Academic literature on the topic 'Structure zonales'
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Journal articles on the topic "Structure zonales"
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López-Carbonell, M., A. Moret, and M. Nadal. "Changes in Cell Ultrastructure and Zeatin Riboside Concentrations in Hedera helix, Pelargonium zonale, Prunus avium, and Rubus ulmifolius Leaves Infected by Fungi." Plant Disease 82, no. 8 (1998): 914–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.8.914.
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Ultrastructural alterations in epidermal and mesophyll cells and variations in endogenous zeatin riboside (ZR) concentrations were studied in leaves of Hedera helix, Pelargonium zonale, Pru-nus avium, and Rubus ulmifolius infected by Colletotrichum trichellum, Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis, Cercospora circumscissa, and Phragmidium violaceum, respectively. Infected tissues showed a marked increase in vesicles, myelin-like structures, and electron-dense bodies associated with plasma membranes. The main changes to the chloroplast included thylakoid swelling and disruption of the chloroplast envelope. The ZR content of the green islands was always higher than that of the yellow, senescent parts of the same leaves; the highest levels of ZR were observed in the green areas of infected Prunus avium (462.2 pmol g-1 fresh weight [FW]) and Rubus ulmifolius (441.6 pmol g-1 FW), followed by Pelargonium zonale (263.8 pmol g-1 FW) and Hedera helix (219.8 pmol g-1 FW); the yellow zones of the same leaves had lower ZR contents (78.3, 73.9, 73.6, and 18.1 pmol g-1 FW, respectively). The green islands had almost the same ZR content as the controls (green healthy leaves). These results suggest a relationship between ultrastructural alterations and ZR content of these plant species (blackberry, cherry, English ivy, geranium) in reacting to this type of biotic stress and could confirm the role of cytokinins as senescence-delaying hormones.
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Gerber, Edwin P., and Geoffrey K. Vallis. "A Stochastic Model for the Spatial Structure of Annular Patterns of Variability and the North Atlantic Oscillation." Journal of Climate 18, no. 12 (2005): 2102–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3337.1.
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Abstract Meridional dipoles of zonal wind and geopotential height are found extensively in empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis and single-point correlation maps of observations and models. Notable examples are the North Atlantic Oscillation and the so-called annular modes (or the Arctic Oscillation). Minimal stochastic models are developed to explain the origin of such structure. In particular, highly idealized, analytic, purely stochastic models of the barotropic, zonally averaged zonal wind and of the zonally averaged surface pressure are constructed, and it is found that the meridional dipole pattern is a natural consequence of the conservation of zonal momentum and mass by fluid motions. Extension of the one-dimensional zonal wind model to two-dimensional flow illustrates the manner in which a local meridional dipole structure may become zonally elongated in EOF analysis, producing a zonally uniform EOF even when the dynamics is not particularly zonally coherent on hemispheric length scales. The analytic system then provides a context for understanding the existence of zonally uniform patterns in models where there are no zonally coherent motions. It is also shown how zonally asymmetric dynamics can give rise to structures resembling the North Atlantic Oscillation. Both the one- and two-dimensional results are manifestations of the same principle: given a stochastic system with a simple red spectrum in which correlations between points in space (or time) decay as the separation between them increases, EOF analysis will typically produce the gravest mode allowed by the system’s constraints. Thus, grave dipole patterns can be robustly expected to arise in the statistical analysis of a model or observations, regardless of the presence or otherwise of a dynamical mode.
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Cash, Benjamin A., Paul J. Kushner, and Geoffrey K. Vallis. "Zonal Asymmetries, Teleconnections, and Annular Patterns in a GCM." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, no. 1 (2005): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-3361.1.
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Abstract The influence of zonally asymmetric boundary conditions on the leading modes of variability in a suite of atmospheric general circulation models is investigated. The set of experiments consists of nine model configurations, with varying degrees and types of zonal asymmetry in their boundary conditions. The structure of the leading EOF varies with the zonal asymmetry of the base state for each model configuration. In particular, a close relationship is found between the structure of the EOF and the model storm tracks. An approximately linear relationship is found to hold between the magnitude of the zonal asymmetry of the leading EOF and of the storm tracks in the models. It is shown that this linear relationship extends to the observations. One-point correlation maps centered on the regions where the EOFs reach their maximum amplitude show similar structures for all configurations. These structures consist of a north–south dipole, resembling the observed structure of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). They are significantly more zonally localized than the leading EOF, but do resemble one-point correlation maps and sector EOFs calculated for a simulation with zonally symmetric boundary conditions. Thus, the leading EOF for each simulation appears to represent the longitudinal distribution of zonally localized NAO-like patterns. This longitudinal distribution appears to be tied to the distribution of high-frequency eddies, as represented by the storm tracks. A detailed momentum budget for each case confirms that high-frequency eddies play a crucial role in producing the NAO-like patterns. Other dynamical processes also play an important role, but vary with the details of the simulation.
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Helfrich, Karl R., and Joseph Pedlosky. "Time-dependent isolated anomalies in zonal flows." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 251 (June 1993): 377–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112093003453.
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A theory is developed for time-dependent coherent structures in a marginally stable atmospheric zonal flow. The coherent structures have the form of solitary waves travelling in the zonal direction. Analytical solutions are found for stationary solitary waves but these are shown to be always unstable. The instability manifests itself either as a fission of the structure subsequently emitting two oppositely directed travelling solitary waves or as an implosion in which the structure becomes increasingly more narrow and intense. Which of the two occurs depends sensitively on initial conditions. These solitary waves are stable in head-on collisions only if their joint zonally integrated amplitude is less than a critical value; otherwise, the implosion instability occurs. General initial conditions can give rise to solitary waves which either split, implode, or break down to form a train of nonlinear wave packets. A scenario for the birth and decay of isolated disturbances is given, utilizing the slow parametric transit of the marginal stability curve of the background zonal flow.
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Wedi, Nils P., and Piotr K. Smolarkiewicz. "A Nonlinear Perspective on the Dynamics of the MJO: Idealized Large-Eddy Simulations." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 67, no. 4 (2010): 1202–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jas3160.1.
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Abstract The 30–60-day intraseasonal atmospheric oscillation in the equatorial atmosphere, the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), is most visible in its signature of outgoing longwave radiation and associated convective centers. Diabatic processes related to tropical convection and two-way atmosphere–ocean interaction are hence generally believed to be crucial in explaining the origin of the MJO phenomenon. However, reliable deterministic forecasting of the MJO in global circulation models and understanding its mechanism remains unsatisfactory. Here a different approach is taken, where the hypothesis is tested that eastward-propagating MJO-like structures originate fundamentally as a result of nonlinear (dry) Rossby wave dynamics. A laboratory-scale numerical model is constructed, where the generation of solitary structures is excited and maintained via zonally propagating meanders of the meridional boundaries of a zonally periodic β plane. The large-eddy simulations capture details of the formation of solitary structures and of their impact on the convective organization. The horizontal structure and the propagation of anomalous streamfunction patterns, a diagnostic typically used in tracing the equatorial MJO, are similar to archetype solutions of the Korteweg–deVries equation, which extends the linear shallow water theory—commonly used to explain equatorial wave motions—to a weakly nonlinear regime for small Rossby numbers. Furthermore, the characteristics of the three-dimensional laboratory-scale numerical results compare well with observed features of the equatorial MJO and thus the study provides indirect evidence of the basic principles underlying the wave-driven eastward propagation of the MJO.
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SEVGİLİ, HASAN, DENİZ ŞİRİN, KLAUS-GERHARD HELLER, and MİCHÈLE LEMONNIER-DARCEMONT. "Review of the Poecilimon (Poecilimon) zonatus species group and description of new species from Turkey with data on bioacoustics and morphology (Orthoptera: Phaneropterinae)." Zootaxa 4417, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4417.1.1.
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The aim of this study is to conduct a detailed taxonomic revision of the Poecilimon (Poecilimon) zonatus species-group (Orthoptera: Phaneropterinae) using both morphology and bioacoustics. Two new species (Poecilimon (Poecilimon) salmani, P. (P) azizsancar) and one new subspecies (P. (P) zonatus datca) are described. Based on the data, we conclude that the species complex can be separated into two subgroups (P. tauricola and P. zonatus). Within the P. zonatus subgroup, song structures indicate P. variicercis as basal branch since producing two syllable types is possibly a derived character. From both, from bioacoustics and morphology, it is concluded that the relationships between species of the group are as follows: P. tauricola subgroup (P. tauricola + P. azizsancar) + P. zonatus subgroup (P. variicercis + (P. varicornis + (P. zonatus zonatus+P. zonatus datca)) + (P. salmani+P. vodnensis)))). Except for two species (P. vodnensis and P. varicornis), the other species of the group are all distributed in Anatolia. P. vodnensis is known only from Macedonia, whereas, P. varicornis has been recorded only from Syria and Lebanon. We assume that the group originated from an Anatolian ancestral stock and expanded its distribution to the Balkans through Taurus Way and Dardanelles. Other ancestral populations may have also spread in the north-south directions through the appropriate steppe corridors in the Anatolian Diagonal Mountains and in its vicinity.
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Hall, Nicholas M. J., George N. Kiladis, and Chris D. Thorncroft. "Three-Dimensional Structure and Dynamics of African Easterly Waves. Part II: Dynamical Modes." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 63, no. 9 (2006): 2231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3742.1.
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Abstract A primitive equation model is used to study the linear normal modes of the African easterly jet (AEJ). Reanalysis data from the summertime mean (June–September; JJAS) flow is used to provide zonally uniform and wavy basic states. The structure and growth rates of modes that grow over West Africa on these basic states are analyzed. For zonally uniform basic states, the modes resemble African easterly waves (AEWs) as in many previous studies, but they are quite baroclinic and surface intensified. For wavy basic states the modes have a longitudinal structure determined by the AEJ. They have a surface-intensified baroclinic structure upstream and a deep barotropic structure downstream, as confirmed by energy conversion diagnostics. These modes look remarkably similar to the composite easterly wave structures found by the authors in a companion paper. The similarity extends to the phase relationship of vertical velocity with streamfunction, which resembles OLR composites, suggesting a dynamical influence on convection. Without damping, the mode for the wavy basic state has a growth rate of 0.253 day−1. With a reasonable amount of low-level damping this mode is neutralized. It has a period of 5.5 days and a wavelength of about 3500 km. Further results with monthly mean basic states show slight variations, as the wave packet essentially follows displacements of the jet core. Experiments focused on specific active and passive years for easterly waves (1988 and 1990) do not yield significantly different results for the modes. These results, and in particular, the stability of the system, lead to the conclusion that barotropic–baroclinic instability alone cannot explain the initiation and intermittence of AEWs, and a finite-amplitude initial perturbation is required.
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Adames, Ángel F., and John M. Wallace. "On the Tropical Atmospheric Signature of El Niño." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 74, no. 6 (2017): 1923–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-16-0309.1.
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Abstract The linear atmospheric signature of ENSO, obtained by regressing fields of geopotential height Z, wind, vertical velocity, and rainfall upon the Niño-3.4 sea surface temperature (SST) index, is partitioned into zonally symmetric and eddy components. The zonally symmetric component is thermally forced by the narrowing and intensification of the zonally averaged equatorial rain belt during El Niño and mechanically forced by the weakening of the upper-tropospheric equatorial stationary waves and their associated flux of wave activity. The eddy component of the ENSO signature is decomposed into barotropic (BT) and baroclinic (BC) contributions, the latter into first and second modal structures BC1 and BC2, separable functions of space (x, y), and pressure p, using eigenvector analysis. BC1 exhibits a nearly equatorially symmetric planetary wave structure comprising three dumbbell-shaped features suggestive of equatorial Rossby waves, with out-of-phase wind and geopotential height perturbations in the upper and lower troposphere. BC1 and BT exhibit coincident centers of action. In regions of the tropics where the flow in the climatological-mean stationary waves is cyclonic, BT reinforces BC1, and vice versa, in accordance with vorticity balance considerations. BC1 and BT dominate the eddy ENSO signature in the free atmosphere. Most of the residual is captured by BC2, which exhibits a shallow, convergent boundary layer signature forced by the weakening of the equatorial cold tongue in SST. The anomalous boundary layer convergence drives a deep convection signature whose upper-tropospheric outflow is an integral part of the BC1 contribution to the ENSO signature.
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Pilette, Daniel. "Les acteurs de zonage et leurs pratiques." Cahiers de géographie du Québec 22, no. 57 (2005): 393–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/021411ar.
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Divers intervenants assument la responsabilité de l'évolution du zonage municipal, lequel se concrétise par des amendements apportés au règlement de zonage de base. L'article rend compte d'une enquête, menée dans les villes de Longueuil, Brossard et Boucherville, et visant à éclairer la situation et les intérêts des divers acteurs impliqués dans le processus du zonage en soulignant les mécanismes d'interaction. Il tente aussi de préciser les effets des amendements du point de vue de l'utilisation effective du sol urbain. Enfin, il rend compte des diverses perceptions du zonage en tant qu'instrument de contrôle et des opinions des intervenants face aux structures décisionnelles et consultatives en matière d'aménagement urbain.
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Magnusdottir, Gudrun, and Chia-Chi Wang. "Intertropical Convergence Zones during the Active Season in Daily Data." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 65, no. 7 (2008): 2425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jas2518.1.
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Abstract Synoptic-scale variability of vorticity structures in the lower troposphere of the tropics is analyzed in 23 yr of daily averaged high-resolution reanalysis data. The vorticity structures can be divided into zonally elongated vorticity strips, classified as intertropical convergence zones (ITCZs), and more localized maxima, termed westward-propagating disturbances. A composite of such variability is presented for the east to central Pacific and for the east Atlantic/Africa region, both in summer. The composite in the east Pacific is zonally elongated and ITCZ-like, propagating westward over a number of days before dissipating. The spatial structure of the vorticity strip shows the characteristic cyclonic tilt into the latitudinal direction with time that is also seen in modeling experiments. The composite over the Atlantic/Africa region shows two active regions that are correlated on synoptic time scales. The disturbances in the southern region are better developed and longer lasting, even though the time and space scales are smaller than over the east Pacific. Overall, variability over the Atlantic is consistent with variability due to African easterly waves. The double ITCZ in spring in the east Pacific is different from the few earlier studies available. It is stronger south of the equator and located at 10°S, which is farther poleward than earlier studies have indicated. The northern branch that is weak in comparison is located at 5°N. The two branches of the double ITCZ tend to appear in tandem on the 2-week time scale.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Structure zonales"
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Sama, Juvert Njeck. "The effect of beta on the nonlinear generation of zonal structures in experimentally relevant tokamak plasmas." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2024. https://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/ulprive/DDOC_T_2024_0111_SAMA.pdf.
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Les gradients spatiaux de température et de densité dans les plasmas de tokamaks excitent les micro-instabilités, qui interagissent de manière non linéaire pour former la turbulence. La turbulence augmente le transport de chaleur et de particules, réduisant le temps de confinement de l'énergie. Il est important de comprendre la dynamique des turbulences car il est nécessaire de réunir les conditions d'une combustion auto-entretenue dans un réacteur de fusion. Les structures zonales (ZS), c'est-à-dire les perturbations axisymétriques d'un plasma de tokamak, sont générées par la turbulence et jouent un rôle important dans sa saturation auto-entretenue. Il existe deux types de ZS : les écoulements zonaux à fréquence nulle (ZFZF) et les modes acoustiques géodésiques (GAM). Il a récemment été démontré que la dynamique des GAM change lorsqu'on passe du mode L au mode I et du mode I au mode H. En particulier, les GAM sont observés expérimentalement en mode de confinement faible (mode L) et en mode de confinement intermédiaire (mode I). En particulier, les GAM sont observés expérimentalement en mode de confinement faible (mode L) et en mode de confinement intermédiaire (mode I), et ils sont plus rarement observés en mode de confinement élevé (mode H). Un premier modèle linéaire expliquant ce comportement a été construit en utilisant la combinaison de leur Landau et de l'amortissement du continuum , qui affecte les GAMs plus fortement en mode H. Les structures zonales générées par les modes GAM peuvent interagir et se coupler avec les structures zonales générées par la turbulence induite par les instabilités, telles que les modes de type ITG (gradient de température des ions). Les effets cinétiques et de piégeage des particules, qui peuvent s'opposer à l'amortissement Landau, peuvent jouer un rôle dominant dans la dynamique des écoulements zonaux générés par les ITG. Il est particulièrement important de comprendre la dynamique des écoulements zonaux, leur mécanisme d'excitation et leur interaction avec les différentes instabilités du plasma et la turbulence. Dans cette thèse, la dynamique des GAM et des ZFZF est étudiée dans différentes configurations. Dans le chapitre deux, nous étudions la dynamique linéaire des modes acoustiques géodésiques dans un plasma anisotrope. Nous avons étudié les effets de l'anisotropie de la température des ions qui peut être introduite par divers mécanismes de chauffage du plasma, tels que l'injection d'un faisceau neutre (NBI), le chauffage par résonance cyclotronique ionique (ICRH) et le chauffage par résonance cyclotronique électronique (ECRH). Dans le troisième chapitre de cette thèse, nous avons développé une théorie linéaire globale pour étudier la dynamique linéaire des ondes de plasma dans la géométrie du tokamak pour des fonctions de distribution de particules arbitraires. Nous présentons une expression généralisée de la fréquence GAM en termes de fonction de distribution des espèces d'ions et du mode. L'équation de structure de mode généralisée de l'équation de structure de mode d'Alfven/ITG est dans l'unité de grand nombre de mode poloïdal. Dans le chapitre quatre, le code de simulation numérique ORB5 est discuté en détail, en soulignant toutes les hypothèses et les domaines d'applicabilité. Dans le chapitre cinq. Notre objectif principal était d'étudier l'impact des écoulements zonaux entraînés par les modes d'Alfven sur les instabilités ITG linéaires. Nous avons isolé cet effet des simulations électromagnétiques non linéaires autocohérentes et l'avons testé indépendamment en utilisant un ensemble d'outils numériques. Dans le chapitre six, nous passons en revue le modèle des "modes de particules". Nous montrons que la synchronisation des modes de particules conduit à l'amplification des flux zonaux, qui se produit même lorsque l'ion et les électrons admettent la même température<br>Spatial gradients in temperature and density in tokamak plasmas excite micro-instabilities, which interact non-linearly to form turbulence. Turbulence increases heat and particle transport, reducing the energy confinement time. Understanding turbulence dynamics is important to achieving the conditions for self-sustained combustion in a fusion reactor. Zonal structures (ZS), i.e., the axisymmetric perturbations of a tokamak plasma, are generated by turbulence and play an important role in its self-consistent saturation. Two types of ZS exist: zero-frequency zonal flows (ZFZF) and geodesic acoustic modes (GAM). Recent electrostatic nonlinear studies of turbulence-excited GAMs in Asdex upgrade (AUG) have shown that radially extended GAM structures can be excited by turbulence. The dynamics of GAMs have recently been shown to change when going from low confinement mode (L-mode) to intermediate confinement mode (I-mode) and from I-mode to high confinement mode (H mode). In particular, GAMs are observed experimentally in L-mode and I-mode and are more rarely observed in H-mode. A first linear model explaining this behavior was constructed using the combination of their Landau and continuum damping, which affects GAMs more strongly in H mode. Zonal structures generated by the GAM modes can interact and couple with the zonal structures generated by the turbulence induced by the instabilities, such as the so-called ITG (Ion Temperature Gradient) type modes. Kinetic and particle trapping effects can oppose Landau damping and dominate the zonal flow dynamics generated by ITGs. It is particularly important to understand the dynamics of zonal flows, their excitation mechanism, and their interaction with different plasma instabilities and turbulence. In this thesis, the dynamics of GAMs and ZFZF are studied in different configurations. In Chapter Two, we study the linear dynamics of geodesic acoustic modes in anisotropic plasma. We studied the effects of ion temperature anisotropy that can be introduced by various plasma heating mechanisms, such as neutral beam injection (NBI), ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH), and electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH). We show that ion temperature anisotropy can significantly modify the damping rate of the geodesic acoustic mode. In the third chapter of this thesis, we developed a global linear theory to study the linear dynamics of plasma waves in tokamak geometry for arbitrary particle distribution functions. We report a generalized expression of the GAM frequency in terms of the distribution function of the ion species and the mode. The generalized mode structure equation of the Alfven/ITG mode structure equation is in the large poloidal mode number unit. In chapter four, the numerical simulation code ORB5 is discussed in detail, pointing out all assumptions and domains of applicability. In chapter five. Our main focus was investigating the impact of zonal flows forced-driven by Alfven modes on linear ITG instabilities. We isolated this effect from self-consistent nonlinear electromagnetic simulations and tested it independently using a set of numerical tools that will be discussed later. We show that zonal flows forced-driven by Alfven modes can significantly mitigate ITG instabilities in an experimentally relevant scenario magnetic geometry. In chapter six, we review the "particle mode" model. We show that the synchronization of particle modes leads to the amplification of the zonal flows, which occurs even when the ions and electrons admit to the same temperature
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Uzawa, Ken. "Study of modulational instability and structure of zonal flows in fusion plasmas." Kyoto University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/135587.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・課程博士<br>博士(エネルギー科学)<br>甲第13952号<br>エネ博第173号<br>新制||エネ||40(附属図書館)<br>UT51-2008-C868<br>京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー基礎科学専攻<br>(主査)教授 岸本 泰明, 教授 近藤 克己, 教授 福山 淳<br>学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Laage, de Meux Benoît de. "Modélisation des écoulements turbulents en rotation et en présence de transferts thermiques par approche hybride RANS/LES zonale." Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2012. https://theses.hal.science/docs/00/74/35/42/PDF/these_de_Laage.pdf.
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La simulation numérique d'écoulements turbulents dans les systèmes de refroi- dissement de joints de pompes hydrauliques demande à considérer des domaines de calcul très étendus et des temps d'intégration très longs. La modélisation hybride RANS/LES zo- nale pourrait permettre de reproduire, dans un temps de calcul acceptable industriellement, l'ensemble des phénomènes thermiques et dynamiques en présence. L'approche consiste à faire interagir une simulation des grandes échelles (LES), représentant finement les phé- nomènes instationnaires de la turbulence dans certaines régions critiques de l'écoulement, avec l'approche statistique (RANS), moins coûteuse numériquement et dont la mise en oeuvre dans le reste du domaine permet de rendre compte des variations globales imposées à l'écoulement (injection d'eau froide dans de l'eau chaude, rotation de l'arbre et de la roue, etc. . . ). Dans cette optique, une étude détaillée des modélisations adaptées aux écoulements en rotation est réalisée, suivant les deux approches RANS et LES. De nombreux modèles de turbulence sont comparés sur un cas test de canal en rotation. Le couplage zonal aux faces de bord par la méthode des structures turbulentes synthétiques (SEM) est étudié et une méthode innovante de couplage volumique par force de rappel (Forçage Linéaire Ani- sotrope) sur une zone de recouvrement RANS/LES est proposée. Ces deux méthodes sont étendues pour la première fois à la thermique. Les simulations hybrides RANS/LES zonales présentées, sur des cas test de canal fixe, en rotation ou en convection forcée, montrent la faisabilité de telles modélisations pour des applications industrielles<br>The numerical simulation of turbulent flows in cooling system of hydrau- lic pumps sealing requires considering large computational domains and long integration times. The zonal hybrid RANS/LES modelling of turbulence could deal with such appli- cations, in order to reproduce the whole thermal and dynamical phenomena of the flow, with a computational cost compatible with industrial studies. This approach aims at pro- perly interfacing a Large Eddy Simulation (LES), which provides an accurate unsteady description of turbulence in some critical regions of the flow, with the statistical RANS approach, less demanding in computational resources, applied in the whole remaining fluid domain in order to take into account the imposed global variations of the flow (cool water injection in hot water, shaft and rotor rotation,. . . ). To this end, a detailed study of tur- bulence models appropriate for rotating flows is presented, following both the RANS and the LES approaches. Numerous turbulence models are compared in the rotating channel flow test case. The zonal coupling at boundary faces using the Synthetic Eddy Method (SEM) is studied and an innovative volumic coupling using a source term on overlapping RANS/LES area, the Anisotropic Linear Forcing, is proposed. For the first time, these two coupling methods are extended to heat transfer. The present zonal hybrid RANS/LES computations of static or rotating channel flows in isothermal or forced convection regimes, show the applicability of such modelling for industrial studies
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FERREIRA, Débora Maria Cavalcanti. "Delimitação de espécie e filogeografia do complexo Cryptanthus zonatus (Vis.) Vis. (BROMELIACEAE)." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18517.
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Previous issue date: 2016-02-29<br>CAPES<br>Cryptanthus Otto & A.Dietr. (Bromeliaceae, Bromelioideae) é um gênero endêmico do Brasil.
Cryptanthus burle-marxii Leme e C. zonatus (Vis.) Vis. são restritas ao norte da Floresta
Atlântica nordestina e não apresentam delimitação taxonômica bem definida, pois muitos de
seus caracteres morfológicos se sobrepõem. Ambas as espécies compõem o complexo C.
zonatus (Vis.) Vis.. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar a delimitação de espécies e
descrever os padrões filogeográficos do complexo C. zonatus, utilizando dados morfológicos,
moleculares e de modelagem de nicho ecológico. Para o estudo foram feitos testes de
amplificação heteróloga em C. burle-marxii e C. zonatus, utilizando 38 locos de
microssatélites nucleares de cinco espécies de Bromeliaceae. Dos 38 locos testados, 24
apresentaram amplificação positiva e 13 foram polimórficos. Dez locos polimórficos foram
selecionados para serem amplificados e genotipados em 147 indivíduos de oito populações do
complexo C. zonatus. O resultado da análise morfológica e de estrutura genética mostrou que
C. burle-marxii e C. zonatus são dois nomes dados à mesma espécie. A análise filogeográfica
mostrou que a distribuição geográfica e estrutura genética do complexo C. zonatus pode ter
sofrido modificações no quaternário. No último máximo glacial a distribuição geográfica
potencial do complexo era contínua e maior em algumas áreas que atualmente é mar, o que
deve ter ocorrido provavelmente devido à regressão marinha neste local. No Holoceno médio
houve a potencial separação da distribuição possivelmente devido a uma barreira ecológica
que perdurou até o presente formando dois grupos geneticamente estruturados, um ao norte e
outro ao sul. Para a conservação da espécie foram indicadas populações prioritárias para o
estabelecimento de unidades de conservação.<br>Cryptanthus Otto & A.Dietr. (Bromeliaceae, Bromelioideae) is an endemic genus from Brazil.
Cryptanthus burle-marxii Leme and C. zonatus (Vis.) Vis. are species restricted to the north
of the northeastern Atlantic Forest and have no well-defined taxonomic delimitation due to
overlaping of some morphological characters. Both species are included in the Cryptanthus
zonatus complex. The main goal of this study was to delimit species boudaries and to describe
the phylogeographic patterns of the complex C. zonatus using morphological, molecular and
ecological niche modeling data. For this study were carried out cross-amplification tests in C.
burle-marxii and C. zonatus using 38 loci of nuclear microsatellite of five species of
Bromeliaceae. Of the 38 loci tested, 24 showed positive amplification and 13 were
polymorphic. Ten polymorphic loci were selected to be amplified and genotypes in 147
individuals from eight populations of the complex C. zonatus. The results of the
morphological and genetic structure analyses showed that C. burle-marxii and C. zonatus are
two names given to the same species. The phylogeographic analysis showed that the
geographic distribution and genetic structure of the complex C. zonatus may have been
modified in the Quaternary. The potential geographic distribution of the complex in the last
glacial maximum was continuous and larger in some areas which are sea in present, what
have probably occurred due to marine regression at this location. In the middle Holocene,
there was the potential separation of distribution, possibly due to an ecological barrier that
lasted until the present, forming two genetically structured groups, one in the north and other
in the south. For conservation of the species priority populations were indicated for the
establishment of protected areas
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Galán, Fiestas Mary Isabel, and Jaimes Marco Antonio Nieto. "Concreto de baja permeabilidad para pilotes prefabricados de muelles construidos en zonas de salpicaduras y mareas utilizando nanotubos de carbono de pared múltiple." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/651959.
Full textAbstract:
Debido a la importancia de las estructuras marítimas se requiere que el concreto con el que se fabrican garantice su impermeabilidad frente a las aguas del mar, siendo los pilotes de los muelles los que sufren diferentes anomalías al estar en contacto directo con los sulfatos y cloruros, que lo van degradando progresivamente ocasionando principalmente su fisuración. Los Nanotubos de carbono (NTC) poseen una gran superficie específica que incide en la matriz de cemento modificando los silicatos de calcio hidratado, produciendo una mayor cohesión y consecuentemente el aumento de la compacidad del concreto. El presente trabajo busca reducir la permeabilidad del concreto de los pilotes prefabricados de los muelles ubicados en zonas de salpicaduras y mareas, estudiando para ello diferentes propiedades físicas y mecánicas del concreto con NTC; los resultados indican que el asentamiento disminuye, las resistencias a la compresión, tracción y flexión aumentan y la profundidad de penetración del agua disminuye.<br>Due to the importance of the maritime structures, it is required that the concrete with which they are manufactured guarantees their impermeability against the waters of the sea, being the piles of the docks those that suffer different anomalies when being in direct contact with the sulfates and chlorides, that progressively degrade it mainly causing its cracking. Carbon Nanotubes (NTC) have a large specific surface that affects the cement matrix by modifying hydrated calcium silicates, producing greater cohesion and consequently increasing the compactness of concrete. The present work seeks to reduce the permeability of the concrete of the prefabricated piles of the springs located in areas of splashes and tides, studying for it different physical and mechanical properties of the concrete with NTC; The results indicate that settlement decreases, compressive, tensile and flexural strengths increase and water penetration depth decreases.<br>Trabajo de investigación
6
Risbey, James S. (James Sydney). "An analysis of zonal mean atmospheric angular momentum and high cloud cover : periodicities, time-latitude structure, and cross correlations." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/57727.
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Figueiredo, Gabriela Guerra Araújo Abrantes de. "Variação na estrutura trófica e no uso dos recursos alimentares da ictiofauna de zonas rasas ao longo de um gradiente estuarino-límnico." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FURG, 2014. http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/6114.
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Previous issue date: 2014<br>O estudo da estrutura trófica de comunidades biológicas nos fornece uma descrição da
organização e funcionamento do ecossistema e das interações entre as comunidades. Comparar a
estrutura trófica das comunidades ao longo de gradientes ambientais pode fornecer novas
interpretações em relação a sua organização trófica e serve de base para avaliar impactos
antrópicos presentes e futuros. Um dos métodos mais comuns atualmente para se avaliar relações
tróficas é a análise dos isótopos estáveis (AIE), o qual vem sendo utilizado para estimar os fluxos
de matéria orgânica entre consumidores bem como sua posição trófica na cadeia alimentar. O
objetivo principal dessa dissertação foi investigar a estrutura trófica da assembleia de peixes de
zonas rasas ao longo de um gradiente estuarino–límnico, a partir da AIE de carbono (13C/12C) e
nitrogênio (15N/14N) de fontes alimentares basais (i.e., plantas com fotossíntese C3 e C4 e matéria
orgânica particulada em suspensão, POM) e peixes dominantes em cada sistema. Amostras de
fontes alimentares basais, peixes e invertebrados foram coletados na primavera e verão entre 2009
e 2010 no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos, Canal São Gonçalo e Lagoa Mirim no extremo sul do Rio
Grande do Sul. Biplots e métricas isotópicas (Convex hull e nicho isotópico) foram utilizadas para
descrever e comparar a estrutura trófica da ictiofauna entre os ambientes. Análises de correlação
foram realizadas para analisar a relação entre o comprimento total (CT) da ictiofauna e a posição
trófica (PT). Modelos bayesianos de mistura isotópica foram empregados para avaliar a
variabilidade no uso de recursos alimentares ao longo do gradiente ambiental para o barrigudinho
Jenynsia multidentata, uma das únicas espécies frequentes ao longo de todo gradiente. A área
total (Convex hull) e o nicho isotópico ocupado pela assembleia de peixes variaram
marcadamente entre os ambientes, com o estuário apresentando uma área total duas vezes maior
(CH: 50,28) do que o Canal e a Lagoa (17,51 e 20,29, respectivamente). Já o nicho isotópico, que
é robusto aos efeitos de possíveis diferenças no número amostral, apresentou diferenças
estatísticas entre estuário e os dois ambientes de água doce (p<0,00), porém esses dois últimos
não apresentaram diferenças entre si (p>0,30). A AIE dos peixes no Canal sugere que a
fragmentação de habitat ocasionada pela presença de uma barragem-eclusa afetou também a
conectividade trófica entre o estuário da Lagoa dos Patos e Lagoa Mirim. Variações na razão
isotópica do nitrogênio da comunidade também sugerem que impactos antrópicos como a
eutrofização são mais acentuados no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos e Canal. As análises de
correlações não mostraram correlação positiva entre o CT e PT. O modelo de mistura mostrou
que as principais fontes alimentares basais para J. multidentata no canal foi POM, enquanto na
lagoa foram principalmente plantas C4 e POM e no estuário houve uma maior sobreposição nos
intervalos de credibilidade, não sendo possível distinguir diferenças significativas na contribuição
relativa das fontes basais para a espécie. Nossos resultados mostraram que há diferenças na
estrutura trófica e no uso de recursos alimentares ao longo do gradiente ambiental e que impactos
antrópicos, como construção de barragem e eutrofização, afetam a ictiofauna nesses ambientes.<br>Trophic structure analyses of biological communities provide insights on ecosystem organization
and functioning and also on communities’ interactions. Comparing the trophic structure of
communities considering environmental gradients allows new interpretations of their trophic
organization and evaluation of current and future anthropic impacts. One of the most common
methods to evaluate trophic relationships is the stable isotope analysis (SIA), which has been
used to estimate the flow of organic matter among consumers as well as its trophic position in
the food chain. The main objective of this Master Thesis was to investigate the trophic structure
of shallow areas fish assemblage along a freshwater-estuarine gradient, using the analysis of
carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) isotope ratios of basal food sources (i.e., plants with C3
and C4 photosynthesis and particulate organic matter POM) and dominant fishes in each system.
Basal food sources, fishes and invertebrates were collected at Lagoa dos Patos estuary, São
Gonçalo Channel and Lagoa Mirim, located in the southern most in Brazil, during spring and
summer seasons of 2009 and 2010. Biplots and isotopic metrics (Convex hull and isotopic niche)
were used to describe and compare the trophic structure obtained in the three environments.
Correlation analyzes were conducted to examine the relationship between total length (TL) of the
ichthyofauna and trophic position (TP). Bayesian models of isotopic mixing were used to
evaluate the variability in food resource use by the one-sided livebearer Jenynsia multidentata
along the environmental gradient, which was one of the only species found along the entire
gradient. The total area (Convex hull) and the isotopic niche occupied by the fish assemblage
showed an marked variation among environments. The Convex hull total area of the estuary (CH:
50.28) was two-fold higher than the Channel and Lagoa Mirim areas (17,51 and 20.29,
respectively). The isotopic niche, which is not affected by differences in sample sizes, showed
statistical differences between the estuary and the two freshwater systems ( (p<0.00), but there
were no statistical differences when the freshwater systems were compared with each other
(p>0.30). The SIA analysis of fishes in the Channel suggests that the habitat fragmentation
caused by a dam also affected the trophic connectivity between the Lagoa dos Patos estuary and
the Lagoa Mirim. Comparison of the nitrogen isotope ratio values among communities also
suggested that anthropogenic impacts (e.g., eutrophication) were more evident in the Lagoa dos
Patos estuary and Channel. The analysis of correlations didn't show any positive correlation
between TL and TP. The mixing model showed that the main basal food sources sustaining J.
multidentata in the Channel was POM, whereas in the Lagoa Mirim was mainly C4 plants and
POM. Moreover, in the estuary, it was found a greater overlap on the credibility intervals of
basal food sources and it was not possible to distinguish statistical differences between their
relative contributions to the specie. Our results showed that there are differences on the trophic
structure and on the use of food resources along the environmental gradient. Also, anthropogenic
impacts, such as dam constructions and eutrophication, have an affect on the ichthyofauna of
these environments.
8
Fujisaki, Érica Tieko. "Produção primária e estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica nas zonas limnética e litorânea da represa Álvaro de Souza Lima (Bariri, SP) em quatro épocas do ano." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-25012017-160020/.
Full textAbstract:
O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi estudar a produção primária na Represa de Bariri, que é a segunda do sistema do Médio Tietê. Para atingirmos o objetivo proposto, as coletas foram realizadas em duas estações de amostragem M1, na zona limnética, e M2, na zona litorânea, nos meses de fevereiro, abril, julho e setembro de 1998. A produtividade primária da comunidade fitoplanctônica foi determinada através do método do oxigênio dissolvido. Os valores da produtividade primária líquida da comunidade fitoplanctônica na zona limnética variaram de 122 mgO2.m-2.h-1 (abril) a 2093 mgO2.m-2.h-1 (julho), enquanto que na zona litorânea, variaram entre 157 mgO2.m-2.h-1 (abril) a 861 mgO2.m-2.h-1 (fevereiro). A respiração na comunidade na zona limnética variou entre 18 a 376 mgO2.m-2.h-1 (fevereiro) e na zona litorânea, variou de 0 (abril) a 211 mgO2.m-2.h-1 (fevereiro). A menor produtividade primária, observada em abril, coincidiu com uma menor biomassa. Provavelmente, o fósforo foi o principal fator limitante da produtividade primária nos outros meses de estudos. A proliferação da S estrategista Microcystis spp em fevereiro, nas zonas limnética e litorânea e julho na zona limnética, foi associada à maior estabilidade da coluna d\'água desses períodos. Nas coletas de julho nas zonas litorâneas, abril e setembro, nas zonas limnética e litorânea, houve maior participação de espécies R e C estrategistas, como Rhodomonas lacustris, Auacoseira granulatagranulata, Chlamydomonas spp, Cryptomonas brasiliensis, Cryptomonas tetrapyrenoidosa, Anabaena spiroides e Anabaena circinalis.<br>Temporal and spacial variations of phytoplankton primary production in Bariri Reservoir (22º06\'S and 48º45\'W, São Paulo State, Brazil) were evaluated by in situ observations in two different areas: one in the limnetic zone (M1) and other in the littoral zone (M2) in February, April, July and September 1998. The phytoplankton primary productivity was determined by the dissolved oxigen method. The values of net primary productivity of the phytoplankton community in M1 varied from 122 mgO2.m-2.h-1 (April) to 2093 mgO2.m-2.h-1 (July), and M2, varied from 157 (April) to 861 mgO2.m-2.h-1 (February). The community respiration M1, varied from 18 (April) to 376 mgO2.m-2.h-1 (February) and M2, varied from zero (April) to 211 mgO2.m-2.h-1 (February).The lowest primary productivity, obtained in April, coincided with the lowest biomass. Probably, phosphorus was the main limitation of the primary productivity on the others study months. The bloom of Microcystis spp (S strategist) in February M1 and M2 and July M1 was related to water column more stable in these periods. In July M1, April M1 and M2 and September M1 and M2, the R and C strategists predominated, such as Rhodomonas lacustri, Aulacoseira granulata granulata, Chlamydomonas spp, Cryptomonas brasiliensis, Cryptomonas tetrapyrenoidosa, Anabaena spiroides and Anabaena circinalis.
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Miranda, Alan Wanderley Albuquerque. "Evolução estrutural das zonas de cisalhamento dúcteis na porção centro-leste do domínio da Zona Transversal na Província Borborema." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2912.
Full textAbstract:
A área estudada está inserida no Domínio Transversal da Província Borborema. As unidades litoestratigráficas que compõem o embasamento paleoproterozócio (riaciano) são representadas por rochas ortoderivadas dos Complexos Salgadinho e Cabaceiras. Esses complexos foram individualizados de acordo com as suas diferenças composicionais, texturais e/ou geocronológicas. As rochas metassedimentares de idade paleoproterozóica (Orosiriano) foram interpretadas como constituintes do Complexo Sertânia. O magmatismo no estateriano é caracterizado por ortognaisses sienogranítcos da Suíte Carnoió-Caturité e por metanortositos do Complexo Metanortosítico Boqueirão. As unidades litoestratigráficas do Neoproterozóico são representadas por sucessões metassedimentares Criogenianas do Complexo Surubim e ortognaisses granodioríticos e sienograníticos do início do Ediacarano, denominados de Complexo Sumé e Ortognaisse Riacho de Santo Antônio, respectivamente. O magmatismo granítico do Ediacarano foi caracterizado pelo alojamento dos Plutons Inácio Pereira e Marinho. Os dados geocronológicos (U-Pb em zircão) obtidos indicam, no mínimo, o desenvolvimento de três eventos tectono-magmáticos. As idades de 2042 + 11Ma e 1996 + 13Ma obtidas nos ortoanfibolitos do Complexo Cabaceiras foram interpretadas como a idade de cristalização do protólito e metamorfismo, respectivamente. A idade de 1638 + 13Ma proveniente de hornblenda ortognaisse sienogranítico da Suíte Carnoió-Caturité foi interpretada como a idade de cristalização do protólito, marcando um evento magmático Estateriano de afinidade anorogênica. A idade de 550 + 3.1Ma encontrada em monzogranito porfirítico do Pluton Marinho é um registro do último evento magmático no final do Ediacarano, associado ao estágio tardio de desenvolvimento da Zona de Cisalhamento Coxixola. Os dados estruturais permitiram a individualização de três fases de deformação dúcteis, individualizadas como D1, D2 e D3. A fase D1 foi responsável pela geração de uma foliação S1, observada somente na charneira de dobras F2. O evento D2 é assinalado por uma tectônica contracional com transporte para NNW, observado a partir de bandas de cisalhamento assimétricas e dobras de arrasto em cortes paralelos a lineação de estiramento (L2x). Zonas de cisalhamento dúcteis de geometria e cinemática distintas desenvolveram-se durante a fase D3. As zonas de Cisalhamento Boa Vista, Carnoió e Congo estão orientadas na direção NE-SW e exibem cinemática sinistral em cortes paralelos à lineação de estiramento (L3x). As terminações meridionais dessas zonas de cisalhamento estão conectadas com a Zona de Cisalhamento Coxixola. Essa zona de cisalhamento, de direção WSW-ENE e cinemática destral, atravessa toda a área de estudo, com uma espessura média de rochas miloníticas de 300m. A Zona de Cisalhamento Inácio Pereira ocorre na porção leste da área de estudo, orientada na direção WNW-ESE. A análise geométrica e cinemática dessa zona de cisalhamento sugere uma evolução deformacional através de regime transpressivo oblíquo sinistral. O padrão anastomosado final resultante do desenvolvimento de todas as zonas de cisalhamento da área é relacionado à evolução estrutural de um sistema de zonas de cisalhamento dúcteis conjugadas.<br>The studied area is inserted in the Transversal Domain of Borborema Province. The Paleoproterozoic (Riacian) basement encompasses mainly by metaplutonic rocks from Salgadinho and Cabaceiras Complex. These complexes were individualized according to their compositional, textural and/or geochronological datas. The Paleoproterozoic (Orosirian) metasedimentary rocks were interpreted as components of Sertânia Complex. The Estatherian magmatic event is characterized by syenogranitic orthogneisses of the Carnoió-Caturité Suite and metaplutonic rocks of Metanorthositic Boqueirão Complex. The Neoproterozoic lithostratigraphic units are represented by Cryogenian metasedimentary successions of Complex Surubim and by Early-Ediacaran granodioritic and syenogranitic orthogneisses and of the Sumé Complex and Riacho de Santo Antonio orthogneisses, respectively. The Ediacaran granitic magmatism was characterized by the emplacement of Inácio Pereira and Marinho Plutons. The geochronological data (LA-ICPMS) indicate at least of three tectono-magmatic events. The 2042 + 13Ma and 1996 + 11Ma ages from amphibolites of Cabaceiras Complex were interpreted as the crystallization age of the protolith and metamorphism, respectively. The age of 1638 + 13Ma from the syenogranitic hornblende orthogneiss of Carnoió-Caturité Suite was interpreted as the crystallization age of the protolith, marking an Estatherian anorogenic magmatic event. The age of 550 + 3.1Ma acquired in a porphyritic monzogranite of Marinho Pluton is a record of the last magmatic event in the Late-Ediacaran, associated with the final stage of development of the Coxixola Shear Zone. The structural data allowed the individualization of three deformation phases, individualized as D1, D2 and D3. D1 was responsible for generating a S1 foliation, observed only at the hinge of F2 folds. The D2 event is marked by a thrust regime with transport to NNW, observed from asymmetrical shear bands and drag folds in sections parallel to stretching lineation (L2x). Ductile shear zones of different geometry and kinematics had been developed during the D3 phase. The NE-SW Boa Vista, Carnoió and Congo Shear zones exhibit sinistral kinematic in sections parallel to stretching lineation (L3x). The southern limits of these shear zones are connected with Coxixola Shear Zone. This WSW-ENE shear zone with dextral kinematics crosscut the entire studied area, with an average of 300m thickness of mylonitic rocks. The WNW-ESE Inácio Pereira Shear Zone is situated in the eastern portion of the studied area, shows geometric and kinematic characteristics in agreement with an evolution through an oblique-sinistral transpressive regime. The structural evolution of a system of conjugate ductile shear zones is responsible by anastomosed framework exposed in a map view.
10
Neves, Leonardo Mitrano. "Fatores estruturadores das assembl?ias de peixes em tr?s distintas zonas (rio, mistura e costeira) do estu?rio do rio Mambucaba, Angra dos Reis- RJ." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1207.
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Previous issue date: 2009-03-05<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPQ<br>The estuarine systems influence fish assemblages, throughout their longitudinal gradients and
remarkable salinity changes. Such assemblages adapt to different habitat constraints and
change in spatial and temporal scales. The aim of this study was to assess the ichthyofauna
composition and structure in three zones of the Mambucaba estuary (CZ ? coastal zone; MZ ?
mixture zone and RZ ? river zone) and their relationship with environmental variables and
habitat characteristics. Systematic fish collections (2 months in each seasons) were performed
between October 2007 and August 2008, by using otter trawl at two sites in CZ (C1 e C2),
beach seine at three sites in MZ (M1, M2, M3) and mesh trays at two sites in RZ (R1 e R2).
At each fish sampling occasion, both surface and depth environmental variables of
temperature, salinity, conductivity, turbidity and dissolved oxygen were taken and depth was
measured. A total of 14,320 individuals, in 111 species (RZ ? 18; MZ ? 50, and CZ - 66) were
collected. Distinct fish assemblages were found for each zone, as indicated by low number of
common species (14 - MZ and CZ; 8 - MZ and RZ; and 2 - CZ and RZ), and only one
abundant species (> 1% of the total number of fish within the zone) being common in more
than one zone (Eucinostomus argenteus in CZ and MZ). Such pattern can be related to high
salinity variation in MZ and narrow (20 m) channel width connecting the estuary with the sea,
which can limit fish movement (into/out of the estuary). In CZ, the three more abundant
species were Paralonchurus brasiliensis, Ctenosciaena gracillicirrhus, Anchoa lyolepis,
Larimus breviceps and Stellifer brasiliensis, with large contribution of fish from the
Scieanidae family in this zone (18 species). Spatial changes inf fish species were not
consistent in CZ, probably due to lack of spatio-temporal estuarine plume influence on depth
environmental variables (ANOVA, p>0.05). Depth was the main factor to influence spatial
changes for Diapterus rhombeus (negative association) more abundant in C1 (average depth =
10 m; ANOVA, p<0.05) and Micropogonias furnieri, P. brasiliensis and Pellona harroweri
(positive association) more abundant in C2 (average depth = 17 m; ANOVA, p<0.00).
Diapterus rhombeus and Etropus crossotus occured mainly in Spring and Summer, and
Eucinosomus gula in Spring. The most abundant species in CZ, typical of high salinty
influence, is a indication that this zone have characteristics to inner continental shelf. In MZ,
most abundant species (Eugerres brasilianus, Eucinostomus melanopterus, Trinectes
paulistanus, Gobionellus shufeldti, G. oceanicus, Geophagus brasiliensis, Centropomus
parallelus and Citharichthys arenaceus) have higher number and weight of individuals in M1
(ANOVA, p<0.01), an adjacent lagoon connected to the main channel. In spite of the
significant negative correlation between this species and salinity (r-Spearman>0.32, p<0.01),
the more sheltered areas in M1 seem to be more important to determine this pattern than
salinity itself. The site M1 also have more number of individuals and species (ANOVA,
p<0.01), and larger number of fish of smaller size (CT median = 58mm) compared to M2 and
M3, located in the main channel (median = 106mm) according to Median and Kruskall-Wallis
tests (p<0.01; 2 = 1167.5), indicating the importance of this area for species recruitment.
Low average similarity (SIMPER) for sites M2 (38.7%) and M3 (17.8%) indicate larger
variability of assemblage in these sites, probably due to lesser habitat structure e higher
dynamism. In RZ, the fish assemblage have few species (5) with abundance higher than 1% of
the total number of fishes, being dominated by Dormitator maculatus, Astyanax sp and
ix
Microphis brachyurus lineatus, species typical of upper estuaries and lower river reaches.
Spatial variation was detected for D. maculatus only, more abundant at R2, a site with
abundant riparian vegetation, mainly grass. Dormitator maculatus was more abundant in
Summer and Autumn, M. brachyurus lineatus, in Spring, Autumn and Winter and Astyanax
sp was absent in Spring only. Patterns in fish assemblage structure were at large scale,
primarily species-specific responses to dominant environmental gradient, while at small scale,
results of association with the habitat.<br>Os sistemas estuarinos influenciam as assembl?ias de peixes, ao longo de seus gradientes
longitudinais e das marcadas varia??es da salinidade. Estas assembl?ias se adaptam ?s
diferentes condicionantes do habitat e variam em escalas espaciais e temporais. O objetivo do
presente estudo foi avaliar a composi??o e estrutura da ictiofauna em tr?s zonas do estu?rio do
rio Mambucaba (ZC ? zona costeira; ZM ? zona de mistura e ZR ? zona de rio) e suas
rela??es com as vari?veis ambientais e caracter?sticas do habitat destas zonas. Coletas
sistem?ticas de peixes (2 meses por esta??o do ano) foram realizadas entre outubro de 2007 e
agosto de 2008, com arrastos de fundo em dois locais da ZC (C1 e C2), arrasto de praia em 3
locais da ZM (M1, M2, M3) e peneira em 2 locais da ZR (R1 e R2). Em cada amostragem de
peixes, foram tomadas, para a superf?cie e fundo, as vari?veis ambientais de temperatura,
salinidade, condutividade, turbidez e oxig?nio dissolvido, bem como medida a profundidade.
Um total de 14320 indiv?duos, constitu?dos por 111 esp?cies (ZR ? 18; ZM ? 50 e ZC - 66)
foram coletados. Assembl?ias de peixes distintas foram identificadas para cada zona,
indicadas pelo baixo n?mero de esp?cies comuns (14 - ZM e ZC; 8 - ZM e ZR; e 2 - ZC e
ZR), e com apenas uma esp?cie abundante (> 1% do numero total de peixes na zona) comum
em mais de uma zona (Eucinostomus argenteus na ZC e ZM). Tal padr?o pode estar
relacionado ? maior variabilidade da salinidade existente na ZM e a estreita (20 m) largura do
canal de conex?o com o mar, fatores que podem ser limitantes aos movimentos
(entrada/sa?da) de peixes. Na ZC, as tr?s esp?cies mais abundantes foram Paralonchurus
brasiliensis, Ctenosciaena gracillicirrhus, Anchoa lyolepis, Larimus breviceps e Stellifer
brasiliensis, com a maior participa??o de peixes da fam?lia Sciaenidae nesta zona (18
esp?cies). As varia??es espaciais das esp?cies foram pouco consistentes na ZC,
provavelmente relacionado a influencia da pluma estuarina n?o ter provocado mudan?as
espa?o-temporais nas vari?veis ambientais de fundo (ANOVA, p>0,05). A profundidade foi o
principal fator respons?vel pela separa??o espacial encontrada para Diapterus rhombeus
(associa??es negativas) mais abundante em C1 (profundidade m?dia = 10 m; ANOVA,
p<0,05) e Micropogonias furnieri, P. brasiliensis e Pellona harroweri (associa??es positivas)
mais abundantes em C2 (profundidade m?dia = 17 m; ANOVA, p<0,00). Diapterus rhombeus
e Etropus crossotus ocorreram principalmente na primavera e ver?o, e Eucinosomus gula na
primavera. As esp?cies mais abundantes da ZC, t?picas de ?guas com maior influencia salina,
? um indicativo de que esta zona tem caracter?sticas mais associadas ? plataforma continental
interna. Na ZM, a maioria das esp?cies mais abundantes (Eugerres brasilianus, Eucinostomus
melanopterus, Trinectes paulistanus, Gobionellus shufeldti, G. oceanicus, Geophagus
brasiliensis, Centropomus parallelus e Citharichthys arenaceus) apresentou maior n?mero e
peso de indiv?duos em M1 (ANOVA, p<0,01), uma lagoa adjacente conectada ao canal
principal. Apesar das correla??es negativas significativas observadas entre estas esp?cies e a
salinidade (r-Spearman>0.32, p<0,01), as ?reas mais abrigadas em M1 parecem ser mais
determinantes neste padr?o do que a salinidade em si. O local M1 tamb?m apresentou o maior
n?mero de indiv?duos e de esp?cies (ANOVA, p<0,01), com maior n?mero de peixes de
menor tamanho (CT mediana = 58mm) do que dos locais M2 e M3, situados no canal
principal (mediana = 106mm) de acordo com o Teste das Medianas e Teste de Kruskallvii
Wallis (p<0,01;
2 = 1167,5), indicando a import?ncia desta ?rea para o recrutamento das
esp?cies. A baixa similaridade m?dia (SIMPER) para os locais M2 (38,7%) e M3 (17,8%)
indicam uma maior variabilidade na assembl?ia destes locais, possivelmente devido a menor
estrutura??o do habitat e maior dinamismo. Na ZR, a assembl?ia de peixes apresentou poucas
esp?cies (5) com abund?ncia maior que 1% do n?mero total de peixes, sendo dominada por
Dormitator maculatus, Astyanax sp e Microphis brachyurus lineatus, esp?cies t?picas de ?reas
lim?trofes entre a zona superior do estu?rio e a zona baixa de rio. Varia??es espaciais foram
detectadas apenas para D. maculatus, mais abundantes em R2, um local com abundante
vegeta??o marginal composta principalmente por gram?neas. D. maculatus foi mais abundante
no ver?o e outono, M. brachyurus lineatus, na primavera, outono e inverno e Astyanax sp foi
ausente somente na primavera. Os padr?es na estrutura da assembl?ia de peixes s?o, em maior
escala, primariamente resultado das respostas individuais das esp?cies ao gradiente ambiental
dominante, enquanto em menor escala, resultado das associa??es com o habitat.
Books on the topic "Structure zonales"
1
Coloquio de Historia y Medio Físico. (1st 1989 Almería, Spain). El agua en zonas áridas, arqueología e historia: Actas del I Coloquio de Historia y Medio Físico, Almería, 14-15-16 de diciembre de 1989. Instituto de Estudios Almerienses de la Diputación de Almería, 1989.
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2
Platov, Nikolay. Fundamentals of engineering Geology. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1091050.
Full textAbstract:
The theoretical and practical foundations of engineering geology, the geological structure and origin of the Earth are described, the minerals of rocks and the rocks themselves of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic origin are considered. Considerable attention is paid to the geomorphological, geodynamic, and hydrogeological conditions of the construction site with the allocation of three types of underground water: upper water, ground water, and inter-reservoir. The dynamics of the development of various forms of relief caused by endogenous and exogenous processes is given. The zonal elements of engineering and geological conditions of any construction site are given. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation. For students of secondary vocational education institutions studying engineering geology.
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Gruzdev, Vladimir, Sergey Suslov, Vladimir Kosinskiy, and Mariya Hrustaleva. Changes in the composition and structure of the components of the landscapes of the forest zone in the conditions of technogenesis. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1850657.
Full textAbstract:
The monograph is devoted to the analysis of changes in the structure of natural and agricultural landscapes under conditions of anthropogenic, including man-made, impact on landscapes. The author summarizes his own research conducted in the forest zone in the subzones of the middle and southern taiga and broad-leaved coniferous forests. The studies were carried out in forests, meadows and swamps, and also studied the formation of the quality of natural waters and the overgrowth of reservoirs in the forest zone. The composition and structure of zonal plant communities and the dynamic successional stages of secondary, derived communities formed in logging, burning, flooding by reservoirs, man-made pollution, as well as integrated anthropogenic impact are considered. Factors of technogenic transformation of landscapes are analyzed. The analysis of the complex of anthropogenic impacts has been carried out and the main trends of anthropogenic dynamics of soil and vegetation cover have been identified, recommendations for optimization and rationalization of nature management under anthropogenic impact are given. The issues of formation of geotechnical systems, their structure and issues of interaction in the system "man and nature" are considered.
 It is of interest to ecologists, geographers, biologists. It can be used in the work of state bodies for monitoring the state of the environment and in the educational process — by teachers and students dealing with ecology, nature management, biology, environmental monitoring, territory engineering, as well as by researchers, graduate students and applicants.
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El agua en zonas aridas, arqueologia e historia: Actas del I Coloquio de Historia y Medio Fisico, Almeria, 14-15-16 de diciembre de 1989 (Coleccion Actas). Instituto de Estudios Almerienses de la Diputacion de Almeria, 1989.
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5
Common High Performance Computing Software Support Initiative (CHSSI) computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-6 Project. ARL Block-Structured Gridding Zonal Navier-Stokes Flow (ZNSFLOW) Solver Soft. Storming Media, 2000.
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6
Tibaldi, Stefano, and Franco Molteni. Atmospheric Blocking in Observation and Models. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.611.
Full textAbstract:
The atmospheric circulation in the mid-latitudes of both hemispheres is usually dominated by westerly winds and by planetary-scale and shorter-scale synoptic waves, moving mostly from west to east. A remarkable and frequent exception to this “usual” behavior is atmospheric blocking. Blocking occurs when the usual zonal flow is hindered by the establishment of a large-amplitude, quasi-stationary, high-pressure meridional circulation structure which “blocks” the flow of the westerlies and the progression of the atmospheric waves and disturbances embedded in them. Such blocking structures can have lifetimes varying from a few days to several weeks in the most extreme cases. Their presence can strongly affect the weather of large portions of the mid-latitudes, leading to the establishment of anomalous meteorological conditions. These can take the form of strong precipitation episodes or persistent anticyclonic regimes, leading in turn to floods, extreme cold spells, heat waves, or short-lived droughts. Even air quality can be strongly influenced by the establishment of atmospheric blocking, with episodes of high concentrations of low-level ozone in summer and of particulate matter and other air pollutants in winter, particularly in highly populated urban areas.Atmospheric blocking has the tendency to occur more often in winter and in certain longitudinal quadrants, notably the Euro-Atlantic and the Pacific sectors of the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, blocking episodes are generally less frequent, and the longitudinal localization is less pronounced than in the Northern Hemisphere.Blocking has aroused the interest of atmospheric scientists since the middle of the last century, with the pioneering observational works of Berggren, Bolin, Rossby, and Rex, and has become the subject of innumerable observational and theoretical studies. The purpose of such studies was originally to find a commonly accepted structural and phenomenological definition of atmospheric blocking. The investigations went on to study blocking climatology in terms of the geographical distribution of its frequency of occurrence and the associated seasonal and inter-annual variability. Well into the second half of the 20th century, a large number of theoretical dynamic works on blocking formation and maintenance started appearing in the literature. Such theoretical studies explored a wide range of possible dynamic mechanisms, including large-amplitude planetary-scale wave dynamics, including Rossby wave breaking, multiple equilibria circulation regimes, large-scale forcing of anticyclones by synoptic-scale eddies, finite-amplitude non-linear instability theory, and influence of sea surface temperature anomalies, to name but a few. However, to date no unique theoretical model of atmospheric blocking has been formulated that can account for all of its observational characteristics.When numerical, global short- and medium-range weather predictions started being produced operationally, and with the establishment, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, it quickly became of relevance to assess the capability of numerical models to predict blocking with the correct space-time characteristics (e.g., location, time of onset, life span, and decay). Early studies showed that models had difficulties in correctly representing blocking as well as in connection with their large systematic (mean) errors.Despite enormous improvements in the ability of numerical models to represent atmospheric dynamics, blocking remains a challenge for global weather prediction and climate simulation models. Such modeling deficiencies have negative consequences not only for our ability to represent the observed climate but also for the possibility of producing high-quality seasonal-to-decadal predictions. For such predictions, representing the correct space-time statistics of blocking occurrence is, especially for certain geographical areas, extremely important.
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Goswami, B. N., and Soumi Chakravorty. Dynamics of the Indian Summer Monsoon Climate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.613.
Full textAbstract:
Lifeline for about one-sixth of the world’s population in the subcontinent, the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is an integral part of the annual cycle of the winds (reversal of winds with seasons), coupled with a strong annual cycle of precipitation (wet summer and dry winter). For over a century, high socioeconomic impacts of ISM rainfall (ISMR) in the region have driven scientists to attempt to predict the year-to-year variations of ISM rainfall. A remarkably stable phenomenon, making its appearance every year without fail, the ISM climate exhibits a rather small year-to-year variation (the standard deviation of the seasonal mean being 10% of the long-term mean), but it has proven to be an extremely challenging system to predict. Even the most skillful, sophisticated models are barely useful with skill significantly below the potential limit on predictability. Understanding what drives the mean ISM climate and its variability on different timescales is, therefore, critical to advancing skills in predicting the monsoon. A conceptual ISM model helps explain what maintains not only the mean ISM but also its variability on interannual and longer timescales.The annual ISM precipitation cycle can be described as a manifestation of the seasonal migration of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) or the zonally oriented cloud (rain) band characterized by a sudden “onset.” The other important feature of ISM is the deep overturning meridional (regional Hadley circulation) that is associated with it, driven primarily by the latent heat release associated with the ISM (ITCZ) precipitation. The dynamics of the monsoon climate, therefore, is an extension of the dynamics of the ITCZ. The classical land–sea surface temperature gradient model of ISM may explain the seasonal reversal of the surface winds, but it fails to explain the onset and the deep vertical structure of the ISM circulation. While the surface temperature over land cools after the onset, reversing the north–south surface temperature gradient and making it inadequate to sustain the monsoon after onset, it is the tropospheric temperature gradient that becomes positive at the time of onset and remains strongly positive thereafter, maintaining the monsoon. The change in sign of the tropospheric temperature (TT) gradient is dynamically responsible for a symmetric instability, leading to the onset and subsequent northward progression of the ITCZ. The unified ISM model in terms of the TT gradient provides a platform to understand the drivers of ISM variability by identifying processes that affect TT in the north and the south and influence the gradient.The predictability of the seasonal mean ISM is limited by interactions of the annual cycle and higher frequency monsoon variability within the season. The monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO) has a seminal role in influencing the seasonal mean and its interannual variability. While ISM climate on long timescales (e.g., multimillennium) largely follows the solar forcing, on shorter timescales the ISM variability is governed by the internal dynamics arising from ocean–atmosphere–land interactions, regional as well as remote, together with teleconnections with other climate modes. Also important is the role of anthropogenic forcing, such as the greenhouse gases and aerosols versus the natural multidecadal variability in the context of the recent six-decade long decreasing trend of ISM rainfall.
Book chapters on the topic "Structure zonales"
1
Prasad, Sarvamangala V., Gautam Kaul, and Bonnie S. Dunbar. "Structure and Function of Mammalian Zonae Pellucidae." In Introduction to Mammalian Reproduction. Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0273-9_12.
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Dunbar, Bonnie S., S. V. Prasad, and T. M. Timmons. "Comparative Structure and Function of Mammalian Zonae Pellucidae." In A Comparative Overview of Mammalian Fertilization. Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-8982-9_6.
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Liu, Luo-Qin. "Far-Field Asymptotics and Zonal Structure of Theoretical Flow Models." In Unified Theoretical Foundations of Lift and Drag in Viscous and Compressible External Flows. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6223-0_2.
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Simpson, John I., Johannes Van der Steen, and Joep Tan. "Eye Movements and the Zonal Structure of the Rabbit Flocculus." In The Cerebellum Revisited. Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2840-0_13.
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Scott, R. K. "The structure of zonal jets in shallow water turbulence on the sphere." In IUTAM Symposium on Turbulence in the Atmosphere and Oceans. Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0360-5_20.
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Fung, J. C. H., J. C. R. Hunt, R. J. Perkins, A. A. Wray, and D. Stretch. "Defining the Zonal Structure of Turbulence Using the Pressure and Invariants of the Deformation Tensor." In Advances in Turbulence 3. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84399-0_43.
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Shagalov, S. V., and G. V. Rybushkina. "Nonlinear Development of Unstable Modes and Formation of Coherent Vortex Structures in Weakly Supercritical Zonal Shear Flows." In Progress in Turbulence V. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01860-7_30.
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Bakas, Nikolaos A., and Petros J. Ioannou. "Emergence of Nonzonal Coherent Structures." In Zonal Jets. Cambridge University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781107358225.027.
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Kampianaki, Theofili. "Zonaras’ Working Method and Treatment of His Sources." In John Zonaras' Epitome of Histories. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192865106.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Chapter 3 investigates Zonaras’ method of work and the manner in which he treats and adapts his sources. The foundation of his methodology is the adherence to a single source which provides him with the basic structure of his account. One of the key features of the Jewish section of the Epitome is the strong emphasis Zonaras places on the connection of his text to Flavius Josephus’ historical works. What characterizes Zonaras’ method in his presentation of pre-Constantinian Roman history is his attempt to adapt the data he collects from his Roman sources, Cassius Dio’s Roman History and Plutarch’s Lives, to make them meaningful and interesting to the Byzantine audience. His account of post-Constantinian Empire concentrates mainly on the Constantinopolitan environment. In the narrative of Byzantium, the dominant principle of Zonaras’ methodology is the attention to the portrayals of famous historical figures, mostly emperors.
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Wang, Z. J. "Conservative Interface Algorithm for Overlapped Structured/Structured, Structured/Unstructured Grids." In Numerical Methods for Fluid Dynamics V. Oxford University PressOxford, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198514800.003.0017.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Multi-zonal overlapped grid approach (Chimera) provides a very powerful means of handling complex geometries in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). With Chimera, different zones (or blocks) can intersect each other in an arbitrary manner. Independent/modular grid generation and parts library of frequently used component grids become possible, drastically reducing the degree of difficulty and user time associated with grid generation. With its first introduction into CFD about a decade ago by Steger et al [15], and Benek et al [1], [2], Chimera has been extended to solve both steady and unsteady Navier-Stokes equations for complex geometries ([8]—[9]). For example, transonic flow around the complete space shuttle vehicle with over 16 million grid points was simulated successfully in [11], and an unsteady flow around a tiltrotor helicopter under forward flight was solved with moving overlapped grids [9].
Conference papers on the topic "Structure zonales"
1
Jiaying, Wang, Lu Chunguang, Deng Lan, and Xie Danyu. "Research on Intelligent Interactive Regulation Framework Based on Hierarchical and Zonal Structure Supporting Large-scale New Adjustable Load Resources." In 2024 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciced63421.2024.10753935.
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Anderson, Johan, Eun-jin Kim, Olivier Sauter, Xavier Garbet, and Elio Sindoni. "Model of intermittent zonal flow structure formation." In THEORY OF FUSION PLASMAS. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3033708.
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Makarov, Vladimir, Ludmila Ksendzenko, Nicolai Opanasiuk, and Andrei Golosov. "Zonal failure structure near the deep openings." In Eighth International Conference on Deep and High Stress Mining. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_rep/1704_30_makarov.
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Jovanović, D., P. K. Shukla, Bengt Eliasson, and Padma K. Shukla. "Structures and Zonal Flows in Magnetized Plasmas." In NEW FRONTIERS IN ADVANCED PLASMA PHYSICS. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3533182.
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Yang, Hong, Dirk Nuernberger, and Hans-Peter Kersken. "Towards Excellence in Turbomachinery CFD: A Hybrid Structured-Unstructured RANS Solver." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-68735.
Full textAbstract:
A three-dimensional hybrid structured-unstructured RANS solver has been developed to simulate flows in complex turbomachinery geometries. It is built by coupling an existing structured CFD solver with a newly developed unstructured-grid module via a conservative hybrid-grid interfacing algorithm, so that it can get benefits from the both structured and unstructured grids. The unstructured-grid module has been developed with consistent numerical algorithms, data structure, user interface and parallelization to those of the structured one. The numerical features of the hybrid RANS solver are its second-order accurate upwind scheme in space, its SGS implicit formulation of time integration, and its accurate modeling of steady/unsteady boundary conditions for multistage turbomachinery flows. The hybrid-grid interfacing algorithm is essentially an extension of the conservative zonal approach that has been previously applied on the mismatched zonal interface of the structured grids, and it is fully conservative and also second-order accurate. Due to the mismatched grids are allowed at the block interface, users would have great flexibility to build the hybrid grids even with different structured and unstructured grid generators. The performance of the hybrid RANS solver is assessed with a variety of validation and application examples, through which the hybrid RANS solver has been demonstrated to be able to cope with the flows in complex turbomachinery geometries and to be promising for the future industrial applications.
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Cheverez-Gonzalez, Daniel, and Christopher L. DeMarco. "Laplacian Structure in Power Network Constraints and Inherent Zonal Price Regions." In 2006 38th North American Power Symposium. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/naps.2006.359589.
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HEFAZI, H., and L. CHEN. "An Euler zonal method using composite structured and unstructured meshes." In Flight Simulation Technologies Conference and Exhibit. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1990-3050.
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Rotaru, Vasile K., Igor V. Dementiev, Oleg Y. Korshak, et al. "Photothermoplastic films as recorders in observation systems of zonal structures." In Defense and Security, edited by Robert D. Habbit, Jr. and Peter Tchoryk, Jr. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.543759.
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DEWAR, ROBERT L., and R. F. ABDULLATIF. "ZONAL FLOW GENERATION BY MODULATIONAL INSTABILITY." In Proceedings of the COSNet/CSIRO Workshop on Turbulence and Coherent Structures in Fluids, Plasmas and Nonlinear Media. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812771025_0017.
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Krommes, John A., A. Sen, S. Sharma, and P. N. Guzdar. "Advances and Current Challenges in the Theory of Zonal-Flow Generation." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON WAVES, COHERENT STRUCTURES AND TURBULENCE IN PLASMAS. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3526158.
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