Journal articles on the topic 'Stunning method'
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1
Anil, MH, T. Yesildere, H. Aksu, E. Matur, JL McKinstry, HR Weaver, O. Erdogan, S. Hughes, and C. Mason. "Comparison of Halal slaughter with captive bolt stunning and neck cutting in cattle: exsanguination and quality parameters." Animal Welfare 15, no. 4 (November 2006): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600030645.
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AbstractSome supporters of religious slaughter methods claim that efficiency of bleed-out is adversely affected by stunning. Our previous study carried out in sheep at an abattoir comparing the Muslim method of slaughter without stunning with pre-slaughter stunning using a captive bolt or by electrical methods concluded that bleed-out is not adversely affected by stunning, nor improved by a neck cut without stunning. In this paper, a similar study carried out in cattle is reported. In this study, captive bolt stunning followed by neck cutting was compared with the Muslim slaughter method without stunning. The total blood loss, percentage blood loss expressed as a percentage of live weight and percentage loss of estimated total blood were calculated and compared between each group. In addition, the time periods taken to reach 25, 50, 75 and 90% of total blood loss were also calculated. There was no significant difference between the two stunning groups for any of these blood loss variables. The results, subjected to statistical analyses, also showed no apparent difference in the PCV levels and meat quality parameters between treatments. These results confirm the findings with sheep and show that the bleed-out is not adversely affected by captive bolt stunning, nor improved by a neck cut without stunning in cattle. It is anticipated that these findings may help promote the use of stunning methods during Halal slaughter.
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Aḥmad, Nabil, and Haroon ur Rasheed. "ذبح سے پہلے عمل تدویخ اور معاصر فقہی تحقیقات." Journal of Islamic and Religious Studies 2, no. 2 (February 8, 2020): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36476/jirs.2:2.12.2017.04.
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Stunning is the process of rendering animals immobile or unconscious, with or without killing the animal, when or immediately prior to slaughtering them for food. In modern slaughterhouses a variety of stunning methods are used on livestock. Methods include: Electrical stunning, Gas stunning, Percussive stunning. There are three opinions of Islamic scholars about stunning. Those scholars; who do not allow stunning at all; are of the view that the method of rendering animals unconscious before slaughter is against the shairah method and Sunnah, and it is Makrooh e Teḥreemi. Before slaughtering, if an animal died due to stunning, then that animal is carcass and is not allowed to be eaten. But, if before slaughter, ḥayat e Mustaqirrah is present in animal and it is slaughtered in that condition then it is permissible to eat it. Certain scholars allow stunning in certain situations with some terms and conditions. The decisions of Mjam e Faqhiyyah of modern age are also based on conditional permission. Moreover, Mufti Muḥammad Taqi Usmani, Dr. Wahabah Zoḥaili and Abdul Aziz Bin Baaz agree with conditional permission, while some other scholars allow all types of stunning without any condition; Mufti Muḥammad Abduho and his pupil Allamah Rasheed Raza Miṣri agree with later opinion.
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Prayoga, Shabrina Fauzia, Kuncoro Puguh Santoso, Nove Hidajati, Faisal Fikri, Maya Nurwartanti Yunita, and Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama. "Aktivitas Superoxide Dismutase pada Serum Darah Babi Landrace yang Disembelih dengan Metode Electrical Stunning." Jurnal Veteriner 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2021.22.2.168.
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Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan aktivitas Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) pada babi Landrace yang disembelih dengan metode stunning dan non-stunning. Sebanyak 18 ekor babi Landrace jantan dewasa yang telah dikebiri dengan masing-masing bobot 115±20 kg dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, yakni stunning dan non-stunning dengan pengujian serum pada pre dan post treatment. Electrical stunning dilakukan dengan aliran listrik pada dua elektroda sebesar 220 volt dan 1,3 ampere. Sampel darah diambil sebanyak 3 mL, kemudian diuji aktivitas SODnya.. Hasil aktivitas SOD dianalisis dengan uji T berpasangan untuk membandingkan aktivitas SOD serum antara stunning dan non-stunning pada fase pre dan post treatment. Hasil stunning menunjukkan penurunan signifikan (p<0,05) aktivitas SOD sebesar 56,12±54,47 dibandingkan non-stunning sebesar 137,84±66,63. Aktivitas SOD yang rendah tampak signifikan (p<0,05) juga pada pre-treatment dibandingkan dengan post-treatment. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penyembelihan dengan metode electrical stunning menurunkan aktivitas SOD pada serum babi Landrace.
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Anil, MH, T. Yesildere, H. Aksu, E. Matur, JL McKinstry, O. Erdogan, S. Hughes, and C. Mason. "Comparison of religious slaughter of sheep with methods that include pre-slaughter stunning, and the lack of differences in exsanguination, packed cell volume and meat quality parameters." Animal Welfare 13, no. 4 (November 2004): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600028633.
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AbstractUK legislation requiring pre-slaughter stunning has certain exemptions for religious slaughter. Supporters of both Muslim (Halal) and Jewish (Shechita) slaughter methods claim that the efficiency of the bleed out is adversely affected by stunning. In this study, electrical stunning followed by neck cutting, and captive bolt stunning followed by neck cutting, were compared with the Muslim slaughter method (neck cutting without stunning) in sheep. Total blood loss and percentage blood loss, expressed as a percentage of live weight, were calculated and compared between groups. In addition, the time taken to reach 25%, 50%, 75% and 90% of total blood loss was calculated and compared. There was no apparent difference in the packed cell volume levels between groups. Slaughter method did, however, affect meat pH and colour. The results show that the bleed out after neck cutting is not adversely affected by electrical or captive bolt stunning; nor is an improved bleed out achieved by neck cutting without stunning.
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Terlouw, E. M. Claudia, Véronique Deiss, and Thierry Astruc. "Comparing Gas and Electrical Stunning: Effects on Meat Quality of Pigs When Pre-Stunning Physical Activity Is Minimal." Foods 10, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020319.
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A total of thirty pigs were experimentally slaughtered using gas (80% CO2 in air, 90 s; 30% CO2/70% N2O; 90 s) or electrical stunning (1.3 A, 10 s). Stunning may accelerate post-mortem muscle metabolism, due to psychological stress and/or muscle contractions. The specific effects of the stunning method were studied by limiting pre-stunning physical activity and stress: pigs were driven in a trolley from the rearing to the stunning site (6.5 m) and immediately slaughtered. Bleeding efficiency and carcass characteristics were similar and satisfactory for all stunning methods. Early post-mortem pH decline in the Longissimus lumborum was faster following gas compared to electrical stunning. The pH of other muscles was not influenced; color and drip loss showed minor effects. Hence, results are in contrast to current beliefs: compared to electrical stunning, following gas stunning, the stress and muscle contractions during the induction of unconsciousness have a slightly greater impact on Longissimus lumborum muscle metabolism; differences are minor and limited to certain muscles only.
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Sabow, A. B., Y. M. Goh, I. Zulkifli, M. Z. Ab Kadir, U. Kaka, K. D. Adeyemi, A. A. Abubakar, J. C. Imlan, M. Ebrahimi, and A. Q. Sazili. "Electroencephalographic and blood parameters changes in anaesthetised goats subjected to slaughter without stunning and slaughter following different electrical stunning methods." Animal Production Science 59, no. 5 (2019): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17486.
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Electrical stunning is the most widely used stunning method for sheep and goats. Because low frequency head-to-back electrical stunning induces cardiac arrest, it is non-compliant with halal requirements. In addition, conventional head-only electrical stunning method can have adverse effects on carcass and meat quality. To address these issues high-frequency electrical stunning systems were developed. High frequency head-to-back removes the potential for pain and distress compared with non-stunned slaughter and does not induce cardiac arrest like low frequency head-to-back stunning making it appropriate for halal. However, this claim is yet to be proven through a comprehensive neurophysiological study. Thus, the present study examined the effects of different pre-slaughter electrical stunning methods and slaughter without stunning on electroencephalographic and blood biochemistry changes. Thirty-two male Boer crossbred bucks were distributed into four groups of eight animals each and subjected to slaughter without stunning (SWS), low frequency head-only (LFHO) and low frequency head-to-back (LFHB) or high frequency head-to-back electrical stunning (HFHB). Slaughtering of animals with or without stunning was performed under minimal anaesthesia. Based on electroencephalograph results, at slaughter, the SWS animals showed an increase in brain electrical activity, which is consistent with the presence of post slaughter noxious sensory input associated with tissue damage. Meanwhile the electroencephalograph activities decreased immediately after application of electrical stunning in all animals, suggesting that they were insensible to pain during and after the neck cut. Electrical brain activities for goats subjected to HFHB were comparable to those for LFHO and those for LFHB. The percentage of animals that exhibited severe clonic activity was significantly lower after LFHB or HFHB stunning compared with LFHO. The concentrations of catecholamines and hyperglycemia in electrically stunned goats were higher compared with those from SWS. It was observed that LFHB caused cardiac arrest in all goats whereas all HFHB goats had no cardiac arrest. High frequency head-to-back electrical stunning may be an improvement on non-stunned slaughter and has advantages for meat quality. However, stunning effectiveness after head-to-back electrical stunning with high frequencies needs to be evaluated under industrial conditions before any recommendation is given.
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Zybert, Andrzej. "Quantification of the Effects of Electrical and CO2 Stunning on Selected Quality Attributes of Fresh Pork: A Meta-Analysis." Animals 12, no. 14 (July 15, 2022): 1811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12141811.
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Stunning is a statutory pre-slaughter process that may affect the quality of pork. The objective of this study was quantification of the effects of stunning (ES vs. CO2 stunning) on selected quality attributes of pork, using a meta-analytical approach. Data from 18 publications with 46 individual experiments were combined using a random-effect model to estimate the effect size of stunning on the initial and ultimate pH (pH1, pHu); drip loss (DL); colour (lightness—L*, redness—a*, yellowness—b*); and tenderness (expressed as Warner–Bratzler shear force, WBSF) of pork. In overall, loins from ES showed significantly lower pH1 (by 0.08 units); greater DL (by 0.68 p.p.); higher L* (by 1.29 units); and a* (by 0.80 units) as they compared to those from CO2 stunning. In subgroups, a greater-than-overall negative change in pH1, pHu, DL, L* and a* was detected with the application of the head-to-back (HB) stunning method. Additionally, alterations in DL and L* may be magnified with the application of conventional chilling (Conv.) to ES pigs. There was no effect of stunning on WBSF but, due to a low number of research in the database, the reliability of these results may be misleading. These results provide evidence that the differences between these two stunning methods in DL and L* may be diminished by the application of the head-only (HO) or head-to-body (HBO) method, followed by the fast chilling of carcasses.
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Zulkifli, I., Y. M. Goh, B. Norbaiyah, A. Q. Sazili, M. Lotfi, A. F. Soleimani, and A. H. Small. "Changes in blood parameters and electroencephalogram of cattle as affected by different stunning and slaughter methods in cattle." Animal Production Science 54, no. 2 (2014): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12128.
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The present study aimed to provide a comparative analysis of the effects of penetrative stunning, non-penetrative stunning and post-slaughter stunning on biochemical parameters and electroencephalogram (EEG) associated with stress in heifers and steers. Ten animals were assigned to each of the following four treatment groups: (1) animals were subjected to conventional halal slaughter (a clean incision through the structures on the ventral neck at the approximate level of vertebrae C2–C3 – the trachea, oesophagus, carotid arteries and jugular veins) and post-cut penetrating mechanical stun within 10–20 s of the halal cut (U); (2) high-power non-penetrating mechanical stunning using a mushroom-headed humane killer, followed by conventional halal slaughter (HPNP); (3) low-power non-penetrating mechanical percussive stunning using a mushroom-headed humane killer, followed by conventional halal slaughter (LPNP); and (4) penetrative stunning using a captive-bolt pistol humane killer, followed by conventional halal slaughter (P). For each animal, blood samples and electroencephalogram recordings were taken before stunning, post-stunning (if applicable) and post-slaughter, and plasma concentrations of cortisol, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), adrenaline, noradrenaline and β-endorphin were determined. Irrespective of the stunning method, except for percentage change in plasma concentrations of noradrenaline, the values of blood parameters attained before and after stunning were not significantly different. The plasma noradrenaline concentration of the HPNP animals was significantly elevated following stunning. Following slaughter, the percentage change of plasma ACTH concentration in the P animals was significantly elevated. Neither stunning method nor sampling time had a significant effect on plasma β-endorphin concentration. On the basis of the EEG results, penetrative stunning seemed to be better in maximising the possibility of post-stunning insensibility, whereas U animals appeared to demonstrate an evident increase in EEG activity which is consistent with the presence of post-slaughter noxious stimuli associated with tissue cut and injury. The U animals had consistently higher, if not the highest, RMS values than did other stunned animals. This indicates a degree of EEG changes associated with stress and pain. On the basis of EEG data, our results suggested that penetrative stunning would be the most reliable method of ensuring insensibility and minimising pain. However, at slaughter, the P animals showed a dramatic elevation in the percentage change of circulating ACTH, suggesting physiological stress response. On a cautionary note, the results are not unequivocal, and it may be that the range of analyses available to researchers at this point of time are not sufficiently specific to allow definitive conclusions to be drawn.
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Saputro, Eko. "STUNNING: IS IT HALAL FOR PRE-SLAUGHTERING HALAL ANIMALS?" Jurnal Kewidyaiswaraan 6, no. 2 (December 7, 2021): 128–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.56971/jwi.v6i2.149.
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The world's Muslim population has exceeded two billion people, the terms and conditions of halal meat for the Muslim community are of great importance both ethically and economically. Since 1976, the Indonesian Ulema Council (ajelis Ulama Indonesi, MUI) has legalized the method of stunning pre-slaughter of halal animals through an MUI Fatwa dated 24 Shawwal 1396 H / October 18, 1976. with the doctrines of the Prophet Muhammad SAW and meet the requirements of the provisions of the Shari'a and the law is legal and halal (lawful), and therefore, it is hoped that the Muslims will not doubt it. However, it has not been explained in the fatwa regarding the various methods and existing stunning equipment that meet the halal requirements for the halal slaughter of various halal animals. This has sparked debate among Muslims as well as animal welfare activists. A very important and critical operation at the abattoir is the transformation of a halal animal into a healthy piece of halal meat for human consumption through a ritual process of halal slaughter. This article does not discuss the debate about halal slaughter without stunning being inhumane or slaughter with stunning being controversial from an Islamic point of view. This article discusses the slaughter, stunning and welfare of animals by considering the requirements of Islamic law and animal welfare laws. From the point of view of animal welfare standards, a number of issues have been raised regarding halal slaughter without stunning, in particular, regarding the stress-required laying method and unconscious latency. This paper discusses various methods of halal pre-slaughter stunning stunning various halal animals that have been permitted by Islamic authorities.
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de la Rosa, Ignacio, Pedro L. Castro, and Rafael Ginés. "Twenty Years of Research in Seabass and Seabream Welfare during Slaughter." Animals 11, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 2164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082164.
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The behavioural responses of fish to a stressful situation must be considered an adverse reaction caused by the perception of pain. Consequently, the handling prior to stunning and the immediacy of loss consciousness following stunning are the aspects to take into account during the slaughtering process. The most common commercial stunning method in seabream and seabass is based on hypothermia, but other methods such as electrical stunning, carbon dioxide narcosis or anaesthetic with clove oil, are discussed in relation to the time to reach the unconsciousness stage and some welfare indicators. Although seawater plus ice slurry is currently accepted in some guidelines of fish welfare well practices at slaughter, it cannot be considered completely adequate due to the deferred speed at which cause loss of consciousness. New methods of incorporating some kind of anaesthetic in the stunning tank could be a solution to minimize the impact on the welfare of seabass and seabream at slaughtering.
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RAMANTANIS (Σ. ΡΑΜΑΝΤΑΝΗΣ), S. "Avoiding the risk of dissemination of brain particles into the blood and carcass during cattle stunning: alternative method of stunning." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 54, no. 3 (December 19, 2017): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15263.
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During stunning, the entrance of the bolt into the cranial cavity results in massive brain tissue damage. There is a risk of brain tissue particles being transferred via the blood flow in the minor blood circulation system. This can lead to a contamination of blood, lungs and heart with the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent. Tissues of CNS carry almost all of the infectivity in catde sub-clinically and clinically affected by the BSE. The approved rapid post mortem tests cannot identify BSE infected animals early in the incubation period. Thus, it is not inconceivable that an animal with a negative rapid test result could, if stunned by a method that produced emboli, still have BSE-infected emboli dispersed through the venous blood stream, the lungs and the heart. This danger of contamination has been proved in several scientific studies. The ranking order of stunning methods in terms of decreasing risk for causing contamination is: 1. Pneumatic stunner that injects air. 2. Pneumatic stunner that does not inject air. 3. Captive bolt stunner with pithing. 4. Captive bolt stunner without pithing. Negligible or absent risk can be expected from nonpenetrative stunner and cardiac arrest stunning. For the time being, very few slaughterhouses in the EU implement the electrocution. Since the summer 2001, the first cardiac arrest stunning equipment has been operational in the continental Europe. Two systems for electrical stunning of catde are presented, which are in accordance with the UK and German regulations on the animal protection at slaughter. The replacement of the penetrative stunning method with the cardiac arrest stunning, in regions where the BSE is present, would prevent the risk of dissemination of brain particles into the blood and carcass.
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Atanasoff, Alexander, Faik Sertel Secer, Dimitrinka Zapryanova, Cigdem Urku, and Ferhat Cagiltay. "A Comparison of the Effect of Blast Chilling and Electrical Stunning on Some Hemolymph Parameters in Red Swamp Crayfish (Procambarus Clarkii)." Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 24, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/trser-2022-0005.
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Abstract The aim of the present investigation is to compare the effect of standard method and electrical stunning on some hemolymph biochemical parameters in mid-sized Red Swamp Crayfish. The results showed that electrical stunning time of induction was significantly shorter and recovery was longer than chilling stun. Parameters of an electrical field that stuns crayfish beyond the point of recovery without causing damage have been identified. Based on this experiment, it seems that electrical stunning would be preferable to the other method.
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Pisestyani, Herwin, Nadhear Nadadyanha Dannar, Koekoeh Santoso, and Hadri Latif. "Kesempurnaan Kematian Sapi setelah Penyembelihan dengan dan tanpa Pemingsanan Berdasarkan Parameter Waktu Henti Darah Memancar." Acta VETERINARIA Indonesiana 3, no. 2 (February 17, 2016): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/avi.3.2.58-63.
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Parameter untuk mengetahui hewan sapi sempurna setelah disembelih yaitu dengan melihat refleks kelopak mata dan atau waktu henti darah memancar. Menurut EFSA (2004) kematian merupakan suatu keadaan yang ditandai dengan respirasi fisiologis dan sirkulasi darah telah berhenti sebagai akibat dari pusat sistem tersebut di batang otak secara permanen kehilangan fungsi karena kekurangan oksigen dan energi. Waktu henti darah memancar merupakan indikasi bahwa jantung sudah tidak dapat memompa darah keluar dari tubuh karena tidak ada lagi asupan oksigen darah dalam jantung, sehingga hewan tersebut dapat dikatakan mati. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menghitung waktu henti darah memancar pada penyembelihan sapi dengan metode pemingsanan dan tanpa pemingsanan yang dipotong di rumah potong hewan ruminansia besar (RPHRB), sehingga diperoleh data rataan waktu hewan mati sempurna. Tiga puluh ekor sapi Brahman Cross dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok perlakuan yaitu, sebanyak 15 ekor yang disembelih dengan pemingsanan (kelompok 1) dan sebanyak 15 ekor yang disembelih tanpa pemingsanan (kelompok 2). Waktu henti darah memancar dihitung sesaat setelah hewan disembelih sampai darah berhenti memancar. Hasil dari penelitian diperoleh rataan waktu henti darah memancar pada sapi yang dipingsankan sebelum disembelih adalah sebesar 3,02 menit dan rataan waktu henti darah memancar pada sapi yang disembelih tanpa pemingsanan adalah sebesar 2,13 menit. Selang waktu henti darah memancar antara sapi yang dipingsankan dengan sapi yang tidak dipingsankan sebelum disembelih adalah 53,4 detik. Waktu henti darah memancar dipengaruhi oleh perlakuan hewan sebelum pemotongan, yaitu dengan atau tanpa pemingsanan.Kata kunci: Pemingsanan, sapi, tanpa pemingsanan, waktu henti darah (The Perfect Cow Died after Slaughtered by Stunning and Non Stunning Methods According to Gushing Blood Downtime)Palpebra reflex and gushing blood downtime can be used as parameters to see animals death after slaughtered. Stop bleeding time was an indication that the heart is unable to pump blood out of the body due to no more oxygen in the blood of the heart, so that the cattle can be said has been dead perfectly. The aims of this study was to calculate the stop bleeding time of cattle slaughtered by stunning and non stunning methods, thus obtained the avaraging data of perfectly death time of animals. Thirty catlles’s Brahman Cross divided into two treatment groups, firstly 15 cattle’s were slaughtered by stunning method (group 1) and the second one 15 cattle’s were slaughtered by non stunning method (group 2). Blood gushing downtime was calculated immediately after the animal is slaughtered until the blood stops radiating. The results showed the average blood gushing downtime in cattles that were stunning before slaughtered is 3.02 minutes and the average time to stop blood gushing in cattles of non stunning group is 2.13 minutes. The interval blood gushing downtime between the cattles slaughtered by stunning and non stunning was 53.4 seconds. Blood gushing downtime was affected by the treatment of animals before they were slaughtered.Keywords: cattle, gushing blood downtime, non stunning, stunning.
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Lambooij, E., H. Anil, SR Butler, H. Reimert, L. Workel, and V. Hindle. "Transcranial magnetic stunning of broilers: a preliminary trial to induce unconsciousness." Animal Welfare 20, no. 3 (August 2011): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600002967.
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AbstractThis study was performed to identify whether non-focal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with an adapted coil for broilers has the potential for use as a non-invasive stunning method for broilers. Application of the TMS probe resulted in dominance of theta and delta waves and appearance of spikes in the electroencephalogram (EEG) after stimulation. Correlation dimension (CD) analyses of the EEG signals recorded prior to and following the application of TMS suggested that the birds might be unconscious for approximately 15 to 20 s assuming that a reduction in CD to 60% of the baseline value indicates unconsciousness. Other observations included loss of behavioural arousal or muscle tone (muscle flaccidity), and irregular heart rate after TMS. It can be suggested that TMS has the potential to be developed as a stunning method in the future. The technique, evaluated using small number of broilers in this study, requires further improvement and the use of a power supply optimised in future research. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain has potential for application as a non-invasive stunning method for broilers, which could be acceptable to some religious groups opposed to the use of established or conventional stunning methods.
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Składanowska-Baryza, Joanna, Agnieszka Ludwiczak, Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek, Paweł Kołodziejski, Przemysław Racewicz, and Marek Stanisz. "Effect of Electrical and Mechanical Stunning on Rabbit Meat Quality Traits." Annals of Animal Science 20, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 709–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2020-0018.
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AbstractIncreased interest in the production of rabbit meat justifies the need to assess and improve the welfare of these animals not only during the production cycle but also at slaughter. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of different stunning methods on the level of blood biochemical parameters (stress indicators), and meat quality of slaughter rabbits. Rabbits of the Hycole line (n = 60) were subjected to the following stunning methods: mechanical with a non-penetrating captive bolt (group I; n = 20), mechanical by hitting a narrow rod on the head (group II; n = 20), and electrical stunning (n = 20). In the stunning groups there were no differences found in the blood level of insulin, cortisol, glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids, and protein content (P>0.05). The stunning method did not affect the pH of rabbit meat (P=0.768), but significantly influenced the L* and b* colour parameters. The muscles of longissimus thoracis et lumborum, from the group of rabbits mechanically stunned by hitting a narrow rod on the head, were the darkest (L * = 58.4), with the lowest yellowness values (b* = 4.04). The meat of electrically stunned rabbits was characterised by higher drip loss (P<0.001), lower plasticity (P=0.043), and higher free water content (P=0.043). From the analysed texture measures, only the Warner Bratzler Shear Energy values of the cooked meat were affected by the stunning method. These values were higher in the meat of the mechanically stunned groups compared to the electrically stunned rabbits (P=0.042). The percentage of dry matter, crude protein, extractable fat and water to protein ratio, were affected only by the muscle type (P<0.001). To conclude, the rabbit meat was characterised by good quality, with only slight differences between the groups. No differences were found in the stress reaction of rabbits subjected to the examined stunning methods.
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Dalle Zotte, Antonella, Anna Concollato, Giulia Secci, Marco Cullere, and Giuliana Parisi. "Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farmed at two different temperatures: Post rigor mortis changes in function of the stunning method." Czech Journal of Animal Science 65, No. 9. (September 30, 2020): 354–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/144/2020-cjas.
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Post rigor mortis changes of texture, chemical and sensory properties in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared at two different temperature conditions (8 and 12 °C) were examined to better understand how different stunning methods, i.e. electroshock (E) and asphyxia with carbon monoxide (CO), can influence their evolution during refrigerated storage. Seven days after rigor resolution (T<sub>RR</sub>7), considering ATP catabolites (K- and K1-values), the freshness remained well preserved regardless of the stunning method applied and water temperature. During refrigerated storage fillets from fish reared at 8 °C maintained significantly higher (P < 0.001) pH at the day of rigor resolution (T<sub>RR</sub>0), whereas at the end of the storage time (T<sub>RR</sub>7), 8 °C-reared fish showed a significantly lower pH value (P < 0.05). CO treatment was effective in ensuring a more intense red colour of the fillet and high chroma, whereas E treatment exhibited the lowest a*, b* and chroma values. The texture profile analysis showed a significant effect of the stunning method (S), water temperature (T) and S × T interaction on fillet cohesiveness. TBARS values were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in fish stunned by CO when compared to E group in the first 76 h post mortem (T<sub>RR</sub>0). At the end of the storage period (T<sub>RR</sub>7), no TBARS value difference was detected between treatments. The stunning method had a relevant impact on fillet sensory traits, revealing that CO fillets were the juiciest (P < 0.05) and presented the lowest saltiness (P < 0.05), aroma (P < 0.05) and odour (P < 0.01) intensity. Rearing temperature, instead, had a moderate effect on fillet sensory traits and indicated that the water temperature of 12 °C enhanced juiciness (P < 0.05) and tenderness (P < 0.05) attributes. Overall results suggested that CO is a suitable stunning method for trout that, coupled with 12 °C water temperature, are able to preserve fillet freshness, enhance colorimetric characteristics which are maintained during refrigerated storage, and provide desirable sensory traits.
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Feinstein, R. E., E. Bucht, L. Grimelius, K. Iwarsson, C. Rönnbäck, Ö. Selking, U. Sjöstedt, and H. E. Sjöberg. "Blood sampling procedures influence serum calcitonin concentrations in rats." Journal of Endocrinology 141, no. 2 (May 1994): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1410267.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to determine whether serum calcitonin (S–CT) in rats is influenced by the method of taking blood samples. Sampling during halothane anaesthesia, after repeated administration of anaesthesia after a 14-day interval, and sampling without the use of anaesthetics (i.e. after the rats were made unconscious by stunning), resulted in different S–CT values (P≤0·001), whereas Ca2+ levels were not affected. In thyroidectomized rats, the S–CT values after stunning were not significantly different whereas those in sham-operated rats were different (P≤0·01). The possibility that anaesthesia may suppress stunning-induced changes in S–CT was explored in three other groups of rats subjected to halothane anaesthesia, stunning and stunning under halothane anaesthesia respectively. Although the S–CT level was highest after stunning and lowest in halothane-anaesthetized rats (P≤0·001), anaesthesia did not suppress the effect of stunning on S–CT. In conclusion the effect of sampling procedures must be considered in studies on the levels of S–CT in rats. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 141, 267–270
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Shalginbayev, D. B., R. U. Uazhanova, and L. V. Antipova. "A new express method for determining the number of cycles of freezing and thawing poultry meat." Journal of Almaty Technological University, no. 4 (December 23, 2021): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.48184/2304-568x-2021-4-32-38.
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Temperature fluctuations cause significant harm to the quality of poultry meat and its food safety, both at various stages of storage and transportation, as well as sales. Repeated repeated defrosting and freezing lead to a violation of the integrity of cells or protein denaturation, which is accompanied by a change in the ratio of the forms of moisture binding to the product. In this regard, there is an urgent task of establishing the facts of thawing and freezing of poultry meat, determining the number of cycles of repeated freezing. This article is devoted to the development of a new express method for determining the number of cycles of freezing – thawing of a broiler at the stages of the life cycle of poultry products. As the number of «freeze-defrost» cycles increases, the peak area of the differential scanning calorimetry curve (DSC) decreases from 206.4 to 192.6 kJ/mol with electric stunning and from 168.6 to 151.5 kJ/mol with gas stunning, the melting peak temperature also decreases from 5.7 to 5.2 oC with electric stunning and from 5.0 to 4.0 oC with gas stunning. The DSC temperature program and recommendations for its use for monitoring broiler processing and storage processes accompanied by phase transformations of water have been developed.
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Tudoreanu, Liliana. "The Influence of Stunning Method, Refrigeration and Freezing Time on the Rheological and Textural Properties of Raw Meat." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Food Science and Technology 70, no. 2 (November 13, 2013): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-fst:9380.
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The present research was conducted to provide information on the influence of stunning methods in conjunction with refrigeration and freezing time on the textural and rheological properties of raw meat. Pork raw meat, commercially available, was analyzed for textural properties such as hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness and fracture force. Sample were analyzed fresh, after 3 days of refrigeration, and 15 days, 30days and 60 days freezing time in commercially available refrigerators mimicking the storing conditions used by consumers. For pork raw meat, hardness increased sharply after 3 days of refrigeration and showed no significant differences after 15days of freezing compared to 3days refrigeration time. After 30 days of freezing the raw pork meat samples’ hardness decreased significantly compared to the hardness of the samples freeze for15 days. Hardness of gas stunning raw pork meat samples compared to electrical stunning raw pork meat samples was 2.57 times higher indicating a better firmness of the gas stunning raw pork meat. The cohesiveness of the raw pork meat from gas stunned animals maintained its levels after 60 days of freezing while the meat from electrically stunned animals showed significant modificatio
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Lines, J. A., D. H. Robb, S. C. Kestin, S. C. Crook, and T. Benson. "Electric stunning: a humane slaughter method for trout." Aquacultural Engineering 28, no. 3-4 (August 2003): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0144-8609(03)00021-9.
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Składanowska-Baryza, Joanna, Agnieszka Ludwiczak, Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek, Paweł Kołodziejski, and Marek Stanisz. "Effect of Two Different Stunning Methods on the Quality Traits of Rabbit Meat." Animals 10, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040700.
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The aim of the study was to assess the effect of two different stunning methods on the level of blood stress indicators (cortisol, insulin, glucose) and rabbit meat quality. The experiment was conducted on crossbreds of Hycole, Hyla, and Jordan rabbit strains: from mating Hyplus PS19 females with Hycole males (genotype I, n = 20) and Jordan × Hycole females with Hyla males (genotype II, n = 20). Prior to slaughter, the animals were weighed and divided into two groups according to the stunning method: 10 rabbits from each genetic group were stunned with an electric stunner, and the remaining 10 were stunned mechanically using a club. Genotype II was characterised by higher body weight at slaughter (p < 0.05), hot dressing percentage (p < 0.05), cold dressing percentage (p < 0.05), hot carcass weight (p < 0.05), and cold carcass weight (p < 0.05), compared to genotype I. The stunning method slightly influenced the meat lightness (p = 0.035). The meat of electrically stunned rabbits was characterised with higher drip loss (p < 0.0001) and lower plasticity (p = 0.043). Among the analysed traits of meat, only the drip loss (p = 0.014) and the percentage of extractable fat were affected by genotype (p = 0.044). Neither the stunning method nor the genotype affected rabbit meat texture characteristics. The study was undertaken because of the increasing importance of rabbit meat production as a developing sector of the meat industry and the need to improve the welfare of rabbits by selecting the most acceptable slaughter methods for these animals. To conclude, the analysed rabbit meat was characterised with good quality. There were only slight differences between genotypes and the stunning groups.
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Wotton, Steve, Andrew Grist, Mike O’Callaghan, and Ed van Klink. "Head-Only Stunning of Turkeys Part 2: Subjective and Objective Assessment of the Application of AC and DC Waveforms." Animals 11, no. 2 (January 23, 2021): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020286.
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Electrical stunning is likely to remain an important stunning method for turkeys at slaughter. The purpose of this study is to understand the application of various waveforms of alternating current (AC) and pulsed direct currents (DC), head-only, to turkeys and to improve the effectiveness of handheld stunning of turkeys. We evaluated the effectiveness of stunning by documenting physical responses and recording electroencephalograms (EEGs). For the assessment of physical responses, the stunning voltage was varied depending on the proportion of animals effectively stunned at a certain voltage level. If all turkeys in a group of 10 were stunned, the voltage was decreased, and the next group was stunned. This was repeated until not all turkeys showed signs of being effectively stunned. The experiment was then repeated at the voltage level just above the one that showed incomplete effective stunning. The effects of the stunning on the EEG recording was assessed in 16 turkeys to measure the occurrence of epileptiform EEGs, in 14 turkeys to assess epileptiform EEGs after neck-cut (bleeding), and in 14 turkeys to assess the effect of increased voltage and reduced frequency on epileptiform EEGs. Assessing EEGs in a laboratory setting contributes considerably to the understanding of electrical stunning procedures. Voltages between 125 and 250 V, depending on the waveform assessed, were effective in producing an effective stun in turkeys in this study.
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Taggart, David A., Graeme R. Finlayson, Nadine Richings, Glenn Shimmin, Ron Dibben, Justin Adcock, and Peter D. Temple-Smith. "Environmental factors affecting the capture of southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons) by stunning." Wildlife Research 30, no. 5 (2003): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01105.
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A 'stunning' technique, combining a rifle shot with spotlighting and hand netting was used for the live-capture of southern hairy-nosed wombats. A successful stun was defined as a rifle shot that resulted in the temporary deafening and disorientation of a wombat. When combined with spotlighting, this technique enabled catchers with nets to approach the wombat undetected to secure an easy capture. Environmental factors (temperature, humidity, dew point, light and wind) were examined in order to determine the optimal conditions for the use of this capture procedure. In all, 558 shots were fired, resulting in ~25% of successful stuns. Stunning was primarily affected by temperature and humidity in a normally distributed manner. Stunning was greatest between 12°C and 18°C with a success rate of 40–51%. At temperatures either side of this significantly fewer stuns were achieved, and below 6°C or above 24°C no successful stuns were recorded. Likewise, stunning worked best at humiditys of 70–90%, declined when humidity was >90% and did not work at all at a humidity of 40% or less. Together, temperature and humidity data suggest that air density, for which these parameters are correlates, may be the key component in the success of this capture technique. Variation in stunning success resulting from changes in temperature and humidity may affect either the frequency spectrum of the sound created by the shot or perhaps the manner in which the eardrum receives the sound. Other factors, including dew point and light, also varied significantly with stunning, but were considered of less importance. Whatever the controlling factors, it was clear that stunning, in combination with spotlighting and netting is a rapid, highly effective, and potentially much less stressful method of capturing southern hairy-nosed wombats than the methods that have been used previously.
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Barrasso, Roberta, Vincenzo Tufarelli, Edmondo Ceci, Francesco Luposella, and Giancarlo Bozzo. "Evaluation of the Lambs’ State of Consciousness Signs during Halal and Traditional Slaughtering." Agriculture 10, no. 11 (November 19, 2020): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110557.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the persistence of two signs of consciousness (rhythmic breathing and corneal reflex) in lambs slaughtered according to the traditional method and Halal ritual rite. A total of 240 lambs were examined and divided into two equal groups (n = 120 each). Lambs of group A were subjected to the stunning phase by the action of an electric current on the brain, while lambs of group B were slaughtered according to the religious Halal method without prior stunning. Rhythmic breathing (RB) and corneal reflex (CR) were used as indicators of prolonged brain function, and their evaluation was carried out by the operators in three subsequent steps at 15 s, 30 s, and 90 s post-bleeding, respectively. The stunning of the lambs reduced the animal’s state of consciousness and, consequently, reduced suffering, pain, and distress. Indeed, the lambs of group B showed longer duration consciousness than the animals stunned by electrodes. The permanence of the reflexes in Halal slaughter could be reduced by introducing a reversible stunning method to make the animal temporarily unconscious. Moreover, given that our results revealed consciousness also after 90 s post-cut, the assessment of the animal’s state of consciousness in wider time intervals than those commonly used is recommended.
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Raj, ABM, M. O'Callaghan, and SI Hughes. "The effects of amount and frequency of pulsed direct current used in water bath stunning and of slaughter methods on spontaneous electroencephalograms in broilers." Animal Welfare 15, no. 1 (February 2006): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600029894.
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AbstractThe effectiveness of electrical water bath stunning of broilers (n = 96) for 1 s with a constant average current of 100, 150 or 200 mA delivered using a variable voltage/constant current stunner with 200, 800 or 1400 Hz pulsed direct current (DC), with a mark:space ratio of 1:1, followed by slaughter using a unilateral or ventral neck cutting procedure, was evaluated. The results of a binary logistic model showed that both the electrical frequency and average current had significant effects on the probability of inducing epileptiform electroencephalogram (EEG) and therefore, of effective stunning. The results of univariate analysis showed that only slaughter method had highly significant effects on the power contents in the 13–30 Hz and 2–30 Hz EEG frequency bands. Based on these results, it is recommended that a minimum of 200 mA average (400 mA peak) current per bird should be delivered using 200 Hz pulsed DC, with a mark:space ratio of 1:1, to achieve effective water bath stunning in 80% of broilers. Frequencies of above 200 Hz pulsed DC would presumably require average currents of greater than 200 mA. Electrical water bath stunning of broilers with 200 mA average current of 200 Hz resulted in cardiac arrest in six out of eight broilers that showed epileptiform activity. Two other broilers that had cardiac arrest showed no epileptiform EEGs indicative of effective stunning. Owing to the prevalence of cardiac arrest in conscious broilers, the use of pulsed DC for water bath stunning of broilers could be questioned on ethical and bird welfare grounds.
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Yani, Ahmad, Rudi Ahmad Suryadi, and Nurrohman Nurrohman. "STUNNING ON ANIMALS SLAUGHTER ON ISLAMIC LAW PERSPECTIVE." Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir'ah 18, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30984/jis.v18i1.1103.
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The research aimed to analyze the study of Islamic law regarding slaughter and stunning, and provide an assessment of the benefits of the slaughter and slaughter results. The research method is a library study in which the process is by collecting book data and other reading sources. Data sources in the form of fiqh references and ICU fatwas, accompanied by empirical research findings on stunning. The main references are obtained from al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu, al-Haram wa al-Haram, Kasysyaf al-Qina’, and several books of hadith and fiqh. The research found that stunning is permissible by paying attention to temporary fainting animals, does not cause death and permanent injury, aims to facilitate slaughter, and not to torture animals. Slaughter by conventional means is recommended. The benefit is based on the indicator that animals die faster. Opinions of Ulama and ICU Fatwa encourage the slaughter manually without stunning.
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Angelakopoulos, Rafael, Arkadios Dimitroglou, Leonidas Papaharisis, and Katerina A. Moutou. "Electrical Stunning Has the Potential to Delay Fillet Degradation Post-Harvest in Red Seabream (Pagrus major)." Aquaculture Journal 2, no. 4 (November 7, 2022): 302–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aquacj2040018.
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Ensuring the humane harvest of farmed fish without compromising the quality of the fresh product is paramount to the welfare of fish and in meeting consumer demands. Electrical stunning is a quick and effective way to render fish unconscious and it has emerged as the suggested harvest method by EFSA and OIE. The present study evaluated the effects of electrical stunning on the biochemical processes that lead to fillet degradation postmortem, in the red seabream (Pagrus major). Two distinct electrical stunning conditions (low and high) were compared along with the conventional harvest method (an ice slurry). The activity patterns of calpain, collagenase, and cathepsin B and L were assessed and compared to stereological changes in white muscles at different time points up to 13 days post-harvest. Histological examinations, independent of the harvest technique, revealed a progressively declining trend in fiber volume density and increasing interfibrillar spaces over time, indicative of degradation activity within and between the muscle fibers. Strong correlations between the stereological measures and the individual protease activities were recorded. The higher current condition (electric field 1.8 V/cm and velocity 1.6 m/s) consistently exhibited the lowest protease activity levels and the slowest pace of stereological changes, making it the suggested method of all harvest methods explored.
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Raj, M., N. Gregory, and S. Wotton. "Effect of the method of stunning and the interval between stunning and neck cutting on blood loss in turkeys." Veterinary Record 135, no. 11 (September 10, 1994): 256–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.135.11.256.
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Alam, Muhammad Shahbubul, Dong-Heon Song, Jeong-Ah Lee, Van-Ba Hoa, Hyoun-Wook Kim, Sun-Moon Kang, Soo-Hyun Cho, Inho Hwang, and Kuk-Hwan Seol. "Effect of Different Gas-Stunning Conditions on Heme Pigment Solutions and on the Color of Blood, Meat, and Small Intestine of Rabbits." Animals 12, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 3155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12223155.
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The objectives of this study were to elucidate the effect of different high-concentration levels of inert gases (Ar and N2) on heme-pigment solutions and on the color of the blood, meat, and small intestine of rabbits; and to figure out the proper concentration level of inert gas (Ar or N2) for the complete stunning of the rabbit. To observe the changing of color attributes, a research study was conducted in the abattoir of the National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), RDA, Korea. This experiment had 2 parts, i) A trial on heme-pigment solutions (hemoglobin and myoglobin solution) was conducted in a gas chamber with different high-concentration levels of carbon dioxide, argon, nitrogen, and normal air; and (ii) a rabbit experiment was conducted—stunning with different high-concentration levels of carbon dioxide, argon, nitrogen, and the Halal method (non-stunning). A small-size digital gas chamber was used for this experiment (size: width 850 mm × depth 1350 mm). Artificial hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb) solutions were created from “porcine hemoglobin lyophilized powder” and “equine skeletal muscle myoglobin lyophilized powder,” respectively. In the heme-pigment solutions trial, 10 treatments were used: (i) 80% carbon dioxide (T1), (ii) 85% carbon dioxide (T2), (iii) 90% carbon dioxide (T3), (iv) 80% argon (T4), (v) 85% argon (T5), (vi) 90% argon (T6), (vii) 80% nitogen (T7), (viii) 85% nitogen (T8), (ix) 90% nitogen (T9), and (x) normal air (T10). Heme-pigment solutions (both Hb and Mb) were exposed with each treatment for four separate durations of time (30 s, 1 min, 2 min, and 4 min); and every sample (Hb and Mb) was exposed during each duration of time for 10 times (n = 10). In the rabbit experiment, seven treatments were used (i) 85% carbon dioxide (T1), (ii) 90% carbon dioxide (T2), (iii) 85% argon (T3), (iv) 90% argon (T4), (v) 96% nitrogen (T5), (vi) 98% nitogen (T6), and (vii) the Halal method (non-stunning) (T7). Forty-two rabbits (mixed-breed) were collected from the nearest commercial farm and randomly selected for a treatment group (n = 6). The average body weight was 2.3 kg. For stunning, each individual rabbit was separately kept in a gas chamber, after which each specific gas was used to fulfill the desired level in the pit. After reaching the desired level of concentration, rabbits were stunned within a very short time. It was observed that the time required for stunning in the T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 treatment was 79 - 82, 68 -73, 97 - 103, 88 -91, 164 - 173, and 108 -115 s, respectively. In the case of the Halal method (non-stunning), as per the rules of Islam, rabbits were slaughtered without stunning. After slaughtering, in all treatments, the blood, meat, and small intestine of each animal were collected carefully and kept in a cool room in which the temperature was −2 °C, and after 24 h, the color attributes—lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*)—were measured via a Chroma Meter. It was found that in both experiments (trial on heme-pigment solutions and rabbit stunning), the color values (L*, a* and b*) showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) among the treatment groups. The CO2-treated groups showed high redness (a*) and low lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*), which indicated a dark-red color, and N2-treated groups showed high lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) and low redness (a*), which implied a bright-red color. The effect of the Ar was in between the CO2- and N2-treated groups. These phenomena were observed both in the heme-pigment solutions (Hb and Mb) and in the blood, meat, and small intestine of the rabbits. N2-stunned animals fulfill the fundamental desire of consumers to purchase bright red-colored fresh meat. Therefore, in view of color attributes, consumer satisfaction, and animal welfare, N2 gas can be thought of as a valuable alternative to stunning. Considering the time required for complete stunning and desirable color attributes, a 98% concentration of N2 is best for rabbit stunning. As such, it could be used as a better option for the gas stunning of animals.
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Mcgeehin, B., F. Butler, and J. J. Sheridan. "The Effect of Stunning Method on the pH of Lamb." Developments in Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing 7, no. 1-2 (May 15, 2008): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.5500070112.
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Sionek, Barbara, and Wiesław Przybylski. "3. The Impact of Ante- and Post-Mortem Factors on the Incidence of Pork Defective Meat – A Review." Annals of Animal Science 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2015-0086.
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Abstract The occurrence of defective meat depends on factors affecting meat quality at the various stages of meat production. Defective meat has a broad definition and includes any property of meat that will dissatisfy end-users. For consumers the main meat quality features are colour, taste and texture (tenderness and juiciness). For processors and butchers very important are technological quality features: water holding capacity, pH, content of connective tissue, fat and protein. The functionality of defective meat is limited. The risk of incidence of defective meat is a result of the combination of ante-mortem and post-mortem factors. The ante-mortem factors are linked with the procedure at the lairage, the slaughtering factors, such as the method of stunning, and the post-mortem factors, including processing of meat carcasses. The ante-mortem factors such as genotype, gender, breeding conditions, nutrition, transport conditions, stress, weather conditions and the methods of slaughter are considered of primary importance for the quality of pork. It is estimated that 40% of meat defects are due to the procedure at the lairage. The impact of stressors causes a loss of weight of the pigs, contributes, in extreme cases, to the death of porkers, increases the risk of incidence of defective meat. Mixing animals from different herds is the cause of stress which leads to aggression and fights between animals. Limiting the stress factors is essential for improving the quality of pork. The applied stunning method affects the quality of meat. Physical stress during electrical stunning is associated with risk of an accelerated post-mortem glycolysis, contributing to the rapid decrease in pH. In comparison with the electrical method, stunning with carbon dioxide causes less stress in swine. In order to reduce the occurrence of defective meat, bleeding should be carried out as soon as possible directly after stunning. Deterioration of the quality of meat in the production chain can occur at any stage and is most often associated with the lack of compliance with the standards. The studies on the improvement of livestock breeding, transport and marketing carried out over a number of years contributed to the introduction of international standards and, consequently, to the reduction of quality and quantity losses in pork.
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Al-Shammari, Karrar Imad Abdulsahib. "A Review of the Halal Poultry Slaughtering from Welfare and Legal Perspectives: Analysis of Research Results." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.3.11-27.
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The subject of halal slaughtering is one of the most widely discussed issues of animal cruelty and animal welfare in the public sphere. The discrepancy in understanding the contemporary and religious laws pertaining to animal slaughtering does not fully publicize to Islamic and Muslim majority countries especially with respect to interpreting the use of stunning in animals. The electrical stunning is the cheapest, easiest, safest, and most suitable method for slaughtering that is widespread and developed. However, stunning on head of poultry before being slaughtered is a controversial aspect among the Islamic sects due to regulations of the European Union and some other countries. The current review highlights the instructions of halal slaughtering, legal legislation, and the effect of this global practice on poultry welfare and the quality of produced meat.
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Yang, Mei. "3D-VR Based Color Design Method for Interior Space in Iot Applications." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (September 14, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2580222.
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Virtual reality technology has grown in popularity as the economy and society have changed dramatically, and it is now being used in a wide range of applications. Interactive virtual technology’s deployment in the field of art has a wide range of possibilities due to its interaction, immersion, and real-time capabilities. The advantages of this technology, extremely in interiors and design, are unrivalled by other technologies. Virtual reality interior design can help designers and consumers understand the influence of “what you see is what you get,” while also expecting people to feel the visual concept in the 3D content of this model. The research and studies of interior decoration are conducted in this paper using visually stunning virtual reality technology, with the viewing public housing developments as the research object, creating a conceptual framework for successful research and innovation of interior design assisted by visually stunning Virtual reality (VR) technology. In this paper we applied the reliability to check the accuracy of questionnaire and descriptive statistics which summarises all the data.
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Lindahl, Cecilia, Erik Sindhøj, Rebecka Brattlund Hellgren, Charlotte Berg, and Anna Wallenbeck. "Responses of Pigs to Stunning with Nitrogen Filled High-Expansion Foam." Animals 10, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 2210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122210.
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Nitrogen gas (N2) delivered in high expansion foam in a closed container could be a feasible method for humanely stunning pigs. This study aimed to evaluate potential aversion in pigs to the N2 foam method and its effect on stun quality. Furthermore, the study aimed to assess potential aversion to the foam itself. Sixty pigs (27.8 ± 4.4 kg) were divided into three treatments and were exposed to either N2-filled foam, air-filled foam, or no foam air. The N2 foam was effective at purging the air from the container and quickly created stable anoxic conditions. The pigs did not show any strong aversive behaviours when exposed to foam. However, they seemed to avoid putting their heads and snouts into the foam when foam levels became high. Escape attempts through the lid also increased when the foam started covering their heads. The mean time to loss of posture was 57.9 s. Based on the results, stunning with the N2 foam technique could be a viable alternative to high concentration CO2 stunning and potentially lead to improved animal welfare at slaughter.
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Arshad, Muhammad Sajid, Urooj Khan, and Waseem Khalid. "Customary Slaughtering Methods and their Comparison with Islamic Slaughtering (Zabiha) - The Review." Indonesian Journal of Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies 5, no. 2 (March 27, 2022): 65–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/ijiis.vol.5.iss2.art4.
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This review investigates about most commonly adopted slaughtering techniques and their comparison with that of the technique, portrayed by Islam. The customary methods of animal slaughtering involve stunning. Ritual kosher which resembles with halal slaughtering method but do not include Tasmiyah, the other one is jhatka slaughtering method which obeys killing of animal by severing the head with single stroke of axe or sword. Whereas, the Islamic slaughtering manner, commonly known as Zabiha, obligates the cut of trachea, food pipe, carotid artery and jugular vein, while reciting the Holy name of Allah. The review framed the documentations of some researches, which clearly reveal that stunning, ritual kosher and jhatka slaughtering cause poor meat quality, highly prone to bacterial attacks, congestion of meat, reduction in shelf life, as well as more the suffering of animal which is clearly against the animal welfare as claimed by some antagonist lobbyists.
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Vizzier-Thaxton, Y., K. D. Christensen, M. W. Schilling, R. J. Buhr, and J. P. Thaxton. "A new humane method of stunning broilers using low atmospheric pressure." Journal of Applied Poultry Research 19, no. 4 (December 2010): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2010-00184.
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Purnama, M. T. E., S. F. Prayoga, N. M. Triana, W. K. Dewi, B. S. Purnomoaji, D. K. Wardhana, and F. Fikri. "Oxidative stress parameters in landrace pigs slaughtered by the stunning method." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 441 (February 25, 2020): 012140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/441/1/012140.
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Camargo-dos-Santos, Bruno, Clarissa Lerois Carlos, João Favero-Neto, Nina Pacheco Capelini Alves, Bruno Bastos Gonçalves, and Percília Cardoso Giaquinto. "Welfare in Nile Tilapia Production: Dorsal Fin Erection as a Visual Indicator for Insensibility." Animals 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2021): 3007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11103007.
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In aquaculture, to ensure animal welfare in pre-slaughter and slaughter stages, it is fundamental that fish are insensible. A method for evaluating fish insensibility is based on visual sensibility indicators (VSI) assessment (i.e., self-initiated behavior, responses to stimuli and reflexes). However, many stimuli used to assess fish responses are painful. Therefore, this study verifies whether the presence/absence of a dorsal fin erection (DFE) response can be used as a painless VSI in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Three stunning protocols were applied to fish: benzocaine anesthesia (40 mg/L and 80 mg/L), ice water immersion (0–1, 2–3 and 5–6 °C) and CO2 stunning. After these stunning methods were applied in fish, the time of loss and return of DFE was observed, along with the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). All fish stunned using benzocaine and ice water immersion lose both VSIs, while 95% of fish stunned using CO2 lose these VSIs. In all treatments, DFEs return quicker than VOR. Therefore, DFE can be used as a VSI in Nile tilapia, which is simple for producers to assess and does not require a painful stimulus. However, the DFE alone does not totally ensure fish insensibility and must be used together with other well-established VSIs at fish farms.
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Lena Sartika, R. Marwita Sari Putri, and Jumsurizal. "Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Imotilization Using a Combination of White Senduduk (Melastoma decemfidum) and Purple Senduduk (Melastoma malabatricum L.) Leaf Extract." Marinade 2, no. 01 (April 30, 2019): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31629/marinade.v2i01.1252.
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Fish transport was related to the anesthesia method. Anesthesia aims to reduce metabolism or activity (sedatives). High metabolism during transportation can be minimized using the imotilization method. The purpose of this study was to obtain the combined effect of senduduk putih leaves (Melastoma decemfidum) and purple senduduk leaves (Melastoma malabatricum L.) during fainting, life recovery and graduation from indigo (Oreochromis niloticus). The research stage includes preparation of raw materials, extraction of senduduk leaves, riveting processes and testing of water quality and observing fish behavior. The results of temperature, DO, pH, and TAN before stunning were 28.81oC, 3.63 mg/L, 6.11, 0.06 mg / L. While the results of temperature, DO, pH, and TAN after stunning were 26.35oC, 3.60 mg/L L, 0.29 mg/L. This study was analyzed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD).
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Brindha, J., and V. Vijayakumar. "Underwater Image Enhancement Using Histogram Method." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 8, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v8.i3.pp687-689.
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<p>The underwater images not only offer aninteresting sight, but also have a challenge to monitor marinespecies and underwater activities. Taking a beautiful underwater image requires extraordinary equipment and technique. Usually,there are distorted colors on the image caused by poor light andwater quality. So it requires an image enhancement process to geta proper photo to display. This research offers an improvedmethod of auto levels to produce stunning photos. This methoduses the color balancing based on the distribution of each channelR, G and B based on its histogram. The balancing of colors willreproduce colors more attractive compared with other methodsof auto level.<strong></strong></p>
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Lee, Shinyu, Junichi Araki, Takeshi Imaoka, Masaki Maesako, Gentaro Iribe, Katsumasa Miyaji, Satoshi Mohri, et al. "Energy-wasteful total Ca2+ handling underlies increased O2 cost of contractility in canine stunned heart." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 278, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): H1464—H1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2000.278.5.h1464.
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Postischemic myocardial stunning halved left ventricular contractility [end-systolic maximum elastance ( E max)] and doubled the O2 cost of E max in excised cross-circulated canine heart. We hypothesized that this increased O2 cost derived from energy-wasteful myocardial Ca2+ handling consisting of a decreased internal Ca2+ recirculation, some futile Ca2+ cycling, and a depressed Ca2+ reactivity of E max. We first calculated the internal Ca2+ recirculation fraction (RF) from the exponential decay component of postextrasystolic potentiation. Stunning significantly accelerated the decay and decreased RF from 0.63 to 0.43 on average. We then combined the decreased RF with the halved E maxand its doubled O2 cost and analyzed total Ca2+handling using our recently developed integrative method. We found a decreased total Ca2+ transport and a considerable shift of the relation between futile Ca2+ cycling and Ca2+ reactivity in an energy-wasteful direction in the stunned heart. These changes in total Ca2+ handling reasonably account for the doubled O2 cost of E max in stunning, supporting the hypothesis.
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FLEMING, B. K., G. W. FRONING, M. M. BECK, and A. A. SOSNICKI. "The Effect of Carbon Dioxide as a Preslaughter Stunning Method for Turkeys." Poultry Science 70, no. 10 (October 1991): 2201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0702201.
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Channon, H. A., A. M. Payne, and R. D. Warner. "Halothane genotype, pre-slaughter handling and stunning method all influence pork quality." Meat Science 56, no. 3 (November 2000): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0309-1740(00)00056-5.
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Mocho, Jean-Philippe, Florian Lang, Guillaume Valentin, Sébastien Bedu, Robin McKimm, Juan Ramos, Yolanda Saavedra Torres, et al. "A Multi-Site Assessment of Anesthetic Overdose, Hypothermic Shock, and Electrical Stunning as Methods of Euthanasia for Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos and Larvae." Biology 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11040546.
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Euthanasia in zebrafish (Danio rerio) younger than 5 days post fertilization (dpf) is poorly described in the literature, and standardized protocols are lacking, most likely because larvae not capable of independent feeding are often not protected under national legislations. We assessed the euthanasia efficacy in laboratories in different countries of a one hour anesthetic overdose immersion with buffered lidocaine hydrochloride (1 g/L, with or without 50 mL/L of ethanol), buffered tricaine (1 g/L), clove oil (0.1%), benzocaine (1 g/L), or 2-phenoxyethanol (3 mL/L), as well as the efficacy of hypothermic shock (one hour immersion) and electrical stunning (for one minute), on zebrafish at <12 h post fertilization (hpf), 24 hpf, and 4 dpf. Based on the survival/recovery rates 24 h after treatment, the most effective methods were clove oil, lidocaine with ethanol, and electrical stunning. For 4 dpf larvae, signs of aversion during treatment demonstrated that all anesthetics, except lidocaine, induced aversive behavior. Therefore, the most suited euthanasic treatment was lidocaine hydrochloride 1 g/L, buffered with 2 g/L of sodium bicarbonate and mixed with 50 mL/L of ethanol, which euthanized both embryos and larvae in an efficient and stress-free manner. Electrical stunning also euthanized embryos and larvae efficiently and without signs of aversion; this method needs further assessment in other laboratories to draw firm conclusions.
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Dalla Costa, FA, TJ Gibson, SEO Oliveira, NG Gregory, L. Faucitano, and OA Dalla Costa. "On-farm culling methods used for pigs." Animal Welfare 30, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 507–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.30.3.008.
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The culling of injured and non-viable pigs (Sus scrofa) (neonate to breeding stock) is a routine and necessary procedure on most farms. Usually, pigs are culled using one of the following methods: blunt-force trauma (manual and mechanical), captive-bolt stunners, electrical stunning and electrocution or carbon dioxide. Manual blunt-force trauma is one of the most widely used methods due to its low or absent operational and investment costs. However, as a method, it has serious limitations, which include the risk of incomplete concussion, pain, and distress. Manual blunt-force trauma is also aesthetically unpleasant to operators and wider society. To address these issues there has been significant recent research into the development of alternatives to manual blunt-force trauma, these include: captive-bolt stunners, on-farm, gas-based controlled atmosphere systems, low atmospheric pressure systems and electrical stunning. Some of these are currently in commercial use while others are still in the developmental phase. This review brings together the relevant research in this field, evaluating the methods in terms of mechanism of action (mechanical and physiological), effectiveness and animal welfare.
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Dalla Costa, FA, TJ Gibson, SEO Oliveira, NG Gregory, L. Faucitano, and OA Dalla Costa. "On-farm culling methods used for pigs." Animal Welfare 30, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 507–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.30.3.008.
Full textAbstract:
The culling of injured and non-viable pigs (Sus scrofa) (neonate to breeding stock) is a routine and necessary procedure on most farms. Usually, pigs are culled using one of the following methods: blunt-force trauma (manual and mechanical), captive-bolt stunners, electrical stunning and electrocution or carbon dioxide. Manual blunt-force trauma is one of the most widely used methods due to its low or absent operational and investment costs. However, as a method, it has serious limitations, which include the risk of incomplete concussion, pain, and distress. Manual blunt-force trauma is also aesthetically unpleasant to operators and wider society. To address these issues there has been significant recent research into the development of alternatives to manual blunt-force trauma, these include: captive-bolt stunners, on-farm, gas-based controlled atmosphere systems, low atmospheric pressure systems and electrical stunning. Some of these are currently in commercial use while others are still in the developmental phase. This review brings together the relevant research in this field, evaluating the methods in terms of mechanism of action (mechanical and physiological), effectiveness and animal welfare.
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Raj, ABM, M. O'Callaghan, and TG Knowles. "The effects of amount and frequency of alternating current used in water bath stunning and of slaughter methods on electroencephalograms in broilers." Animal Welfare 15, no. 1 (February 2006): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600029882.
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AbstractThe effectiveness of electrical water bath stunning of 172 individual broilers for 1 s with a constant root mean square (RMS) current of 100, 150 or 200 mA, delivered using a variable voltage/constant current stunner with 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200 or 1400 Hz sine wave alternating current (AC), followed by slaughter using a unilateral or ventral neck-cutting procedure, was evaluated. A binary logistic regression of broilers showing epileptiform activity or not following stunning showed that both the electrical frequency (Hz) and RMS current (mA) had a significant effect on the probability of the electroencephalogram (EEG) manifestation. The univariate analysis of variance showed that the time to the onset of less than 10% of the pre-stun relative power contents was significantly affected only by the interaction between electrical frequency and slaughter method. A similar analysis of variance of the time to reach less than 10% of the pre-stun total power content showed slaughter method, RMS current, the slaughter method/frequency interaction and the RMS current/frequency interaction to be either significant or approaching significance. Based on these results it is recommended that effective water bath stunning of broilers with a minimum constant current of 100, 150 and 200 mA could be achieved with electrical frequencies of up to 200, 600 and 800 Hz, respectively. In addition, It is likely that electrical frequencies of above 800 Hz would have required a minimum current of greater than 200 mA to induce epileptiform activity in the EEGs of broilers.
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Wang, Xi, Dan Zhao, Allison C. Milby, Gregory S. Archer, E. David Peebles, Shailesh Gurung, and Morgan B. Farnell. "Evaluation of Euthanasia Methods on Behavioral and Physiological Responses of Newly Hatched Male Layer Chicks." Animals 11, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): 1802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061802.
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Newly hatched male layer chicks are considered as “by-products” in the egg industry and must be humanely euthanized at the hatchery. Instantaneous mechanical destruction (maceration) is the predominant euthanasia method applied in poultry hatcheries and is approved by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA). However, maceration is not perceived by the public to be a humane means of euthanasia. The effects of alternative euthanasia methods, including carbon dioxide (CO2) or nitrogen (N2) inhalation, and a commercial negative pressure stunning system on behavioral and physiological responses of day-of-hatch male layer chicks, were evaluated in a field trial. Chick behaviors, including ataxia, loss of posture, convulsions, cessation of vocalization, and cessation of movement, were monitored. Serum hormones were assessed at the end of each of the alternative euthanasia treatments, including a control group allowed to breathe normal atmospheric air. The N2 method induced unconsciousness and death later than the CO2 and negative pressure methods, and increased serum corticosterone concentrations of neonatal chicks. Carbon dioxide inhalation increased serotonin concentrations as compared to controls, as well as the N2 and the negative pressure methods. The behavioral and physical responses observed in this study suggest that both CO2 inhalation and negative pressure stunning can be employed to humanely euthanize neonatal male layer chicks.
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Zarembka, F. R., D. E. Koller, and E. D. Plotka. "Effect of ether or ketamine anesthesia on rat uterine estrogen and progesterone receptors." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.1.143.
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Abstract Rat uterine estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) have been used as controls in ER and PR assays of breast tumors. Stunning or decapitation of experimental animals without prior anesthesia is no longer acceptable as a method of killing. Thus, we compared the effects of two anesthetics on the concentration of rat uterine ER and PR. Rats were killed by one of three methods: (a) stunning, (b) ether anesthesia followed by decapitation, or (c) ketamine anesthesia followed by decapitation. ER and PR concentrations were determined by titration assay, with dextran-coated charcoal separation, and quantified by Scatchard analysis. No significant differences were found in mean receptor concentrations or dissociation constants for the three groups. The results indicate that there is no residual effect of diethyl ether or ketamine hydrochloride on the binding of either estrogen or progestin to their respective receptors. The use of decapitation after either ether or ketamine anesthesia is appropriate for measuring ER and PR receptors in rat uteri.
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CHILDERS, A. B. "New Advances in Humane Slaughter of Meat Animals." Journal of Food Protection 50, no. 8 (August 1, 1987): 709–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-50.8.709.
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On June 18, 1985, the U.S. Department of Agriculture approved a new method of humane slaughter for meat animals - “electrical slaughter” or deep stunning. In this method, the heart is stopped by cardiac arrest. The amount of blood loss and quality of the meat is the same as in conventional slaughter. Heart stoppage practically eliminates blood splashing and speckling.