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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Bailey, Kenneth W. A structural econometric model of the world wheat market. Washington, DC (1301 New York Ave., NW, Washington 2005-4788): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1989.

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2

Kelsey, Jane. The New Zealand experiment: A world model for structural adjustment? Auckland, N.Z: Auckland Univeristy Press, 1995.

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3

Kelsey, Jane. The New Zealand experiment: A world model for structural adjustment? Auckland, N.Z: Auckland Univeristy Press, 1997.

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4

The logos-structure of the world: Language as a model of reality. Hudson, NY: Lindisfarne Press, 1992.

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5

Grassini, Maurizio, and Rossella Bardazzi, eds. Structural changes, international trade and multisectoral modelling. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-740-9.

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In September 2007 the national team members of the International Inforum (Interindustry Forecasting Project at the University of Maryland) group held the XV annual World Conference in Truijllo, Spain. Such Conferences offer the participants to report their achievements in the different fields concerning the macroeconomic multisectoral modeling approach and data development. The national partners build their country model based on a common input-output accounting structure and a similar econometric modeling approach for sectoral and macroeconomic variables. In each Conference, the contributions refer to the wide spectrum of research activities carried on within the Inforum system of models.

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6

Ramanujam, Prathap. Commodity prices, financial markets and world income: A structural rational expectations model. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1989.

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7

Pool, Ithiel de Sola, 1917-, Milgram Stanley, Newcomb Theodore, and Kochen Manfred, eds. The Small world. Norwood, N.J: Ablex Pub., 1989.

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8

Popadyuk, Tat'yana, Irina Smirnova, Nataliya Linder, Arkadiy Trachuk, Gayk Nalbandyan, Anastasiya Karikova, Aleksandra Pogosyan, et al. Innovations and modern business models. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1876532.

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The textbook gives a general idea of innovations and modern business models. The concept and role of innovations in the modern world are considered, including the theory of innovations and their classification, the structure and dynamics of the innovation process; the concept of a business model, types of business models, as well as the development of business modeling in the digital economy are highlighted. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher educational institutions studying in the direction of training "Management".

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9

Style and Structure: Lego® building instructions for world landmarks. Place of publication not identified]: Brick Books Limited, 2015.

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10

Nagib, Lúcia. Realist Cinema as World Cinema. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462987517.

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This book presents the bold and original proposal to replace the general appellation of ‘world cinema’ with the more substantive concept of ‘realist cinema’. Veering away from the usual focus on modes of reception and spectatorship, it locates instead cinematic realism in the way films are made. The volume is structured across three innovative categories of realist modes of production: ‘noncinema’, or a cinema that aspires to be life itself; ‘intermedial passages’, or films that incorporate other artforms as a channel to historical and political reality; and ‘total cinema’, or films moved by a totalising impulse, be it towards the total artwork, total history or universalising landscapes. Though mostly devoted to recent productions, each part starts with the analysis of foundational classics, which have paved the way for future realist endeavours, proving that realism is timeless and inherent in cinema from its origin.

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11

Corbo, Vittorio. World Bank-supported adjustment programs: Country performance and effectiveness. Washington, DC (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433): Country Economics Dept., World Bank, 1991.

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12

Csanádi, Mária. Self-consuming evolutions: A model on the structure, self-reproduction, self-destruction and transformation of party-state systems tested in Romania, Hungary and China. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006.

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13

World Congress of Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization (1st 1995 Goslar, Germany). First World Congress of Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization: Extended abstracts - lectures : May 28-June 2,1995, Goslar, Lower Saxony, Germany. [S.l.]: International Society for Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 1995.

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14

World, Congress of Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization (1st 1995 Goslar Germany). Proceedings of the First World Congress of Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization: 28 May-2 June 1995, Goslar, Germany : WCSMO-1. Oxford, England: Pergamon, 1995.

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15

World Congress of Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization (5th 2003 Lido di Jesolo, Italy). Short papers of the Fifth World Congress of Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization: WCSMO5: May 19-23, 2003, Lido di Jesolo, Italy. [Milano, Italy?]: Schönenfeld & Ziegler,cc2003., 2003.

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16

International Bureau of Strata Mechanics. Plenary Scientific Session. Modelling of mine structures: Proceedings of the 10th plenary scientific session of the International Bureau of Strata Mechanics, World Mining Congress, Stockholm, 4 June 1987. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 1988.

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17

DIANA World Conference (3rd 2002 Tokyo, Japan). Finite elements in civil engineering applications: Proceedings of the Third DIANA World Conference, Tokyo, Japan, 9-11 October 2002. Lisse: Balkema, 2002.

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18

Odell, Den. Pro JavaScript™ RIA Techniques: Best Practices, Performance, and Presentation. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2009.

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19

Wagenhals, G. World Copper Market: Structure and Econometric Model. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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20

Karatani, Kojin, and Michael K. Bourdaghs. Structure of World History: From Modes of Production to Modes of Exchange. Duke University Press, 2014.

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21

Karatani, Kojin, and Michael K. Bourdaghs. Structure of World History: From Modes of Production to Modes of Exchange. Duke University Press, 2014.

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22

Iversen, Torben, and David Soskice. A Structural-Institutional Explanation of the Eurozone Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807971.003.0010.

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This chapter presents an argument about the underlying reasons for the persistent economic troubles in the Eurozone based on the two different and divergent growth models in the Eurozone’s member states: the export-oriented, skill-intensive, coordinated model of the northern and continental welfare economies and the demand-driven model with strong public sector unions in southern Europe. The chapter then argues that the interactions between macroeconomic policies and national institutions render policies that are appropriate for southern Europe dysfunctional for northern Europe, and vice versa. Is goes on to discuss different reform scenarios for the Eurozone, emphasizing that all reforms come at a considerable political cost, as the same political-economic institutions that would have to be reformed have strong stakes in the status quo in both political economy models. As there are no political incentives for structural change in either model, crises will persist.

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23

Karatani, Kojin. The Structure of World History: From Modes of Production to Modes of Exchange. Duke University Press Books, 2014.

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24

The Structure of World History: From Modes of Production to Modes of Exchange. Duke University Press Books, 2014.

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25

Barwich, Ann-Sophie. Measuring the World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779636.003.0017.

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How much does stimulus input shape perception? The common-sense view is that our perceptions are representations of objects and their features and that the stimulus structures the perceptual object. The problem for this view concerns perceptual biases as responsible for distortions and the subjectivity of perceptual experience. These biases are increasingly studied as constitutive factors of brain processes in recent neuroscience. In neural network models the brain is said to cope with the plethora of sensory information by predicting stimulus regularities on the basis of previous experiences. Drawing on this development, this chapter analyses perceptions as processes. Looking at olfaction as a model system, it argues for the need to abandon a stimulus-centred perspective, where smells are thought of as stable percepts, computationally linked to external objects such as odorous molecules. Perception here is presented as a measure of changing signal ratios in an environment informed by expectancy effects from top-down processes.

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26

Healey, Richard. Fundamentality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714057.003.0013.

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The metaphor that fundamental physics is concerned to say what the natural world is like at the deepest level may be cashed out in terms of entities, properties, or laws. The role of quantum field theories in the Standard Model of high-energy physics suggests that fundamental entities, properties, and laws are to be sought in these theories. But the contextual ontology proposed in Chapter 12 would support no unified compositional structure for the world; a quantum state assignment specifies no physical property distribution sufficient even to determine all physical facts; and quantum theory posits no fundamental laws of time evolution, whether deterministic or stochastic. Quantum theory has made a revolutionary contribution to fundamental physics because its principles have permitted tremendous unification of science through the successful application of models constructed in conformity to them: but these models do not say what the world is like at the deepest level.

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27

Bennett, Karen. In Defense of the Nonfundamental. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199682683.003.0008.

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The book as a whole defends and explains a layered model of reality, according to which the world is hierarchically structured by building relations into more and less fundamental. Until this point it has simply been assumed that there are nonfundamental things. This chapter explicitly defends that assumption. Since the main reason to deny that there are any nonfundamental things is an appeal to parsimony, the discussion involves close attention to the proper use of such appeals. The chapter closes with reflection on the nature of metaphysics, and defense of the thought that (some) nonfundamentalia are among its proper subject matter.

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28

Austerweil, Joseph L., Samuel J. Gershman, and Thomas L. Griffiths. Structure and Flexibility in Bayesian Models of Cognition. Edited by Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zheng Wang, James T. Townsend, and Ami Eidels. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199957996.013.9.

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Probability theory forms a natural framework for explaining the impressive success of people at solving many difficult inductive problems, such as learning words and categories, inferring the relevant features of objects, and identifying functional relationships. Probabilistic models of cognition use Bayes’s rule to identify probable structures or representations that could have generated a set of observations, whether the observations are sensory input or the output of other psychological processes. In this chapter we address an important question that arises within this framework: How do people infer representations that are complex enough to faithfully encode the world but not so complex that they “overfit” noise in the data? We discuss nonparametric Bayesian models as a potential answer to this question. To do so, first we present the mathematical background necessary to understand nonparametric Bayesian models. We then delve into nonparametric Bayesian models for three types of hidden structure: clusters, features, and functions. Finally, we conclude with a summary and discussion of open questions for future research.

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29

Schwartz, Richard Evan. The Plaid Model. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691181387.001.0001.

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Outer billiards provides a toy model for planetary motion and exhibits intricate and mysterious behavior even for seemingly simple examples. It is a dynamical system in which a particle in the plane moves around the outside of a convex shape according to a scheme that is reminiscent of ordinary billiards. This book provides a combinatorial model for orbits of outer billiards on kites. The book relates these orbits to such topics as polytope exchange transformations, renormalization, continued fractions, corner percolation, and the Truchet tile system. The combinatorial model, called “the plaid model,” has a self-similar structure that blends geometry and elementary number theory. The results were discovered through computer experimentation and it seems that the conclusions would be extremely difficult to reach through traditional mathematics. The book includes an extensive computer program that allows readers to explore the materials interactively and each theorem is accompanied by a computer demonstration.

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30

Yalcin, Seth. Semantics as Model-Based Science. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739548.003.0012.

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This chapter critiques a number of standard ways of understanding the role of the metalanguage in a semantic theory for natural language, including the idea that disquotation plays a nontrivial role in any explanatory natural language semantics. It then proposes that the best way to understand the role of a semantic metalanguage involves recognizing that semantics is a model-based science. The metalanguage of semantics is language for articulating features of the theorist’s model. Models are understood as mediating instruments—idealized structures used to represent select aspects of the world, aspects the theorist is seeking some theoretical understanding of. The aspect of reality we are seeking some understanding of in semantics is a dimension of human linguistic competence—informally, knowledge of meaning.

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31

Nowotny, Valentin. Agile Structures : Success Models for the Future: New Stories from the Agile World. Independently Published, 2017.

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32

Morganti, Matteo. The Structure of Physical Reality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755630.003.0014.

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This paper explores alternatives to metaphysical foundationalism, the view that grounding relations determine vertical chains that terminate in something fundamental and ungrounded. Rather than offering an exhaustive taxonomy or wide-ranging claims about metaphysical structure per se, the goal is to offer an initial investigation of non-conventional models of the metaphysical architecture of reality. Examples are provided with a view to illustrating that, and how, physics may avail itself of both ‘infinitist’ and ‘coherentist’ models—the former dropping the idea of a fundamental level, the latter abandoning the view that the world must have a hierarchical structure.

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33

Rose, Alan. Miami Beach Deco: The World at Your Feet. Diane Pub Co, 1997.

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34

Gisborne, Nikolas. Defaulting to the new Romance synthetic future. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712329.003.0007.

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This chapter explores the emergence of the new synthetic Romance future from a periphrasis involving habeo and the infinitive of a verb, addressing the question of how to model such a change in a theory of language which has a Word and Paradigm theory of morphology. The theoretical discussion is conducted in Word Grammar, a theory of language structured around a default inheritance architecture that treats language as a knowledge representation model, in a symbolic network. It is explicitly mentalist, and the account of the changes involved draws on WG’s mentalism, particularly to explore how language learners set defaults on the basis of their models’ grammars’ outputs which may be different from the defaults of their models’ grammars. The two phenomena that this chapter addresses from the point of view of morphological theory are periphrasis (and whether it can be formalized within a paradigm) and the status of clitics.

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35

Oscarsson, Henrik, and Sören Holmberg. Issue Voting Structured by Left–Right Ideology. Edited by Jon Pierre. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665679.013.14.

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Swedish voters are highly ideologically motivated. In the party-centered system, parties’ policy positions and voters’ issue standpoints have always had a large explanatory power in models of voting behavior. In perhaps the most unidimensional political system in the world, the traditional left–right dimension has been structuring party competition and voting behavior at least since the 1880s. Although the left–right order is constantly challenged by new conflicting issue dimensions, such as immigration, green ideology, Christian values, and gender equality, left–right ideological predispositions are still overwhelmingly strong determinants of political change, such as government turnovers and voters’ party choice and party switching between elections.

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36

Stanghellini, Giovanni. First steps towards the person-centred, dialectical model of mental disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198792062.003.0020.

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This chapter argues that mental symptoms are the interruption of this dialogue through which we strive to build and maintain our personal identity and our position in the world. The person is engaged in trying to cope with, solve, and make sense of the basic disturbing experiences stemming from her clash with alterity. When a symptom emerges, the line of the pathogenic trajectory is the following: (1) a disproportion of alterity and the person’s resources for understanding, of emotions and rationality, of pathos and logos, of otherness and selfhood, bringing about a disturbing metamorphosis of self and world experience; (2) a miscarried auto-hermeneutics or self-interpretation of one’s abnormal experiences and of the transformations of the life-world that they bring about; (3) the fixation in a psychopathological structure in which the dialectics between the person and alterity gets lost.

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37

Turbulence And Coherent Structures in Fluids, Plasmas And Nonlinear Medium (World Scientific Lecture Notes in Complex Systems) (World Scientific Lecture Notes in Complex Systems). World Scientific Publishing Company, 2007.

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38

Jonas, Silvia. Modal Structuralism and Theism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796732.003.0009.

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Drawing an analogy between modal structuralism about mathematics and theism, this chapter offers a structuralist account that implicitly defines theism in terms of three basic relations: logical and metaphysical priority, and epistemic superiority. On this view, statements like “God is omniscient” have a hypothetical and a categorical component. The hypothetical component provides a translation pattern according to which statements in theistic language are converted into statements of second-order modal logic. The categorical component asserts the logical possibility of the theism structure on the basis of uncontroversial facts about the physical world. This structuralist reading of theism preserves objective truth-values for theistic statements while remaining neutral on the question of ontology. Thus, it offers a way of understanding theism to which a naturalist cannot object, and it accommodates the fact that religious belief, for many theists, is an essentially relational matter.

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39

Salvesen, Christine Meklenborg, and George Walkden. Diagnosing embedded V2 in Old English and Old French. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0011.

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Old English (OE) and Old French (OF) both display verb-second (V2) word order in main declarative clauses. Different models may account for V2: (a) the finite verb must move to a head in the CP field; (b) it must remain in the IP field; or (c) it moves to the left periphery only when the preceding XP is not a subject. While the IP-model should allow free embedded V2, the two others would either exclude completely or strongly limit the possibilty of having embedded V2. We select embedded that-clauses and analyse the word order with respect to the matrix verb: embedded V2 is possible in both OE and OF, although the availability of this structure is restricted. OE has very few occurrences of embedded V2, whereas OF seems to permit this construction more freely. We link this difference to the site of first Merge of complementizers in the two languages.

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40

Abbott, Helen. Baudelaire’s Assemblage. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794691.003.0002.

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Song is a combination of elements, of which the outcome is not always stable. This chapter examines the nature of the bonds formed between poem and music by proposing a new ‘‘assemblage’’ model, which focuses on five key parameters: (a) metre/prosody; (b) form/structure; (c) sound properties/repetition; (d) semantics/word painting; (e) live performance options. This approach bridges methodological gaps exposed through an examination of existing models used in translation theory, adaptation theory, and word/music theory. The two stages in the assemblage model examine: (1) adhesion strength (how closely poem and music stick together); (2) accretion/dilution (how successful the song setting is). The phases of analysis factor in how song is a non-permanent form which goes through multiple iterations of repackaging, including different performances of the same song and different settings of the same poem.

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41

Vittoria, Barsotti, Carozza Paolo G, Cartabia Marta, and Simoncini Andrea. I The Constitutional Court, 2 The Constitutional Court: Rules and Model. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190214555.003.0002.

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This chapter succinctly introduces the reader to the composition, jurisdictional scope, and methods of judicial review in Italy. Using both direct and incidental methods of judicial review, the Italian system combines certain elements of centralized systems (like the Austrian paradigm of Hans Kelsen) with elements of diffuse systems of review like that of the United States. The chapter highlights the highly collegial structure and process of the Court. Overall, the cooperative and multilevel character of Italian constitutional adjudication emerges as its most distinctive contribution to our understanding of the range of the varieties of constitutional models and experiences in the world.

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42

de Raad, Boele, and Boris Mlačić. The Lexical Foundation of the Big Five Factor Model. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.12.

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A dictionary is the tangible repository of the common stock of words, although dictionaries comprise at best 10% of the full lexicon. Part of the lexicon is made up of the words used to describe what people do and what people are like. The psycholexical approach to personality focuses on this subset of words and on its exploitation, or what can be said to be the glossary of personality. This chapter is concerned with the history of the psycholexical approach to personality description, from ancient history to the more recent efforts, albeit focusing in particular on its modern history. Psycholexical taxonomies from around the world will be considered, as well as taxonomies based on nouns, verbs, adverbs, and their combinations. Ongoing controversies, difficulties, and disputes regarding alternative psycholexical personality structures will be considered, as well as recommendations for future research.

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43

Lagnado, David A., and Tobias Gerstenberg. Causation in Legal and Moral Reasoning. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.30.

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Causation looms large in legal and moral reasoning. People construct causal models of the social and physical world to understand what has happened, how and why, and to allocate responsibility and blame. This chapter explores people’s common-sense notion of causation, and shows how it underpins moral and legal judgments. As a guiding framework it uses the causal model framework (Pearl, 2000) rooted in structural models and counterfactuals, and shows how it can resolve many of the problems that beset standard but-for analyses. It argues that legal concepts of causation are closely related to everyday causal reasoning, and both are tailored to the practical concerns of responsibility attribution. Causal models are also critical when people evaluate evidence, both in terms of the stories they tell to make sense of evidence, and the methods they use to assess its credibility and reliability.

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44

Inkson, Kerr. The Boundaryless Career. Edited by Susan Cartwright and Cary L. Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0023.

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The boundaryless career type provides a model of career development that appears to have some advantages over traditional occupational or organizational models. In a changing environment, it encourages mobility, flexibility, the development of knowledge and networks, and the taking of responsibility for one's own career. The boundaryless career also resonates effectively with the temporary organization structures and “knowledge workers” becoming characteristic of the new century. It appears a particularly appropriate way of understanding careers in industries, such as film production and software development, that are based on temporary projects rather than permanent structures, but these industries may be merely extreme examples of a wider loosening and crossing of boundaries in the world of work. The organizational career is dead or dying, and boundaryless careers are representative not just of a creative elite of workers, but of the mainstream.

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45

Henderson, Andrea. Analogy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809982.003.0005.

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Analogy was a crucial conceptual tool for Victorian natural philosophers, who regarded the physical world less in terms of material bodies than formal relationships. Thus, even as they aimed for verisimilitude in their theoretical models, James Clerk Maxwell and Michael Faraday used analogical figures freely, for they understood nature itself to be structured around analogical relations. Like Maxwell, Algernon Charles Swinburne wrote an undergraduate essay on the subject of analogy, conceiving it as fundamental to both scientific advancement and poetic production, where its logic of equivalence subsumes not only metaphor but also rhythm and rhyme. Swinburne’s poems “Before the Mirror” and “Sapphics” dramatize the replacement of the traditional notion of metaphor by the structures of formal analogy.

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46

Keep, Ewart. Current Challenges. Edited by John Buchanan, David Finegold, Ken Mayhew, and Chris Warhurst. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199655366.013.32.

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This chapter explores the major challenges facing skills policy across the developed world. These include uneven demand for skills, the dangers of over-qualification and poor skills utilisation, occupational change leading to polarised job structures, cuts in public spending and the integration of skills policies into wider economic development and workplace innovation. It argues that traditional models of policy are coming under massive pressure, not last in terms of finding the public money to power them, and that the law of diminishing returns is starting to bite as over-supply meets congested occupational labour markets. As a result, there are now divergent policy pathways, with some countries continuing with traditional supply-led models, while others are devoting far more attention to how to boost demand for education and training and improve skill utilisation and productivity. The days of the traditional human capital accumulation model may be numbered.

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47

Jäger, Agnes, Gisella Ferraresi, and Helmut Weiß, eds. Clause Structure and Word Order in the History of German. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813545.001.0001.

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Over roughly the last decade, there has been a notable rise in new research on historical German syntax in a generative perspective. This volume presents a state-of-the-art survey of this thriving new line of research by leading scholars in the field, combining it with new insights into the syntax of historical German. It is the first comprehensive and concise generative historical syntax of German covering numerous central aspects of clause structure and word order, tracing them throughout various historical stages. Each chapter combines a solid empirical basis and valid descriptive generalizations with reference also to the more traditional topological model of the German clause with a detailed discussion of theoretical analyses couched in the generative framework. The volume is divided into three parts according to the main parts of the clause: the left periphery dealing with verbal placement and the filling of the prefield (verb second, verb first, verb third orders) as well as adverbial connectives; the middle field including discussion of pronominal syntax, order of full NPs and the history of negation; and the right periphery with chapters on basic word order (OV/VO), prosodic and information-structural factors, and the verbal complex including the development of periphrastic verb forms and the phenomena of IPP (infinitivus pro participio) and ACI (accusativus cum infinitivo). This book thus provides a convenient overview of current research on the major issues concerning historical German clause structure both for scholars interested in more traditional description and for those interested in formal accounts of diachronic syntax.

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48

O'Donoghue, Cathal. Practical Microsimulation Modelling. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852872.001.0001.

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The purpose of this book is to bring together for the first time a description, with examples, of the main methods used in microsimulation modelling, used in the field of income-distribution analysis. The book provides a practical complement to the Handbook of Microsimulation Modelling, published in 2014. It is structured to develop and use the different types of models used in the field, with a focus on household-targeted policy. The book aims to fill a gap in the literature in providing a greater degree of codified knowledge through a practical guide to developing and using microsimulation models. At present, the training of researchers and analysts that use and develop microsimulation modelling is done on a relatively ad-hoc basis through occasional training programmes and lecture series, built around lecture notes. This book would enable a more formalized and organized approach. Each chapter addresses a separate modelling approach in a similar, consistent way, describing in practical terms the key methodological skills for each approach: · It provides some policy context to each modelling approach so as to understand the modelling choices made and structures developed. · As a very data-intensive modelling approach, each chapter describes key data analysis and data-preparation methods. · As a modelling approach that is used extensively for deciding policy, often involving huge budgets, validation is key. Each chapter describes an approach to validating the model. · Depending upon the policy context, the analysis is assessed in different ways. Each chapter contains a section devoted to measurement issues and tabulating output from the models. · Last, each chapter contains an example simulation of a policy analysis using the chapter’s methodological approach.

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Danckaert, Lieven. The Development of Latin Clause Structure. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759522.001.0001.

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The focus of this book is Latin word order, and in particular the relative ordering of direct objects and lexical verbs (OV vs. VO), and auxiliaries and non-finite verbs (VAux vs. AuxV). One aim of the book is to offer a first detailed, corpus-based description of these two word order alternations, with special emphasis on their diachronic development in the period from ca. 200 BC until 600 AD. The corpus data reveal that some received wisdom needs to be reconsidered. For one thing, there is no evidence for any major increase in productivity of the order VO during the eight centuries under investigation. In addition, the order AuxV only becomes more frequent in clauses with a modal verb and an infinitive, not in clauses with a BE-auxiliary and a past participle. A second goal is to answer a more fundamental question about Latin syntax, namely whether or not the language is ‘configurational’, in the sense that a phrase structure grammar (with ‘higher-order constituents’ such as verb phrases) is needed to describe and analyse facts of Latin word order. Four pieces of evidence are presented which suggest that Latin is indeed a fully configurational language, despite its high degree of word order flexibility. Specifically, it is shown that there is ample evidence for the existence of a verb phrase constituent. The book thus contributes to the ongoing debate whether configurationality (phrase structure) is a language universal or not.

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Attebery, Brian. Fantasy. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192856234.001.0001.

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Abstract One of the dominant modes of storytelling in the twenty-first century, fantasy can mirror contemporary experiences and convey our anxieties and longings better than any representation of the merely real. It is the lie that speaks truth. This book addresses two central questions about fantastic storytelling: first, how can it be meaningful if it doesn’t claim to represent things as they are, and second, what kind of change can it make in the world? How can a form of storytelling that alters physical laws and denies facts about the past be at the same time a source of insight into human nature and the workings of the world? What kind of social, political, cultural, intellectual work does fantasy perform in the world—the world of the reader, that is, not that of the characters? Focusing on various aspects of fantastic world-building and story creation in classic and contemporary fantasy, from the use of symbolic structures to the way new stories incorporate bits of significance from earlier texts, the book as a whole shows how fantasy allows writers to test new modes of understanding and interaction and thus to rethink political institutions, social practices, and models of reality.

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