recognised in Namibia." Journal of African Earth Sciences 36, no. 1-2 (January 2003): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(03)00002-2.

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23

Fanning, C. Mark, and Paul Karl Link. "U-Pb SHRIMP ages of Neoproterozoic (Sturtian) glaciogenic Pocatello Formation, southeastern Idaho." Geology 32, no. 10 (2004): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g20609.1.

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24

Le Heron, D. P., G. Cox, A. Trundley, and A. Collins. "Sea ice-free conditions during the Sturtian glaciation (early Cryogenian), South Australia." Geology 39, no. 1 (December 3, 2010): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g31547.1.

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25

Le Heron, Daniel Paul, Nicholas Eyles, and Marie Elen Busfield. "The Laurentian Neoproterozoic Glacial Interval: reappraising the extent and timing of glaciation." Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences 113, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17738/ajes.2020.0004.

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AbstractOne of the major issues in Neoproterozoic geology is the extent to which glaciations in the Cryogenian and Ediacaran periods were global in extent and synchronous or regional in extent and diachronous. A similarly outstanding concern is determining whether deposits are truly glacial, as opposed to gravitationally initiated mass flow deposits in the context of a rifting Rodinia supercontinent. In this paper, we present 115 publically available, quality-filtered chronostratigraphic constraints on the age and duration of Neoproterozoic glacial successions, and compare their palaeocontinental distribution. Depositional ages from North America (Laurentia) clearly support the idea of a substantial glacial epoch between about 720-660 Ma on this palaeocontinent but paradoxically, the majority of Australian glacial strata plot outside the previously proposed global time band for the eponymous Sturtian glaciation, with new dates from China also plotting in a time window previously thought to be an interglacial. For the early Cryogenian, the data permit either a short, sharp 2.4 Ma long global glaciation, or diachronous shifting of ice centres across the Rodinia palaeocontinent, implying regional rather than global ice covers and asynchronous glacial cycles. Thus, based on careful consideration of age constraints, we suggest that strata deposited in the ca. 720-660 Ma window in North America are better described as belonging to a Laurentian Neoproterozoic Glacial Interval (LNGI), given that use of the term Sturtian for a major Neoproterozoic glacial epoch can clearly no longer be justified. This finding is of fundamental importance for reconstructing the Neoproterozoic climate system because chronological constraints do not support the concept of a synchronous panglacial Snowball Earth. Diachroneity of the glacial record reflects underlying palaeotectonic and palaeogeographic controls on the timing of glaciation resulting from the progressive breakup of the Rodinian supercontinent.
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Kendall, Brian, Robert A. Creaser, Clive R. Calver, Timothy D. Raub, and David A. D. Evans. "Correlation of Sturtian diamictite successions in southern Australia and northwestern Tasmania by Re–Os black shale geochronology and the ambiguity of “Sturtian”-type diamictite–cap carbonate pairs as chronostratigraphic marker horizons." Precambrian Research 172, no. 3-4 (August 2009): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2009.05.001.

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27

Sun, Ruiyang, Stephen E. Grasby, Jun Shen, Jiafei Xiao, and Runsheng Yin. "Climate/ocean dynamics and possible atmospheric mercury depletion events during the Late Sturtian deglaciation." Chemical Geology 598 (June 2022): 120830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2022.120830.

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28

Fromhold, T. A., and M. W. Wallace. "Nature and significance of the Neoproterozoic Sturtian–Marinoan Boundary, Northern Adelaide Geosyncline, South Australia." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 58, no. 6 (August 2011): 599–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2011.579624.

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29

Pruss, Sara B., Tanja Bosak, Francis A. Macdonald, Marie McLane, and Paul F. Hoffman. "Microbial facies in a Sturtian cap carbonate, the Rasthof Formation, Otavi Group, northern Namibia." Precambrian Research 181, no. 1-4 (August 2010): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2010.06.006.

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Rooney, A. D., F. A. Macdonald, J. V. Strauss, F. O. Dudas, C. Hallmann, and D. Selby. "Re-Os geochronology and coupled Os-Sr isotope constraints on the Sturtian snowball Earth." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 1 (December 16, 2013): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1317266110.

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Cox, Grant M., Vincent Isakson, Paul F. Hoffman, Thomas M. Gernon, Mark D. Schmitz, Sameh Shahin, Alan S. Collins, et al. "South Australian U-Pb zircon (CA-ID-TIMS) age supports globally synchronous Sturtian deglaciation." Precambrian Research 315 (September 2018): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2018.07.007.

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Preiss, Wolfgang V., Victor A. Gostin, David M. McKirdy, Paul M. Ashley, George E. Williams, and Philip W. Schmidt. "Chapter 69 The glacial succession of Sturtian age in South Australia: the Yudnamutana Subgroup." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 36, no. 1 (2011): 701–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m36.69.

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Dzikunoo, Elikplim Abla, Giulio Vignoli, Flemming Jørgensen, Sandow Mark Yidana, and Bruce Banoeng-Yakubo. "New regional stratigraphic insights from a 3D geological model of the Nasia sub-basin, Ghana, developed for hydrogeological purposes and based on reprocessed B-field data originally collected for mineral exploration." Solid Earth 11, no. 2 (March 17, 2020): 349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-349-2020.

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Abstract. Reprocessing of regional-scale airborne electromagnetic data is used to build a 3D geological model of the Nasia sub-basin, northern Ghana. The resulting 3D geological model consistently integrates all the prior pieces of information brought by electromagnetic data, lithologic logs, ground-based geophysical surveys, and geological knowledge of the terrain. The geo-modeling process is aimed at defining the lithostratigraphy of the area, chiefly to improve the stratigraphic definition of the area, and for hydrogeological purposes. The airborne electromagnetic measurements, consisting of GEOTEM B-field data, were originally collected for mineral exploration purposes. Thus, those B-field data had to be (re)processed and properly inverted as the original survey and data handling were designed for the detection of potential mineral targets and not for detailed geological mapping. These new geophysical inversion results, compared with the original conductivity–depth images, provided a significantly different picture of the subsurface. The new geophysical model led to new interpretations of the geological settings and to the construction of a comprehensive 3D geo-model of the basin. In this respect, the evidence of a hitherto unexposed system of paleovalleys could be inferred from the airborne data. The stratigraphic position of these paleovalleys suggests a distinctly different glaciation history from the known Marinoan events, commonly associated with the Kodjari formation of the Voltaian sedimentary basin. Indeed, the presence of the paleovalleys within the Panabako may be correlated with mountain glaciation within the Sturtian age, though no unequivocal glaciogenic strata have yet been identified. Pre-Marinoan glaciation is recorded in rocks of the Wassangara group of the Taoudéni Basin. The combination of the Marinoan and, possibly, Sturtian glaciation episodes, both of the Cryogenian period, can be an indication of a Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth. Hence, the occurrence of those geological features not only has important socioeconomic consequences – as the paleovalleys can act as reservoirs for groundwater – but also from a scientific point of view, they could be extremely relevant as their presence would require a revision of the present stratigraphy of the area.
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Fromhold, T. A., and M. W. Wallace. "Regional recognition of the Neoproterozoic Sturtian–Marinoan boundary, Northern and Central Adelaide Geosyncline, South Australia." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 59, no. 4 (June 2012): 527–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2012.673507.

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35

Young, G. M., and V. A. Gostin. "Sturtian glacial deposition in the vicinity of the Yankaninna Anticline, north Flinders Basin, south Australia." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 37, no. 4 (December 1990): 447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099008727944.

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36

Le Heron, Daniel P., and Marie E. Busfield. "Pulsed iceberg delivery driven by Sturtian ice sheet dynamics: An example from Death Valley, California." Sedimentology 63, no. 2 (October 19, 2015): 331–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sed.12225.

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Le Ber, Erwan, Daniel P. Le Heron, Gerd Winterleitner, Dan W. J. Bosence, Bernie A. Vining, and Fred Kamona. "Microbialite recovery in the aftermath of the Sturtian glaciation: Insights from the Rasthof Formation, Namibia." Sedimentary Geology 294 (August 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2013.05.003.

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38

Lamothe, Kelsey G., Paul F. Hoffman, J. Wilder Greenman, and Galen P. Halverson. "Stratigraphy and isotope geochemistry of the pre-Sturtian Ugab Subgroup, Otavi/Swakop Group, northwestern Namibia." Precambrian Research 332 (September 2019): 105387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2019.105387.

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Wang, Dan, Xiang-Kun Zhu, Nina Zhao, Bin Yan, Xian-Hua Li, Fuqiang Shi, and Feifei Zhang. "Timing of the termination of Sturtian glaciation: SIMS U-Pb zircon dating from South China." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 177 (June 2019): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.03.015.

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40

Lau, Kimberly V., Francis A. Macdonald, Kate Maher, and Jonathan L. Payne. "Uranium isotope evidence for temporary ocean oxygenation in the aftermath of the Sturtian Snowball Earth." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 458 (January 2017): 282–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.10.043.

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41

Hoffman, Paul F., Kelsey G. Lamothe, Samuel J. C. LoBianco, Malcolm S. W. Hodgskiss, Eric J. Bellefroid, Benjamin W. Johnson, E. Blake Hodgin, and Galen P. Halverson. "Sedimentary depocenters on Snowball Earth: Case studies from the Sturtian Chuos Formation in northern Namibia." Geosphere 13, no. 3 (April 7, 2017): 811–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges01457.1.

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YOUNG, GRANT M., and VICTOR A. GOSTIN. "An exceptionally thick upper Proterozoic (Sturtian) glacial succession in the Mount Painter area, South Australia." Geological Society of America Bulletin 101, no. 6 (June 1989): 834–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0834:aetups>2.3.co;2.

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43

Al-Husseini, Moujahed I. "GeoArabia’s Infracambrian Debate: Cryogenian versus Ediacaran Models." GeoArabia 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 209–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia1502209.

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ABSTRACT The Middle Eastern Infracambrian Debate offers specific choices between profoundly different tectono-stratigraphic models that have important scientific and petroleum exploration implications worldwide. A crucial first step in the Debate is choosing between the interpretations of zircon geochronology (Cryogenian Model) or regional chrono-stratigraphy based on much younger age-dating by alternative radiometric techniques (e.g. K-Ar, Rb-Sr, Ar/Ar; Ediacaran Model). The interpretation of zircon geochronology implies Oman’s oldest diamictites of the Abu Mahara Group represent the Sturtian (ca. 720–700 Ma) and Miranoan (ca. 663–636 Ma) glaciations of the Cryogenian Period (850–630 Ma) separated by the ca. 50 My Fiq-Ghubrah Hiatus. The Cryogenian Model implies three phases of rifting in the same regions between ca. 723–530 Ma, and another younger but disputed ca. 30–40 My Shuram-Khufai Hiatus occurring in a tectonically quiescent platform setting (post-glacial Nafun Group’s fine clastics and carbonates). This combined essay and book review of Global Neoproterozoic Petroleum Systems disputes the interpretation of zircon geochronology to establish absolute time for Oman’s oldest rocks. It argues for the single-rift-without-hiatus Ediacaran Model based on ages of basement and volcanic rocks using alternative radiometric techniques in Jordan, Oman and Saudi Arabia. Oman’s Hadash Formation and coeval Mirbat Cap Carbonate are believed to provide an important correlative marker that recorded the start of the great sea-level rise of the Nafun Transgression at ca. 572 Ma, not 636 Ma. The Transgression was due to the melt-out of the late Ediacaran Varanginian Glaciation (represented in Oman by the diamictites of the Ayn, combined Fiq-Ghubrah and subsurface Ghadir Manqil formations, all of the Abu Mahara Group, deposited between ca. 585–572 Ma), not the Sturtian and Miranoan glaciations. The deep-marine organic-rich shales and siliciclastics of Oman’s Masirah Bay Formation (coeval Arkahawl Formation of Mirbat Group) are syn-rift and reflect the Nafun Transgression spilling beyond the rift basins and their surrounding lowlands. As proposed in the Middle East Geologic Time Scale 2010 and GeoArabia’s Infracambrian Debate, the time interval ca. 585–530 Ma can best be cast in terms of transgressive-regressive chrono-sequences in a regional tectono-stratigraphic extensional framework.
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Cornet, Y., C. François, P. Compère, Y. Callec, S. Roberty, J. C. Plumier, and E. J. Javaux. "New insights on the paleobiology, biostratigraphy and paleogeography of the pre-Sturtian microfossil index taxon Cerebrosphaera." Precambrian Research 332 (September 2019): 105410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2019.105410.

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Wei, Guang-Yi, Wei Wei, Dan Wang, Tao Li, Xiaoping Yang, Graham A. Shields, Feifei Zhang, et al. "Enhanced chemical weathering triggered an expansion of euxinic seawater in the aftermath of the Sturtian glaciation." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 539 (June 2020): 116244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116244.

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46

Kendall, Brian, Robert A. Creaser, and David Selby. "Re-Os geochronology of postglacial black shales in Australia: Constraints on the timing of “Sturtian” glaciation." Geology 34, no. 9 (2006): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g22775.1.

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Ding, Haifeng, Dongsheng Ma, Qizhong Lin, and Linhai Jing. "Age and nature of Cryogenian diamictites at Aksu, Northwest China: implications for Sturtian tectonics and climate." International Geology Review 57, no. 16 (June 15, 2015): 2044–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2015.1050463.

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Liu, Hao, Zhengjiang Wang, Qi Deng, Qiuding Du, and Fei Yang. "Constraints on the onset age of the Sturtian glaciation from the Southeast Yangtze Block, South China." International Geology Review 61, no. 15 (January 19, 2019): 1876–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2019.1566787.

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Vieira, Lucieth Cruz, Ricardo I. F. Trindade, Afonso C. R. Nogueira, and Magali Ader. "Identification of a Sturtian cap carbonate in the Neoproterozoic Sete Lagoas carbonate platform, Bambuí Group, Brazil." Comptes Rendus Geoscience 339, no. 3-4 (March 2007): 240–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2007.02.003.

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50

Qi, Liang, Mingcai Hou, Peter A. Cawood, Xianguo Lang, Shengxian Zhu, and Mingxuan Zhang. "Neoproterozoic storm deposits in western Yangtze: Implications for the sea conditions during the middle Sturtian glaciation." Precambrian Research 384 (January 2023): 106945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2022.106945.

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