Journal articles: 'Stunning and slaughter'

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Reilly, Bill. "Slaughter without stunning." Veterinary Record 170, no. 18 (May 4, 2012): 468–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.e3100.

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Davies, E. "Stunning before slaughter." Veterinary Record 121, no. 22 (November 28, 1987): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.121.22.527-a.

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Hutchison, M. "Slaughter without pre-stunning." Veterinary Record 135, no. 6 (August 6, 1994): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.135.6.144-a.

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Hartmann, H., G. Rindermann, C. Siegling-Vlitakis, G. Arndt, K. Wolf, and R. Fries. "Relationship between the response to the corneal reflex (depth of narcosis) and specific parameters in the slaughter blood of pigs narcotised with CO₂." Animal Welfare 19, no. 4 (November 2010): 515–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600001986.

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AbstractThere has been insufficient research into CO2 stunning with regard to its effect on pigs being slaughtered. This lack of knowledge may be at least partly responsible for the partial rejection of CO2-stunning methods. During routine slaughter work, 598 pigs (average carcase weight: 94 kg) were evaluated. The stunning procedure was carried out in industrial stunning chambers with 90% CO2 by volume and an exposure time of either 120 or 90 s. The corneal reflex response was evaluated immediately prior to bleeding in order to determine the depth of narcosis. Blood was taken at slaughter (slaughter blood) to determine the partial pressure of breathing gases and the acid-base status. We found that CO2 stunning mainly produced hypoxaemia, but also normoand hyperoxaemia, in arteriovenous slaughter blood. No further positive reflex responses occurred at a pO2 threshold of ≤ 1.6 kPa. PCO2 increased to values of 40 kPa and above. This extreme hypercapnia resulted in a decrease of the slaughter blood pH with values of less than 7.00 (ie, strong respiratory acidosis). Starting with threshold values from pCO2 > 23 kPa and pH < 6.85, stunned pigs revealed only a few or no positive reflex responses, respectively. The non-respiratory Stewart-variable serum [SID3] was elevated to alkaline values of 65 mmol L−1 and above, in comparison to the normal values of 45 (± 2) mmol L−1. We conclude that the use of cut-off points such as the pH and/or pO2 in routine sampling of slaughter animals (eg by application of ion-sensitive electrodes) would establish the depth of narcosis in pigs destined for slaughter. The efficiency of monitoring could thereby be improved during slaughter, in line with the demands of animal welfare.

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Anil, MH, T. Yesildere, H. Aksu, E. Matur, JL McKinstry, O. Erdogan, S. Hughes, and C. Mason. "Comparison of religious slaughter of sheep with methods that include pre-slaughter stunning, and the lack of differences in exsanguination, packed cell volume and meat quality parameters." Animal Welfare 13, no. 4 (November 2004): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600028633.

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AbstractUK legislation requiring pre-slaughter stunning has certain exemptions for religious slaughter. Supporters of both Muslim (Halal) and Jewish (Shechita) slaughter methods claim that the efficiency of the bleed out is adversely affected by stunning. In this study, electrical stunning followed by neck cutting, and captive bolt stunning followed by neck cutting, were compared with the Muslim slaughter method (neck cutting without stunning) in sheep. Total blood loss and percentage blood loss, expressed as a percentage of live weight, were calculated and compared between groups. In addition, the time taken to reach 25%, 50%, 75% and 90% of total blood loss was calculated and compared. There was no apparent difference in the packed cell volume levels between groups. Slaughter method did, however, affect meat pH and colour. The results show that the bleed out after neck cutting is not adversely affected by electrical or captive bolt stunning; nor is an improved bleed out achieved by neck cutting without stunning.

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Mdletshe, Zwelethu Mfanafuthi, Munyaradzi Christopher Marufu, and Michael Chimonyo. "Effect of Indigenous Slaughter Methods on the Behavioural Response, Bleeding Efficiency and Cardiac Arrest of Nguni Goats." Animals 10, no. 2 (February 4, 2020): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020247.

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Resource-limited farmers slaughter goats without stunning. The objective of the current study was to assess the influence of indigenous slaughter methods used by resource-limited households on slaughter stress-related behaviour, bleeding efficiency, and time to post-slaughter trauma of goats. Thirty clinically healthy castrated Nguni goats aged between 15 to 18 months old with body condition score of three were randomly assigned to three non-stunning informal slaughter methods, (1) transverse neck incision (TNI); (2) suprasternal notch piercing in the direction of the heart (SNP); and (3) under-shoulder-blade chest-floor point-of-elbow (CFP) sticking in the direction of the heart. Ten goats were slaughtered using each method. Slaughter method had no effect (p < 0.05) on stress-related behaviour. Rate of bleeding efficiency was highest (p < 0.05) for SNP slaughtered goats. Time to lose sensibility was lowest (p < 0.05) for goats slaughtered using the CFP (55 s) when compared to SNP (68 s) and TNI (75 s) slaughter methods. Time to post-slaughter trauma was highest (p < 0.05) for SNP (247 s) and lowest for TNI (195 s). These findings suggest that goats slaughtered with SNP experienced rapid death when compared to TNI and SNP slaughter methods. It was concluded that the SNP slaughter method is the most effective slaughter technique because it is associated with higher bleeding efficiency and lower time to lose sensibility before death.

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Anil, MH, T. Yesildere, H. Aksu, E. Matur, JL McKinstry, HR Weaver, O. Erdogan, S. Hughes, and C. Mason. "Comparison of Halal slaughter with captive bolt stunning and neck cutting in cattle: exsanguination and quality parameters." Animal Welfare 15, no. 4 (November 2006): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600030645.

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AbstractSome supporters of religious slaughter methods claim that efficiency of bleed-out is adversely affected by stunning. Our previous study carried out in sheep at an abattoir comparing the Muslim method of slaughter without stunning with pre-slaughter stunning using a captive bolt or by electrical methods concluded that bleed-out is not adversely affected by stunning, nor improved by a neck cut without stunning. In this paper, a similar study carried out in cattle is reported. In this study, captive bolt stunning followed by neck cutting was compared with the Muslim slaughter method without stunning. The total blood loss, percentage blood loss expressed as a percentage of live weight and percentage loss of estimated total blood were calculated and compared between each group. In addition, the time periods taken to reach 25, 50, 75 and 90% of total blood loss were also calculated. There was no significant difference between the two stunning groups for any of these blood loss variables. The results, subjected to statistical analyses, also showed no apparent difference in the PCV levels and meat quality parameters between treatments. These results confirm the findings with sheep and show that the bleed-out is not adversely affected by captive bolt stunning, nor improved by a neck cut without stunning in cattle. It is anticipated that these findings may help promote the use of stunning methods during Halal slaughter.

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Sabow, A. B., Y. M. Goh, I. Zulkifli, M. Z. Ab Kadir, U. Kaka, K. D. Adeyemi, A. A. Abubakar, J. C. Imlan, M. Ebrahimi, and A. Q. Sazili. "Electroencephalographic and blood parameters changes in anaesthetised goats subjected to slaughter without stunning and slaughter following different electrical stunning methods." Animal Production Science 59, no. 5 (2019): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17486.

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Electrical stunning is the most widely used stunning method for sheep and goats. Because low frequency head-to-back electrical stunning induces cardiac arrest, it is non-compliant with halal requirements. In addition, conventional head-only electrical stunning method can have adverse effects on carcass and meat quality. To address these issues high-frequency electrical stunning systems were developed. High frequency head-to-back removes the potential for pain and distress compared with non-stunned slaughter and does not induce cardiac arrest like low frequency head-to-back stunning making it appropriate for halal. However, this claim is yet to be proven through a comprehensive neurophysiological study. Thus, the present study examined the effects of different pre-slaughter electrical stunning methods and slaughter without stunning on electroencephalographic and blood biochemistry changes. Thirty-two male Boer crossbred bucks were distributed into four groups of eight animals each and subjected to slaughter without stunning (SWS), low frequency head-only (LFHO) and low frequency head-to-back (LFHB) or high frequency head-to-back electrical stunning (HFHB). Slaughtering of animals with or without stunning was performed under minimal anaesthesia. Based on electroencephalograph results, at slaughter, the SWS animals showed an increase in brain electrical activity, which is consistent with the presence of post slaughter noxious sensory input associated with tissue damage. Meanwhile the electroencephalograph activities decreased immediately after application of electrical stunning in all animals, suggesting that they were insensible to pain during and after the neck cut. Electrical brain activities for goats subjected to HFHB were comparable to those for LFHO and those for LFHB. The percentage of animals that exhibited severe clonic activity was significantly lower after LFHB or HFHB stunning compared with LFHO. The concentrations of catecholamines and hyperglycemia in electrically stunned goats were higher compared with those from SWS. It was observed that LFHB caused cardiac arrest in all goats whereas all HFHB goats had no cardiac arrest. High frequency head-to-back electrical stunning may be an improvement on non-stunned slaughter and has advantages for meat quality. However, stunning effectiveness after head-to-back electrical stunning with high frequencies needs to be evaluated under industrial conditions before any recommendation is given.

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Aḥmad, Nabil, and Haroon ur Rasheed. "ذبح سے پہلے عمل تدویخ اور معاصر فقہی تحقیقات." Journal of Islamic and Religious Studies 2, no. 2 (February 8, 2020): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36476/jirs.2:2.12.2017.04.

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Stunning is the process of rendering animals immobile or unconscious, with or without killing the animal, when or immediately prior to slaughtering them for food. In modern slaughterhouses a variety of stunning methods are used on livestock. Methods include: Electrical stunning, Gas stunning, Percussive stunning. There are three opinions of Islamic scholars about stunning. Those scholars; who do not allow stunning at all; are of the view that the method of rendering animals unconscious before slaughter is against the shairah method and Sunnah, and it is Makrooh e Teḥreemi. Before slaughtering, if an animal died due to stunning, then that animal is carcass and is not allowed to be eaten. But, if before slaughter, ḥayat e Mustaqirrah is present in animal and it is slaughtered in that condition then it is permissible to eat it. Certain scholars allow stunning in certain situations with some terms and conditions. The decisions of Mjam e Faqhiyyah of modern age are also based on conditional permission. Moreover, Mufti Muḥammad Taqi Usmani, Dr. Wahabah Zoḥaili and Abdul Aziz Bin Baaz agree with conditional permission, while some other scholars allow all types of stunning without any condition; Mufti Muḥammad Abduho and his pupil Allamah Rasheed Raza Miṣri agree with later opinion.

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Dobeic, Martin. "Religious slaughter in European union - Short review." Meso 20, no. 6 (2018): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31727/m.20.6.1.

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The aim of this paper was to review current religious slaugtering processes and dillemas in EU. Stunning of animals before slaughter is a legally prescribed requirement in the EU intended to reach animal unconsciousness so that slaughter does not cause anxiety, pain, suffering or distress. In some European Union countries, religious slaughter is exceptionally allowed without stunning. Animals intended for religious slaughter must be healthy and undamaged. In order to meet these requirements, religious slaughtering in the EU is being implemented only in allowed and approved slaughterhouses. Slaughter can only be performed by authorized and educated operators. Regarding religious slaughter, there are many dilemmas in the EU about whether this methods of slaughter causes additional suffering of animals. Insofar as Muslim slaughter in some cases allows some methods of the preslaughter stunning, Jewish slaughter does not allow any stunning. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account the fact that in the future, it will be necessary to examine alternative stunning methods which will ensure the integrity of live animals before bleeding. At the same time, it is necessary to harmonize the guidelines for a harmonized procedures of handling animals before and after slaughtering and certifying of the meat originating from religious slaughter in order not to mislead consumers.

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Zulkifli, I., Y. M. Goh, B. Norbaiyah, A. Q. Sazili, M. Lotfi, A. F. Soleimani, and A. H. Small. "Changes in blood parameters and electroencephalogram of cattle as affected by different stunning and slaughter methods in cattle." Animal Production Science 54, no. 2 (2014): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12128.

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The present study aimed to provide a comparative analysis of the effects of penetrative stunning, non-penetrative stunning and post-slaughter stunning on biochemical parameters and electroencephalogram (EEG) associated with stress in heifers and steers. Ten animals were assigned to each of the following four treatment groups: (1) animals were subjected to conventional halal slaughter (a clean incision through the structures on the ventral neck at the approximate level of vertebrae C2–C3 – the trachea, oesophagus, carotid arteries and jugular veins) and post-cut penetrating mechanical stun within 10–20 s of the halal cut (U); (2) high-power non-penetrating mechanical stunning using a mushroom-headed humane killer, followed by conventional halal slaughter (HPNP); (3) low-power non-penetrating mechanical percussive stunning using a mushroom-headed humane killer, followed by conventional halal slaughter (LPNP); and (4) penetrative stunning using a captive-bolt pistol humane killer, followed by conventional halal slaughter (P). For each animal, blood samples and electroencephalogram recordings were taken before stunning, post-stunning (if applicable) and post-slaughter, and plasma concentrations of cortisol, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), adrenaline, noradrenaline and β-endorphin were determined. Irrespective of the stunning method, except for percentage change in plasma concentrations of noradrenaline, the values of blood parameters attained before and after stunning were not significantly different. The plasma noradrenaline concentration of the HPNP animals was significantly elevated following stunning. Following slaughter, the percentage change of plasma ACTH concentration in the P animals was significantly elevated. Neither stunning method nor sampling time had a significant effect on plasma β-endorphin concentration. On the basis of the EEG results, penetrative stunning seemed to be better in maximising the possibility of post-stunning insensibility, whereas U animals appeared to demonstrate an evident increase in EEG activity which is consistent with the presence of post-slaughter noxious stimuli associated with tissue cut and injury. The U animals had consistently higher, if not the highest, RMS values than did other stunned animals. This indicates a degree of EEG changes associated with stress and pain. On the basis of EEG data, our results suggested that penetrative stunning would be the most reliable method of ensuring insensibility and minimising pain. However, at slaughter, the P animals showed a dramatic elevation in the percentage change of circulating ACTH, suggesting physiological stress response. On a cautionary note, the results are not unequivocal, and it may be that the range of analyses available to researchers at this point of time are not sufficiently specific to allow definitive conclusions to be drawn.

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Saputro, Eko. "STUNNING: IS IT HALAL FOR PRE-SLAUGHTERING HALAL ANIMALS?" Jurnal Kewidyaiswaraan 6, no. 2 (December 7, 2021): 128–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.56971/jwi.v6i2.149.

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The world's Muslim population has exceeded two billion people, the terms and conditions of halal meat for the Muslim community are of great importance both ethically and economically. Since 1976, the Indonesian Ulema Council (ajelis Ulama Indonesi, MUI) has legalized the method of stunning pre-slaughter of halal animals through an MUI Fatwa dated 24 Shawwal 1396 H / October 18, 1976. with the doctrines of the Prophet Muhammad SAW and meet the requirements of the provisions of the Shari'a and the law is legal and halal (lawful), and therefore, it is hoped that the Muslims will not doubt it. However, it has not been explained in the fatwa regarding the various methods and existing stunning equipment that meet the halal requirements for the halal slaughter of various halal animals. This has sparked debate among Muslims as well as animal welfare activists. A very important and critical operation at the abattoir is the transformation of a halal animal into a healthy piece of halal meat for human consumption through a ritual process of halal slaughter. This article does not discuss the debate about halal slaughter without stunning being inhumane or slaughter with stunning being controversial from an Islamic point of view. This article discusses the slaughter, stunning and welfare of animals by considering the requirements of Islamic law and animal welfare laws. From the point of view of animal welfare standards, a number of issues have been raised regarding halal slaughter without stunning, in particular, regarding the stress-required laying method and unconscious latency. This paper discusses various methods of halal pre-slaughter stunning stunning various halal animals that have been permitted by Islamic authorities.

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Hermanto, Sandra, Maya Ina Sholaikah, and Sri Suci Mulyani. "Identification of Differentially Expressed Protein from Electrical Stunning of Broiler Chickens Meat Protein." Molekul 11, no. 1 (May 16, 2016): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2016.11.1.196.

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Identification of differentially expressed protein from the muscle tissue of broiler chicken meat with different conditions of pre-slaughter has been done. Each sample (6 broilers aged 21 days, 1 kg of weight ) was prepared through the process of pre-slaughter with 3 conditions, the first sample slaughtered in a conventional way which untreated electrical stunning, while the second and third sample of the chicken was prepared by using electrical stunning with 1 A and 25 Volts for 5 seconds and 1 A, 125 Volts for 30 seconds. Two biological replicate were done for each of samples. Muscle tissue protein extracted in Tris HCl pH 8.0 and the proteins separation by using SDS-PAGE (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis). Identification of differentially expressed protein performed by densitometry to identify the profile of the resulting proteins. The results of this study showed that the protein bands constructed in the range of 8.5-140 kDa and 9 dominant protein bands with different relative intensities. Densitogram analysis results showed there are two specific protein bands appear on the results of the electrical stunning which more extensive over expression. This indicates the electrical stunning of slaughter process may triggered the expression levels of certain proteins that do not occur in the nonelectrical stunning.

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Li, Wenpeng, Chao Yan, Kris Descovich, Clive J. C. Phillips, Yongyou Chen, Huijing Huang, Xuan Wu, Jian Liu, Siyu Chen, and Xingbo Zhao. "The Effects of Preslaughter Electrical Stunning on Serum Cortisol and Meat Quality Parameters of a Slow-Growing Chinese Chicken Breed." Animals 12, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 2866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12202866.

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Electrical stunning is widely utilized prior to a neck cut to induce unconsciousness in order to improve animal welfare and slaughter efficiency in the broiler production industry. However, slaughter without stunning is still very commonly used in China, in part because there is a belief that stunning reduces meat quality. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the physical (hemorrhages, pH, drip loss, and shear force) and chemical (inosinic monophosphate concentration and reducing sugar content) properties of broiler meat differed between chickens in preslaughter stunning and nonstunned slaughter groups, and whether the groups differed in their levels of cortisol as an indicator of stress. Serum cortisol levels of the nonstunned group were nearly twice as high as those in the stunned group (p < 0.05). Several meat quality indicators were better in the stunned group than in the nonstunned group. We concluded that electrical stunning prior to slaughter significantly decreases the stress caused by slaughter, resulting in both improved animal welfare and meat quality traits.

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Yani, Ahmad, Rudi Ahmad Suryadi, and Nurrohman Nurrohman. "STUNNING ON ANIMALS SLAUGHTER ON ISLAMIC LAW PERSPECTIVE." Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir'ah 18, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30984/jis.v18i1.1103.

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The research aimed to analyze the study of Islamic law regarding slaughter and stunning, and provide an assessment of the benefits of the slaughter and slaughter results. The research method is a library study in which the process is by collecting book data and other reading sources. Data sources in the form of fiqh references and ICU fatwas, accompanied by empirical research findings on stunning. The main references are obtained from al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu, al-Haram wa al-Haram, Kasysyaf al-Qina’, and several books of hadith and fiqh. The research found that stunning is permissible by paying attention to temporary fainting animals, does not cause death and permanent injury, aims to facilitate slaughter, and not to torture animals. Slaughter by conventional means is recommended. The benefit is based on the indicator that animals die faster. Opinions of Ulama and ICU Fatwa encourage the slaughter manually without stunning.

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Wotton, Steve, and Julian Sparrey. "Stunning and slaughter of ostriches." Meat Science 60, no. 4 (April 2002): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0309-1740(01)00149-8.

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Gregory, N. G. "Preslaughter handling, stunning and slaughter." Meat Science 36, no. 1-2 (January 1994): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-1740(94)90032-9.

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Jones, R. A. "Stunning of animals for slaughter." British Veterinary Journal 141, no. 3 (May 1985): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(85)90075-2.

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Sánchez-Hidalgo, Melissa, Carla Rosenfeld, and Carmen Gallo. "Associations between Pre-Slaughter and Post-Slaughter Indicators of Animal Welfare in Cull Cows." Animals 9, no. 9 (September 2, 2019): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9090642.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the welfare of cull cows in a slaughtering plant, using indicators of health on arrival and indicators of handling during the stunning process. These pre-slaughter indicators were associated with post-slaughter indicators of the same cows, such as carcass bruising and condemnations. Transport staff surveys showed that all drivers had been trained on animal welfare. All loads of cows came directly from farms and had an average transport duration of 5 h 22 min. Indicators were registered in 237 cows during unloading at the slaughterhouse and in the stunning box. Bruises and condemnations were recorded post-slaughter in the carcasses of the same cows. Results at arrival showed that 48% of the cows had low body condition, 50% had mammary problems, and 24% suffered from lameness. During stunning, 16% of cows needed a second shot, and 54% exceeded the 60 s established as a recommended interval between stunning and bleeding. During the post-slaughter evaluation, 50% of the carcasses had more than two bruises and 70.46% had a bruise severity score different from zero. Low body condition was a risk factor to increase the severity of bruises; low body condition and mammary problems increased carcass condemnations; the stunning process indicators were not statistically associated with the severity of the bruises. For cull cows the main animal welfare issue originates at farm level.

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Kiran, M., B. M. Naveena, M. Smrutirekha, P. Baswa Reddy, Banerjee Rituparna, Y. Praveen Kumar, Ch Venkatesh, and Srikanth Rapole. "Traditional halal slaughter without stunning versus slaughter with electrical stunning of sheep (Ovis aries)." Meat Science 148 (February 2019): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.10.011.

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ABIOLA, S. S. "ASSESSMENT OF ABATTOIR AND SLAUGHTER SLAB OPERATIONS IN OYO STATE, NIGERIA." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 23, no. 1 (January 10, 2021): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v23i1.2176.

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A study of daily activities at 15 registered slaughter points in Oyo State was conducted for six months. A total of 43,087 animals were slaughtered during the period. Cattle accounted. for 62.06%, sheep 4.50%, goats 28.13% and pigs 5.31% of the total. Make species were slaughtered in most cases. Ante-mortem inspection was restricted to the two abattoirs in the state while stunning of pigs was only observed in one of the abattoirs. Processing blood and bones for livestock feeds was common the operations to all the slaughter points in Ibadan. However, inadequate water supply and poor drainage were the major problems identified in most of the slaughter points.

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Daly, D. J., D. M. Prendergast, J. J. Sheridan, I. S. Blair, and D. A. McDowell. "Use of a Marker Organism To Model the Spread of Central Nervous System Tissue in Cattle and the Abattoir Environment during Commercial Stunning and Carcass Dressing." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 2 (February 2002): 791–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.2.791-798.2002.

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ABSTRACT Due to concerns about a link between variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans and similar prion protein-induced disease in cattle, i.e., bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), strict controls are in place to exclude BSE-positive animals and/or specified risk materials including bovine central nervous system (CNS) tissue from the human food chain. However, current slaughter practice, using captive bolt guns, may induce disruption of brain tissues and mobilize CNS tissues into the bovine circulatory system, leading to the dispersion of CNS tissues (including prion proteins) throughout the derived carcass. This project used a marker (antibiotic-resistant) strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens to model the effects of commercial captive bolt stunning procedures on the movement of mobilized CNS material within slaughtered animals and the abattoir environment. The marker organism, introduced by injection through the bolt entry aperture or directly using a cartridge-fired captive bolt, was detected in the slaughter environment immediately after stunning and in the abattoir environment at each subsequent stage of the slaughter-dressing process. The marker organism was also detected on the hands of operatives; on slaughter equipment; and in samples of blood, organs, and musculature of inoculated animals. There were no significant differences between the results obtained by the two inoculation methods (P < 0.05). This study demonstrates that material present in, or introduced into, the CNS of cattle during commercial captive bolt stunning may become widely dispersed across the many animate and inanimate elements of the slaughter-dressing environment and within derived carcasses including meat entering the human food chain.

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Nixon, S. "Slaughter of animals without pre-stunning." Veterinary Record 135, no. 1 (July 2, 1994): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.135.1.23.

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Cooke, M., M. Barona, P. Dawe, A. Gauldie, D. McHattie, E. Murray, S. Nixon, et al. "Slaughter of animals without pre-stunning." Veterinary Record 135, no. 1 (July 2, 1994): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.135.1.23-a.

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Gregory, N. G. "Recent concerns about stunning and slaughter." Meat Science 70, no. 3 (July 2005): 481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2004.06.026.

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Anil, M. H., J. Preston, J. L. McKinstry, R. G. Rodway, and S. N. Brown. "An Assessment of Stress Caused in Sheep by Watching Slaughter of Other Sheep." Animal Welfare 5, no. 4 (November 1996): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600019163.

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AbstractThe question of whether witnessing slaughter of conspecifics is distressing was investigated in sheep. Previously catheterized sheep were allowed to see the stunning and sticking (exsanguination) of other sheep. Heart rate was monitored and serial blood samples were taken to assess stress responses. Although the measurable parameter levels were generally high due to human contact and handling, there were no specific increases in response to witnessing stunning and slaughter. This work failed to produce any evidence to suggest that sheep are distressed by witnessing the slaughter act.

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Anil, M. H., S. Warttig, and J. L. McKinstry. "Welfare effects of a new head restraint for slaughter cattle." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600023977.

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The Slaughter of Animals (Humane Conditions) Regulation 1990 requires head restraint for stunning slaughter cattle as of July 1992. This change has been brought about in order to improve captive bolt shooting accuracy and stunning effectiveness. As the target area to aim for on the head for effective stunning is relatively small it is hoped that restricting the head movements will increase shooting accuracy, stunning effectiveness and improve welfare. However, concern has been raised about the possible stress effects of using a restraint. A new system has been developed in Bristol (Department of Meat Animal Science) and is designed to immobilise the head by two pneumatically operated vertical bars for a short time sufficient to enable the operator to aim the the gun at the target area.

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Marinkás, György. "Some Remarks on the ‘Shechita Case’ of the ECJ." Law, Identity and Values 1, no. 2 (2021): 53–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.55073/2021.2.53-90.

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This study strives to answer why the European Court of Justice’s (ECJ) ‘Centraal Israëlitisch Consistorie van België’ judgment, delivered on 17 December 2020, triggered heated reactions. Similarly, sharp criticisms were articulated regarding the recent decision of the Belgian Constitutional Court (Grondwettelijk Hof), where the Court upheld the national legislation on the ban of slaughter without prior stunning per the aforementioned ECJ judgment. This study examines the historic, theological, and scientific background of shechita and halal slaughter with reference to the aforementioned framework. Furthermore, the study strives to introduce the pros and cons of the issue to help the reader decide whether the ritual slaughter — the slaughter of animals without prior stunning but following certain rules aimed at sparing animals from useless suffering — is as humane as the modern non-religious method, where the slaughter is conducted with prior stunning. This study also examines the different theological interpretations on the acceptability of stunning animals before slaughter. In the second part, the study briefly introduces the freedom of religion-related case law of the European Court of Human Rights, and thoroughly analyses its Cha’are Shalom ve Tsedek decision. Moreover, it examines the ECJ’s two ritual slaughter cases, namely the Liga van Moskeeën and Œuvre d’assistance cases, which preceded the Centraal Israëlitisch Consistorie van België case. As a brief excursus into the jurisprudence of the national constitutional courts, this study also introduces two cases brought by the constitutional courts of Germany and Poland. Finally, the third part thoroughly analyses the Advocate General’s opinion and the judgment delivered in the Centraal Israëlitisch Consistorie van België case of the ECJ to highlight the reasons for the different interpretations of the very same EU law.

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Chandia, Mahmood, and Jan Mei Soon. "The variations in religious and legal understandings on halal slaughter." British Food Journal 120, no. 3 (March 5, 2018): 714–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-03-2017-0129.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of different understandings regarding the concept of “what constitutes halal” and “who determines this concept?” In practice, this equates to contemporary legal understandings vs religious understandings. The paper further aims to provide an overview of competing Muslim understandings regarding the concept of “What does or does not constitute halal slaughter?” In practice, this equates to evaluating the application of no stunning at all upon an animal (unanimous acceptance) vs the application of reversible stunning upon an animal (contested). Design/methodology/approach The study includes a review of prior literature and considers the current scenario of the halal poultry trade and raises important questions regarding Islamic dietary practices, halal food integrity, religious and animal welfare understandings. Three key questions were raised: “To what extent does stunning impact halal slaughter?”; “Who determines what is halal slaughter?”; and “What are the variations and tensions between legal and religious understandings of halal slaughter?”. Findings The examination of such requirements and concomitant consumer and provider expectations is underpinned by a study of an operational framework, i.e. industry practices with poultry (hand slaughter, stunning, mechanical slaughter, etc.), ethical values and market forces to appraise whether there is a point of convergence for these that can be beneficial for both seller and consumer concerns. This paper has considered different perspectives on the religious slaughter and provided an overview of competing understandings regarding the above concepts. Originality/value This study although academic and philosophical in nature, raises questions on route to suggesting future research directions. It provides real value in stimulating more research in the area of halal food production and contributes to the understanding of different slaughter requirements for religious slaughter and the meat industry. It further sheds light on not only the religious and secular legal frameworks on animal slaughter and welfare but also the variations in understanding between them and provides examples of attempts to bridge any gap. The paper highlights the importance of halal food based on religious values and its implications for wider society.

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de la Rosa, Ignacio, Pedro L. Castro, and Rafael Ginés. "Twenty Years of Research in Seabass and Seabream Welfare during Slaughter." Animals 11, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 2164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082164.

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The behavioural responses of fish to a stressful situation must be considered an adverse reaction caused by the perception of pain. Consequently, the handling prior to stunning and the immediacy of loss consciousness following stunning are the aspects to take into account during the slaughtering process. The most common commercial stunning method in seabream and seabass is based on hypothermia, but other methods such as electrical stunning, carbon dioxide narcosis or anaesthetic with clove oil, are discussed in relation to the time to reach the unconsciousness stage and some welfare indicators. Although seawater plus ice slurry is currently accepted in some guidelines of fish welfare well practices at slaughter, it cannot be considered completely adequate due to the deferred speed at which cause loss of consciousness. New methods of incorporating some kind of anaesthetic in the stunning tank could be a solution to minimize the impact on the welfare of seabass and seabream at slaughtering.

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Anil, M. H., J. L. McKinstry, M. Field, M. Bracke, and R. G. Rodway. "Assessment of distress experienced by witnessing slaughter in pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200591844.

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The question of whether witnessing slaughter can cause distress has already been addressed in sheep and no scientific evidence was produced to suggest distress (Anil et al, 1989). Other work in mice and deer have also failed to demonstrate distress during the con specifics being killed (Bracke, 1993). It was not clear as to how this affected pigs as they may have been more or less sensitive to watching the slaughter act. Because trying to get stunned animals out of sight can often result in unduly prolonged stunning to sticking intervals which lead to recovery from stunning in commercial slaughterhouses this topic had direct relevance to the welfare of slaughter pigs. A survey ol pig abattoirs in England and Wales has already confirmed the problem (Anil and McKinstry, 1993). Average stunning to sticking interval was shown to be 31 seconds during the survey (ideal interval should be 15 seconds). The aim of this study was to show whether or not pigs would be distressed by watching the slaughter of their con specifics.

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Anil, M. H., J. L. McKinstry, M. Field, M. Bracke, and R. G. Rodway. "Assessment of distress experienced by witnessing slaughter in pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030822960002955x.

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The question of whether witnessing slaughter can cause distress has already been addressed in sheep and no scientific evidence was produced to suggest distress (Anil et al, 1989). Other work in mice and deer have also failed to demonstrate distress during the con specifics being killed (Bracke, 1993). It was not clear as to how this affected pigs as they may have been more or less sensitive to watching the slaughter act. Because trying to get stunned animals out of sight can often result in unduly prolonged stunning to sticking intervals which lead to recovery from stunning in commercial slaughterhouses this topic had direct relevance to the welfare of slaughter pigs. A survey ol pig abattoirs in England and Wales has already confirmed the problem (Anil and McKinstry, 1993). Average stunning to sticking interval was shown to be 31 seconds during the survey (ideal interval should be 15 seconds). The aim of this study was to show whether or not pigs would be distressed by watching the slaughter of their con specifics.

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Večerek, Vladimír, Eva Voslářová, Josef Kameník, Zuzana Machovcová, Lenka Válková, Martina Volfová, and Jarmila Konvalinová. "The effect of slaughtering skills on the welfare of cattle during stunning with a captive bolt." Acta Veterinaria Brno 90, no. 1 (2021): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb202190010109.

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The performance of stunning in various abattoirs can differ. The aim of the study was to compare the stunning of cattle with a captive bolt in two abattoirs. We monitored the slaughtering skills by measuring the deviation of the location of the stunning shot hole on the skull from the ideal point and further by measuring the angle of inclination of the stunning shot on the skull from the ideal perpendicular angle. We observed the impact of different slaughter skills on the quality of stunning of animals based on the occurrence of failure to achieve motor paralysis after a stun shot. The failure to collapse occurred significantly more frequently (P < 0.05) in abattoir A than in abattoir B. In both abattoirs there was a higher (P < 0.05) number of bulls failing to collapse than in females (cows and heifers). However, the effect of slaughter skills on the occurrence of signs associated with insufficient stunning was not found. The signs occurred in abattoir A and abattoir B to the same extent. In bulls, the number of animals with signs was higher (P < 0.05) than in females in both abattoirs. The results show that insufficient proficiency of skills in stunning cattle with a captive bolt leads to a higher number of animals failing to collapse after a stun shot. The effect of slaughter skills on the occurrence of signs in bulls and females was not proven; however, in bulls a higher incidence of signs was demonstrated than in females.

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Raj, M. "Welfare during stunning and slaughter of poultry." Poultry Science 77, no. 12 (December 1998): 1815–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.12.1815.

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Cranley, J. "Sensibility during slaughter without stunning in cattle." Veterinary Record 168, no. 16 (April 21, 2011): 437–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.d1927.

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Neil, Douglas M., Amaya Albalat, and John Thompson. "The effects of electrical stunning on the nervous activity and physiological stress response of a commercially important decapod crustacean, the brown crab Cancer pagurus L." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 26, 2022): e0270960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270960.

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Increasing attention is being paid to the welfare of decapod crustaceans. Legislation exists for their humane slaughter in several countries and this is being debated in others. Electrical stunning may have potential for humane slaughter of crustaceans in some circumstances, although scientific data on the effectiveness of electrical stunning when applied to various species are limited. Assessment criteria for effective stunning have so far been based mainly on behavioural assessments, but these do not always reflect neural insensibility. In this study direct recordings of neural activity, both centrally and peripherally, have been used to provide more direct measures of the state of sensibility. We have also examined whether electrical stunning acts as a physiological stressor, using measures of haemolymph L-lactate. Experiments were performed on a commercially important decapod species, the brown crab Cancer pagurus L. Spontaneous activity within the CNS was arrested by electrical stunning, which is an indication of loss of sensibility. There were also specific effects on the peripheral nervous system, with loss of responsiveness to sensory stimulation, rendering the animals unresponsive to external stimuli, and a failure of motor activation. All these effects were apparent immediately after a 10s stun, and persisted for as long as tested (4h) indicating that the animals were also killed by the procedure. No autotomy of limbs occurred. Haemolymph L-lactate was found to be no greater following electrical stunning than after handling and sampling alone, and both were significantly lower than values reached in a range of environmental and commercial situations. For all these reasons we find that electrical stunning may meet criteria for humane slaughter of C. pagurus.

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Fuseini, Awal, Andrew Grist, and Toby G. Knowles. "Veterinary Students’ Perception and Understanding of Issues Surrounding the Slaughter of Animals According to the Rules of Halal: A Survey of Students from Four English Universities." Animals 9, no. 6 (May 30, 2019): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060293.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the perception and level of understanding of religious slaughter issues, and the regulations governing the process, amongst veterinary students in England. A total of 459 veterinary students in different levels, or years of study (years 1–5), were surveyed. On whether there is a need for food animals to be stunned prior to slaughter, the majority of respondents 437 (95.2%) indicated that they would want all animals to be stunned before slaughter, including during religious slaughter, 17 (3.6%) either did not have an opinion or indicated ‘other’ as their preferred option and 5 (1.1%) indicated that religious slaughter should be exempt from stunning in order to comply with traditional religious values. The results showed a significant association between respondents’ year of study and (i) their understanding of UK animal welfare (at slaughter) regulations, (ii) their recognition of stunning as a pain-abolishing procedure and (iii) the likelihood of them wittingly purchasing and consuming meat from animals that have been stunned prior to slaughter, and also classified as Halal.

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Anil, M. H., J. L. McKinstry, M. Field, and R. G. Rodway. "Lack of Evidence for Stress Being Caused to Pigs by Witnessing the Slaughter of Conspecifics." Animal Welfare 6, no. 1 (February 1997): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600019345.

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AbstractThe effects of witnessing the slaughter of conspecifics on the stress responses of pigs were investigated. Previously catheterized pigs were allowed to see the stunning and sticking (exsanguination) of pigs in a nearby pen. Heart rate was monitored and serial blood samples were taken to assess stress responses. Packed cell volume (PCV), Cortisol and β-endorphin were determined in the samples. In addition, behavioural observations and subjective assessments of animals’ responses were made. Although the levels of hormones, PCV and heart rate tended to be generally high due to handling, there were no specific increases in response to witnessing stunning and slaughter. These results suggest that witnessing the slaughter act does not distress pigs.

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Sinclair, Michelle, Zulkifli Idrus, Georgette Leah Burns, and Clive J. C. Phillips. "Livestock Stakeholder Willingness to Embrace Preslaughter Stunning in Key Asian Countries." Animals 9, no. 5 (May 8, 2019): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9050224.

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Preslaughter stunning; the induction of unconsciousness and insensibility of animals prior to slaughter, is an important process for the welfare of livestock. The application of stunning is required by legislation in some countries, and rarely practised in others. In order to effectively advocate the implementation of stunning in the regions that do not include the practice as standard, it is first important to understand attitudes towards stunning, barriers to implementing stunning, and stakeholder willingness to embrace the practice. To this purpose, 17 focus group sessions were held with leaders in livestock production in China, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, India and Bangladesh. Leaders were asked to rate their perceived willingness of livestock stakeholders to embrace stunning, and their rationales were discussed. In addition to this, the leaders were asked to present ideas to improve the willingness of stakeholders to embrace stunning. The data were qualitatively analysed used thematic analysis, quantified, and presented within this manuscript. Importantly, different attitudes and solutions existed by country, mostly in line with the predominating religion within the country, and the stage of economic development. Concerns around nonstatic and constantly evolving animal welfare benchmarks were also presented as important factors impacting the adoption of stunning, and the technical methods used. The findings of this study may aid in the development of programs that aim to increase the adoption of preslaughter stunning practices, to the purpose of improving animal welfare during slaughter.

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Husna, Fiki. "STUNNING FROM SAINS AND ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE." Journal of halal product and research 4, no. 1 (December 20, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jhpr.vol.4-issue.1.8-13.

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In 2012 the need for meat for consumption or industrial materials in Indonesia reached 484,000 tons and increased to 686,270 tons in 2019. The high demand for meat causes the intensity of slaughter to also increase so that the existence of slaughterhouses is very necessary. In the implementation process, RPH must pay attention to several aspects so that the quality of the meat produced is good, clean and the meat is halal. In the context of the codification of Islamic law (fatwa) in Indonesia, stunning is one of the important studies. This is evidenced by the fatwa of the MUI number 12 of 2009 concerning Halal Beef Certification Standards. This fatwa is motivated by several things, namely the practice of slaughtering animals in Islam must follow the provisions of Islamic law and in the implementation of the slaughter process many use modern equipment in line with technological developments, so that there are various models of cutting and processing that raise questions about the suitability of the implementation of slaughtering with Islamic law. The enactment of the Fatwa of the MUI number 12 of 2009 concerning Halal Slaughter Certification Standards by the Fatwa of the MUI on Mechanical Slaughter of Animals on October 18, 1976, the decision of the Coordination Meeting of the Fatwa Commission and LPPOM MUI and the Indonesian Ministry of Religion, on May 25, 2003, in Jakarta, Fatwa of the MUI Number 4 of 2003 concerning Standardization of Halal Fatwas; Results of the Decision of the Ulama Ijtimak of the Indonesian Fatwa Commission II in 2006 at the Gontor Ponorogo Islamic Boarding School on Critical Issues in Halal Auditing; The results of the Working Group Meeting of the ICU Fatwa Commission for Food, Drugs and Cosmetics and the ICU LPPOM Team on November 12, 2009. This fatwa resulted in a decision, one of which was related to stunning. Stunning to simplify the slaughtering process is legal, provided that: (1) Stunning only causes the animal to faint temporarily, does not cause death or permanent injury; (2) aims to facilitate slaughter; (3) its implementation as a form of ihsan, not animal torture

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COORE, R. R., S. LOVE, J. L. McKINSTRY, H. R. WEAVER, A. PHILLIPS, T. HILLMAN, M. J. HILES, A. SHAND, C. R. HELPS, and M. H. ANIL. "Dissemination of Brain Emboli following Captive Bolt Stunning of Sheep: Capacity for Entry into the Systemic Arterial Circulation." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 1050–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.5.1050.

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The epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathyin the United Kingdom and the recognition of a variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prompted revision of the guidelines for slaughter of cattle and sheep to prevent contamination of the edible parts of the carcass with central nervous system tissue. We previously showed that captive bolt gun stunning, which is routinely used for the slaughter of cattle and sheep, causes entry of fragments of central nervous system tissue into the jugular vein. To determine whether such tissue can traverse pulmonary capillaries to enter the systemic circulation, we introduced small volumes of brain tissue that had been disrupted by stunning with a captive bolt gun into the jugular vein of sheep sent for slaughter. We examined aortic blood samples by immunocytochemistry for neurofilament and S100 proteins and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for glial fibrillary acidic protein and found fragments of neurofilament- and S100-immunopositive central nervous system tissue in samples from 2 of 11 sheep and elevated glial fibrillary acidic protein in 6 sheep. Our findings suggest that central nervous system tissue that is dislodged during routine captive bolt gun stunning and slaughter of sheep can enter the systemic arterial circulation and that, in some cases, this method of slaughter of an animal infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy would be likely to contaminate edible parts of the carcass with infective material.

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Libanori, Maria Clara, Rafaela de Paula Casado, Paulo Fernandes Marcusso, and Marília Cristina Sola. "Contradictions and challenges of fish slaughter in Brazil." Veterinária Notícias 26, no. 2 (November 18, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/vtn-v26n2-2020-46732.

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Fish farming is an extremely important activity for the Brazilianmarket since it is currently on the rise. In order to obtain high-qualityproducts, some care is necessary from the breeding, involving facilities,adequate feeding, handling, harvesting, slaughtering, and packaging. Inthe fish farming chain, one of the most important moments is theslaughtering, because it is when the product undergoes modifications thatinterfere in its final quality, considering appearance, odor, texture, andpalatability. In the Regulation of Industrial and Sanitary Inspection ofProducts of Animal Origin (RIISPOA), there is little information thatrefers to the slaughter of fish, mainly about the appropriate way to beperformed, and the Normative Instruction No. 3 of the Ministry ofAgriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA) of January 17, 2000,determines the standardization of stunning methods to humane slaughterin various animal species, except for fish. According to this bibliographicalreview, stunning by electrocution, a lethal blow to the head, and the bonemarrow section are the best techniques to be used, but there is still a lackof studies for standardization of methods. For this reason, this workgathers information about fish slaughter, as well as highlights the need forregulation by the relevant bodies.

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CHILDERS, A. B. "New Advances in Humane Slaughter of Meat Animals." Journal of Food Protection 50, no. 8 (August 1, 1987): 709–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-50.8.709.

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On June 18, 1985, the U.S. Department of Agriculture approved a new method of humane slaughter for meat animals - “electrical slaughter” or deep stunning. In this method, the heart is stopped by cardiac arrest. The amount of blood loss and quality of the meat is the same as in conventional slaughter. Heart stoppage practically eliminates blood splashing and speckling.

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Xu, Lei, Jing Wang, Haijun Zhang, Shugeng Wu, Hongyuan Yue, Xiaoli Wan, Haiming Yang, Zhiyue Wang, and Guanghai Qi. "Vitamin E Supplementation Enhances Lipid Oxidative Stability via Increasing Vitamin E Retention, Rather Than Gene Expression of MAPK-Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in Muscles of Broilers." Foods 10, no. 11 (October 23, 2021): 2555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10112555.

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Dietary vitamin E (VE) supplementation is a method to produce VE-enriched meat and improve meat lipid oxidative stability. We aimed to study the effect of the VE supplementation duration on meat lipid oxidative stability, VE retention, and antioxidant enzymes’ activity, and explore its relationship with the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)-nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway in broilers slaughtered after electrical stunning. A total of 240 male 18-day-old Arbor Acres Plus broilers were distributed to four treatments, with six replicates in each treatment, and ten broilers per replicate. Broilers were fed with a basal diet (no supplementation of VE) or VE diet (200 IU/kg VE, DL-α- tocopherol) for one (W1), two (W2), or three (W3) weeks before electrical stunning (130 mA, 60 Hz, for 1s) and slaughter. The VE retention was positively and linearly affected (p < 0.01) by the VE feeding duration at one to three weeks before slaughter, and negatively (all p < 0.01) related to the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) content in both breast and thigh muscles at d 0, d 2, and d 6 postmortem. The VE retention was negatively (p < 0.05) related to the gene expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1 (JNK1) and 2 (JNK2), Nrf2 in breast muscles, and JNK1 and p38 MAPK in thigh muscles. In conclusion, dietary vitamin E supplementation at 200 IU/kg for three weeks before electrical stunning and slaughter improved lipid oxidative stability via increasing VE retention, rather than the regulation by gene expression of the MAPK-Nrf2 signaling pathway in skeletal muscles of broilers.

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Barrasso, Roberta, Vincenzo Tufarelli, Edmondo Ceci, Francesco Luposella, and Giancarlo Bozzo. "Evaluation of the Lambs’ State of Consciousness Signs during Halal and Traditional Slaughtering." Agriculture 10, no. 11 (November 19, 2020): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110557.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the persistence of two signs of consciousness (rhythmic breathing and corneal reflex) in lambs slaughtered according to the traditional method and Halal ritual rite. A total of 240 lambs were examined and divided into two equal groups (n = 120 each). Lambs of group A were subjected to the stunning phase by the action of an electric current on the brain, while lambs of group B were slaughtered according to the religious Halal method without prior stunning. Rhythmic breathing (RB) and corneal reflex (CR) were used as indicators of prolonged brain function, and their evaluation was carried out by the operators in three subsequent steps at 15 s, 30 s, and 90 s post-bleeding, respectively. The stunning of the lambs reduced the animal’s state of consciousness and, consequently, reduced suffering, pain, and distress. Indeed, the lambs of group B showed longer duration consciousness than the animals stunned by electrodes. The permanence of the reflexes in Halal slaughter could be reduced by introducing a reversible stunning method to make the animal temporarily unconscious. Moreover, given that our results revealed consciousness also after 90 s post-cut, the assessment of the animal’s state of consciousness in wider time intervals than those commonly used is recommended.

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Atkinson, Sophie, Bo Algers, Joaquim Pallisera, Antonio Velarde, and Pol Llonch. "Animal Welfare and Meat Quality Assessment in Gas Stunning during Commercial Slaughter of Pigs Using Hypercapnic-Hypoxia (20% CO2 2% O2) Compared to Acute Hypercapnia (90% CO2 in Air)." Animals 10, no. 12 (December 20, 2020): 2440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122440.

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This study assessed aversion, stunning effectiveness, and product quality of nitrogen and carbon dioxide (CO2) mixtures used for stunning pigs. A total of 1852 slaughter pigs divided into two similar batches was assessed during routine slaughter in a Swedish commercial abattoir using either hypercapnic-hypoxia (20% CO2 and less than 2% O2; 20C2O) or hypercapnia (90% CO2; 90C) gas mixtures. Behavioral indicators of aversion and discomfort were recorded. After exposure, the stunning quality was assessed through brainstem reflexes. After slaughter, the pH and electric conductivity of carcasses were assessed to estimate the incidence of pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) pork, and the presence of ecchymosis were inspected. Compared to 90C, pigs exposed to 20C2O showed a later (p < 0.05) onset of behaviors indicative of aversion, and a lower (p < 0.01) incidence of breathlessness. However, unconsciousness (i.e., losing posture) appeared earlier (p < 0.01) in 90C compared to 20C2O. In 90C, all (100%) pigs were adequately stunned, whereas in 20C2O a 7.4% of pigs showed signs of poor stunning, especially when oxygen concentrations were >2% (p < 0.001). The percentage of PSE carcasses was higher (p < 0.01) in 20C2O than 90C. In conclusion, compared to 90C, 20C2O reduced aversion and discomfort but showed lower stun effectiveness, especially when O2 was above 2%, and a slightly poorer pork quality.

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Bouwsema, JA, and JA Lines. "Could low atmospheric pressure stunning (LAPS) be suitable for pig slaughter? A review of available information." Animal Welfare 28, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.28.4.421.

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Low atmospheric pressure stunning (LAPS) is a slaughter technique which may be less stressful for pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) than current commercial stunning and slaughter methods. The main methods used currently for slaughtering pigs are electric and carbon dioxide stunning, both of which are widely recognised as stressful for pigs. There is currently no published research on the use of LAPS for stunning adult pigs, however there is a significant body of relevant experience from investigations into the effects of low pressure and hypoxia on humans, hypoxia for killing pigs and the use of LAPS for killing poultry, rats and piglets. In this paper, the basic physics and biology of LAPS is briefly reviewed and relevant experience from research with humans, poultry, rats and piglets is presented. On the basis of this information, some initial parameters for LAPS trials with pigs are proposed, potential welfare issues identified and an approach to achieving LAPS at a commercially viable speed is outlined. While the effects of LAPS on pigs is, at present, uncertain, the evidence from research with humans and other animals suggests that healthy, fasted pigs undergoing LAPS are unlikely to suffer from air hunger or from pain. Any pigs suffering from upper respiratory tract disease, tooth decay or excess gas in the alimentary canal may, however, experience pain. A total killing cycle is likely to require 9 to 14 min. To implement LAPS in a commercial, high throughput processing plant will require the use of multiple decompression cylinders. The evidence available suggests that LAPS could be commercially viable for pig slaughter and that for most pigs it will be less stressful than current commercial slaughter methods.

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RAJ, A. B. M. "Recent developments in stunning and slaughter of poultry." World's Poultry Science Journal 62, no. 03 (September 2006): 467–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/wps2005109.

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RAJ, A. B. M. "Recent developments in stunning and slaughter of poultry." World's Poultry Science Journal 62, no. 03 (September 2006): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043933906001097.

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Lines, J. A., D. H. Robb, S. C. Kestin, S. C. Crook, and T. Benson. "Electric stunning: a humane slaughter method for trout." Aquacultural Engineering 28, no. 3-4 (August 2003): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0144-8609(03)00021-9.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Stunning and slaughter'

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