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1
Purvis, CE. "Differential response of wheat to retained crop stubbles. I. Effect of stubble type and degree of composition." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 2 (1990): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9900225.
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Field studies undertaken at Armidale in 1982-84 demonstrated that the principal factors determining the effect of retained stubble on the growth and yield of wheat were the species of the crop from which the stubble had been derived, the amount and distribution of rainfall and the degree of decomposition that the stubble had undergone prior to the next crop. Stubbles were phytotoxic only prior to leaching by rain or decomposition, with unweathered sorghum stubble proving more inhibitory to wheat than unweathered sunflower, field pea, wheat or oilseed rape stubble. The availability of soil nitrate had no influence on the degree of phytotoxicity of any stubble type. Decomposed crop stubbles stimulated wheat growth, with the greatest stimulation recorded in the presence of oilseed rape stubble.
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Ma, Shaochun, Manoj Karkee, Patrick A. Scharf, Qin Zhang, Junhua Tong,, and Long Yu. "A Study on the Effects of Harvester Off-Track Errors on Sugarcane Stubble Losses." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 33, no. 6 (2017): 771–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12360.
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Abstract.The amount ofsugarcane stubble left in field is a major contributor to the total sugarcane loss in mechanical harvesting. Thus, reducing stubble height is an effective way to improve sugarcane recovery. The purpose of this study was to investigate how harvester off-track errors affect sugarcane stubble height and stubble loss. In this study, stubbles were sampled after harvesting, off-track errors and stubble weight were measured, and regression methods were used to model their relationships. Results showed an average stubble height as low as 0.16 m could be achieved if the harvester could track the crop row accurately. Based on the analysis of 33 randomly selected cane stools in the field, as the off-track error (the offset of actual harvester position from ideal position) increased from 0 to 1.46 m, the average stubble height increased from 0.13 to 1.41 m, which resulted in the average amount of stubble left in the field increasing from 0.07 to 0.80 kg. The results showed a strong positive correlation between stubble height (R2=0.91) or stubble weight (R2=0.89) and off-track errors. There were whole canes being completely left in the field either being missed or pushed down by the harvester when the off-track error was more than 0.76 m. Results suggest that improving the tracking accuracy during mechanical harvesting could substantially reduce stubble loss, leading to higher feedstock harvesting efficiency when using the existing sugarcane harvester. Keywords: Actual stubble height, Feedstock harvesting efficiency, Off-track error, Stubble loss, Sugarcane harvesting.
3
Thomas, D. T., J. Finlayson, A. D. Moore, and M. J. Robertson. "Profitability of grazing crop stubbles may be overestimated by using the metabolisable energy intake from the stubble." Animal Production Science 50, no. 7 (2010): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09213.
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Grazing crop stubbles affects soil structure, groundcover, and the productivity of subsequent crops, but the cost of this practice is highly variable and not easily compared against the value of feed provided to livestock. To compare with and without grazing stubbles in terms of whole-farm profit and water-use efficiency we created a mixed enterprise farm model using the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator and GRAZPLAN biophysical simulation submodels, and the Model of Integrated Dryland Agricultural System linear programming model. We hypothesised that grazing crop stubbles would increase farm profit by an amount equivalent to the value of the metabolisable energy (ME) consumed by sheep when they grazed the crop stubbles. Representative mixed farms where sheep were or were not allowed to graze crop stubbles were compared for two locations in the wheatbelt of Western Australia (Cunderdin and Geraldton) at two stocking rates. Across locations and stocking rates, the estimated value of the ME intake from crop stubbles was 2.2 times the increase in farm gross margin when stubble grazing was allowed. Contributing to this difference was that stubble grazing provided a less flexible feed source than supplementary feeding and in the absence of adjustments in stocking rates sheep tended to utilise more of the annual and permanent pastures when stubble grazing was not permitted. Therefore, the value of grazing crop stubbles to the profitability of the farm enterprise was overestimated by the ME value of the intake. Owing to reduced consumption of supplementary feed by livestock, whole-farm water-use efficiency of protein production was increased by 15% when grazing of crop stubbles was permitted. This simulation study shows that the value of grazing crop stubbles cannot be predicted well using energy intake from stubble grazing or reduced supplementary feeding costs.
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Guesmi, Hajer, Cyrine Darej, Piebiep Goufo, Salah Ben Youssef, Mohamed Chakroun, Hichem Ben Salem, Henrique Trindade, and Nizar Moujahed. "Stubble Quality of Wheat Grown under No-Tillage and Conventional Tillage Systems, and Effects of Stubble on the Fermentation Profile of Grazing Ewes’ Ruminal Fluid." Agriculture 12, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12040520.
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Conservation practices that involve leaving mulch on the soil are known to increase soil fertility. However, mulch is an important source of feed for ruminant livestock. Accordingly, the trade-offs between mulching and stubble uptake by livestock are currently hot topics in the research field. In this study, a comparison between the quality of stubbles of wheat grown in no-tillage and conventional tillage fields and the rumen fermentation characteristics of Barbarine ewes grazing in the two fields was carried out. Samples were collected four times after wheat grain harvesting. Immediately after harvest, stubble biomass was slightly higher under no-tillage than conventional tillage. The ewes displayed different grazing behavior, with feeding at a higher rate on the conservative stubble than the conventional stubble. This feeding behavior seemed to be an adaptive strategy to offset the decline in the nutritional quality of stubbles from no-tillage-grown wheat. Indeed, dry matter, protein, fiber, and ash contents were lower in stubbles from no-tillage than conventional tillage at the second sampling time. Consequently, the concentration of the volatile fatty acid, propionic acid, was lower in ewes grazing in the conservative plots. However, this feeding behavior did not cause any body weight impairment during the two-month experimental period. At the end of grazing, the no-tillage practice was found to be comparable to the conventional tillage system according to the amount of residue remaining on the soil surface. Therefore, no-tillage could not be used to solve the competition between crops and livestock for residues.
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Morcombe, PW, and JG Allen. "Improving production from September-born Merino lambs with a lupin grain supplement and phomopsis-resistant lupin stubbles." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 6 (1993): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930713.
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As a means of providing nutrition on dry pasture in the wheatbelt of Western Australia, supplements of lupin grain were fed to late-born Merino lambs and their dams before weaning onto lupin stubble. Each ewe-lamb pair consumed an average 19.5 kg lupin grain over the 46 days before weaning. This produced an extra 3.6 kg (P<0.01) liveweight gain by these lambs compared with their unsupplemented cohorts at weaning. The growth of the weaned lambs grazing phomopsis-resistant lupin stubbles was primarily influenced by the amount of residual lupin grain available to each sheep and liver injury caused by ingestion of phomopsins. In the first 69 days of stubble grazing, sheep stocked at 10ha gained 7.3 kg while those stocked at 20ka gained 2.1 kg (P<0.001). In the first 13 months of life, lambs supplemented with lupin grain before weaning grew more (P<0.05) clean wool by 0.17 kg than the unsupplemented lambs. However, the value of this extra wool would not have covered the cost of the lupin grain eaten. Wool staples produced by sheep grazed at 10/ha on lupin stubble were stronger (P<0.001) than those produced by sheep grazed at 20ha (24.4 v. 17.7 N/ktex). The position of greatest weakness in the staple coincided with weight loss prior to removal from the stubble. Singleton lambs born in September and weaned onto a phomopsis-resistant lupin stubble reached liveweights consistent with survival over the summer and good productivity in their first year of life. The effects of lupinosis and reductions in wool staple strength may have been avoided by monitoring liveweight change and taking the sheep off the stubbles when they were near peak liveweight.
6
Zhang, Zhenguo, Quanfeng Guo, Jin He, Minyi Zhao, Zhenyu Xing, Chao Zeng, Han Lin, and Quanyu Wang. "Design and Experiment of Side-Shift Stubble Avoidance System for No-Till Wheat Seeder Based on Deviation-Perception Fusion Technology." Agriculture 13, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010180.
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To improve the stubble avoidance rate of no-till wheat seeders under the environment of corn stubble, the side-shift stubble avoidance system was developed in the present study based on deviation-perception fusion technology. Firstly, the amount of implement deviation compensation was accurately obtained by the information sensing system. Then, a fuzzy PID algorithm was proposed to optimize the performance of the control system. Finally, the simulation model of the control system was developed by Matlab/Simulink. The simulation results showed that the regulation time required for the system response curve to reach the steady state was 1.0 s, and the maximum overshoot was 8.2%. To verify the performance of the side-shift stubble avoidance system, an orthogonal test was conducted. The optimal combination of parameters was obtained, including the operation speed of 1.3 m/s, the hydraulic cylinder speed of 25 mm/s, and the straw mulch amount of 1.2 kg/m2. The field verification test was performed under the optimal parameters, showing the stubble avoidance rate was 90.6%, and the mean value of the sowing variation coefficient was 27.12%, which fully satisfied the requirements of stubble avoidance and sowing operation.
7
Loch, RJ, and TE Donnollan. "Effects of the amount of stubble mulch and overland flow on erosion of a cracking clay soil under simulated rain." Soil Research 26, no. 4 (1988): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9880661.
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A field study by using simulated rain and run-on water was carried out to determine the effects of different amounts of wheat stubble mulch (ranging from 0.1 to 3 t ha-1) and increasing discharge on erosion. Rain-flow erosion decreased with increasing amounts of stubble. Concentrations of bed-load sediment carried by rain-flow decreased with increasing plot discharge. As discharges increased, overland flow probably became too deep for drop impact to effectively disturb the soil surface and entrain sediment. Only plots carrying 0.1 t ha-1 stubble showed definite scour by overland flow. However, sediment concentrations produced by scour were well below those measured in rill flow on bare soil at this site, showing that even very small rates of stubble mulch can, in some situations, significantly reduce erosion. Discharges at which rilling develops fully must be much larger than those at which scour by overland flow is initiated. Future work will need to consider discharges much larger than those used in this study.
8
Bhathal, J. S., and R. Loughman. "Ability of retained stubble to carry-over leaf diseases of wheat in rotation crops." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 5 (2001): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00134.
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Increasingly, wheat rotations on sand-plain soils in Western Australia are being managed with stubble retention practices for reasons of moisture and soil conservation. A major concern in stubble retention practices is an associated increase in risk from septoria nodorum blotch (Phaeosphaeria nodorum) and yellow spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis). These pathogens frequently occur together in the region and survive in crop surface residues. The amount of disease carry-over on stubble is an important determinant of the severity of leaf diseases during the entire crop season. To provide a rationale for wheat leaf disease management in stubble retention rotation systems the extent to which retained wheat stubble induces disease in rotated crops was investigated. The frequency with which wheat stubble, which had been retained through a 1-year rotation, induced significant disease in seedling wheat was low (14%) over the 4-year period of study. While disease carry-over from wheat stubble retention in rotations is possible, it appears to be uncommon. The small proportion (1–8%) of retained wheat stubble that remained after germination of the return wheat crop in typical Western Australian farming systems further indicates that in general retained wheat stubble is not a significant source of disease carry-over in rotation wheat crops in this environment.
9
Malinda, DK. "Factors in conservation farming that reduce erosion." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 7 (1995): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950969.
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A medium-term (10 years) stubble x tillage field experiment was established in 1984 on a red-brown earth at Tarlee, 70 km north of Adelaide, to develop a suitable system for sustaining the soil resource. Measurements of infiltration capacity, soil detachment rate, and erosion were taken in summer, autumn, winter, and spring 1989-90. The rotation was wheat-barley-grain legume, and treatments included 3 levels of stubble retention (0.5, 3.0, 5.0 t/ha.year) and 4 types of tillage [no-tillage (NT), direct drill (DD), reduced tillage (RT), conventional cultivation (CC)]. NT was seeded with narrow points (30 mm) and the other tillage treatments with wide shares (150 mm). The Northfield rainfall simulator with an erosive rainfall of 100 mm/h and an energy of 28.6 J/ m2.mm was used to measure runoff and soil and nutrient loss. This paper reports on erosion from this experiment. The results show that runoff was reduced through farming practices such as the retention of adequate stubble residue (about 3-5 t/ha.year of cereals), NT, or a combination of these factors. Increasing the average - - - annual stubble retention decreased runoff and soil loss linearly. The greater the amount of stubble retained annually, the less the runoff and soil loss, whether or not the soil surface was protected. The significant sediment release and soil loss from bared soil is inversely related to soil stability measured by a reduction in soil organic matter. Crop type also influenced erosion; for example, soil was more vulnerable to erosion after peas than after cereal. The amount of stubble after harvest was usually greater with cereals than with grain legumes. Runoff as a percentage of applied rain, and soil loss, ranged from 26 to 60% and 0.52 to 1 .I t/ha for 0.5 t/ha. year stubble (means of all treatments) for April 1989 and August 1990, respectively, and from 5 to 35% and 0.03 to 0.8 t/ha for 5.0 t/ha.year stubble for the same simulation period. Runoff rates in the last 3 min of 18 min simulation ranged from 0.4 to 1.1 mm/min for 5.0 t/ha.year stubble and from 0.8 to 1.7 mm/min for 0.5 t/ha.year stubble. The runoff rates recorded at the 18th minute of simulation ranged from 0.5 to 1.2 mm/min for NT and 0.7 to 1.5 mm/min for CC.
10
Kirkegaard, JA. "A review of trends in wheat yield responses to conservation cropping in Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 7 (1995): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950835.
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Trends in wheat yield responses to conservation cropping in Australia were analysed using data from 33 medium-term (3-5 year) and long-term (>5 year) agronomic experiments. The overall effect of tillage (direct drilled v. cultivated) was small in all regions (-0.18 to +0.06 t/ha), while stubble retention (stubble retained v. stubble burnt) reduced yield in all regions (-0.31 to -0.02 t/ha). There was large year-to-year variation in the yield response to both tillage and stubble retention at all sites, but no consistent relationship between yield variation and amount or pattern of seasonal rainfall based on monthly totals. There was also little evidence that the yield of direct-drilled and stubble-retained treatments increased relative to cultivated or stubble-burnt treatments with the duration of the experiments, despite the improvement in soil conditions reported at many sites. The factors thought responsible for the year-toyear variation in yield response varied within and between regions, although some consistent effects emerged. Reduced early seedling growth of directdrilled crops was considered a major factor underlying the yield response at most sites, and this was rarely associated with the availability of water or nitrogen. High soil strength and increased severity of rhizoctonia root rot were responsible for these effects at some sites, but at others the cause remains unclear. Stubble retention influenced yield in many ways but the significance of the allelopathic effects of stubble, suspected by many authors to influence crop growth, is poorly understood. Adoption of direct drilling and stubble retention is likely to remain low in areas where no long-term yield benefit can be demonstrated and where greater management flexibility is offered by systems of reduced cultivation and late stubble burning-incorporation. Further research should identify and develop strategies to overcome the constraints to yield in conservation farming systems, particularly stubble retention, and assess the sustainability of recent innovations incorporating minimum disturbance and partial stubble retention. The more rapid adoption of such intermediate strategies will hasten the move of the grains industry toward sustainable production.
11
Conteh, A., G. J. Blair, and I. J. Rochester. "Soil organic carbon fractions in a Vertisol under irrigated cotton production as affected by burning and incorporating cotton stubble." Soil Research 36, no. 4 (1998): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s97117.
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The contribution of cotton stubble to the soil organic matter content of Vertisols under cotton production is not well understood. A 3-year experiment was conducted at the Australian Cotton Research Institute to study the effects of burning and incorporating cotton stubble on the recovery of fertiliser nitrogen (N), lint yield, and organic matter levels. This study reports on the changes in soil organic matter fractions as affected by burning and incorporating cotton stubble into the soil. Soil samples collected at the start and end of the 3-year experiment were analysed for total carbon (CT), total N (NT), and δ13C (a measure of 13C/12C isotopic ratios). Labile carbon (CL) was determined by ease of oxidation and non-labile carbon (CNL) was calculated as the difference between CT and CL. Based on the changes in CT, CL, and CNL, a carbon management index (CMI) was calculated. Further analyses were made for total polysaccharides (PT), labile polysaccharides (PL), and light fraction C (LF-C). Stubble management did not significantly affect the NT content of the soil. After 3 years, the stubble-incorporated plots had a significantly higher content of CT, CL, and polysaccharides. Incorporation of stubble into the soil increased the CMI by 41%, whereas burning decreased the CMI by 6%. The amount of LF-C obtained after 3 years in the stubble-incorporated soil was almost double that obtained in the stubble-burnt soil. It was concluded that for sustainable management of soil organic matter in the Vertisols used for cotton production, stubble produced in the system should be incorporated instead of burnt.
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Virto, Iñigo, Maria José Imaz, Alberto Enrique, Willem Hoogmoed, and Paloma Bescansa. "Burning crop residues under no-till in semi-arid land, Northern Spain—effects on soil organic matter, aggregation, and earthworm populations." Soil Research 45, no. 6 (2007): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07021.
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Stubble burning has traditionally been used in semi-arid land for pest and weed control, and to remove the excess of crop residues before seeding in no-tillage systems. We compared differences in soil properties in a long-term (10 years) tillage trial on a carbonated soil in semi-arid north-east Spain under no-tillage with stubble returned and stubble burnt, with the conventional tillage system (mouldboard plough, stubble returned) as a reference. Differences in total soil organic C and C in particulate organic matter, mineralisation potential, soil physical properties (bulk density, penetration resistance, and aggregate size distribution and stability), and earthworm populations were quantified. The effect of stubble burning was absent or insignificant compared with that of tillage in most of the parameters studied. The most significant effect of stubble burning was the change in soil organic matter quality in the topsoil and penetration resistance. No-till plus stubble burning stocked an amount of organic C in the soil similar to no-till without burning, but the particulate organic matter content and mineralisation potential were smaller. Earthworm activity was similar under the 2 no-till systems, although a trend towards bigger earthworms with increasing penetration resistance was observed under the system with burning. Our results indicate that the role of burnt plant residues and earthworms in organic matter accumulation and soil aggregation in Mediterranean carbonated soils under no tillage is of major importance, meriting further attention and research.
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Heenan, DP, and KY Chan. "The long term effects of rotation, tillage and stubble management on soil mineral nitrogen supply to wheat." Soil Research 30, no. 6 (1992): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9920977.
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Wheat was grown as a monoculture or in rotation with lupin or subterranean clover in a long-term rotation, stubble and tillage experiment established in 1979, on a red earth (Gn 2 . 12) at Wagga Wagga, N.S.W. The effect of rotation, tillage and stubble management on the supply of soil nitrogen, and amounts leached were studied by in situ sequential soil sampling during the wheat phase of the rotation in years 10 and 11. Of the rotations, grazed subterranean clover-wheat accumulated higher mineral nitrogen levels during the wheat phase than a lupin-wheat rotation, which in turn produced higher levels than wheat-wheat. The mean seasonal total of net soil nitrogen mineralized (0-15 cm) was 239 kg N ha-1 for subterranean clover-wheat, 165 kg N ha-1 for lupin-wheat and 99.5 kg N ha-1 for wheat-wheat. In a lupin-wheat rotation, retention of stubble increased the net amount of nitrogen mineralized in both seasons. Direct drilling also increased net mineralization in 1990 but the results were inconsistent in 1989. Losses from the surface 15 cm were closely related to the amounts mineralized, with the highest recorded in subterranean clover-wheat rotations. Percent recovery of soil mineralized nitrogen by the above-ground wheat crop following lupin ranged from 57% to 83%, with both direct drilling and stubble retention reducing recovery. While total plant uptake of nitrogen in a wheat-wheat rotation was low, percent recovery was high (77%), compared with that in a subterranean clover-wheat rotation (60%).
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Doube, BM, JC Buckerfield, and JA Kirkegaard. "Short-term effects of tillage and stubble management on earthworm populations in cropping systems in southern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 7 (1994): 1587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9941587.
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The effects of tillage and stubble management on the population distribution of earthworms were examined under wheat on a red-earth soil at Harden and under canola on a red-brown earth at Temora in the wheatbelt of southern New South Wales. At Harden, a five-year pasture had been followed by a conventionally cultivated oat crop in the year before the experiment. At Temora, a six-year pasture immediately preceded the experiment. Tillage treatments at Temora, and tillage and stubble treatments at Harden, were established during February-May 1990 and earthworm populations were measured in September. A number of earthworm species (Aporrectodea trapezoides, Microscolex dubius and M. phosphoreus) were present at both localities, but the introduced species A. trapezoides made up 97-99% of the earthworms collected. Earthworms were substantially more abundant at Temora (425 m-2) than at Harden (122 m-2). At Temora there was no effect of the intensity of tillage (4, 1 or 0 passes prior to sowing) on earthworm numbers. Earthworm densities were reduced in waterlogged soil. At Harden the direct-drill (DD) plots had a greater population density and biomass of earthworms and cocoons than the tilled plots. The size (mean weight) of adult earthworms, and the number of cocoons per adult, were also greater in the DD plots. However, no differences in earthworm populations were detected between minimum tillage (one cultivation prior to sowing) and stubble incorporation (three cultivations prior to sowing). On DD plots, burning stubble resulted in significantly smaller adult earthworms, a lower density of cocoons and a lower mean number of cocoons per adult than in the unburnt plots, but the differences in numerical abundance and in biomass were not statistically significant. Similarly, plots which had standing stubble contained fewer and smaller adults than those in which stubble was bashed and in close contact with the soil. There was a strong positive correlation between earthworm biomass and the amount of stubble present on the surface of the plots at the beginning of the winter (r2 = 0.64, P < 0 01). The contrasting effects of tillage at the two sites and the impact of stubble management on earthworms are discussed in terms of the effects of recent paddock history and management practices on the amount, quality and distribution of suitable organic food for earthworms. The influence of these factors is reflected in the number, biomass and reproductive performance of the earthworms.
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Douglas, Josh, Ary Hoffmann, Paul Umina, and Sarina Macfadyen. "Factors Influencing Damage by the Portuguese Millipede, Ommatoiulus moreleti (Julida: Julidae), to Crop Seedlings." Journal of Economic Entomology 112, no. 6 (July 9, 2019): 2695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz180.
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AbstractIn different parts of the world, the increasing agricultural practice of retaining crop stubble in fields across seasons has led to population increases of soil-dwelling arthropods, primarily detritivorous species. These species typically play a beneficial role in the ecosystem, but some, including the Portuguese millipede (Ommatoiulus moreleti (Lucas)) can be sporadic pests. To assist in better understanding of pest risk, this study examines why O. moreleti feeds on crop seedlings. For lupin, seedling susceptibility appears to be related to plant properties, with greatly different levels of damage caused to the two cultivated species (Lupinus angustinus and Lupinus albus) and particularly between cultivated and wild-type L. angustinus seedlings. Millipedes feeding on lupin (cultivated L. angustinus), but not lucerne (Medicago sativa), gained a similar amount of weight to those feeding on other foods known to be readily consumed. The life-stage and sex of O. moreleti was found to be related to seedling damage. The presence of crop stubbles (as alternate food sources) did not limit the damage O. moreleti caused to lupin, suggesting that the presence of stubble in a field situation may not preclude feeding on crop seedlings. We discuss how results from these controlled environment trials can build a basis for understanding variable crop damage by O. moreleti in the field.
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Salman, A. D. "Influence of feeding different types feed blocks as supplementary feed on the reproductive performance of Awassi ewes grazing cereal stubble." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 29, no. 1 (June 30, 2005): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v29i1.882.
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This study was conducted to investigate the Influence of feeding different types feed blocks as supplementary feed on the reproductive performance of Awassi ewes grazing cereal stubble. These types were feed blocks enriched with cottonseed meal (CSM) or Brewers’ grain (BG) as sources undegradable protein (UDP). Ninety-six Awassi ewes (mean live weight 42.2 Kg), aged 3-4 years were allocated into three groups according to ewes live weight and body condition score.Group (C): Control (No Supplement) stubble grazing only.Group (FBC): FB enriched with CSM supplement plus stubble grazing.Group (FBB): FB enriched with BG supplement plus stubble grazing.All ewes were run as one flock during cereal stubble grazing. The feed blocks were fed to animals (supplementary groups) after their return from grazing wheat and barley stubble (28 days prior to mating and 54 days after introduction of rams). Rams run with the flock during the mating period. The results showed that feeding feed blocks enriched with CSM and BG as supplementary feed resulted considerable improvement in weight gain (P<0.05), body condition score (P<0.05), conception rate (13-16), lambing percentage (25-33%), twinning percentage (13-18%) and decreased the proportion of barren ewes (19 vs. 6 and 3%). Inclusion of small amount of high moisture brewers grain by-product (9%) as sources of undegradable protein in the feed blocks formula as replacement for costly cottonseed meal resulted a dramatic effects on the reproductive performance of Awassi ewes especially twinning rates and lambing rate.
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Zhu, Huibin, Xian Wu, Cheng Qian, Lizhen Bai, Shiao Ma, Haoran Zhao, Xu Zhang, and Hui Li. "Design and Experimental Study of a Bi-Directional Rotating Stubble-Cutting No-Tillage Planter." Agriculture 12, no. 10 (October 8, 2022): 1637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101637.
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In view of the problem of a large amount of stubble and straw in Southwest China, it is difficult to carry out no-tillage sowing operations. Based on the principle of supported cutting, a bi-directional rotating stubble-cutting no-tillage planter was designed. According to the extracted left and right mouth contours of Batocera horsfieldi (Hope), the blade curve of a bi-directional rotating cutterhead was designed. The discrete element models were established regarding ‘bi-directional rotating disc cutter, straw and soil’, ‘fertilizer apparatus and fertilizer’, and ‘opener and soil’ in the Extended-Domain-Eigenfunction Method (EDEM) software. The optimal working parameters were analyzed using a quadratic regression orthogonal rotation test and response surface methodology. Accordingly, the prototype was manufactured and the field performance test was carried out. The best working parameters of the machine were as follows: the forward speed of the machine was 0.9 m·s−1, the cutter spacing was 60 mm, the forward speed was 150 r·min−1, and the reverse speed was 313 r·min−1. The field experiment results showed that the average cutting rate of corn straw was 95.72% using the anti-blocking device when the straw mulching amount was 1.63 kg·m−2.The average sowing depth was 5.4 cm, the average fertilization depth was 10.1 cm, and the average seed–fertilizer spacing was 4.7 cm. The qualified rates of sowing depth, fertilization depth, and spacing were 88.89%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. The designed bi-directional rotating stubble-cutting no-tillage planter can meet the requirements of no-tillage sowing in Southwest China. This study can provide reference for the design and improvement of no-tillage planters under the conditions of a large amount of stubble and straw.
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Evans, J., G. Scott, D. Lemerle, A. Kaiser, B. Orchard, G. M. Murray, and E. L. Armstrong. "Impact of legume 'break' crops on the residual amount and distribution of soil mineral nitrogen." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 8 (2003): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02149.
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Important factors in the successful uptake of grain legumes by cereal growers have been their capacity to increase soil N and control cereal disease, as these have underpinned high yields in following wheat crops. However, alternative 1-year legume crops are required to introduce additional biodiversity and management flexibility for cereal growers. The effects on soil mineral N and potential contribution to soil total N of other legume enterprises were studied. These included vetch (Vicia bengalhensis) or clovers (mix of Trifolium alexandrinum, T.�versiculosum, T. resupinatum) managed for green manure; pea (Pisum sativum), vetch, or clovers managed for silage; and clovers managed for hay. These were compared with pea and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) managed for grain production. Wheat was also included as a control. The legumes were grown in acidic Red Kandasol soil at Wagga Wagga in southern New South Wales, in 1996, 1997, and 1998. Mineral N was measured in the autumn or winter of seasons 1997 and 1998 respectively. Amounts of stubble residue N were measured in all seasons. The green manure crops, particularly vetch, produced more mineral N than both grain legumes. The forage conservation crops (silage or hay) produced similar amounts of mineral N to grain pea and more than grain lupin. For the grain and green manure legume crops, variation in amounts of mineral N was explained by the total N content of legume stubble residue, but for the forage conservation crops, more mineral N was measured than was predictable from stubble N. The amounts of mineral N at different soil depths differed between legume treatments and experiments (sites and years). Based only on above-ground plant N, the green manure crops contributed more to increasing total soil N than grain legumes; in turn, the grain legumes contributed more than the forage conservation crops. It was concluded that alternative annual legume enterprises to grain legumes may provide at least similar enrichment of soil mineral N early in the following season, and that all annual legume enterprises may accumulate nitrate deep in the soil profile in some seasons.
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Maslov, G. G., E. M. Yudina, and I. A. Zhurij. "Efficiency of surface treatment of soil by a stubble multifunctional cultivator." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 85, no. 3 (June 15, 2018): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66365.
Full textAbstract:
The effective application of the stubble cultivator on surface tillage is justified simultaneously with the introduction of solid mineral fertilizers. The atomization of the soil in comparison with the disk tools decreases in 1,5...2 times. Using the example of the proposed multifunctional stubble cultivator with the device for simultaneous application of mineral fertilizers, the possibility of using the cost and loss function (the cost of carrying out the amount of work and the loss of the future crop due to a violation of the optimal duration of work) is proved to optimize the duration of work. A block diagram of the algorithm for optimizing the parameters and operating conditions of a multifunctional stubble cultivator is presented based on the criterion of the optimal value of the traction factor of a given tractor, taking into account its traction characteristics and the dependence of the coefficient of the resistivity of the cultivator on the working speed of movement, the depth of processing and the specific material consumption, with consideration of the mass of fertilizers applied. In the objective function of optimizing the duration of the work performed, the cost of the cost includes the operating costs for the specified unit for the planned scope of work. With an increase in the duration of these works, costs are reduced, and the cost of future crop losses, on the contrary, increases. The sum of costs and losses has an extremum, which determines the optimality of the solution. The dependence of the cost of losses of the future corn grain crop on the duration, the amount of work, the purchase price of the harvested crop and the intensity of losses for each day of the violation of the optimal period of stubble cultivation of the soil with simultaneous application of mineral fertilizers is given. With the help of the obtained cost and loss function, the optimum duration of stubble cultivation of the soil was established with the simultaneous introduction of solid mineral fertilizers using the example of the machine-tractor unit as part of the MTZ-1221 tractor and the stubble cultivator KSU-3 with the device for simultaneous application of solid mineral fertilizers.
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Campbell, C. A., R. P. Zentner, F. Selles, and O. O. Akinremi. "Nitrate leaching as influenced by fertilization in the Brown soil zone." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 73, no. 4 (November 1, 1993): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss93-041.
Full textAbstract:
The possibility of nitrates being leached into groundwater supplies from improper use of fertilizers is a concern to society. Two experiments were conducted on a loam soil in the Brown soil zone at Swift Current, Saskatchewan. In the first experiment, continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), grown under various fertilizer-N management systems and with and without cereal trap strips (tall stubble, 0.4–0.6 m) to capture snow and enhance soil-moisture storage, was compared with short stubble cut at the standard height (0.15–0.2 m). Prior to seeding in spring 1991, tall stubble had stored 14.7 ha-cm of soil moisture at 0–1.2-m depth compared with 10.9 ha-cm under short-stubble treatment. Because growing-season precipitation in 1991 was much higher than normal (302 mm from 1 May to 31 My), considerable NO3-N was leached below the rooting zone of wheat (1.2 m), particularly in the tall-stubble treatment. Leaching patterns were as expected in short stubble, with major leaching occurring only at the highest N rate (125 kg ha−1), where yield and N-uptake response had levelled off. However, in tall stubble, the amount of NO3-N leached beyond the root zone under the 0 and 25 kg N ha−1 rates was similar to that under the 125 kg N ha−1 rate. This result was attributed to poor tillering obtained at low N rates, which contributed to lower evapotranspiration, thereby permitting more moisture to be leached and enhancing N mineralization. When we used a leaching model (NLEAP) to simulate our results, it gave lower estimates of NO3 leached and did not reveal the interaction of NO3-N leaching with N rates that was observed under tall stubble. The second experiment measured soil NO3-N distribution to 2.4 m under two fallow–wheat–wheat systems after a 24-yr period. One system received only N, the other, N + P fertilizer. The results corroborated those obtained under tall stubble in the first experiment: the poorly fertilized system had the most NO3-N below the root zone. The results of this study suggest that the key to reducing nitrate leaching is the adoption of proper fertilization practices, since too little fertilization may potentially be as detrimental to groundwater pollution as too much. Key words: Fertilizer N, N uptake, snow management, crop rotations, NO3 leaching
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Incerti, M., PWG Sale, and GJ O'Leary. "Cropping practices in the Victorian Mallee. 1. Effect of direct drilling and stubble retention on the water economy and yield of wheat." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 7 (1993): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930877.
Full textAbstract:
Two experiments were conducted at the Mallee Research Station, Walpeup, between 1985 and 1989 to evaluate the impact of conservation farming practices on wheat yields. The first experiment compared wheat crops established by direct drilling into a chemical fallow with those conventionally sown into a cultivated fallow. Over the 5 years, yields ranged from 1.31 to 3.24 t/ha, and there was no reduction in crop yield associated with chemical fallowing and direct drilling compared with the cultivated fallow. There was also no significant effect of the chemical fallow on the amount of water conserved in the soil at sowing, at depth 0-100 cm; the range was 206-274 mm water. The second experiment from 1987 to 1989 examined the effect of maintaining 4 rates of stubble (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 t/ha) on the surface of a conventionally cultivated long fallow. Stubble maintained at 2 t/ha increased the amount of water stored in the soil at sowing, at depth 0-140 cm, by 16 mm in 1 year of 3. This increase in soil water availability was not reflected in increased crop yield. These findings indicate that erosion control and potentially lower production costs associated with direct drilling and stubble retention can be achieved without loss of wheat yield in the Victorian Mallee.
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Zając, T., A. Oleksy, A. Stokłosa, A. Klimek-Kopyra, and J. Macuda. "Vertical distribution of dry mass in cereals straw and its loss during harvesting." International Agrophysics 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10247-012-0072-0.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The study aimed at evaluating the distribution of mass in the straw of cereal species and also at assessing the straw yield and its losses resulting from the amount of the stubble left in the field. It was found empirically that the wheat culms are composed of five internodes, and in barley, triticale and oats of six. The highest straw mass per 1 cm was found in the second internode in both forms of wheat and winter triticale, whereas barley and oats gathered the highest weight in the first internode. In the southern part of Silesia species and forms of cereals differed in the straw yield, which can be arranged as follows, from the highest: winter wheat > spring wheat, winter triticale, winter barley, and oats > spring barley. Due to the specific distribution of dry matter in each of internodes of both wheat forms - winter and spring, they loose less stubble mass (22 and 24%, respectively), comparing to other cereals, especially spring barley, which loose 31% yield of straw in the stubble of 15 cm height.
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Allahverdiyev, Elkhan Rajab, and Aytekin Sabir Mamedova. "THE GROWING TECHNOLOGY OF MIXED SEEDED PLANTS AT STUBBLE-FIELD." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 8 (September 10, 2021): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i8pp57-61.
Full textAbstract:
One of the main measures to increase production in the field of grain and feed production in our republic is to increase the yield of grain and forage crops on plantations.The purpose of our research work is to study the effect of fertilization and irrigation rates on the yield, crop quality and soil fertility of crops sown in a mixture when planting honeysuckle. The results of research conducted in world agriculture show that mainly the yield and composition of mixed crops, the quality indicators of which depend on the components of the crops to be sown, their seeding rate and cultivation technology. As a result of studies conducted in the conditions of ancient irrigated gray-meadow soils of the Karabakh region of our republic, it was found that with 4 - fold vegetation irrigation (4200 m3), the yield of mixed sowing in the control version without fertilizers was 372 c/ha, while under the influence of mineral and organic mineral fertilizers, the yield increased and amounted to 447-627 c/ha. Based on the results of the study, it can be said that in order to obtain a high yield of green mass with the joint sowing of corn and soybeans, the optimal irrigation and fertilizer application rates were determined, the highest indicator was achieved in the variant where the fertilizer standards N120P150C150 were applied. In the course of the study, the influence of fertilizer application rates and optimization of the amount of irrigation on the quality indicators of feed, as well as on the yield obtained from mixed crops, was studied. As a result of the conducted analyses, the amount of raw protein, absolute dry matter, nitrate nitrogen in the natural mass, the yield of feed units per hectare and the amount of protein going for digestion were determined. Thus, the application of fertilizers within the optimal limits and the correct, timely supply of irrigation standards significantly increase the quality of the crop on a par with the yield on mixed crops, the soil fertility is preserved.
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Landau, S., Iris Schoenbaum, D. Barkai, E. D. Ungar, A. Genizi, and J. Kigel. "Grazing, mulching, and removal of wheat straw in a no-till system in a semi-arid environment." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 9 (2007): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06422.
Full textAbstract:
Straw mulching and no-till technologies have improved grain yields in the 250-mm-rainfall wheatbelt of the northern Negev region of Israel. However, mulching the soil with straw is incompatible with the traditional practice of baling the straw for animal fodder and/or using the stubble for sheep grazing. We compared 3 wheat straw management strategies in a no-till production system, for 4 consecutive growing seasons. The treatments were straw mulching (SM), manual removal of the straw (MR), and grazing by sheep of the straw and stubble (G). The amount of straw cover for treatment SM declined over the years, and did not reach the minimum threshold value deemed necessary to improve wheat grain yield in the region. Grain yield (1150 kg/ha) and quality (volumetric mass, 75 kg/100 L; crude protein, 127 g/kg) did not differ significantly among the 3 treatments. The density of the total seedbank was 3623, 1675, and 1499/m2 in the G, MR, and SM treatments, respectively. This difference was due to a greater amount of small grasses (e.g. Rostraria smyrnacea). However, treatment G hosted significantly less mole and vole activity than treatments SM and MR (1.1 v. 13.6 and 12.4 dens/ha, respectively). Our data suggest that, relative to straw and stubble grazing, straw mulching offers no advantage that can be quantified in terms of wheat yield, under the conditions of this study.
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Svechnikov, A. K. "Accumulation of root-stubble residues and nutrients in feed crop rotations." Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 20, no. 6 (December 17, 2019): 613–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2019.20.6.613-622.
Full textAbstract:
From 2001 to 2018 in Mari El Republic six-field fodder crop rotations including 1-3 fields of legume-cereal grasses were studied. The amount of plowed root-crop residues and nutrients entering the soil was assessed at different levels of minerals application (N60P60K60 and N90P90K90 in the 1st and 2 nd rotations, N60P60K60 и P60K60 in the 3rd rotation). During the research the total nitrogen content in sod-podzolic soil increased from 0.15% to 0.28%, the humus content raised from 1.82% to 2.53%. The largest amount of root-crop residues nutrients was plowed into 0 -20 cm soil layer during the fodder crop rotation at the 1-year use of the perennial grasses. On the average, it received 35.2 t/ha of dry matter, 560 kg/ha of nitrogen, 231 kg/ha of phosphorus and 338 kg/ha of potassium over 3 rotations. An increase in supply of soils with nitrogen and humus in the 3rd rotation raised the plant residues and nutrients accumulation to 49.9 t/ha, 821 kg/ha, 321 kg and 496 kg/ha, respectively. No significant differences were found between the fertilization backgrounds. In the structure of studied crop rotations cloveralfalfa-timothy grass mixture has made the greatest contribution to in the replenishment of nutrient elements by plowing up the root-crop residues: 10.1 tons of dry matter, 199 kg of nitrogen, 89 kg of phosphorus and 115 kg/ha of potassium. Using postcut mustard after winter rye provided almost the same amount of plowed root-crop residues as clover-alfalfa-timothy grass mixture.Conflict of interest: the authors stated that there was no conflict of interest.
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Iminov, A., SH Kuziboev, O. Matchonov, and M. Atabaev. "Organic contents of residues and nutrients in the short-row crop rotation systems in typical agricultural lands of Uzbekistan." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1068, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1068/1/012031.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The presence of 0.411% nitrogen, 0.152% phosphorus, 0.209% potassium in the root part of winter wheat, also the presence of 0.207% nitrogen, 0.116% phosphorus, 0.137% potassium element in the stubble part, 1.21% nitrogen, 0.32% phosphorus, 0.5% potassium the root part of legumes, 0.39% nitrogen, 0.2% phosphorus, 0.71% potassium the stubble part, 1.25% nitrogen, 0.88% phosphorus, 1.1% potassium the root part of the bean, 0.86% nitrogen, 0.32% phosphorus, 1.1% potassium the stubble part, 1.38% nitrogen, 0.90% phosphorus, 1.0% potassium the root part of the mung bean, 1.22% nitrogen, 0.29 phosphorus, 1.3% potassium in the stubble part and 0.90% nitrogen, 0.33% phosphorus, 0.99% potassium in the root part of mixed siderite (perco + oats + green peas), 0.61% nitrogen, 0.22% phosphorus and 0.68% potassium the stubble part were found in this research. If the total remnant of stubble and root was 2.74 tons/ha when the norm of mineral fertilizers was N180P125K90 kg/ha in winter wheat, in the case of soybean cultivation as a secondary crop, the norm of mineral fertilizers in winter wheat was N180P125K90 kg/ha+15 tons/ha in the soybean with the use of organic-mineral compost was 2.96 tons/ha, which is 0.22 tons/ha higher than in the background with only mineral fertilizers were observed that 31.1–44.9 kg/ha of total nitrogen remained after soybean per 1 ha. It was found that the norms of mineral fertilizers used in the treatment and care of nitragin before sowing the seeds of mung bean and soybeans grown as a secondary crop after winter wheat affected the amount of root and root residues that left the plants in the soil, 0.73-0.93 tons/ha of roots in the soil, 1.30-1.49 tons/ha of sorghum and 0.81-1.04 tons/ha of roots and 1.70% of soybeans grown as secondary crops, 1.92 tons/ha of ore residues were found to remain.
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Wang, Linhua, Bo Ma, and Faqi Wu. "Effects of wheat stubble on runoff, infiltration, and erosion of farmland on the Loess Plateau, China, subjected to simulated rainfall." Solid Earth 8, no. 2 (March 8, 2017): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-8-281-2017.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Soil and water losses in agriculture are major environmental problems worldwide, especially on the Loess Plateau, China. Summer fallow management may help to control soil erosion and conserve water. This study investigated the effects of wheat stubble on runoff, infiltration, and soil loss in laboratory plots under simulated rainfall. The treatments comprised wheat stubble cover (WS) and traditional plowing (TP) in runoff plots (4.0 m × 1.0 m) with three slope gradients (5, 10, and 15°) under simulated rainfall at 80 mm h−1 for 1 h. The runoff volume from WS plots was significantly less than that from TP. The runoff reduction with WS ranged from 91.92 to 92.83 % compared with TP. The runoff rates varied with the runoff volume in the same manner. The infiltration amount was higher with WS (94.8–96.2 % of rainwater infiltrated) than TP (35.4–57.1 %). The sediment concentration was significantly lower with WS than TP. Compared with TP (304.31–731.23 g m−2), the sediment losses were reduced dramatically in WS (2.41–3.78 g m−2) and the sediment loss slightly increased with slope; however, it was greatly increased as slope increased in TP. These results revealed that the stubble cover was the main factor reducing runoff and sediment losses and improving infiltration and that stubble showed a great potential to control erosion and conserve soil and water resources during the summer fallow period in the Loess Plateau region.
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Freebairn, DM, and GH Wockner. "A study of soil erosion on vertisols of the eastern Darling Downs, Queensland .I. Effects of surface conditions on soil movement within Contour Bay catchments." Soil Research 24, no. 2 (1986): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9860135.
Full textAbstract:
Effects of soil surface conditions on runoff and soil loss were studied on two major cracking clay soils of the Darling Downs, Queensland. Techniques used to measure soil loss between field contour bays under natural rainfall are described, and the results from 10 contour bay catchments (66 plot years) are presented. Soil movement was separated into rill, interrill, suspended sediment and channel deposition. Two slope lengths were considered (60 and 35 m), and interrill erosion appeared to be the major source of soil loss. Runoff and sediment concentration were both inversely related to surface cover and total soil movement was greatly reduced by surface cover. In an annual winter-wheat, summer-fallow system, removal of stubble resulted in soil movement of 29-62 t ha-1 year-1. Retention of stubble (stubble mulching) reduced soil movement to less than 5 t ha-1 year-1. Greater than 75% of the variance in soil movement from single events was explained by surface cover and peak runoff rate. Surface cover is a measure of the surface area protected from soil detachment and entrainment. Peak runoff rate describes the amount of energy or stream power available for detachment and entrainment.
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Lyon, Drew J., David R. Huggins, and John F. Spring. "Windrow Burning Eliminates Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) Seed Viability." Weed Technology 30, no. 1 (March 2016): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-15-00118.1.
Full textAbstract:
Windrow burning is one of several harvest weed seed control strategies that have been developed and evaluated in Australia to address the widespread evolution of multiple herbicide resistance in annual weeds. Herbicide-resistant Italian ryegrass populations are common in the Palouse region of eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of burning standing stubble and narrow windrows on the survival of Italian ryegrass seed on the soil surface and to determine the amount of crop residue remaining after both practices. Italian ryegrass emergence was 63, 48, and 1% for the nonburned check, burned standing stubble, and burned windrow treatments, respectively. Crop-residue dry weights were 9.94, 5.69, and 5.79 Mg ha−1 for these same treatments. Windrow burning can be an effective tactic in an integrated weed management strategy for Italian ryegrass control in the Palouse region of eastern Washington and northern Idaho.
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Chen, Guibin, Qingjie Wang, Hongwen Li, Jin He, Caiyun Lu, Shaojun Gong, Dijuan Xu, and Xinpeng Cao. "Research on the Effect of Conservation Tillage Mode on the Suppression of Near-Surface Dust in Farmland." Agriculture 12, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050703.
Full textAbstract:
In order to explore the beneficial effects of conservation tillage (straw burial, stubble + straw mulching, straw mulching) compared with traditional tillage on suppressing farmland dust and the law on farmland wind erosion, PM2.5 and PM10, in this study, according to the distribution characteristics of farmland dust particles “from large to small” and “from bottom to top”, the self-designed dust collector and farmland dust online monitoring system were used to analyze the amount of wind and dust, PM2.5 and PM10, near the surface of farmland. A comparative study on the dust emission of farmland from conservation tillage and traditional tillage is conducted in two dimensions. The mobile wind tunnels are used to simulate and verify the release of PM2.5 and PM10 near the surface of farmland. Among them, the monitoring of farmland wind erosion shows that compared with traditional farming, the wind erosion of straw burial, stubble + straw mulching, and straw mulching decreased by 29.37%, 40.73%, and 36.61%, respectively, and 90~250 μm large-size sand particles are reduced by 37.2%, 74.7%, and 31.6%, respectively. The monitoring results of PM2.5 and PM10 near the surface of the farmland showed that the stubble + straw mulching model is compared with the traditional farming farmland. The reductions were 42.5% and 40.8%, significantly higher than the straw burial and straw mulching modes. The multiple linear regression analysis of the monitoring data showed that the PM2.5 and PM10 release concentrations near the surface of farmland had the highest correlation with wind speed, followed by soil moisture and temperature. Wind tunnel test verification shows that the following three protective tillage modes: straw burial, straw mulching, and stubble + straw mulching, have apparent inhibitory effects on PM2.5 and PM10 released on farmland compared with traditional tillage modes. In 1~8 m/s interval, the release concentration of PM2.5 in the modes of straw burial, stubble + straw mulching, and straw mulching decreased by 15.34~41.17%, 32.05~48.56%, and 28.85~42.40%, and the PM10 release concentration decreased by 19.44~36.47%, 35.90~52.00%, and 25.83~50.63%, respectively, which are consistent with the monitoring results of PM2.5 and PM10 near the surface of farmland. The research results show that the beneficial effects of each model on farmland dust suppression are stubble + straw mulching > straw mulching > straw burial. The study is intended to provide theoretical support for promoting conservation tillage and the return of high-quality straw mulch to the field in Beijing.
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Swanton, C. J., K. Chandler, and K. J. Janovicek. "Integration of cover crops into no-till and ridge-till wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) – corn (Zea mays L.) cropping sequence." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-013.
Full textAbstract:
The use of underseeded red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) as a cover crop in winter wheat has been declining because of poor clover establishment during dry growing seasons, the lack of selective herbicides for weed control in clover, and the difficulty in using burn-down herbicides to remove the clover before planting no-till corn. During 1990–1992, we conducted on-farm trials on silt loam no-till and sandy ridge-till fields in southern Ontario to evaluate the establishment and growth of alternative stubble-seeded cover crops following wheat and their effects on subsequent weed and volunteer wheat growth. In general, oats (Avena sativa L.), oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) produced more biomass than the other stubble-seeded cover crops, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.), red clover, and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.). In comparison, winter-hardy underseeded hairy vetch and red clover produced the most biomass and provided better weed control; however, any reduction in herbicide use is offset by the need to burn down these cover crops. An evaluation of cover-crop effects on post-wheat-harvest weed growth was not possible because of sparse and variable weed growth, which occurred even in the absence of a cover crop. However, volunteer wheat biomass was inversely correlated with cover-crop biomass. At the no-till site, cover-crop response to straw baling and the subsequent effects on weed and volunteer wheat growth and corn performance also were evaluated. Straw baling had minimal effects on cover-crop growth; however, volunteer wheat growth doubled. No-till corn was not adversely affected by the amounts of residue present where cover crops were established the previous year. Importantly, reducing the amount of wheat straw by baling increased early-season growth rates and corn grain yield by 0.91 Mg ha−1. We conclude that alternative stubble-seeded cover crops, such as oats, barley and oilseed radish, are suitable for no-till corn. At present, cover crops augment weed management but are not a substitute for herbicides, as burn-down herbicides are required to remove existing weeds or winter-hardy cover crops. Key words: Underseeded, stubble seeded, baling, volunteer wheat
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Crutchfield, Donald A., Gail A. Wicks, and Orvin C. Burnside. "Effect of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Straw Mulch Level on Weed Control." Weed Science 34, no. 1 (January 1986): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500026564.
Full textAbstract:
Research was conducted to determine the effect of winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) straw mulch level on weed control in a winter wheat-ecofallow corn (Zea maysL.)-fallow rotation at North Platte and Sidney, NE, in 1981 and 1982. Wheat straw mulch was established at 0, 1.7, 3.4, 5.1, and 6.8 Mg/ha in stubble fields. After application of 1.5 times the recommended rate at corn planting, metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] concentration remained higher in unmulched soil than in mulched soil for more than 4 months, due to interception of metolachlor by the mulch. Even though the amount of metolachlor in the soil was reduced by mulch, weed control was not reduced and increased with increasing mulch level. Thus, increasing metolachlor rate was not necessary to maintain adequate weed control in no-till winter wheat stubble since mulch itself provided some measure of weed control.
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Lafond, G. P., Heather Loeppky, and D. A. Derksen. "The effects of tillage systems and crop rotations on soil water conservation, seedling establishment and crop yield." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-011.
Full textAbstract:
The long-term productivity of soils in Western Canada can be maintained, even enhanced, providing changes in production practices occur to reverse the current trends of soil degradation. A study was initiated in 1986 to investigate the interactions of tillage systems and crop rotations on soil water conservation, seedling establishment and crop yields. The three tillage systems used were zero (ZT), minimum (one preseeding tillage operation) (MT) and conventional tillage (fall and spring preseeding tillage operations) (CT). Three 4-yr crop rotations were superimposed on the three tillage systems: fallow-spring wheat-spring wheat-winter wheat, spring wheat-spring wheat-flax-winter wheat and spring wheat-flax-winter wheat-field pea. The amount of water conserved during the fallow period was not significantly affected by tillage systems. Under stubble cropping, ZT and MT increased soil water in the 0- to 60-cm soil layer by 9% and in the 0- to 120-cm soil layer by 6% over CT. When spring soil moisture under stubble in the 0- to 120-cm soil layer was expressed as a percentage of a saturated soil profile, ZT and MT averaged 87% and CT, 82%. Seedling populations in spring wheat and field pea were not affected by tillage systems while flax seedling populations were 8% less under ZT and MT than CT. The rate of plant establishment for spring wheat was not affected by tillage systems. Yields of spring wheat, flax and field pea under ZT and MT were increased by 21, 23 and 9% over CT, respectively. Crop production practices that minimize soil degradation by maximizing the benefits of surface residues and standing stubble can successfully be adopted.Key words: Pisum sativum L., Linum usitatissimum L., Triticum aestivum L., stubble cropping, fallow cropping, crop rotation
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Błażewicz-Woźniak, M., and M. Konopiñski. "Impact of cover crops and tillage on porosity of podzolic soil." International Agrophysics 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10247-012-0092-9.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the influence of cover crops biomass, mixed with the soil on different dates and with the use of different tools in field conditions. The cover crop biomass had a beneficial influence on the total porosity of the 0-20 cm layer of the soil after winter. The highest porosity was achievedwith cover crops of buckwheat, phacelia and mustard, the lowest with rye. During the vegetation period the highest porosity of soil was observed in the ridges. Among the remaining non-ploughing cultivations, pre-winter use of stubble cultivator proved to have a beneficial influence on the soil porosity, providing results comparable to those achieved in conventional tillage. The differential porosity of the soil was modified not only by the catch crops and the cultivation methods applied, but also by the sample collection dates, and it did change during the vegetation period. The highest content of macropores after winter was observed for the phacelia cover crop, and the lowest in the case of cultivation without any cover crops. Pre-winter tillage with the use of a stubble cultivator increased the amount of macropores in soil in spring, and caused the biggest participation of mesopores as compared with other non-ploughing cultivation treatments of the soil. The smallest amount of mesopores was found in the ridges.
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Beckie, H. J., S. A. Brandt, J. J. Schoenau, C. A. Campbell, J. L. Henry, and H. H. Janzen. "Nitrogen contribution of field pea in annual cropping systems. 2. Total nitrogen benefit." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 3 (July 1, 1997): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-158.
Full textAbstract:
The total nitrogen (N) benefit of field pea (Pisum sativum) to a succeeding non-legume crop was measured in a small plot experiment at Scott, Saskatchewan in the moist Dark Brown soil climatic zone, and in a small plot and landscape experiment near Melfort, Saskatchewan in the moist Black soil climatic zone from 1993 to 1995. The total N benefit was calculated as the difference in net N mineralized from soil plus N in the above- and below-ground crop residue between field pea and non-legume stubble-cropped plots over the growing season. Landscape slope position did not affect the total N benefit of field pea to a succeeding wheat crop, and preseeding tillage had an inconsistent effect on the total N benefit between years. The direct N benefit of field pea aboveground residue available to the succeeding crop in the landscape experiment was a minor component of the total N benefit, which averaged 25 kg N ha−1. The total N benefit was equivalent to the N residual effect, defined as the amount of fertilizer N required for a non-legume crop grown on non-legume stubble to achieve the same yield as that of the non-legume crop on field pea stubble. This confirms that the N residual effect of field pea to the succeeding non-legume crop was due to the N contribution; any non-N contribution to the N residual effect was effectively excluded. Key words: Pisum sativum, Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Brassica rapa, Linum usitatissimum, total nitrogen benefit
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Boykov, Vasiliy Mihaylovich, Sergey Viktorovich Startsev, Andrey Vladimirovich Pavlov, Andrey Anatolievich Protasov, and Evvgeny Sergeevich Nesterov. "Complex of machines for mechanical processing of corn residues." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 11 (November 29, 2021): 84–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i11pp84-86.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past 20 years, the area under maize has grown by 290 %. The production of grain corn is associated with the formation of a large amount of biological mass, which after harvesting remains in the field in the form of an aboveground dry mass of a plant and an underground powerful root system. The amount of crop residues per hectare after harvesting corn for grain reaches 10-15 tons. To prepare such a field for further operation, it is necessary to prepare the crop residues of corn for the destruction process. The technical means of mechanical processing of stubble-root residues of domestic and imported corn with an analysis of the design features of the working bodies are considered.
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Petersen, B. B., P. J. Shea, and G. A. Wicks. "Acetanilide Activity and Dissipation as Influenced by Formulation and Wheat Stubble." Weed Science 36, no. 2 (March 1988): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500074786.
Full textAbstract:
Laboratory and field research was conducted to determine the influence of winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) stubble on weed control and the dissipation of emulsifiable concentrate formulations (EC) of metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide], alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide], and acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)acetamide]; and microencapsulated formulations (ME) of alachlor and acetochlor. EC metolachlor provided better weed control than EC alachlor when applied 28 days before planting sorghum (Sorghum bicolorL.) and similar weed control when applied at 1 or 14 days before planting. This difference was attributed to more rapid EC alachlor dissipation. The order of relative herbicide persistence at 24 C and 33% (w/w) soil moisture in a silty clay loam was ME acetochlor = ME alachlor > EC metolachlor > EC acetochlor = EC alachlor. Acetanilide degradation was affected more by increasing temperature from 15 to 24 C than by increasing soil moisture from 15 to 33%. More herbicide was washed from overwintered than fresh straw in the first 1 cm of simulated rainfall. In the first simulated rainfall event, more herbicide was removed from straw that had been dry than wet at application, but the amount of herbicide remaining on dry and wet straw was similar after four events. Formulation generally did not affect herbicide wash-off.
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Nelson, KE, and LW Burgess. "Effect of rotation with barley and oats on crown rot of wheat in the northern wheat belt of New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 6 (1995): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950765.
Full textAbstract:
We investigated the incidence of Fusarium graminearum Group 1 (infection, stem colonisation) and crown rot in 3-year crop sequences of 1 or 2 years of barley, oats, or mown oats followed by wheat, compared with 3 years of wheat. Seed was sown into the stubble of the previous crop. Stubble production was estimated for each cereal treatment. Plants of each cereal were infected by the crown rot pathogen. Oats were susceptible to infection but did not express symptoms of crown rot in 2 years of the trial. Oats can, therefore, be considered a symptomless host that may contribute to the maintenance of inoculum. The overall mean incidence of infected plants increased from 12% in 1987 to 81% in 1989. The various treatments did not significantly reduce the incidence of infected wheat plants in November of the final year. The incidence of crown rot of wheat in 1989 was greatest after 2 prior wheat crops and lowest after 1 or 2 years of mown oats. The 3 species produced a similar amount of straw by weight; however, mown oats produced significantly less. Oat straw decomposed more rapidly than that of other cereals in controlled conditions.
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Mitchell, J. P., T. K. Hartz, G. S. Pettygrove, D. S. Munk, and D. M. May. "Crop Residues in San Joaquin Valley Row Crop Systems." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 494d—494. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.494d.
Full textAbstract:
The West Side of California's San Joaquin Valley is one of the most productive agricultural regions of the world. The leading crops of this region include processing tomatoes, cotton, onions, garlic, cantaloupes, and lettuce, which are grown on over 570,000 acres annually. During the past 30 years, land use patterns on the West Side have changed considerably. More than 60% of the acreage in this area was typically planted to wheat, barley, and safflower in 1965, whereas in 1994 these crops were grown on 7% of the area. The intensification in the production of high value crops has led to fewer additions of organic matter to the soil and more aggressive tillage operations. In 1996–97, we quantified the amount and composition of postharvest crop residues that are returned to the soil in typical West Side rotations. The highest amount of crop residues resulted from corn stubble following grain harvest (10,300 lb dry matter per acre) and the lowest amounts resulted from onions and garlic, with 517 and 700 lb dry matter per acre, respectively. These data demonstrate the large range of organic matter recycling that results from varous intensive cropping strategies in this region.
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Bolland, M. D. A., G. P. Riethmuller, K. H. M. Siddique, and S. P. Loss. "Method of phosphorus fertiliser application and row spacing on grain yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 2 (2001): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00057.
Full textAbstract:
Yield responses of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cv. Fiord to applications of fertiliser phosphorus (P), as superphosphate, were measured in 2 field experiments. The P was either (i) placed with the seed while sowing at 6 cm depth and also cultivating at 3–4 cm below the seed (drilled P) or (ii) placed 3–4 cm below the seed while sowing at 6 cm depth (banded P). This was done when the seed and fertiliser were placed in rows at either the standard 19 cm apart (current recommendation) or 38 cm apart (makes it easier to sow into the stubble of the previous crop). Yield of dried shoots and seed (grain) increased with increasing amount of P applied (0–30 kg P/ha in experiment 1, 0–45 kg P/ha in experiment 2), but were unaffected by the method of P application or spacing between seed and fertiliser rows. Therefore, (i) up to 45 kg P/ha can be drilled with the seed while sowing faba bean crops (current farmer practice) and (ii) faba bean can be sown and fertilised at 38-cm spacings making it easier to sow into the stubble of the previous crop than the 19-cm spacing currently being practiced.
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Miller, P. R., C. L. McDonald, D. A. Derksen, and J. Waddington. "The adaptation of seven broadleaf crops to the dry semiarid prairie." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p00-028.
Full textAbstract:
To develop diversified cropping systems for the dry semiarid prairie, the adaptation of alternative crops must be known. This experiment compared the adaptation of seven pulse and oilseed crops—desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), dry pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris L.), mustard (Brassica juncea L.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) — with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), using two tillage practices — no-till and minimum tillage, including both fallow and wheat stubble-field phases. It was conducted near Swift Current, SK 1992–1996, and on a commercial farm near Congress, SK 1994–1995. Tillage system had no consistent effect on plant densities, which were generally adequate. Mustard, desi chickpea, dry pea and lentil required fewer degree days (5°C base) to reach anthesis, compared with wheat, while safflower and sunflower required more than wheat. Dry pea generally matured sooner than wheat, while lentil and mustard matured earlier than wheat only in years when near normal climatic conditions occurred. All other crops generally matured later than wheat. Safflower required an additional 400 degree-days and as a result presents considerable production risk in the semi arid prairies. Dry pea grain yields averaged 103% of wheat when grown on fallow and 135% of wheat when grown on stubble. Chickpea, lentil and dry pea yielded 76%, 77% and 90%, respectively, of their fallow-field yields when grown on stubble, indicating that the pulse crops have excellent potential for intensifying cropping systems in the dry semiarid prairie by replacing summerfallow in crop rotations. In contrast, wheat and mustard grown on stubble yielded only 66 and 61%, respectively, of fallow-field yields, suggesting they are not as well suited for stubble-cropping as the pulse crops. Low and highly variable yields were observed for safflower, dry bean and sunflower in both field-phases, although the yields from dwarf hybrid sunflower in the latter 2 yr of the study appeared promising. Low seed N concentration in wheat indicated yields were limited by soil-available N in most years, due to the generally wetter than normal growing seasons encountered during this study. The mean N yield (seed N concentrat ion × grain yield) of dry pea was double that for chickpea and lentil, indicating that dry pea fixed the greatest amount of atmospheric N2. Water-use efficiency for dry pea averaged 9.4 kg ha–1 mm–1 compared with 7.4 kg ha–1 mm–1 for wheat. Dry pea, chickpea, lentil, mustard and sunflower have good potential for diversifying cropping systems in the dry semiarid prairie. Key words: Oilseeds, pulses, adaptation, semiarid prairie, tillage systems, water-use efficiency
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Savdie, I., R. Whitewood, R. L. Raddatz, and D. B. Fowler. "Potential for winter wheat production in western Canada: A CERES model winterkill risk assessment." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-003.
Full textAbstract:
The introduction of a practical winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production system, which utilizes direct no-till seeding into standing stubble immediately after harvest of the previous crop (stubbling-in) and snow trapping, has reduced the risk of winterkill and permitted expansion of the North American crop northeastward to include most of western Canada's agricultural area. The large expanse of this region results in considerable variation in climatic conditions and associated risks of winterkill. In the present study, 29 yr of climatic data for 53 stations were analyzed utilizing the CERES winterkill algorithm with the objective of determining the spatial distribution of various winterkill levels for stubbled-in "Norstar" winter wheat in western Canada. These simulations indicated that insulating snow cover is the pivotal climatic factor in winter wheat survival in the arid and transitional grassland ecoregions. The reliability of early winter snow cover appears to be more critical than the total overwinter amount. In the more northerly boreal climatic ecoregion, the limiting factor may be poor acclimation conditions and/or early incursion of killing Arctic air. This study demonstrates the usefulness of crop models, such as CERES, in extending the results of site-specific field studies to new areas and in risk analysis for planning and decision making. Key words: Winter wheat, winterkill, CERES model, Western Canada
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Rowe, JB, G. Brown, IG Ralph, J. Ferguson, and JF Wallace. "Supplementary feeding of young Merino sheep, grazing wheat stubble, with different amounts of lupin, oat or barley grain." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 1 (1989): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890029.
Full textAbstract:
We examined the effect on liveweight change and wool growth of 3 grain supplements: lupins, oats and barley, fed at different levels to grazing Merinos. The animals (approx. 9 months of age, mean weight 29.3 kg) grazed wheat stubble (10 sheep/ha) from January to May and each supplement was fed at 0, 150, 300,450, 600, and 750 g/sheep.day (given twice per week). The digestibility of the stubble was high (stem 45%, leaf 58%) in February and decreased by May (stem 42%, leaf 49%). The unsupplemented animals received no supplementation until 1 May, when they reached a weight of 26.5 kg. The liveweight of the supplemented animals increased in relation to the amount of each supplement given. The conversion (kg supplement fed per kg liveweight gain, was 3.64 for lupins compared with 4.93 and 5.21 for the oats and barley respectively. There was an increase in the clean fleece weight (Y, kg) (November shearing) with increasing levels of each supplement (X, kg grain/sheep.day) described by the following equation; Y= 2.65 + 2.26X- 1,343, but there were no differences associated with the type of grain. As the level of supplement intake increased from 0 to 750 g/day, fibre diameter increased (P< 0.001) from 18.6 to 2 1.1 km, staple length increased (P < 0.01) from 73.5 to 86.7 mm and staple breaking force increased (P<0.05) from 17.4 to 26.1 N/ktex. There was no effect of type of supplement on parameters of wool quality. With all supplements there was an apparent carry-over effect of the summer-autumn feeding on wool growth during the winter period. For each additional 1 g of wool grown during the supplementary feeding period, approximately 1.4 g were measured in the final fleece weight.
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Campbell, C. A., Y. W. Jamel, A. Jalil, and J. Schoenau. "Use of hot KCl-NH4-N to estimate fertilizer N requirements." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 77, no. 2 (May 1, 1997): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s96-106.
Full textAbstract:
We need an easy-to-use chemical index for estimating the amount of N that becomes available during the growing season, to improve N use efficiency. This paper discusses how producers may, in future, use crop growth models that incorporate indices of soil N availability, to make more accurate, risk-sensitive estimates of fertilizer N requirements. In a previous study, we developed an equation, using 42 diverse Saskatchewan soils, that related potentially mineralizable N (N0) to NH4N extracted with hot 2 M KCl (X), (i.e., N0 = 37.7 + 7.7X, r2 = 0.78). We also established that the first order rate constant (k) for N mineralization at 35°C is indeed a constant for arable prairie soils (k = 0.067 wk−1). We modified the N submodel of CERES-wheat to include k and N0 (values of N0 were derived from the hot KCl test). With long-term weather data (precipitation and temperature) as input, this model was used to estimate probable N mineralization during a growing season and yield of wheat (grown on fallow or stubble), in response to fertilizer N rates at Swift Current. The model output indicated that the amount of N mineralized in a growing season for wheat on fallow was similar to that for wheat on stubble, as we hypothesized. Further the model indicated that rate of fertilizer N had only minimal effect on N mineralized. We concluded that, despite the importance of knowing the Nmin capability of a soil, it is available water, initial levels of available N and rate of fertilizer N that are the main determinants of yield in this semiarid environment. The theoretical approach we have proposed must be validated under field conditions before it can be adopted for use. Key words: N mineralization, Hot KCl-NH4-N, potentially mineralizable N, CERES-wheat model
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Doughton, JA, I. Vallis, and PG Saffigna. "Nitrogen fixation in chickpea. I. Influence of prior cropping or fallow, nitrogen fertilizer and tillage." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 6 (1993): 1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9931403.
Full textAbstract:
N fixation was measured in chickpea in a field experiment on the Darling Downs, Queensland. The 15N natural abundance method was used with barley as a non-fixing control crop. Chickpea was grown with 0, 50 and 100 kg/ha of applied N after pretreatments of either fallow or grain sorghum where sorghum stubble was either incorporated by cultivation, removed or retained on the surface with zero tillage. When chickpea was grown after sorghum both the percentage and amount of N in the tops derived from fixation were larger than after fallow. N fertilizer additions reduced per cent but not total N2fixation. Stubble management had no influence on total N2 fixed. There was a close inverse relationship (R2 = 0.95) between soil nitrate measured at establishment of chickpea and per cent of N derived from fixation. All treatment differences in per cent Nz fixation whether due to prior cropping, fallowing, N fertilizer or tillage could be explained through treatment influences on soil nitrate. Chickpea that had a plentiful supply of soil mineral N for growth accumulated significantly more plant N than plants dependent on N2 fixation. Chickpea grain yields were, however, unaffected by the source or quantity of plant N accumulated. Chickpea provided a positive soil N balance at high fixation rates and a negative balance at low fixation rates.
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Grant, Tim, and Tom Beer. "Life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from irrigated maize and their significance in the value chain." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 3 (2008): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06099.
Full textAbstract:
The life cycle assessment component of this multi-institutional project determined greenhouse gas emissions in pre-farm, on-farm and post-farm activities involved in the use of maize for the manufacture of corn chips. When the emissions were expressed in terms of carbon dioxide-equivalents (CO2-e), pre-farm emissions comprised ~6% of the life cycle emissions, on-farm activities comprised ~36% and post-farm activities accounted for ~58% of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions. We used one 400 g packet of corn chips as the functional unit. The single largest source of greenhouse emissions was the emission of nitrous oxide on the farm as a result of fertiliser application (0.126 kg CO2-e per packet). The next largest was electricity used during the manufacture of the corn chips (0.086 kg CO2-e per packet). The manufacture of the packaging (box plus packet, being 0.06 kg CO2-e) was the next largest source and then the oil for frying the corn chips (0.048 kg CO2-e per packet). Greenhouse gas emissions from fertiliser application were primarily nitrous oxide (N2O), which has a global warming potential of 310 kg CO2-e/kg N2O. In typical irrigated farm systems, these emissions, when converted to CO2-e, are almost three times more than the greenhouse gas emissions that result from energy used to pump water. However, pumping irrigation water from deep bores currently produces greenhouse gas emissions that are almost three times those from irrigation using surface waters. Greenhouse gas emissions from the use of tractors on typical farms are about one-third of the emissions from pumping water. Farm management techniques can be used to increase soil carbon and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. If farms that currently burn stubble were to implement stubble incorporation then, in the absence of other changes to the supply chain, they will achieve a 30% reduction in emissions from ‘cradle to farm-gate’. In absolute terms, when the soil carbon dioxide is included (even though soil carbon dioxide in this instance is not counted as a greenhouse gas in national and international greenhouse gas inventories), our measurements indicate that carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions from farms that produce maize using stubble incorporation are 56% lower than emissions from farms that burn their stubble. The pre-farm and on-farm operations add $0.40 value per kg of CO2-e greenhouse gas emitted. Post-farm processing added $2 value per kg of CO2-e greenhouse gas emitted. Processing maize for corn chips emitted more greenhouse gases than processing the same amount of corn for starch or ethanol.
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Martin Polo, J. L., C. J. Valle Gutierrez, A. Blanco de Pablos, and M. E. Sánchez Rodríguez. "Forages resources in "dehesa" systems: fertilization, tillage, and forage sowing. 2. Productivity and use of rain water." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2003011-7.
Full textAbstract:
In two «dehesa» grasslands with different soils, one over slate and the other over granite, studies were carried out toinvestigate the influence that phosphoric fertilization, surface tillage of pastures and oat sowing have on the primaryproduction and its nutritive value, on the index of utilization of raining water, and on the evolution of oat stubble withtime. Additionally, economic studies of the previous results have been carried out. Phosphoric fertilization and superficialtilling of pastures did not have a relevant influence on the primary production. Additionally, in the successive regrowthover oat stubble there was no response to phosphoric fertilization. The production increments with respect tocontrols are related to the preparatory tillage for sowing the oats, and the changes that the vegetation experimented.This effect decreased with time. The dry matter production in the oat treatments was higher than in the pastures, bothin slate and granite soils. In dehesa systems the use of raining water for the production of 1 kg dry matter ha-1 was verylow, and, on the average, 0.278 and 0.588 l m-2 were needed in pastures, but this amount decreased significantly in theoats: 0.059 and 0.110 l m-2 in slates and granites, respectively; with better use of the water in the more fertile soils. Theeconomic response to the oat sowing was about 252 and of 160 euros ha-1 year-1 in slates and granites, but there was noeconomic response to the fertilization and superficial tilling of pastures during the period of the experiment.
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Allahverdiyev, E. R., and D. A. Isayeva. "Influence of irrigation and fertilizer rate on changing the nutritional regime of mixed crops (sorghum and pea) soil on stubble." Agrarian science 344, no. 1 (March 13, 2021): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2021-344-1-136-139.
Full textAbstract:
Relevance. The article quotes questions of the influence of fertilizer rates and the number of irrigations on the change in the nutrient regime of the soil when growing mixed crops of pea and sorgho in the conditions of the Karabakh zone of Azerbaijan. In this regard, one of the main issues considered was the development on a scientific and practical basis of the nature of changes in the nutrient regime of the soil and the effect of optimal fertilizer rates and the number of irrigations on crop yields in mixed crops in long-irrigated gray meadow soils.Methods. To study the effect of irrigation and fertilizer rates in mixed crops on changes in the nutrient regime of the soil, soil samples were taken from two soil layers (0-30 and 30-60 cm) after cutting. In the soil samples taken, compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium that are readily absorbed by plants were analyzed.Results. Analysis of soil samples shows that the application of mineral and organic fertilizers against the background of different amounts of irrigation fundamentally affects the effective fertility of the soil. In general, in the phase of flowering and panicle formation under the influence of irrigation and fertilizers, effective soil fertility was observed compared to the control variant without fertilizing, which remained at a sufficient amount. And this indicates that the plant showed a high demand for this nutrient. The decrease in the number of nutrients in the panicle formation phase indicates its connection with the removal of high yields. Analysis of soil samples during the study shows that the introduction of mineral and organic fertilizers against a background of varying amounts of irrigation has fundamentally affected the effective soil fertility.
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Kuzychenko, Yu A., R. G. Gadzhiumarov, and A. N. Dzhandarov. "Cultivation of sunflower with srip loosening of the soil in the conditions of Ciscaucasia." Agrarian science 1, no. 7-8 (October 10, 2022): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-361-7-8-132-135.
Full textAbstract:
The search and modernization of modern technologies for the cultivation of tilled crops in the Stavropol Territory are primarily associated with obtaining higher crop yields at the lowest production costs and achieving of a significant soil protection effect. Strip-till technology involves the creation of narrow waterabsorbing gaps against the background of stubble and plant residues treated with glyphosateleft on the field. The proposed technology includes an element of modernization — pre-treatment of the stubble with the “Catros” disc tool, which creates soil-straw mulch on the soil surface, preventing moisture evaporation. During the research period from 2019 to 2021, an increase in the average monthly temperature of the spring-summer period (May — June — July) by 1.8 °С, 2.7 °С and 2.0 °С respectively was established in comparison with the long-term average. At the same time, the decrease in the amount of precipitation in the spring period over the years of research averaged 11 mm, with a critical decrease in June 2019 by 52 mm and in July 2020 by 54 mm from the long-term one.A higher density of soils in the main periods of sunflower vegetation was established in comparison with traditional technology by an average of 0.03 g/cm3 due to a lower (by 0.9 mm)average weighted diameterof soil particles. Capillary porosity with Strip-till in the spring was 21%, which formed a larger (by 11 mm)moisture reserve compared to the traditional one, and the yield of sunflower with the Strip-till technology is 0.26 t/ha more, and the profitability is higher by 33%.
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CAMPBELL, C. A., J. G. McLEOD, F. SELLES, F. B. DYCK, C. VERA, and D. B. FOWLER. "EFFECT OF RATE, TIMING AND PLACEMENT OF N FERTILIZER ON STUBBLED-IN WINTER WHEAT GROWN ON A BROWN CHERNOZEM." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-017.
Full textAbstract:
Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in Saskatchewan has increased in recent years due to the introduction of Norstar, a winter hardy variety, and due to the reduction in winter injury when the crop is seeded directly into standing stubble (stubbling-in). Large variations in the amount and distribution of seasonal precipitation in the Brown soil zone may prove detrimental to the adoption of this system. If implemented, fertilizer recommendations will need to be developed to fit this cropping system. A 4-yr study was conducted at Swift Current, Saskatchewan on an orthic Brown Chernozemic silt loam soil to determine the effect of rate, season of application, and placement of urea-N on grain yields and protein concentration of stubbled-in winter wheat. Plant density was unaffected by N. In 1984–1985 and 1986–1987 adequate weather conditions from seeding to early spring resulted in acceptable plant stands, but in 1985–1986 suboptimal winter temperatures and in 1987–1988 severe drought during fall and early spring reduced over-winter survival of wheat. Only 1 year provided better-than-average growing season weather conditions and thus good yields. Grain protein was < 11.5% (the critical lower level for milling) in two of the 4 years. In 1 year, a dry fall and winter coupled with a prolonged hot, dry early spring resulted in poor grain yields and very high protein concentrations (20–22%). Fertilizer-nitrogen, broadcast at 50 kg ha−1 at seeding, resulted in yields and grain protein concentrations similar to those when N was broadcast in April. Band placement of N was superior to broadcast application only in terms of grain protein concentration and N fertilizer recovery. There was no difference between banding N at 5 and 10 cm depth. In all years studied, application of N at 100 kg ha−1 was excessive for this system. It was concluded that producers should be cautious in attempting to grow stubbled-in winter wheat in the Brown soil zone.Key words: Yield, grain protein, N recovery, plant population, kernel weight