Journal articles: 'Structures, systems and components (SSCs)'

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Kang, Mi-Yeon, Yeheun Jeong, and Youngsoo Jung. "Assessment Methodology of Practical Configuration Management (CM) for Sustainable Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs)." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 22, 2019): 2391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082391.

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Since the Fukushima accident in 2011, nuclear safety has emerged as a very important political and social issue. Under this circumstance, the importance of configuration management (CM) is emphasized in order to ensure the reliability and safety of facility. However, configuration management (CM) is still in its conceptual stage in the nuclear industry due to the ambiguity of CM definitions, insufficiency of CM procedures, paucity of computerized systems and lack of CM professionals. In an attempt to address this issue, a previous study proposed a comprehensive CM framework for nuclear power plants (NPPs) by comparing CM concepts in seven different industries where the CM is actively utilized. In order to facilitate the practical implementation of the conceptual framework, this paper proposes an assessment methodology for prioritizing the importance of CM application areas based on the physical subjects of NPP structures, systems, components (SSCs). The proposed methodology is composed of an ‘extended CM framework’ with further details and ‘evaluation criteria’ based on CM functions. This study developed an SSCs list by analyzing Design Control Document (DCD) of Westinghouse AP1000 and also identified evaluation criteria through an extensive literature review. The concept of CM in this study encompasses the entire NPP project life-cycle in order to promote the practical CM application. The results of case-study performed in this paper would provide the SSCs priorities and guidelines for practical configuration management (CM) for sustainable NPP facilities.

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Purba, Julwan Hendry. "Physical Ageing of The Research Reactor Core Structural Materials Due To Neutron Irradiation Exposure: A Review." Jurnal Pengembangan Energi Nuklir 18, no. 2 (March 10, 2017): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/jpen.2016.18.2.3143.

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A research reactor (RR) is a nuclear reactor that has function to generate and utilize neutron flux and radiation ionization for research purposes and industrial applications. More than 60% of current operating RRs have been operated for 30 years or more. As the time passes, the functional capabilities of structures, systems and components (SSCs) of those RRs deteriorate by physical ageing, which can be caused by neutron irradiation exposure such as irradiation induced dislocation and microstructural changes. To extend the lifetime and/or to avoid unplanned outages, ageing on the safety related SSCs of RRs need to be properly managed. An ageing management is a strategy to engineer, operate, maintenance, and control SSC degradation within acceptablelimits. The purpose of this study is to review physical ageing of the core structural materials of the RRs caused by neutron irradiation exposure. In order to achieve this objective, a wide range of literatures are reviewed. Comprehensive discussions on irradiation behaviors are limited only on reactor vessel and core support structure materials made from zirconium and beryllium as well as their alloys, which are widely used in RRs. It is found that the stability of the mechanical properties of zirconium and beryllium as well as their alloys was mostly affected by the neutron fluences and temperatures.

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Banks, P. J. "Ageing management within British Energy in support of safe, reliable operation and lifetime extension objectives." Kerntechnik 67, no. 4 (August 1, 2002): 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kern-2002-0082.

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Abstract British Energy has established a comprehensive suite of ageing/obsolescence asset management programmes. Through these programmes, the company has developed a thorough understanding of all the potentially significant degradation mechanisms which could affect the systems structures and components (SSCs) which are essential to the safe, reliable operation of their NPPs. The results from these ageing management programmes underwrite the existing design basis safety case, provide trending information for Safety System Reviews (SSRs) and Periodic Safety Reviews (PSRs) and provide data in support of extending the operating lifetimes of the NPPs. This paper describes te UK regulatory framework with respect to ageing management, British Energy’s overall approach to ageing management, The various ageing/obsolescence management programmes established by BEG, including examples of potentially significant ageing issues which have been successfully addressed by these programmes and the manner in which the results from the programmes are used in support of continued operation, SSRs, PSRs, lifetime extension and general performance enhancement.

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Chernukha, Nikita. "Inclusion of Aircraft Crash into NPP Design Bases and Probabilistic Justification of Loads on Civil Structures and Equipment." Earthquake Engineering. Construction Safety, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37153/2618-9283-2020-1-35-47.

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The article is about nuclear power plant (NPP) safety analysis in case of aircraft crash. Specifically, the article considers the following problems: inclusion of aircraft crash into NPP design bases regarding calculation of frequency of an aircraft crash into NPP; aspects of justification of loads on NPP structures, systems and components (SSCs) caused by mechanical action of a primary missile – aircraft fuselage impact. Probabilistic characteristics of such random parameters as frequency of aircraft crash and direction of aircraft trajectory are determined by the results of analysis of world statistics of aviation accidents. Method of calculation of aircraft crash frequency on structures, buildings and NPP as a whole is presented. It takes into account options of accidental and intentional aircraft crashes and various aircraft approach scenarios. Procedure of probabilistic justification of loads on civil structures under aircraft impact is described. The loads are specified so as not to exceed allowable value of failure probability of NPP as a whole. Calculation of failure frequency of civil structures of existing NPP is given as an example to show analysis in case of a crash of an aircraft heavier than considered in NPP design. Procedure of probabilistic justification of dynamic loads on NPP equipment in case of aircraft impact is described. Method of floor response spectra (FRS) calculation with the required non-exceedance probability is given. Probabilistically justified loads in case of intentional aircraft impact (act of terrorism) are also considered. Additionally it is presented how internal forces calculated with the use of FRS with the required non-exceedance probability can be summed to provide analysis of subsystems.

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Cancemi, Salvatore Angelo, and Rosa Lo Frano. "Preliminary Analysis of Long-Term Performance of a Piping: Aging and Creep Effects." Materials 14, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 1703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14071703.

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Combining global experience, comprehensive aging knowledge, and predictive methodologies provides ideal prerequisites for the long-term operation strategy (LTO) of a nuclear power plant (NPP). Applying management strategies with an understanding of the ways in which structures relevant for the plant safety perform and interact in their operating environments is of meaningful importance for operating the plant beyond its originally licensed service life. In performing aging studies on the nuclear systems, structure, and components (SSCs), the results are crucial for demonstrating the safety and reliability of the NPP beyond 30 years of nominal operation. In this study, the synergistic effect of a creep mechanism with the alteration suffered by piping material is analyzed by means of MSC©MARC finite element code. Nonlinear analyses were performed to calculate the effects of the long operational period on a primary pipe, assess its degradation, and determine its residual functionality. In these analyses, both homogeneous and inhomogeneous pipe wall thinning are considered, as well as the operating or expected thermal–mechanical loads. The obtained results indicate that thermo–mechanical loads are responsible for pipe deformation, which develops and increases as the transient progresses. Furthermore, an excessive (general or local) wall thinning may determine a dimensional change of the pipe, even causing bending or buckling.

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Baltis, Theodore, Douglas C. Hopkins, James M. Pitaressi, and Donald R. Hazelmyer. "High Thermal-Transient Packaging for a SiC-Based Solid State Circuit Breaker." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2011, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 000608–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2011-wa5-paper2.

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Solid-State Circuit Breakers (SSCBs), or Contactors, are critical components in next generation electric aircraft, and must be small in size, fast in response, and have high reliability. Silicon Carbide (SiC) semiconductor switches provide a series of improvements over traditional silicon-based breakers in both electrical and thermal performances. The reported SSCB uses SiC MOSFETs mounted on cast-aluminum traces, cast onto an aluminum nitride (AlN) ceramic co-captured in an aluminum composite baseplate. The system is similar to an AlSiC and Direct-Bonded-Aluminum (DBA) approach. This presentation details the transient thermal characterizations of an SSCB having the highest density in development. Previous work focused on a 30A SSCB that was constructed and tested to show a 300A, 500ns circuit breaking capability. The high density comes from allowing the SiC junctions to pulse to ∼350°C (in 5ms) from a 105°C ambient baseplate. The 30A/300A module was reported in IMAPS HiTEC’10 “Development of a SiC SSPC Module with Advanced High Temperature Packaging,” This paper builds on that paper adding the mechanical results and all new data on the larger, high energy density module with larger die. The objective of the presentation is to introduce (or update) the use of cast composite metal-ceramic structures for high thermal transient applications and document the mechanical stress/strain performance through simulations. The module is in development for military applications and has not been field-tested. This is also developed for Smart-Grid applications in local distribution systems.

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Khakim, Azizul. "ANALISIS KESELAMATAN TERMOHIDROLIK BULK SHIELDING REAKTOR KARTINI." JURNAL TEKNOLOGI REAKTOR NUKLIR TRI DASA MEGA 17, no. 3 (October 1, 2015): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/tdm.2015.17.3.2321.

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ABSTRAK ANALISIS KESELAMATAN TERMOHIDROLIK BULK SHIELDING REAKTOR KARTINI. Bulk shielding merupakan fasilitas yang terintegrasi dengan reaktor Kartini yang berfungsi sebagai penyimpanan sementara bahan bakar bekas. Fasilitas ini merupakan fasilitas yang termasuk dalam struktur, sistem dan komponen (SSK) yang penting bagi keselamatan. Salah satu fungsi keselamatan dari sistem penanganan dan penyimpanan bahan bakar adalah mencegah kecelakaan kekritisan yang tak terkendali dan membatasi naiknya temperatur bahan bakar. Analisis keselamatan paling kurang harus mencakup analisis keselamatan dari sisi neutronik dan termo hidrolik Bulk shielding. Analisis termo hidrolik ditujukan untuk memastikan perpindahan panas dan proses pendinginan bahan bakar bekas berjalan baik dan tidak terjadi akumulasi panas yang mengancam integritas bahan bakar. Code tervalidasi PARET/ANL digunakan untuk analisis pendinginan dengan mode konveksi alam. Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan bahwa mode pendinginan konvekasi alam cukup memadai dalam mendinginkan panas sisa tanpa mengakibatkan kenaikan temperatur bahan bakar yang signifikan. Kata kunci: Bulk shielding, bahan bakar bekas, konveksi alam, PARET. ABSTRACT THERMAL HYDRAULIC SAFETY ANALYSIS OF BULK SHIELDING KARTINI REACTOR. Bulk shielding is an integrated facility to Kartini reactor which is used for temporary spent fuels storage. The facility is one of the structures, systems and components (SSCs) important to safety. Among the safety functions of fuel handling and storage are to prevent any uncontrolable criticality accidents and to limit the fuel temperature increase. Safety analyses should, at least, cover neutronic and thermal hydraulic calculations of the bulk shielding. Thermal hydraulic analyses were intended to ensure that heat removal and the process of the spent fuels cooling takes place adequately and no heat accumulation that challenges the fuel integrity. Validated code, PARET/ANL was used for analysing the spent fuels cooling with natural convection mode. The calculations results concluded that natural convection cooling mode can adequately cools down the decay heat without significant increase in fuel temperatur. Keywords: bulk shielding, spent fuels, natural convection, PARET.

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Saarenheimo, Arja, Michael Borgerhoff, Kim Calonius, Anthony Darraba, Alexandre Hamelin, Sara Ghadimi Khasraghy, Amin Karbassi, et al. "Numerical studies on vibration propagation and damping test V1." Rakenteiden Mekaniikka 51, no. 1 (August 16, 2018): 55–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.23998/rm.68954.

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Earthquakes and aircraft impacts induce vibrations that propagate throughout the entire building and they need to be considered in designing SSCs (Structures, Systems and Components). Mainly linear calculation methods have been in use in design practice and the codes and standards consider damping ratios only for linear structural analyses. Induced vibrations, especially in damaged concrete structures, have not been studied extensively enough for optimization of structural frameworks and/or qualified systems and components. Experimental data on damping properties of damaged reinforced concrete are needed also for benchmarking analysis programs and methods. Recently, within IMPACT project, a new type of test series considering vibration propagation has been carried out at VTT. The test target is a reinforced concrete structure with two parallel walls connected to a floor slab. The front wall is additionally supported by triangular shaped side walls which are connected to the floor slab too. The test structure is supported on elastomeric bearing pads, with back pipes effective mainly in compression and with bars effective in tension. In order to obtain information on vibration propagation in damaged concrete structure at different levels of damage grades the same structure was tested six times. At each time the mass of the deformable stainless steel missile was 50 kg. The hit point located in the middle of the front wall. The impact velocity was about 110 m/s in the first four tests (V1A-D) and about 60 m/s in the remaining two tests (V1E and F). In this paper, numerical results on tests V1A and V1F are compared with the corresponding experimental ones. The calculated results, such as accelerations, displacements, their response spectra and strains, are compared with experimental measurements. Five finite element (FE) programs are used in computations: Abaqus, Europlexus, LS-DYNA, SOFiSTiK and an in-house code (IHC). Most of the FE-codes in the present study use shell elements. In Abaqus and SOFiSTiK non-linear behaviour of shell section is modelled by dividing the cross section into layers. Reinforcements are also modelled as layers. In Europlexus and IHC, an alternative approach is adopted in which the non-linear behaviour of concrete and reinforcement is homogenized beforehand in the shell thickness direction obtaining relations between stress resultants and generalized strains valid for the shell section. In LS-DYNA, 3D solid elements for modelling concrete and beam elements for modelling reinforcements are used. Equations of motion are integrated with explicit central difference time integration method, except in SOFiSTiK implicit integration method is used. Modelling and computations with the mentioned FE-programs are made independently of each other. Computations with LS-DYNA are carried out as blind exercises. Consideration of the results from benchmarking point of view is still on-going. However it is evident that analysed results follow reasonable well test results in main design parameter level such as maximum displacements, accelerations and strains. Also frequency spectra are estimated reasonably well.

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Gvozdev, Vladislav, and Galina Kozinetc. "Nuclear qualification process for systems, structures and components." MATEC Web of Conferences 245 (2018): 11010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824511010.

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The modern NPPs (Nuclear Power Plants) are the part of the very complex and demanding sector of industry. Its complexity is based on the innovate and the high-tech technologies, engineered safety features where the specific safety functions are to be performed to ensure the nuclear safety (as part of technosphere safety) and prevent radioactivity release, which consequently lead to the possible human losses and environmental disasters. Consequently, modern technologies incorporated in the design and construction of NPP (its systems, structure and components) shall be qualified to ensure its capability to perform designated safety functions in the demanded conditions, including harsh accident environment (qualified as intended) via the specific V&V activities. Thus, Qualification should not cover only the equipment, but the all: systems, structures and components (SSC), therefore a systematic approach to its organization and planning is needed, which is not fully presented in publications nowadays. The article objective is to define the SSC Qualification and its scope of application, identify the Functional and Environmental qualification and forming of the Qualification context. Then, the article determines the V&V actions that provide Qualification evidences.

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Pavlou, Eleni, and Michael C. Constantinou. "Response of Nonstructural Components in Structures with Damping Systems." Journal of Structural Engineering 132, no. 7 (July 2006): 1108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2006)132:7(1108).

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Jun Cai. "Structures of systems with exponential life and HNBUE components." IEEE Transactions on Reliability 43, no. 1 (March 1994): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/24.285119.

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Sabnis, S. V., and Mini R. Nair. "Coherent structures and unimodality." Journal of Applied Probability 34, no. 3 (September 1997): 812–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3215108.

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This paper is concerned with the preservation of unimodality under coherent structures of independent components having a common life distribution function. This result in a way generalizes a result of Alam [1], as Alam's result indirectly also deals with preservation of unimodality for (n – i + 1)-out-of-n systems of independent and identically distributed components. The usefulness of this property of coherent systems in obtaining sharper upper bounds on the reliability of the concerned system has been illustrated below for a bridge structure with components having a gamma life distribution function.

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Sabnis, S. V., and Mini R. Nair. "Coherent structures and unimodality." Journal of Applied Probability 34, no. 03 (September 1997): 812–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200101482.

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This paper is concerned with the preservation of unimodality under coherent structures of independent components having a common life distribution function. This result in a way generalizes a result of Alam [1], as Alam's result indirectly also deals with preservation of unimodality for (n – i + 1)-out-of-n systems of independent and identically distributed components. The usefulness of this property of coherent systems in obtaining sharper upper bounds on the reliability of the concerned system has been illustrated below for a bridge structure with components having a gamma life distribution function.

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Murugan, Arvind, Zorana Zeravcic, Michael P. Brenner, and Stanislas Leibler. "Multifarious assembly mixtures: Systems allowing retrieval of diverse stored structures." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 1 (December 22, 2014): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1413941112.

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Self-assembly materials are traditionally designed so that molecular or mesoscale components form a single kind of large structure. Here, we propose a scheme to create “multifarious assembly mixtures,” which self-assemble many different large structures from a set of shared components. We show that the number of multifarious structures stored in the solution of components increases rapidly with the number of different types of components. However, each stored structure can be retrieved by tuning only a few parameters, the number of which is only weakly dependent on the size of the assembled structure. Implications for artificial and biological self-assembly are discussed.

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Kuzmiak, V., A. A. Maradudin, and F. Pincemin. "Photonic band structures of two-dimensional systems containing metallic components." Physical Review B 50, no. 23 (December 15, 1994): 16835–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.50.16835.

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Sudareva, Natalia N., Pavel V. Popryadukhin, Natalia N. Saprykina, Olga M. Suvorova, Galina Yu Yukina, Oleg V. Galibin, and Aleksandr D. Vilesov. "CaCO3 vaterites as components of target drug delivery systems." Cellular Therapy and Transplantation 9, no. 2 (July 30, 2020): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18620/ctt-1866-8836-2020-9-2-13-19.

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Successful treatment of the majority of oncological diseases that affect solid organs is related to appropriate use of potent and (to varying degrees) toxic antitumor drugs. In a number of cases, chemotherapy requires the maximum localized action of a drug in the tumor area. The most efficient methods of drug administration are introducing medicinal compounds (MC) directly into the tumor or use of target drug delivery systems. The second method makes it possible to decrease general toxicity of MC, and to reach prolonged therapeutic action due to uniform and time-controlled release of a MC into tumor tissue. In the present work, we studied behavior of porous spherical СаСО3 vaterites (components of delivery systems for antitumor drugs) in various environments (human blood plasma, rat muscle tissue). It was demonstrated that the studied drug carriers undergo morphological transformations and are destructed with time. In blood plasma, due to ion exchange reactions, vaterites are transformed into gradually disintegrating needle-like structures (as shown by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy). Similar processes were observed in muscle tissue: in three days, spheres were transformed into needle-like structures and then underwent complete bioresorption.

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Kim, Tae-Ryong. "Safety Classification of Systems, Structures, and Components for Pool-Type Research Reactors." Nuclear Engineering and Technology 48, no. 4 (August 2016): 1015–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2016.02.009.

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Savage, Gordon J., and Young Kap Son. "The set-theory method for systems reliability of structures with degrading components." Reliability Engineering & System Safety 96, no. 1 (January 2011): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2010.07.009.

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Roos, E., K. H. Herter, and X. Schuler. "Lifetime management for mechanical systems, structures and components in nuclear power plants." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 83, no. 10 (October 2006): 756–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2006.07.008.

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D�rfler, H. D., and N. Pietschmann. "Phase diagrams and structures of lecithin/water systems with branched lecithin components." Colloid & Polymer Science 268, no. 6 (June 1990): 578–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01410300.

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Abbasi, Maysam, Ehsan Abbasi, Li Li, Ricardo P. Aguilera, Dylan Lu, and Fei Wang. "Review on the Microgrid Concept, Structures, Components, Communication Systems, and Control Methods." Energies 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010484.

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This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the microgrid (MG) concept, including its definitions, challenges, advantages, components, structures, communication systems, and control methods, focusing on low-bandwidth (LB), wireless (WL), and wired control approaches. Generally, an MG is a small-scale power grid comprising local/common loads, energy storage devices, and distributed energy resources (DERs), operating in both islanded and grid-tied modes. MGs are instrumental to current and future electricity network development, such as a smart grid, as they can offer numerous benefits, such as enhanced network stability and reliability, increased efficiency, an increased integration of clean and renewable energies into the system, enhanced power quality, and so forth, to the increasingly growing and complicated power systems. By considering several objectives in both islanded and grid-tied modes, the development of efficient control systems for different kinds of MGs has been investigated in recent years. Among these control methods, LB communication (LBcom)-based control methods have attracted much attention due to their low expenses, recent developments, and high stability. This paper aims to shed some light on different aspects, a literature review, and research gaps of MGs, especially in the field of their control layers, concentrating on LBcom-based control methods.

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Peng, Z. K., Z. Q. Lang, and S. A. Billings. "Novel method for detecting the non-linear components in periodic structures." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 222, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 903–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes892.

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Many real-life systems can be modelled as a periodic structure which is constituted by repeating identical systems which are called elements. The periodic structures have drawn extensive attentions from researchers and engineers. In this study, based on the concept non-linear output frequency response function, a novel method is developed to detect the position of non-linear components in periodic structures. The validity of this method is demonstrated by numerical studies. Although the method assumes that the linear stiffness and damping for multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems under study are known a priori, the results of the numerical studies indicate that, even if only approximate values of the linear stiffness and damping parameters are used, the method can still correctly detect the position of the non-linear component. Since the position of a non-linear component often corresponds to the location of a defect in a periodic structure, this new method is of great practical significance for fault diagnosis in mechanical and structural systems. Moreover, the method does not involve complicated procedure and can be readily applied in practice.

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Goel, Rakesh K. "Seismic Forces in Ancillary Components Supported on Piers and Wharves." Earthquake Spectra 34, no. 2 (May 2018): 741–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/041017eqs068m.

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This paper presents a simple procedure to estimate seismic forces in ancillary components (secondary systems) supported on marine structures such as piers, wharves, and marine oil terminals (primary systems). Since many such marine structures can be idealized as single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems, this study uses a simple linear-elastic model with two DOF, one representing the marine structure and the other representing the ancillary component. This study shows that acceleration at the base of the secondary system is approximately equal to spectral acceleration at the fundamental period of the primary system. It also proposes a formula, which is an improvement over current ASCE 7-10 recommendations, to estimate acceleration amplification in the secondary system due to its flexibility when mass and period ratios of the secondary and primary systems are known. The procedure in this paper is strictly applicable to marine structures for which primarily a single mode contributes to seismic response.

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Burke, Martin P. "Structure Movement Systems Approach to Effective Bridge Design." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1594, no. 1 (January 1997): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1594-16.

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To achieve more effective designs for small- and medium-size highway bridges, bridge designers are urged to view such bridges holistically as structure movement systems instead of elementalistically as a collection of relatively independent structural elements to be shaped and sized to meet only stress, strength, and durability requirements. A number of design examples in which such holistic views were not in evidence and in which movement system components were not recognized as such are presented. Consequently, for these and similar examples, component designs were ineffective and damage- and maintenance-prone structures were the result. It is explicitly recognized that small- and medium-size highway bridges, especially integral and semi-integral bridges, achieve their primary vertical support and longitudinal and lateral stability by being constructed compositely with and functioning in concert with in situ foundation materials, embankments, backfill, pavements, and so forth. Because of the critical importance of such construction, transportation engineers are also urged to recognize that bridges are major components of larger composite structures requiring a multidisciplinary effort to achieve satisfactory designs. Consequently, bridge engineers should cooperate with other transportation engineering specialists to devise and provide more fully effective movement system components, and thus more functional movement systems and more economical and durable structures.

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Cloutier, Mathieu, and Peter Wellstead. "The control systems structures of energy metabolism." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 7, no. 45 (October 14, 2009): 651–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0371.

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The biochemical regulation of energy metabolism (EM) allows cells to modulate their energetic output depending on available substrates and requirements. To this end, numerous biomolecular mechanisms exist that allow the sensing of the energetic state and corresponding adjustment of enzymatic reaction rates. This regulation is known to induce dynamic systems properties such as oscillations or perfect adaptation. Although the various mechanisms of energy regulation have been studied in detail from many angles at the experimental and theoretical levels, no framework is available for the systematic analysis of EM from a control systems perspective. In this study, we have used principles well known in control to clarify the basic system features that govern EM. The major result is a subdivision of the biomolecular mechanisms of energy regulation in terms of widely used engineering control mechanisms: proportional, integral, derivative control, and structures: feedback, cascade and feed-forward control. Evidence for each mechanism and structure is demonstrated and the implications for systems properties are shown through simulations. As the equivalence between biological systems and control components presented here is generic, it is also hypothesized that our work could eventually have an applicability that is much wider than the focus of the current study.

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Modrak, Vladimir, and David Marton. "Optimizing Assembly Production Structures Based on Complexity Criterion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 718 (December 2014): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.718.233.

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In this paper, we firstly present a classification framework of assembly systems. Then, models of such assembly systems structures are divided into classes on the basis of the numbers of initial components to be assembled. Subsequently, selected scenarios for measuring a structural complexity of assembly systems structures based on demand are employed. Finally, a relationship between complexity and usability is analyzed and future research is recommended.

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Yang, Hui, Yi Zhang, Sihui Chen, and Rui Hao. "Micro-optical Components for Bioimaging on Tissues, Cells and Subcellular Structures." Micromachines 10, no. 6 (June 19, 2019): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10060405.

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Bioimaging generally indicates imaging techniques that acquire biological information from living forms. Among different imaging techniques, optical microscopy plays a predominant role in observing tissues, cells and biomolecules. Along with the fast development of microtechnology, developing miniaturized and integrated optical imaging systems has become essential to provide new imaging solutions for point-of-care applications. In this review, we will introduce the basic micro-optical components and their fabrication technologies first, and further emphasize the development of integrated optical systems for in vitro and in vivo bioimaging, respectively. We will conclude by giving our perspectives on micro-optical components for bioimaging applications in the near future.

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Agliullin, T., V. Anfinogentov, R. Misbahov, O. Morozov, and A. Sakhabutdinov. "Multicast Fiber Bragg Structures in Microwave Photonics Sensor Systems." Proceedings of Telecommunication Universities 6, no. 1 (2020): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31854/1813-324x-2020-6-1-6-13.

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The article describes the transition concept from addressable fiber Bragg structures and microwave-photonics sensor systems based on them to multicast fiber Bragg structures. The difference between multicast structures and address structures is that in the fiber Bragg structure formes three or more super narrow-band frequency components, spaced from each other by the microwave frequency. The central frequencies shift of multicast Bragg structures is determined by the result of processing the signal of optical frequencies beats at the photodetector, which parameters judge the applied physical fields. We see the solved problem of uniquely determining the central (Bragg) frequency shift of the multicast fiber Bragg structure, with a unique set of address frequencies.

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Jiao, Ting, Yongmei Gan, Guochun Xiao, and W. M. Wonham. "Exploiting symmetry of state tree structures for discrete-event systems with parallel components." International Journal of Control 90, no. 8 (September 19, 2016): 1639–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207179.2016.1216607.

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Licht, Anke, and Erwin Schneider. "ATP binding cassette systems: structures, mechanisms, and functions." Open Life Sciences 6, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 785–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-011-0054-4.

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AbstractATP-binding cassette (ABC) systems are found in all three domains of life and in some giant viruses and form one of the largest protein superfamilies. Most family members are transport proteins that couple the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to the translocation of solutes across a biological membrane. The energizing module is also used to drive non-transport processes associated, e.g., with DNA repair and protein translation. Many ABC proteins are of considerable medical importance. In humans, dysfunction of at least eighteen out of 49 ABC transporters is associated with disease, such as cystic fibrosis, Tangier disease, adrenoleukodystrophy or Stargardt’s macular degeneration. In prokaryotes, ABC proteins confer resistance to antibiotics, secrete virulence factors and envelope components, or mediate the uptake of a large variety of nutrients. Canonical ABC transporters share a common structural organization comprising two transmembrane domains (TMDs) that form the translocation pore and two nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) that bind and hydrolyze ATP. In this Mini-Review, we summarize recent structural and biochemical data obtained from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic model systems.

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Donnelly, Bradley, Karl Sammut, and Youhong Tang. "Materials Selection for Antifouling Systems in Marine Structures." Molecules 27, no. 11 (May 25, 2022): 3408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113408.

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Fouling is the accumulation of unwanted substances, such as proteins, organisms, and inorganic molecules, on marine infrastructure such as pylons, boats, or pipes due to exposure to their environment. As fouling accumulates, it can have many adverse effects, including increasing drag, reducing the maximum speed of a ship and increasing fuel consumption, weakening supports on oil rigs and reducing the functionality of many sensors. In this review, the history and recent progress of techniques and strategies that are employed to inhibit fouling are highlighted, including traditional biocide antifouling systems, biomimicry, micro-texture and natural components systems, superhydrophobic, hydrophilic or amphiphilic systems, hybrid systems and active cleaning systems. This review highlights important considerations, such as accounting for the effects that antifouling strategies have on the sensing mechanism employed by the sensors. Additionally, due to the specialised requirements of many sensors, often a bespoke and tailored solution is preferential to general coatings or paints. A description of how both fouling and antifouling techniques affect maritime sensors, specifically acoustic sensors, is given.

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Bini, Dante N., and Stefano Pietrogrande. "Self-Shaping Space Structures." International Journal of Space Structures 4, no. 2 (June 1989): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635118900400201.

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This paper describes the evolution of an innovative concept devised by Dante Bini in the early Sixties and later developed in a series of construction systems. This concept is based on the use of air pressure as a source of power for developing an automatic building process. The idea has further developed into a series of technologies based on the use of energy stored within various components of a self-shaping structure. These concepts may represent a first step toward “Auto-construction”.

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VOIGT, ANDREAS, RINALDO GREINER, MERLE ALLERDIßEN, ANDREAS RICHTER, STEPHAN HENKER, and MARCUS VÖLP. "TOWARDS COMPUTATION WITH MICROCHEMOMECHANICAL SYSTEMS." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 25, no. 04 (June 2014): 507–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054114400085.

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Labs-on-chips are promising candidates for the realization of chemical information systems, where data are embodied in the form of chemical concentrations. In this paper we present the concept of microchemomechanical systems, a lab-on-a-chip technology based on intrinsically active components. The active components are chemical transistors fabricated from phase-changeable polymers that provide a direct feedback mechanism. Therefore this microfluidic platform facilitates the realization of logic operations, if-then structures and the sampling of chemical signals. In analogy with electronic von Neumann CPUs, control and execution unit are integrated on a single chip. Due to the intrinsic activity of the chemical transistors and their small size, microchemomechanical systems are highly suitable for large-scale integration.

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Faravelli, Lucia, and Fabio Casciati. "Model Order Reduction in Nonlinear Systems." Advances in Science and Technology 101 (October 2016): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.101.71.

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A model order reduction (MOR) technique for linear dynamic systems is extended to allow the integration of nonlinear components. The main purpose is to build numerical model of complex systems as support of the design process leading to the exploitation of meta-structures. The selected method is applied to a soil-structure interaction case study.

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Chybowski, Leszek, Katarzyna Gawdzińska, and Bogusz Wiśnicki. "Qualitative Importance Measures of Systems Components – A New Approach and Its Applications." Management Systems in Production Engineering 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mspe-04-04-2016.

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Abstract The paper presents an improved methodology of analysing the qualitative importance of components in the functional and reliability structures of the system. We present basic importance measures, i.e. the Birnbaum’s structural measure, the order of the smallest minimal cut-set, the repetition count of an i-th event in the Fault Tree and the streams measure. A subsystem of circulation pumps and fuel heaters in the main engine fuel supply system of a container vessel illustrates the qualitative importance analysis. We constructed a functional model and a Fault Tree which we analysed using qualitative measures. Additionally, we compared the calculated measures and introduced corrected measures as a tool for improving the analysis. We proposed scaled measures and a common measure taking into account the location of the component in the reliability and functional structures. Finally, we proposed an area where the measures could be applied.

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Jaradat, Abdullah A. "Covariance Structures in Conventional and Organic Cropping Systems." International Journal of Agronomy 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/494026.

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Guidelines are needed to develop proper statistical analyses procedures and select appropriate models of covariance structures in response to expected temporal variation in long-term experiments. Cumulative yield, its temporal variance, and coefficient of variation were used in estimating and describing covariance structures in conventional and organic cropping systems of a long-term field experiment in a randomized complete block design. An 8-year database on 16 treatments (conventional and organic cropping systems, crop rotations, and tillage) was subjected to geostatistical, covariance structure, variance components, and repeated measures multivariate analyses using six covariance models under restricted maximum likelihood. Differential buildup of the cumulative effects due to crop rotations being repeated over time was demonstrated by decreasing structured and unstructured variances and increasing range estimates in the geostatistical analyses. The magnitude and direction of relationships between cumulative yield and its temporal variance, and coefficient of variation shaped the covariance structures of both cropping systems, crop rotations, and phases within crop rotations and resulted in significant deviations of organic management practices from their conventional counterparts. The unstructured covariance model was the best to fit most factor-variable combinations; it was the most flexible, but most costly in terms of computation time and number of estimated parameters.

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Murray, Robert C. "Current Progress Toward Natural Phenomena Hazards Mitigation for Aging DOE Structures, Systems, and Components." Applied Mechanics Reviews 46, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3120348.

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This paper outlines a program under development to establish requirements, develop criteria and guidance for systematically evaluating the behavior of structures, systems, and components (SSC) in existing Department of Energy (DOE) facilities located across the United States when subjected to natural phenomena hazards (NPH). The requirements have been established in DOE Order 5480.28. Criteria are summarized in the implementing standards which accompany the order. An approach to implement the requirements for existing systems and components is currently being developed.

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Mirkovic, Milan. "Availability classification for applications in construction production systems: A review." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 17, no. 1 (2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace180318028m.

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The aim of the paper is to improve availability classifications of components for application in construction systems. Construction production systems belong to project-based systems with serial-parallel structures with or without redundant components, and the availability function has a significant impact on the performance indicators of components and systems. The main indicators of function of the components are the availability, capacity, costs, and project time. A new approach to classification makes it possible to choose the most appropriate methodology for assessing component availability in the bidding phase, and managing company?s machine park. The new classification approach was tested on a practical example. The results obtained confirmed the justification for extending the classical approach to the classification of the availability of components.

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Kromoser, Benjamin, and Patrick Huber. "Pneumatic Formwork Systems in Structural Engineering." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4724036.

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Concrete as a construction material is characterized by high compressive strength, low tensile strength, and good casting ability. In order to fully utilize the potential of this material, the form of load-carrying structures has to be designed according to the stress distribution in the structure. Partially hollow structures, such as hollow beams, or doubly curved structures, such as shells, have favorable characteristics. In hollow structures, material savings are achieved in the individual building components by locally reducing dimensions. Concrete shells, if designed properly, are able to span over large areas by transferring the loads mainly by membrane stresses. The main problem with these structures, however, is the high effort required for producing the complicated formwork. One possibility of reducing this effort is to use a pneumatic formwork. This paper describes different pneumatic formwork systems invented in the past 100 years and presents the latest developments in this area. The many types of possible applications are divided into three categories in order to obtain a clearer overview. Finally, a new construction method, called “Pneumatic Forming of Hardened Concrete (PFHC),” is presented. This method was invented at the TU Vienna and uses the pneumatic formwork in a novel way.

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Zhu, Lihua, and Cheng Zhao. "Self-Centering Steel Frame Systems for Seismic-Resistant Structures." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (October 26, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8859881.

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This paper introduces a review of self-centering steel frame systems for seismic-resistant structures. The components and basic mechanisms of the developing posttensioned connections and self-centering braces are briefly introduced. The structural details and seismic behaviors of the self-centering systems proposed in recent years, including connections, energy dissipating braces, and steel frames, are condensed in categories. The theoretical and experimental results indicated that self-centering action could minimize residual deformation and structural damage. The energy dissipating capability of the self-centering systems is greatly enhanced by the application of energy dissipating device. The shape memory alloys (SMAs) and prepressed springs which exhibited great potential in energy dissipation and recentering capability have been studied increasingly in recent years. Abundant numerical models were propounded to investigate the cyclic response of these self-centering systems. The current research challenges and the critical issues which need further study are discussed at the end of this paper.

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PAN, ZHIJIAN, JAMES REGGIA, and DONGHONG GAO. "PROPERTIES OF SELF-REPLICATING CELLULAR AUTOMATA SYSTEMS DISCOVERED USING GENETIC PROGRAMMING." Advances in Complex Systems 10, supp01 (August 2007): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525907001112.

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We recently formulated an approach to representing structures in cellular automata (CA) spaces, and the rules that govern cell state changes, that is amenable to manipulation by genetic programming (GP). Using this approach, it is possible to efficiently generate self-replicating configurations for fairly arbitrary initial structures. Here, we investigate the properties of self-replicating systems produced using GP in this fashion as the initial configuration's size, shape, symmetry, allowable states, and other factors are systematically varied. We find that the number of GP generations, computation time, and number of resulting rules required by an arbitrary structure to self-replicate are positively and jointly correlated with the number of components, configuration shape, and allowable states in the initial configuration, but inversely correlated with the presence of repeated components, repeated sub-structures, and/or symmetric sub-structures. We conclude that GP can be used as a "replicator factory" to produce a wide range of self-replicating CA configurations, and that the properties of the resulting replicators can be predicted in part a priori. The rules controlling self-replication that are created by GP generally differ from those created manually in past CA studies.

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Zhang, Yinan, Emily Whiting, and Devin Balkcom. "Assembling and Disassembling Planar Structures With Divisible and Atomic Components." IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering 15, no. 3 (July 2018): 945–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tase.2018.2809595.

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Goyal, Raman, Edwin A. Peraza Hernandez, and Robert E. Skelton. "Analytical study of tensegrity lattices for mass-efficient mechanical energy absorption." International Journal of Space Structures 34, no. 1-2 (March 2019): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956059919845330.

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This article studies tensegrity structures known as “D-bar” systems for applications as lightweight components for mechanical energy absorption. Aerospace structures such as planetary landers, designed to absorb energy from large impact loads while requiring minimal mass, would benefit from such components. Previous studies showed that D-bar systems support compressive loads with minimal mass compared with continuum options such as single columns. In this work, analytical equations for the mechanical (elastic) energy stored in D-bar systems of any complexity (a quantity proportional to the number of strings/bars in the system) are derived for the first time. The energy stored in D-bar systems is compared with that of bent buckled beams used in “flexible-bar tensegrity” concepts, which were proposed in the literature as energy absorption components for planetary landers. Comparisons are made between D-bar systems and bent buckled beams as isolated components subjected to a compressive load and as components of planetary landers. In all comparisons, the results show that D-bar systems of low complexity allow for higher energy storage and lower mass than bent buckled beams. Thus, it is concluded that D-bar systems can enhance the design of planetary landers and other applications that need lightweight mechanical energy absorption components.

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Nikul, V. V., A. V. Drozd, J. V. Drozd, and V. S. Ozeransky. "Efficiency of the computation bitwise pipelining in FPGA-based components of safety-related systems." Технология и конструирование в электронной аппаратуре, no. 4 (2018): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15222/tkea2018.4.03.

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The use of computer systems like safety-related systems to ensure the functional safety of high-risk objects has raised them in the development of resources to the level of diversification. At the same time, the digital components, traditionally designed on the basis of array structures, remained at the lower level of a replication of resources. This discrepancy has created a problem of the hidden faults that can be accumulated in digital components during a prolonged normal mode and reduce their fault tolerance and system functional safety in the most critical emergency mode. Bitwise pipelines related to the level of resource diversification allow solving the problem of the hidden faults, but they are compelled to compete with the array structures, for which a powerful supporting infrastructure has been created for many decades. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the efficiency of FPGA-basedbitwise pipelines and matrix structures. Studies have shown that bitwise pipelines exhibit high efficiency exceeding that of the matrix structures in terms of both performance and energy consumption, even when designing a matrix orientation on CAD. Since such orientation reduces the advantages of bitwise pipelines, a method is proposed to increase their efficiency, which improves their throughput and energy consumption, whilemaking a cårtain concessionsto the matrix orientation of CAD. Thiswould beparticularly importantduring the transitional period, while the traditions of matrix domination are to be overcome and the of bitwise pipeline computing is to be formed.

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BRIDGES, THOMAS J., PETER E. HYDON, and JEFFREY K. LAWSON. "Multisymplectic structures and the variational bicomplex." Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 148, no. 1 (August 4, 2009): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305004109990259.

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AbstractMultisymplecticity and the variational bicomplex are two subjects which have developed independently. Our main observation is that re-analysis of multisymplectic systems from the view of the variational bicomplex not only is natural but also generates new fundamental ideas about multisymplectic Hamiltonian PDEs. The variational bicomplex provides a natural grading of differential forms according to their base and fibre components, and this structure generates a new relation between the geometry of the base, covariant multisymplectic PDEs and the conservation of symplecticity. Our formulation also suggests a new view of Noether theory for multisymplectic systems, leading to a definition of multimomentum maps that we apply to give a coordinate-free description of multisymplectic relative equilibria. Our principal example is the class of multisymplectic systems on the total exterior algebra bundle over a Riemannian manifold.

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Kim, Young Min, and Jae-Chon Lee. "On the Development of Modularized Structures for Safety-Critical Systems by Analyzing Components Failure." Journal of the Korea Safety Management and Science 16, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12812/ksms.2014.16.4.11.

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Lukina, N. F., L. A. Dementyeva, A. A. Serezhnikov, and L. V. Chursova. "Using composite materials based on glued prepregs in structures of aircraft components and systems." Welding International 29, no. 6 (November 3, 2014): 484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2014.941674.

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Zhuo, CHEN, DU Jin-yan, WANG Yu-qing, FENG Chu-ran, and SHEN Teng. "RESEARCH ON RISK-INFORMED CATEGORIZATION OF STRUCTURES, SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS." Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2019.27 (2019): 2309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2019.27.2309.

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F�rster, G., and G. Brezesinski. "Comments on: Phase diagrams and structures of lecithin/water systems with branched lecithin components." Colloid & Polymer Science 269, no. 4 (April 1991): 412–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00654588.

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Ma, Zhi Yong. "Research on Existences and Concept System of Reversal Symmetry in Mechanical Systems." Advanced Materials Research 457-458 (January 2012): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.457-458.377.

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Reversal symmetry is one kind of mechanical static structure symmetry, grouped by rotation symmetry and mirror symmetry, widely exists in structures of mechanical products. On the basis of research on the concept systems of rotation symmetry and mirror symmetry and based on analysis of a lot of instances, the concept system of reversal symmetry was established by taking the independence of symmetry components, the directivity of symmetry components, the rotary type of symmetry components and the dimensionality of symmetry components as standards. Accurate instances were particularized to explaining and verifying the concept system. The further research of the application laws of reversal symmetry can benefit from this research result.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Structures, systems and components (SSCs)'

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