Relevant bibliographies by topics / Structure locale des liquides

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Academic literature on the topic 'Structure locale des liquides'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Structure locale des liquides"

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Simonet, V., and R. Bellissent. "La structure des liquides simples et des alliages liquides métalliques." Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 111 (September 2003): 97–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2002819.

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Guillon, D., and A. Skoulios. "Structure colomnaire de cristaux liquides." Le Journal de Physique IV 06, no. C4 (July 1996): C4–41—C4–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1996405.

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Patashinski, Alexander Z., Antoni C. Mitus, and Mark A. Ratner. "Towards understanding the local structure of liquids." Physics Reports 288, no. 1-6 (September 1997): 409–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-1573(97)00035-5.

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Sun, Jing, Xuezhi Qin, Yuxin Song, Zhenyu Xu, Chao Zhang, Wei Wang, Zhaokun Wang, Bin Wang, and Zuankai Wang. "Selective liquid directional steering enabled by dual-scale reentrant ratchets." International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing 5, no. 2 (April 27, 2023): 025504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/acccbc.

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Abstract Achieving well-controlled directional steering of liquids is of great significance for both fundamental study and practical applications, such as microfluidics, biomedicine, and heat management. Recent advances allow liquids with different surface tensions to select their spreading directions on a same surface composed of macro ratchets with dual reentrant curvatures. Nevertheless, such intriguing directional steering function relies on 3D printed sophisticated structures and additional polishing process to eliminate the inevitable microgrooves-like surface deficiency generated from printing process, which increases the manufacturing complexity and severally hinders practical applications. Herein, we developed a simplified dual-scale structure that enables directional liquid steering via a straightforward 3D printing process without the need of any physical and chemical post-treatment. The dual-scale structure consists of macroscale tilt ratchet equipped with a reentrant tip and microscale grooves that decorated on the whole surface along a specific orientation. Distinct from conventional design requiring the elimination of microgrooves-like surface deficiency, we demonstrated that the microgrooves of dual-scale structure play a key role in delaying or promoting the local flow of liquids, tuning of which could even enable liquids select different spreading pathways. This study provides a new insight for developing surfaces with tunable multi-scale structures, and also advances our fundamental understanding of the interaction between liquid spreading dynamics and surface topography.
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Cicco, Andrea Di. "Local structure in binary liquids probed by EXAFS." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 8, no. 47 (November 18, 1996): 9341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/8/47/026.

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Brion, M., and D. Luna. "Sur la structure locale des variétés sphériques." Bulletin de la Société mathématique de France 79 (1987): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24033/bsmf.2075.

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Lazar, Emanuel A., Jian Han, and David J. Srolovitz. "Topological framework for local structure analysis in condensed matter." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 43 (October 12, 2015): E5769—E5776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1505788112.

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Physical systems are frequently modeled as sets of points in space, each representing the position of an atom, molecule, or mesoscale particle. As many properties of such systems depend on the underlying ordering of their constituent particles, understanding that structure is a primary objective of condensed matter research. Although perfect crystals are fully described by a set of translation and basis vectors, real-world materials are never perfect, as thermal vibrations and defects introduce significant deviation from ideal order. Meanwhile, liquids and glasses present yet more complexity. A complete understanding of structure thus remains a central, open problem. Here we propose a unified mathematical framework, based on the topology of the Voronoi cell of a particle, for classifying local structure in ordered and disordered systems that is powerful and practical. We explain the underlying reason why this topological description of local structure is better suited for structural analysis than continuous descriptions. We demonstrate the connection of this approach to the behavior of physical systems and explore how crystalline structure is compromised at elevated temperatures. We also illustrate potential applications to identifying defects in plastically deformed polycrystals at high temperatures, automating analysis of complex structures, and characterizing general disordered systems.
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Ronceray, Pierre, and Peter Harrowell. "Favoured local structures in liquids and solids: a 3D lattice model." Soft Matter 11, no. 17 (2015): 3322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm00312a.

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Mitov, Michel. "Les couleurs structurelles des cristaux liquides biologiques." Photoniques, no. 124 (2024): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/photon/202412439.

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Chitine, collagène et cellulose peuvent s’organiser en cristal liquide cholestérique. Sa structure torsadée confère aux carapaces des scarabées, écailles de poissons, plantes et fruits irisés des propriétés de réflexion sélective et de polarisation circulaire dépendantes des caractéristiques physiques de la torsion.
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Marín-Aguilar, Susana, Henricus H. Wensink, Giuseppe Foffi, and Frank Smallenburg. "Slowing down supercooled liquids by manipulating their local structure." Soft Matter 15, no. 48 (2019): 9886–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sm01746a.

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In this paper, we propose a simple directional colloidal model that reinforces the optimal icosahedral local structure of binary hard-sphere glasses. We show that this specific symmetry results in a dramatic slowing down of the dynamics.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Structure locale des liquides"

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Boccato, Silvia. "Etude de la structure locale des métaux 3d liquides en conditions extrêmes de pression et température." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY093/document.

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Pour comprendre les phénomènes physiques du noyau externe de la Terre, il est nécessaire d’étudier les propriétés structurelles et thermodynamiques des matériaux liquides qui y sont présents. Ainsi, les courbes de fusion du nickel et du cobalt permettent de contraindre la température à la frontière entre le noyau externe et le noyau interne (ICB). Cette Thèse présente l’étude de la courbe de fusion et de la structure locale du nickel et du cobalt liquide en conditions extrêmes de pression et température. L’analyse expérimentale a été effectuée par spectroscopie d'absorption des rayons X (XAS), technique bien adaptée à l’étude de la structure locale de la matière. Des calculs ab-initio permettent de valider le critère de fusion utilisé et de fournir une fonction de distribution radiale initiale pour l’analyse de la structure locale.Les courbes de fusion sont déterminées à partir des données d’absorption en utilisant un critère de fusion récemment proposé pour le fer. Ce critère est appliqué au cas du nickel et du cobalt. Le critère de fusion est basé sur la disparition de l’épaulement situé dans le seuil d’absorption des métaux 3d, et sur la disparition simultanée des deux premières oscillations du spectre d’absorption. Une sonde ionique focalisée (FIB) couplée à un microscope électronique à balayage (SEM) sont utilisés pour détecter post mortem les changements d’état de l’échantillon et confirmer ainsi le critère de fusion. Les courbes de fusion du nickel et du cobalt sont présentées jusqu’à des pressions de 1 Mbar. L’utilisation du critère de fusion est généralisable à tous les métaux 3d. La comparaison entre les courbes de fusion du nickel et du cobalt et celle du fer montre que la présence de ces deux matériaux dans le noyau externe de la Terre peut être négligée pour la détermination du profil de température dans la planète.Les calculs ab-initio montrent que la disparition des deux premières oscillations XANES est due au changement de densité des états électroniques p lors de la fusion et à la perte de l’ordre structural dans le liquide. Les calculs ab-initio valident le critère de fusion empirique utilisé lors des mesures XAS. Ces calculs permettent également d’évaluer la compression du cobalt liquide à 5000 K en fournissant une fonction de distribution radiale initiale pour l’analyse expérimentale du spectre d’absorption.Les oscillations EXAFS de la phase liquide du nickel et du cobalt sont analysées, permettant ainsi de déterminer la distance des premiers voisins en fonction de la pression. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent une compressibilité inférieure à celle prévue par les calculs ab-initio. Cette différence peut être interprétée comme une liaison atomique plus rigide entre premiers voisins ou comme une augmentation de 10 à 20% de la coordinence. Nos observations expérimentales, combinées aux calculs ab-initio, semblent montrer que la structure locale du nickel et du cobalt liquide dévie du model des sphères rigides.En conclusion, nous avons développé un protocole expérimental et théorique qui permet de valider le critère de fusion d’une structure donnée. Nous l’avons appliqué aux métaux 3d fcc afin de déterminer les courbes de fusion du nickel et du cobalt. La similitude entre ces courbes de fusion et celle du fer montre que la présence du cobalt et du nickel dans le noyau externe de la Terre peut être négligé pour la détermination de la température à l’ICB. L’étude des oscillations EXAFS des liquides à haute pression et haute température permet de déterminer la distance entre premiers voisins. Ces méthodes peuvent maintenant être appliquées à des liquides d’alliages complexes, plus pertinents pour les applications géophysiques
Understanding the physical phenomena of our planet requires the capability to investigate the structural and thermodynamic properties of liquid-state materials present in the Earth's outer core. Thus, the melting curves of nickel and cobalt allow to constrain the temperature at the inner core boundary (ICB).This Thesis presents the study of the melting curves and the local structure of nickel and cobalt under extreme conditions. The experimental analysis was performed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), technique ideal for the study of the local structure. Ab-initio calculations were performed as well in order to validate the melting criterion adopted and to provide starting radial distribution function for the analysis of the local structure.The melting curves of nickel and cobalt were determined with the XAS melting criterion recently proposed for iron. The criterion consists in the flattening of the shoulder and the disappearance of the first two oscillations in the X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES). It has been validated with Focused Ion Beam (FIB) coupled with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis on the recovered samples, by means of a detection of textural changes in the sample. The melting temperature was detected for nickel and cobalt at different pressures, thus providing a measurement of the melting curve up to 1 Mbar for the two materials.A comparison of the melting curves of nickel and cobalt with iron shows that the presence of these two materials in the outer core of Earth gives a negligible contribution for the determination of the geotherm at the inner core boundary.Ab-initio calculations performed on cobalt provided an additional confirmation of the XAS melting criterion adopted. Moreover they permitted to understand that the flattening of the oscillations in the XANES is due to the smearing of the structures in the density of the p states linked to the different environments surrounding each absorbing atom in the liquid.These calculations allowed as well to evaluate the compression of liquid cobalt at 5000 K and provided a starting radial distribution function for the analysis of the experimental Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) extracted from the measured XAS.The EXAFS of the liquids along the melting curve was analysed providing a measurement of the first neighbour distance in the liquid as a function of pressure for both nickel and cobalt. In the two cases our experimental results show slightly less compression than theoretically predicted. This can be interpreted as a first neighbour bond that at higher pressures is slightly more rigid than predicted or as due to an increase of 10-20% of the coordination number.Combined to theory, our experimental observation suggests that the local structure of liquid Co and Ni increasingly deviates from a hard sphere model with P and T along the melting curve.In conclusion, we have developed a protocol that allows validating the melting criterion for a given solid structure. In this work it has been applied to 3d metals with fcc structures and it can be applied to other structures.The presence of nickel and cobalt in the outer core of Earth was found to be irrelevant for the determination of the temperature at the ICB.XAS was shown to be an adequate technique to measure the first neighbour bond under extreme conditions, although both experiment and theory have large margin for improvement. The application of this method to more complex liquid alloys opens the way to investigation of relevant geophysical systems
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Augier, Frédéric. "Structure locale du champ hydrodynamique dans les écoulements dispersés liquide-liquide concentrés." Toulouse, INPT, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPT009G.

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L'objectif de ce travail est de caractériser la structure du champ hydrodynamique dans deux écoulements dispersés liquide-liquide de type homogène et de zone de mélange, par les mesures locales, simultanées et instantanées des champs de vitesse des deux phases, de la fraction volumique et du diamètre des gouttes. Ces mesures sont menées pour des fractions volumiques de la phase dispersée pouvant atteindre 40%, à l'aide d'une technique originale adaptée de la Vélocimétrie par Images de Particules en milieu optiquement homogène, développée et validée dans le cadre de ce travail. Les phases continue (mélange eau-glycérol) et dispersée (heptane) sont localement différenciées par la présence dans la phase continue d'un traceur fluorescent (rhodamine 6G). La technique est d'abord appliquée à l'étude d'écoulements homogènes co-courants dans l'objectif de caractériser l'influence de la fraction volumique de la phase dispersée sur la force de traînée diphasique et sur la turbulence des deux phases. Les résultats expérimentaux sont comparés à des modèles existants et /ou à des données de la littérature. Des éléments intéressants concernant la structure instantanée du champ hydrodynamique sont mis en évidence. Dans un deuxième temps, des zones de mélange diphasiques présentant, soit un gradient de vitesse, soit un gradient de fraction volumique, font l'objet de mesures locales par la même technique. Dans le premier cas, on constate que, par rapport au cas monophasique, la présence de la phase dispersée conduit à une expansion plus rapide de la zone de mélange et à une sensible modification de la turbulence produite par le cisaillement. Dans le deuxième cas, l'écoulement est piloté par les variations à grande échelle de la densité du mélange. Enfin, des comparaisons avec des simulations numériques sont effectuées afin d'évaluer la capacité d'outils numériques actuels à prédire ces différents écoulements liquide-liquide.
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Klein, Holger. "Ordre local dans des phases quasicristallines, approximantes et liquides Al-Pd-Mn." Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0138.

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Il existe, dans le systeme al-pd-mn, deux phases quasicristallines stables de structures icosaedrique et decagonale ainsi que deux familles de phases approximantes orthorhombiques. Par une etude de ce diagramme de phases nous avons precise les conditions de fabrication de monocristaux de phases approximantes ou quasicristallines. Les domaines d'equilibres entre les differentes phases solides et le liquide ont ete determines. Des structures atomiques de deux phases approximantes ont ete resolues par diffraction de rayons x sur monocristaux. Des clusters icosaedriques centres sur un mn definissent presque entierement leurs structures et jouent un role important dans la deformation plastique de ces phases. Cette derniere a lieu par migration de defauts lineaires qui ne sont pas des dislocations mais des defauts de phasons. La structure de liquides al-(pd)-mn en equilibre avec des phases icosaedrique ou approximantes a ete etudiee par diffusion de neutrons. Des simulations de facteurs de structure a partir de clusters icosaedriques montrent un bon accord avec les resultats experimentaux. Un modele de liquide de spheres dures n'est pas adapte dans ce cas. Les clusters utilises pour ces simulations sont les memes que ceux identifies dans les structures des phases icosaedrique et approximantes. Les distances interatomiques a l'interieur des clusters sont identiques a celles trouvees dans les phases solides. Les alliages al-(pd)-mn presentent une transition diamagnetique - paramagnetique lors de la fusion. La susceptibilite continue d'augmenter en fonction de la temperature dans le liquide. Des comparaisons de mesures de susceptibilite magnetique et de diffusion de neutrons sur differents alliages ont montre que dans le liquide une partie des mn portent un spin. Une interpretation de la correlation entre ordre local icosaedrique et magnetisme est proposee.
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Ndao, Makha. "Propriétés physiques des cristaux liquides discotiques nanoconfinés." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00979588.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est de mener une étude fondamentale et expérimentale des propriétés physiques des cristaux liquides discotiques colonnaires (CLDCs) confinés dans des matrices poreuses templates hautement ordonnées à l'échelle nanométrique. Les molécules des CLDCs de forme plane, composées de noyaux polyaromatiques rigides entourées de chaînes aliphatiques flexibles fonctionnalisables, sont susceptibles de s'auto-assembler dans des colonnes favorisant ainsi le recouvrement de leurs orbitales électroniques π. Ce qui fait de ces matériaux de véritables candidats pour des applications dans l'électronique moléculaire et la photovoltaïque grâce à la possibilité de migration des porteurs de charges le long de leurs colonnes. Cependant, ces applications nécessitent une bonne maîtrise des paramètres influant sur les mécanismes d'alignement dans les phases colonnaires, sur de grands monodomaines, et de préférence à température ambiante. Une méthode très prometteuse visant à optimiser les longueurs de diffusion des porteurs de charge a été récemment proposée, basée sur la formation de nanofils orientés de CLDCs par auto-assemblage dans des matrices dites " templates " (de moulage). Toutefois, les propriétés structurales, dynamiques et les effets de confinement sur ces technologies restent aujourd'hui mal connus et morcelés et pourraient constituer un véritable verrou scientifique pour leur réalisation. Notre étude s'est portée sur les CLDCs commerciaux (HPT) et le Py4CEH (moins connus) qui sont confinés dans des alumines poreuses (AAO) et du silicium poreux (Sip) de diamètres de pores de quelques dizaines de nm. Les diagrammes de phase ont été d'abord étudiés par DSC puis les effets structuraux ont été approfondis grâce à la diffusion de neutrons. Dans les géométries confinées, nous observons une dépression des températures de transition, un élargissement du domaine de stabilité de la phase colonnaire et l'ouverture d'une hystérèse amplifiée dans les pores de plus petite taille. Un ordre orientationnel très élevé a été trouvé dans les phases colonnaires bulk par la RMN du solide et la structure des systèmes confinés colonnaires, dominée par une distribution radiale avec un ancrage homéotrope a été déterminée. La dynamique moléculaire a été étudiée par diffusion quasiélastique de neutrons. Elle est affectée par le confinement : la dynamique de grande amplitude est fortement ralentie, tandis que la dynamique rapide locale devient régie par une distribution très large de temps caractéristiques.
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Koverga, Volodymyr. "Organisation de la structure locale de mélanges liquide ionique/solvant moléculaire : une étude théorique basée sur la dynamique moléculaire." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10221/document.

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Ce travail est motivé par l’utilisation dans de nombreux dispositifs électrochimiques des mélanges de liquides ioniques (LIs) à base du cation 1-butyl-3-méthylimidazolium (C4mim+) couplés à des anions perfluorés (BF4−, PF6−, TFO−, TFSI−), avec d’autre part des solvants aprotiques polaires tels que l'acétonitrile (AN), la γ-butyrolactone (γ-BL), le carbonate de propylène (PC). Nous avons réalisé des simulations de dynamique moléculaire afin de caractériser la structure locale de ces mélanges. Les variations de la structure microscopique en fonction de la composition du mélange ont été calculées via l’utilisation d’un arsenal de fonctions statistiques avancées, basé sur la structure locale. Celle-ci est largement déterminée par la distribution radiale et orientationelle des plus proches voisins à un ion ou une molécule de référence. Dans un premier temps, la structure locale dans les LIs purs et dans les solvants moléculaires a été analysée. Pour l'ensemble des LIs, il a été établi que les interactions de liaison H de type C-H···X impliquant les atomes d’hydrogène H2,4,5 du cycle imidazolium et les atomes électronégatifs de l’anion sont faibles et peuvent être classés dans l’ordre suivant TFO-, BF4-, PF6-, TFSI-. Pour le solvant pur, nos résultats montrent que les interactions dipôle-dipôle jouent un rôle important dans la structure locale des solvants étudiés, alors que les interactions liaison H dans le PC et le γ-BL sont faibles.Les résultats montrent que dans tous les mélanges LI/solvant moléculaire étudiés, la distribution de l'anion autour du cation n'est pas fortement affectée lorsque la fraction molaire du LI, xIL, varie entre 0,3 et 1,0. Mais pour les valeurs de xIL inférieures à 0,3 les interactions entre cation et anion sont fortement diminuées. Ces résultats corroborent les données publiées sur le comportement du déplacement chimique du proton H² en fonction de xIL. Nos résultats soulignent aussi l'importance des interactions anion-solvant dans la description de la structure locale des mélanges LI/solvant moléculaire
Mixtures of imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) with perfluorinated anions and dipolar aprotic solvent are promising candidates for electrolytic components used in different electrochemical applications. Current state of technologies requires detailed information on the influence of the mixture composition on the physical and chemical properties of the mixture. This thesis presents a molecular dynamics simulation analysis of the local structure organization of the mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (C4mim+) ILs with perfluorinated anions (BF4‒, PF6‒, TFO‒, TFSI‒) and dipolar aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile (AN), γ-butyrolactone (GBL) and propylene carbonate (PC). As a first step, the local structure in the neat ILs and molecular solvents has been analyzed. For the set of ILs it was established that H-bonding interactions at the H2 site is strongly enhanced compared to the H4-5 sites in the case of asymmetric and/or strongly basic anions like TFO− or TFSI−. The cation-cation contacts via the aggregation of the butyl chains is much stronger and less anion-dependent than the π+-π+ stacking of the imidazolium rings. For the pure solvent our results show that although the dominant dipole-dipole orientation between a reference molecule and first neighbor is the antiparallel one, while for the subsequent neighbors the antiparallel orientation is gradually weakened in favor of the parallel one. More distant neighbors tend to be parallel to the reference molecule. A deep analysis of the local structure made it possible to identify the presence of weak hydrogen bonds in the selected dipolar solvents. For the mixtures of imidazolium-based ILs the results show that in all the studied IL/molecular solvent mixtures, the distribution of the anion around the cation is not drastically affected in the range of xIL between 1.0 and 0.3 and for further decrease of xIL noticeable changes in the distance characteristics describing the cation and anion hydrogen bonding interactions, occur. These changes are associated with the expected weakening of the cation and anion interactions. These results are in good agreement with the behavior of the 2H chemical shift as a function of xIL. Furthermore, our results point out to the importance of the anion-solvent interactions in describing the local structure in these mixtures
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Simonet, Virginie. "Magnetisme et ordre local des quasicristaux et liquides al-pd-mn et al-mn." Paris 11, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA112259.

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Afin de comprendre les proprietes magnetiques des quasicristaux d'al-pd-mn et d'al-mn, nous avons etudie une phase cristalline approximante. Des experiences de rmn ont montre que son magnetisme est intrinseque et que seule une fraction des atomes de mn est magnetique. Des mesures de susceptibilite magnetique ont pu etre interpretees dans le cadre de la theorie de kondo et ont permis de chiffrer la faible fraction d'atomes de mn magnetiques. Une identification du site magnetique a ete proposee. Ces resultats ont ete generalises aux quasicristaux d'al-mn et d'al-pd-mn et ont ete confrontes avec succes a des travaux theoriques. Nous avons egalement utilise la rmn pour sonder les proprietes electroniques des quasicristaux d'al-pd-re et d'al-cu-fe et pour tester en particulier la presence d'un pseudogap electronique au niveau de fermi. Nous avons par ailleurs etudie le magnetisme et la structure des liquides d'al-pd-mn et d'al-mn, precurseurs de phases quasicristallines, par diffusion neutronique et par des mesures de suceptibilite magnetique. Differents resultats sont en faveur de la presence d'un ordre local icosaedrique dans les liquides, proche de celui des phases solides : similarite des facteurs de structure des solides et des liquides ; bon accord entre les facteurs de structure experimentaux a grand vecteur de diffusion et des modeles de liquides contenant des agregats icosaedriques ; l'analyse des fonctions de distribution de paires partielles des alliages d'al-(mn-cr). Le magnetisme de ces materiaux augmente fortement a la fusion et augmente regulierement dans le liquide avec la temperature. L'analyse quantitative de ces resultats montre que dans les liquides une fraction importante voire tous les mn portent un moment magnetique. Ces resultats surprenants sont discutes en relation avec l'evolution de l'ordre local.
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Zhao, Bin. "Physical properties of Fe-C-S and Fe-S alloys under planetary core condition." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS542.

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Les planètes terrestres possèdent un noyau métallique composé d'alliages de fer, qui sont les produits d'une différenciation à longue période. La Lune est le corps planétaire terrestre le plus proche de la Terre, et aussi le mieux contraint grâce aux nombreuses missions spatiales comprenant des objets atterrissants et des engins spatiaux en orbite. Les observables collectés permettent aux gens de construire des modèles lunaires et d'en déduire les propriétés de base. En ce qui concerne sa composition, le soufre et le carbone sont considérés comme deux éléments légers plausibles dans le noyau de la Lune, mais la plupart des cas ont été discutés en termes de binaire Fe-S ou Fe-C, en l'absence de connaissance des propriétés de l'alliage Fe-C-S. Cette étude a fourni une discussion d'un point de vue Ternaire-Fe-C-S, basée sur les propriétés physiques des alliages liquides Fe-C-S déterminées expérimentalement. Plus précisément, la structure locale et la densité des alliages Fe-C-S liquides ont été étudiées par des expériences de diffraction et d'absorption des rayons X in situ en dessous de 5 GPa et entre 1600 K et 1900 K. La miscibilité des alliages Fe-C-S a été étudiée par des expériences de trempe entre 2 et 6 GPa à 1650 K et 2000 K, respectivement. La densité mesurée a été utilisée pour construire un modèle thermodynamique pour la densité des alliages Fe-C-S liquides en fonction de la pression, de la température et de la teneur en C/S. Ce modèle, ainsi que l'écart de miscibilité, sont utilisés pour discuter de la teneur en éléments légers dans le noyau de la Lune. Par rapport aux missions lunaires, la mission pour les autres planètes du système solaire a commencé beaucoup plus tard avec des difficultés et des risques considérablement accrus, laissant ces corps planétaires terrestres plus éloignés de la Terre encore mal contraints. Par exemple, le vaisseau spatial Galileo, qui est la première mission de Jupiter effectuée dans les années 1990, a collecté les données gravitationnelles des quatre satellites de Jupiter, parmi lesquels Europa, Io et Ganymède sont considérés comme hautement différenciés. Sans plus d'informations, le noyau a été considéré comme composé de Fe-S. Fe3S2 est un candidat potentiel se formant dans des conditions P-T pertinentes, mais sa structure, ses paramètres de réseau et ses conditions de formation précises restent inconnus. Pour cette partie de la thèse, les propriétés des composés Fe-S ont été étudiées par diffraction des rayons X in situ de 11 à 15 GPa et de la température ambiante à la fusion. La condition de formation précise de Fe3S2 et ses propriétés structurelles ont été déterminées par le diagramme de diffraction, qui permet de déduire la composition du noyau des corps planétaires de taille moyenne
Terrestrial planets possess a metallic core composed of iron alloys, which are the products of long-period differentiation. The Moon is the closest terrestrial planetary body to the Earth, and also most well-constrained thanks to the numerous space missions including landing objects and orbiting spacecrafts. The collected observables allow people to build Moon models and infer the core properties. Regarding its composition, sulfur and carbon are considered as two plausible light elements in the Moon’s core, but most of the cases were discussed in terms of binary Fe-S or Fe-C, in absence of the knowledge of Fe-C-S alloy’s properties. This study has provided a discussion from a Ternary-Fe-C-S point of view, based on the physical properties of liquid Fe-C-S alloys determined experimentally. Specifically, local structure and density of liquid Fe-C-S alloys were studied by in situ X-ray diffraction and absorption experiments below 5 GPa and between 1600 K and 1900 K. Miscibility of Fe-C-S alloys was studied by quench experiments between 2 and 6 GPa at 1650 K and 2000 K, respectively. The measured density was employed to build a thermodynamic model for density of liquid Fe-C-S alloys as a function of pressure, temperature, and C/S content. This model, together with the miscibility gap, are used to discuss the light element content in the Moon’s core. Compared to the lunar missions, the others started much later with considerably increased difficulties and risks, leaving those terrestrial planetary bodies farther to the Earth still poorly constrained. For instance, the Galileo space craft, which is the first Jupiter mission performed in 1990S, collected the gravitational data of the four satellites of Jupiter, among which Europa, Io, and Ganymede are considered highly differentiated. Without further information, the core was considered to be composed of Fe-S. Fe3S2 is a potential candidate forming at pertinent P-T conditions, but its structure, lattice parameters, accurate forming condition remains unknown. For this part of the PhD work, the properties of Fe-S compounds were studied by in situ X-ray diffraction from 11 to 15 GPa and from room temperature to melting. The accurate forming condition of Fe3S2 and its structural properties were determined by the diffraction pattern, which enables the inference on the core composition of middle-sized planetary bodies
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Haudin, Florence. "Fronts et dynamiques spatio-temporelles dans l'expérience de la valve à cristaux liquides : effets de forçages spatiaux et rétroaction optique non locale." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00584258.

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L'apparition de structures spatiales est un phénomène universel. En optique non linéaire, générer des structures transverses et contrôler leur dynamique est important non seulement d'un point de vue fondamental mais aussi d'un point de vue des applications. Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans cette logique de caractérisation et manipulation des structures spatiales optiques, engendrées dans une expérience de valve à cristaux liquides. Une première partie est consacrée aux effets de forçages spatiaux sur la propagation de fronts, induits avec un modulateur spatial de lumière. Une étude unidimensionnelle, incluant des comparaisons avec des modèles analytiques et des résultats numériques, montre l'existence d'une région d'agrafage à l'intérieur de laquelle des états localisés de taille différente peuvent être générés. Une extension à deux dimensions est aussi présentée pour différentes géométries du forçage spatial. La seconde partie s'intéresse aux effets d'une rétroaction non locale sur les structures localisées, apparaissant en présence simultanée de diffraction et d'interférence de polarisation. Dans le cas d'un effet de translation, un phénomène d'advection des structures est observé, associé à l'apparition de singularités de phase dans leur sillage. Au-delà d'un certain taux de translation, un autre régime est atteint avec une périodicité le long de la direction de translation. Dans le cas où rotation et translation sont présentes simultanément, les modes d'auto-organisation des structures localisées présentent des analogies avec certains modes de croissance des végétaux. L'influence des différents paramètres, dont la rotation, est caractérisée sur les motifs obtenus.
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Marín, Aguilar Susana. "Local structure and dynamics of dense colloidal systems : from patchy particles to hard spheres." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASP052.

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Le rôle de la structure dans la dynamique colloïdale vitreuse est encore un sujet de débat. Cependant, il existe des preuves d'un lien direct entre les changements de la dynamique et les propriétés structurelles du système. Nous explorons l'interaction de la structure et de la dynamique locales en utilisant des particules à patchs. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons des simulations de dynamique moléculaire. Nous montrons qu'en renforçant la géométrie icosaédrique, le dynamique du système présente un ralentissement extrême. Grâce à ces résultats, nous fournissons une voie pour contrôler la dynamique vitreuse par l'utilisation de particules à patchs. De plus, il est intéressant de savoir si nous pouvons extraire des informations sur la dynamique en utilisant uniquement des informations structurelles. Afin d'explorer ce point, nous simulons une grande variété de mélanges de sphères dures. Nous montrons que la dynamique globale de ces systèmes peut être prédite avec précision en introduisant un nouveau paramètre d'ordre appelé tétraédralité de la structure locale qui compte le nombre de tétraèdres auxquels chaque particule participe. Les prédictions de ce paramètre d'ordre restent valables pour dans une grande variété de densités, ce qui prouve son universalité dans cette famille de précurseurs de verre. De plus, il est également capable de saisir les changements sur la dynamique locale, car les régions à forte tétraédralité sont fortement corrélées avec les régions à dynamique lente. Enfin, nous explorons l'utilisation de techniques d'apprentissage machine non supervisé pour classer les particules ayant des environnements structurels différents
The role played by the structure in determining the dynamics of glassy colloidal systems is still a subject of debate. However, there is compelling evidence of a direct link between changes in the local structure and the dynamical slowdown in glassy systems. Here, we explore the interplay between local structure and dynamics by using patchy particles as glass formers. This is done by making use of molecular dynamics simulations. We show that reinforcing icosahedral geometry causes, the system to exhibit an extreme slowdown in its dynamics. With these results, we provide a route for controlling glassy dynamics through the use of patchy particles. Additionally, an interesting point is whether we can extract information about dynamics from only structural information. In order to explore this point, we simulate a wide variety of hard-sphere mixtures. We show that global dynamics of these systems can be precisely predicted by quantifying the tetrahedrality of the local structure: an order parameter that consists of counting the number of tetrahedra each particle participates in. The predictions of this order parameter maintain their accuracy over a wide variety of densities proving its universality in this family of glass formers. Moreover, it is also capable of capturing the changes in the local dynamics, as regions with high tetrahedrality are strongly correlated with regions with slow dynamics. Finally, we demonstrate that unsupervised machine learning techniques can be used to classify particles with different structural environments, which are strongly correlated to local dynamics
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Cavalleri, Matteo. "Local Structure of Hydrogen-Bonded Liquids." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Fysikum, Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-286.

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Books on the topic "Structure locale des liquides"

1

The lyotropic state of matter: Molecular physics and living matter physics. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1999.

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Byrne, Tony. Local government in Britain: Everyone's guide to how it all works. 5th ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990.

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Local government in Britain: Everyone's guide to how it all works. 4th ed. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1986.

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Local government in Britain: Everyone's guide to how it all works. 3rd ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985.

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Byrne, Tony. Local government in Britain: Everyone's guide to how it all works. 4th ed. London, England: Penguin Books, 1986.

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Byrne, Tony. Local government in Britain: Everyone's guide to how it all works. 7th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.

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Local government in Britain: Everyone's guide to how it all works. 6th ed. London: Penguin Books, 1994.

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Gennes, Pierre Gilles de. The physics of liquid crystals. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.

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Jacques, Prost, ed. The physics of liquid crystals. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.

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Liquid Crystals II (Structure and Bonding). Springer-Verlag Telos, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Structure locale des liquides"

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Laumon, Gérard, and Laurent Moret-Bailly. "Quelques résultats de structure locale." In Champs algébriques, 47–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24899-6_6.

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Lemanissier, Thibaud, and Jérôme Poineau. "STRUCTURE LOCALE DES ESPACES ANALYTIQUES." In Progress in Mathematics, 171–94. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56504-5_6.

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Marekha, Bogdan A., Volodymyr Koverga, Nishith Maity, Akos Juhasz, François A. Miannay, Anton Inkol, Toshiyuki Takamuku, Pal Jedlovszky, Oleg N. Kalugin, and Abdenacer Idrissi. "Local Structure in Mixtures of Ionic Liquid with Molecular Solvent: Vibration Spectroscopy, NMR and Molecular Dynamics Simulation." In Molecular Basics of Liquids and Liquid-Based Materials, 289–334. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5395-7_10.

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Veziroglu, Salih, Moritz Paulsen, Jan Schardt, Blessing Adejube, Cenk Aktas, Alexander Vahl, and Martina Gerken. "Photocatalytic Deposition for Metal Line Formation." In Springer Series on Bio- and Neurosystems, 241–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36705-2_10.

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AbstractIn neural systems, plasticity can be found throughout a variety of scales, ranging from local synaptic plasticity between two neurons towards long-range connections and global plasticity within larger neuron assemblies. While memristive devices have attracted a lot of attention as a potential neuromorphic analog to represent local synapses and are regarded as promising building blocks for neuromorphic engineering, long-range connections and globally mediated aspects like homeoplasticity are not yet widely considered for neuromorphic systems. In this chapter, photocatalytic deposition is discussed as an approach to form metallic structures from a global liquid reservoir. In this context, the photocatalytic properties of TiO2 thin films are employed to reduce metallic species from the surrounding solution. This chapter will elucidate the fundamental process of photocatalytic deposition with photocatalytic TiO2 thin films and will showcase the applicability towards the formation of metallic structures at the example of arrangements of locally grown metallic Au structures.
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Bagdoev, Alexander G., Vladimir I. Erofeyev, and Ashot V. Shekoyan. "Waves in a Solid with Porosity Filled by Electrically Conducting Liquid Located in a Constant Electric Field." In Advanced Structured Materials, 67–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37267-4_4.

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Belyakov, Vladimir. "Localized Modes in Optics of Photonic Liquid Crystals with Local Anisotropy of Absorption." In Diffraction Optics of Complex-Structured Periodic Media, 217–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43482-7_8.

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Benfatto, M., C. R. Natoli, J. Garcia, A. Marcelli, A. Bianconi, and I. Davoli. "Local Order at the Manganese Sites in Ionic Solutions by XANES (X-ray absorption near edge structure)." In Amorphous and Liquid Materials, 142–45. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3505-1_11.

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Ge, Nien-Hui, Martin T. Zanni, and Robin M. Hochstrasser. "Local structure and dynamics of liquid acetone by heterodyned 2D IR spectroscopy." In Ultrafast Phenomena XIII, 592–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59319-2_184.

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Lotshaw, W. T., P. R. Staver, D. McMorrow, N. Thantu, and J. S. Melinger. "Locally Ordered Structures in Molecular Liquids Revealed with Femtosecond Fourier-Transform Raman Spectroscopy." In Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 91–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85176-6_25.

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Di Bitonto, Maria Giovanna, Alara Kutlu, and Alessandra Zanelli. "Fog Water Harvesting Through Smart Façade for a Climate Resilient Built Environment." In The Urban Book Series, 725–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29515-7_65.

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AbstractWater emergency is one of the terrible effects of climate change; it is defined as the Blue gold of twenty-first century. In this scenario, fog stands as a potential alternative water resource. Many territories are affected by fog phenomenon; here fog collectors have been developed to extract water from humid mass of air. The aim of this paper is to explore the application of this technology in building sector. The Large Fog Collector is the device commonly used for these projects; it is a textile structure, composed of a mesh, two poles and cables. The exploitation of conventional water resources implies a massive distribution system with significant energy consumption and costs. Otherwise, fog harvesting is a passive system; it relieves the stress upon freshwater resources. Nowadays, fog collectors are low tech devices, and fog harvesting projects are commonly developed in arid areas for agricultural and reforestation purposes. Nevertheless, taking advantage of the vertical development of the device, this textile structure shall be integrated in façade, to promote resilient constructions and make buildings water self-sufficient. The paper explores the design criteria for the development of a novel concept of smart water collecting façade. It can promote also shading effect, reducing the use of cooling system, energy demand, so lowering the ecological footprint. Depending on fog Liquid Water Content, the collected water can be used for the irrigation of green roofs, gardens or in an optimal scenario also for domestic use. The analysis of local weather data is crucial to extend the territories where this system can be applied; but, more important, the improvement of the device’s technology is essential to implement it in new application fields.
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Conference papers on the topic "Structure locale des liquides"

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Bordet, P. "Étude de la structure locale par la fonction de distribution de paires." In Études Structurales par Diffraction des Neutrons. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sfn:2008010.

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Figueiredo Neto, Antônio M., Oscar R. Santos, Dennys Reis, Arnaldo G. Oliveira-Filho, and Cristiano L. P. Oliveira. "Structure and local order of lyotropic cholesteric calamitic phases: the effect of the chiral molecule (Conference Presentation)." In Liquid Crystals XXVI, edited by Iam Choon Khoo. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2632245.

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Lotshaw, William T., P. Randall Staver, Dale McMorrow, and Joseph S. Melinger. "Locally ordered structures in molecular liquids revealed with femtosecond Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.1994.md.4.

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The issue of local order in molecular liquids, and the influence of such order on molecular dynamics and dielectric relaxations in liquids and solutions, is a topic of substantial importance to theoretical representations of the liquid state and interpretations of solvent effects in solute relaxations and chemical reactivity in solutions. In this report we present the results of new studies of intermolecular interactions and dynamics in the liquid state, which interrogate the intermolecular vibrational modes of the local structure of liquids at constant temperature and pressure. Previously [1] we have utilized time and frequency domain analyses of the optical heterodyne detected optical Kerr effect (OHD OKE) to examine the complicated vibrational and Brownian motions of molecules in pure liquids, and identified the intermolecular origin of the low-frequency Raman band in organic liquids (which is typically centered between 10 and 100 cm−1). These bands have been attributed to Raman-active restricted orientational motions, or librations, in non-associated molecular liquids, and exhibit widths in the range of 20 to 100 cm−1.
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Olmsted, Brian L., and Michieal L. Jones. "Microcavities for Ultrasensitive Spectroscopy." In Modern Spectroscopy of Solids, Liquids, and Gases. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/msslg.1995.sthb11.

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Spectroscopy is often performed on emission or absorption centers that due to sample preparation are located within a thin film or located in proximity to a dielectric interface. However, locating emission or absorption centers near reflecting interfaces can strongly effect their interaction with the electromagnetic field. In recent years, there have been several reports of the observation of a change in the angular distribution of emission due to cavity confinement. In addition, changes in the radiative lifetime have also been reported. A review of spontaneous emission from planar microstructures has recently been presented by Deppe et. al.1 The perturbation of the radiative properties of centers can be predicted using quantum electrodynamics for the electromagnetic modes of the discontinuous media. In fact, it is possible to design a specific structure to enhance the mode amplitude, and therefore, the interaction at the position of a radiative center. This approach can be used for ultrasensitive spectroscopy. Furthermore, emission or excitation angle can be used to selectivity cause enhancement at a particular frequency or position within a planar structure.
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Iwata, Koichi, Kyosuke Yoshida, and Hiro-o. Hamaguchi. "Probing Local Structure of Ionic Liquids with Picosecond Time-resolved Raman Spectroscopy." In 2007 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics - Pacific Rim. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleopr.2007.4391610.

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Coslovich, D., G. Pastore, Albert Co, Gary L. Leal, Ralph H. Colby, and A. Jeffrey Giacomin. "Linking Slow Dynamics and Local Structure in Simple Models of Glass-Forming Liquids." In THE XV INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON RHEOLOGY: The Society of Rheology 80th Annual Meeting. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2964559.

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Uygun, M., and H. Tatlipinar. "Local Structural Properties of the Partly Quenched Multi Component Ionic Liquids." In SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE BALKAN PHYSICAL UNION. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2733403.

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Kikugawa, Gota, Shu Takagi, Yoichiro Matsumoto, and Taku Ohara. "A Molecular Dynamics Study on the Local Structure of Liquid-Vapor Interface of Water and L-J Fluid." In ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2007-32722.

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Microscopic structures of the liquid-vapor interface are investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. In previous studies, we proposed the local and instantaneous definition of the interface at the molecular level, which can capture the thermal fluctuation of the interface. By using this definition, the layering structure of water molecules at the interface is found, in other words, the structurization phenomena of water at the molecular level are clearly seen as usually found at the liquid-solid interface. In this study, we also investigated the liquid-vapor interface of Lenard-Jones fluid. Well depth of L-J potential parameter was somewhat changed and the effect on the structure was studied. Although the structurization was also found at the L-J fluid as well as water, characteristic of this structure is clearly different from that of water. We consider that the difference is ascribed to the intrinsic structure of liquid and associative trend of molecules. We also discussed the anisotropic character of the molecular diffusion at the interface. The anisotropy of the translational diffusion at the interface of water is stronger than that of the L-J fluid.
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Ge, Nien-Hui, and Robin M. Hochstrasser. "Local structure and dynamics of liquid acetone by heterodyned 2D IR spectroscopy." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.2002.tue32.

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Ruths, M., S. Lundgren, K. Persson, A. Hillerstro¨m, and K. Boschkova. "Tribological Properties of Associated Structures at Solid–Liquid Interfaces." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63225.

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We have studied the friction-modifying properties of associated amphiphile structures formed at solid–liquid interfaces from bulk solutions. The mechanisms of friction at the molecular level are only partially understood, but are expected to be strongly affected by the phase state of the confined thin film, i.e., by molecular structure and ordering, and also by interactions between confined molecules and the solid surfaces. In contrast to pre-applied lubricant films, self-assembling systems present the advantage of being self-healing, so that upon local fluctuations in pressure and wear, the film may spontaneously reform.
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Reports on the topic "Structure locale des liquides"

1

Charles A. Eckert, Charles L. Liotta, and Rigoberto Hernandez. Gas-Expanded Liquids: Synergism of Experimental and Computational Determinations of Local Structure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/910459.

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Ross, M. The phase diagram of molybdenum at extreme conditions and the role of local liquid structures. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/945533.

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Bray, Jonathan, Ross Boulanger, Misko Cubrinovski, Kohji Tokimatsu, Steven Kramer, Thomas O'Rourke, Ellen Rathje, Russell Green, Peter Robertson, and Christine Beyzaei. U.S.—New Zealand— Japan International Workshop, Liquefaction-Induced Ground Movement Effects, University of California, Berkeley, California, 2-4 November 2016. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/gzzx9906.

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There is much to learn from the recent New Zealand and Japan earthquakes. These earthquakes produced differing levels of liquefaction-induced ground movements that damaged buildings, bridges, and buried utilities. Along with the often spectacular observations of infrastructure damage, there were many cases where well-built facilities located in areas of liquefaction-induced ground failure were not damaged. Researchers are working on characterizing and learning from these observations of both poor and good performance. The “Liquefaction-Induced Ground Movements Effects” workshop provided an opportunity to take advantage of recent research investments following these earthquake events to develop a path forward for an integrated understanding of how infrastructure performs with various levels of liquefaction. Fifty-five researchers in the field, two-thirds from the U.S. and one-third from New Zealand and Japan, convened in Berkeley, California, in November 2016. The objective of the workshop was to identify research thrusts offering the greatest potential for advancing our capabilities for understanding, evaluating, and mitigating the effects of liquefaction-induced ground movements on structures and lifelines. The workshop also advanced the development of younger researchers by identifying promising research opportunities and approaches, and promoting future collaborations among participants. During the workshop, participants identified five cross-cutting research priorities that need to be addressed to advance our scientific understanding of and engineering procedures for soil liquefaction effects during earthquakes. Accordingly, this report was organized to address five research themes: (1) case history data; (2) integrated site characterization; (3) numerical analysis; (4) challenging soils; and (5) effects and mitigation of liquefaction in the built environment and communities. These research themes provide an integrated approach toward transformative advances in addressing liquefaction hazards worldwide. The archival documentation of liquefaction case history datasets in electronic data repositories for use by the broader research community is critical to accelerating advances in liquefaction research. Many of the available liquefaction case history datasets are not fully documented, published, or shared. Developing and sharing well-documented liquefaction datasets reflect significant research efforts. Therefore, datasets should be published with a permanent DOI, with appropriate citation language for proper acknowledgment in publications that use the data. Integrated site characterization procedures that incorporate qualitative geologic information about the soil deposits at a site and the quantitative information from in situ and laboratory engineering tests of these soils are essential for quantifying and minimizing the uncertainties associated site characterization. Such information is vitally important to help identify potential failure modes and guide in situ testing. At the site scale, one potential way to do this is to use proxies for depositional environments. At the fabric and microstructure scale, the use of multiple in situ tests that induce different levels of strain should be used to characterize soil properties. The development of new in situ testing tools and methods that are more sensitive to soil fabric and microstructure should be continued. The development of robust, validated analytical procedures for evaluating the effects of liquefaction on civil infrastructure persists as a critical research topic. Robust validated analytical procedures would translate into more reliable evaluations of critical civil infrastructure iv performance, support the development of mechanics-based, practice-oriented engineering models, help eliminate suspected biases in our current engineering practices, and facilitate greater integration with structural, hydraulic, and wind engineering analysis capabilities for addressing multi-hazard problems. Effective collaboration across countries and disciplines is essential for developing analytical procedures that are robust across the full spectrum of geologic, infrastructure, and natural hazard loading conditions encountered in practice There are soils that are challenging to characterize, to model, and to evaluate, because their responses differ significantly from those of clean sands: they cannot be sampled and tested effectively using existing procedures, their properties cannot be estimated confidently using existing in situ testing methods, or constitutive models to describe their responses have not yet been developed or validated. Challenging soils include but are not limited to: interbedded soil deposits, intermediate (silty) soils, mine tailings, gravelly soils, crushable soils, aged soils, and cemented soils. New field and laboratory test procedures are required to characterize the responses of these materials to earthquake loadings, physical experiments are required to explore mechanisms, and new soil constitutive models tailored to describe the behavior of such soils are required. Well-documented case histories involving challenging soils where both the poor and good performance of engineered systems are documented are also of high priority. Characterizing and mitigating the effects of liquefaction on the built environment requires understanding its components and interactions as a system, including residential housing, commercial and industrial buildings, public buildings and facilities, and spatially distributed infrastructure, such as electric power, gas and liquid fuel, telecommunication, transportation, water supply, wastewater conveyance/treatment, and flood protection systems. Research to improve the characterization and mitigation of liquefaction effects on the built environment is essential for achieving resiliency. For example, the complex mechanisms of ground deformation caused by liquefaction and building response need to be clarified and the potential bias and dispersion in practice-oriented procedures for quantifying building response to liquefaction need to be quantified. Component-focused and system-performance research on lifeline response to liquefaction is required. Research on component behavior can be advanced by numerical simulations in combination with centrifuge and large-scale soil–structure interaction testing. System response requires advanced network analysis that accounts for the propagation of uncertainty in assessing the effects of liquefaction on large, geographically distributed systems. Lastly, research on liquefaction mitigation strategies, including aspects of ground improvement, structural modification, system health monitoring, and rapid recovery planning, is needed to identify the most effective, cost-efficient, and sustainable measures to improve the response and resiliency of the built environment.
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