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1
Aly, Esmat, Gaspar Ros, and Carmen Frontela. "Structure and Functions of Lactoferrin as Ingredient in Infant Formulas." Journal of Food Research 2, no. 4 (June 21, 2013): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v2n4p25.
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It has been widely accepted that breastfeeding is the best food for newborns. Mother’s milk provides all the nutritive elements for normal growth and development of infants being considered the first functional food in life. Because it contains a variety of compounds playing a key role in the adequate feeding of newborns, such as oligosaccharides, probiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids and lactoferrin. Lactoferrin from human milk has been demonstrated to be responsible for the resistance of newborns to infections and also has many biological activities that are essential for an adequate health of infants. Recently, there is also a growing interest in the potential use of lactoferrin for the improvement of bone health and cancer prevention. Milk substitutes and infant formulas play a vital role in infant nutrition when the breastfeeding is not available. The design of infant formula is modeled on the composition of human milk and the current trend in the infant formulas manufacturing is looking to provide not only nutritional compounds but also similar functional effects than human milk.
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Liu, Qiwei, Yanhui Zhang, Simon G. Danby, Michael J. Cork, and Georgios N. Stamatas. "Infant Skin Barrier, Structure, and Enzymatic Activity Differ from Those of Adult in an East Asian Cohort." BioMed Research International 2018 (July 12, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1302465.
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Skin physiology is dynamically changing over the first years of postnatal life; however, ethnic variations are still unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize infant skin barrier function, epidermal structure, and desquamation-related enzymatic activity as compared to that of adult skin in an East Asian population. The skin properties of 52 infants (3-24 months) and 27 adults (20-40 years) were assessed by noninvasive methods at the dorsal forearm and upper inner arm. Transepidermal water loss and skin surface conductance values were higher and more dispersed for infants compared to adults. Infant skin surface pH was slightly lower than adult on the dorsal forearm. The infant SC and viable epidermis were thinner compared to adults with differences that were site-specific. Although the chymotrypsin-like activity for infant skin was comparable to adult level, the caseinolytic specific activity was significantly higher for the infant cohort. These observations indicate a differently controlled pattern of corneocyte desquamation in infants. In conclusion, structural and functional differences exist between infant and adult skin in the East Asian population pointing to dynamic maturation of the epidermal barrier early in life.
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Schipper, Lidewij, Gertjan van Dijk, and Eline M. van der Beek. "Milk lipid composition and structure; The relevance for infant brain development." OCL 27 (2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2020001.
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The neurocognitive development of infants can be positively associated with breastfeeding exclusivity and duration. Differences in dietary lipid quality between human milk and infant milk formula may contribute to this effect. In this review, we describe some of the known differences between human milk and infant milk formula in lipid quality, including fatty acid composition, complex lipids in the milk fat globule membrane as well as the physical properties of lipids and lipid globules. We describe some of the underlying mechanism by which these aspects of lipid quality are thought to modulate infant brain development such as differences in the supply and/or the bioavailability of lipids, lipid bound components and peripheral organ derived neurodevelopmental signals to the infant brain after ingestion and on longer term.
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Jiang, Xuan, Xiaoqiang Zou, Zhonghao Chao, and Xiuli Xu. "Preparation of Human Milk Fat Substitutes: A Review." Life 12, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12020187.
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Human milk is generally regarded as the best choice for infant feeding. Human milk fat (HMF) is one of the most complex natural lipids, with a unique fatty acid composition and distribution and complex lipid composition. Lipid intake in infants not only affects their energy intake but also affects their metabolic mode and overall development. Infant formula is the best substitute for human milk when breastfeeding is not possible. As the main energy source in infant formula, human milk fat substitutes (HMFSs) should have a composition similar to that of HMF in order to meet the nutritional needs of infant growth and development. At present, HMFS preparation mainly focuses on the simulation of fatty acid composition, the application of structured lipids and the addition of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) supplements. This paper first reviews the composition and structure of HMF, and then the preparation development of structured lipids and MFGM supplements are summarized. Additionally, the evaluation and regulation of HMFSs in infant formula are also presented.
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Williams, Janet E., Janae M. Carrothers, Kimberly A. Lackey, Nicola F. Beatty, Sarah L. Brooker, Haley K. Peterson, Katelyn M. Steinkamp, et al. "Strong Multivariate Relations Exist Among Milk, Oral, and Fecal Microbiomes in Mother-Infant Dyads During the First Six Months Postpartum." Journal of Nutrition 149, no. 6 (May 7, 2019): 902–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy299.
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ABSTRACT Background Neonatal gastrointestinal (GI) bacterial community structure may be related to bacterial communities of the mother, including those of her milk. However, very little is known about the diversity in and relationships among complex bacterial communities in mother-infant dyads. Objective Our primary objective was to assess whether microbiomes of milk are associated with those of oral and fecal samples of healthy lactating women and their infants. Methods Samples were collected 9 times from day 2 to 6 mo postpartum from 21 healthy lactating women and their infants. Milk was collected via complete breast expression, oral samples via swabs, and fecal samples from tissue (mothers) and diapers (infants). Microbiomes were characterized using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. Alpha and beta diversity indices were used to compare microbiomes across time and sample types. Membership and composition of microbiomes were analyzed using nonmetric multidimensional scaling and canonical correlation analysis (CCA). The contribution of various bacterial communities of the mother-infant dyad to both milk and infant fecal bacterial communities were estimated using SourceTracker2. Results Bacterial community structures were relatively unique to each sample type. The most abundant genus in milk and maternal and infant oral samples was Streptococcus (47.1% ± 2.3%, 53.9% ± 1.3%, and 69.1% ± 1.8%, respectively), whereas Bacteroides were predominant in maternal and infant fecal microbiomes (22.9% ± 1.3% and 21.4% ± 2.4%, respectively). The milk microbiome was more similar to the infant oral microbiome than the infant fecal microbiome. However, CCA suggested strong associations between the complex microbial communities of milk and those of all other sample types collected. Conclusions These findings suggest complex microbial interactions between breastfeeding mothers and their infants and support the hypothesis that variation in the milk microbiome may influence the infant GI microbiome.
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Hill, David R., Jo May Chow, and Rachael H. Buck. "Multifunctional Benefits of Prevalent HMOs: Implications for Infant Health." Nutrients 13, no. 10 (September 25, 2021): 3364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13103364.
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Breastfeeding is the best source of nutrition during infancy and is associated with a broad range of health benefits. However, there remains a significant and persistent need for innovations in infant formula that will allow infants to access a wider spectrum of benefits available to breastfed infants. The addition of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) to infant formulas represents the most significant innovation in infant nutrition in recent years. Although not a direct source of calories in milk, HMOs serve as potent prebiotics, versatile anti-infective agents, and key support for neurocognitive development. Continuing improvements in food science will facilitate production of a wide range of HMO structures in the years to come. In this review, we evaluate the relationship between HMO structure and functional benefits. We propose that infant formula fortification strategies should aim to recapitulate a broad range of benefits to support digestive health, immunity, and cognitive development associated with HMOs in breastmilk. We conclude that acetylated, fucosylated, and sialylated HMOs likely confer important health benefits through multiple complementary mechanisms of action.
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Van Parijs, Sofie, and Peter Corkeron. "ONTOGENY OF VOCALISATIONS IN INFANT BLACK FLYING FOXES, PTEROPUS ALECTO." Behaviour 139, no. 9 (2002): 1111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685390260437281.
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AbstractMost mega and microchiropteran bats live in large colonial roosts where potential intermingling of mother-infant pairs places immediate demands on their recognition systems. In microchiropteran bats, infants produce distinct isolation calls that appear to become less complex in structure in the latter stages of lactation. This results in a reduction in the capacity of females to locate their infants. Similar recognition pressures exist for both suborders therefore it might be expected that they would exhibit similarities in their vocal development. This study quantifies the vocal characteristics of infant black flying foxes, Pteropus alecto, to assess vocal development in this species. Recordings were made of 21 infants, nine males and twelve females, between 1 and 35 days in age. As in microchiropteran bats, infant black flying foxes produce individually distinctive calls, which persist throughout lactation. Unlike microchiropterans, calls remained stable in structure throughout lactation. Individuals produced one of three distinctive isolation call types. Whether mothers use this variation to recognise patches of infants that include their own within a camp or to locate their own infants requires further study.
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Ruggiero, Cara F., Emily E. Hohman, Leann L. Birch, Ian M. Paul, and Jennifer S. Savage. "The Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories (INSIGHT) responsive parenting intervention for firstborns impacts feeding of secondborns." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 111, no. 1 (November 29, 2019): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz277.
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ABSTRACT Background The Intervention Nurses Start Infant Growing on Healthy Trajectories (INSIGHT) study's responsive parenting (RP) intervention, initiated in early infancy, prevented the use of nonresponsive, controlling feeding practices and promoted use of structure-based feeding among first-time parents compared with controls. Objectives We sought to examine the spillover effect of the RP intervention on maternal feeding practices with their secondborn (SB) infants enrolled in an observational-only study, SIBSIGHT, and to test the moderating effect of spacing of births. Methods SB infants of mothers participating in the INSIGHT study were enrolled into the observation-only ancillary study, SIBSIGHT. SBs were healthy singleton infants ≥36 weeks of gestation. Infant feeding practices (i.e., food to soothe, structure vs. control-based practices) were assessed using validated questionnaires: Babies Need Soothing Questionnaire, Infant Feeding Styles Questionnaire, and the Structure and Control in Parent Feeding Questionnaire. Results SBs (n = 117 [RP: 57, control: 60]; 43% male) were delivered 2.5 ± 0.8 y after firstborns (FBs). At age 1 y, the Structure and Control in Parent Feeding Questionnaire revealed that the mothers in the RP group used more consistent feeding routines (4.19 [0.43] compared with 3.77 [0.62], P = 0.0006, Cohen's D: 0.69) compared with control group mothers. From the Infant Feeding Styles Questionnaire, RP group mothers also used less nonresponsive, controlling feeding practices such as pressuring their SB infant to finish (1.81 [0.52] compared with 2.24 [0.68], P = 0.001, Cohen's D: 0.68) compared with controls. In contrast to our hypotheses, no differences were detected in bottle-feeding practices such as putting to bed with a bottle/sippy cup or adding cereal to the bottle, despite observing study group differences in FBs. Spacing of births did not moderate intervention effects. Conclusions RP guidance given to mothers of FBs may prevent the use of some nonresponsive, controlling feeding practices while establishing consistent feeding routines in subsequent siblings.
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Falcão, Mário Cícero. "Dinâmica da composição lipídica das fórmulas infantis e suas implicações clínicas." Braspen Journal 35, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 294–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.37111/braspenj.2020353015.
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In human milk, the role of lipids as a source for the adequate growth and development of the infant is highlighted. The lipidic system of breast milk, responsible for approximately 50% of calories, is structured for the newborn and the infant. Digestion and absorption of lipids are facilitated by the organization of fat, the type of fatty acid (palmitic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids, etc.), the composition of triglycerides and the lipase stimulated by bile salts. In addition, milk contains docosahexaenoic acid, which allows optimal neurological and immunological development. Although the lipid structure of breast milk is extremely complex, it should serve as a model for the dynamics of the lipid composition of infant formulas. The addition of long-chain fatty acids (arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids) linked to phospholipids in infant formulas can contribute to a better development of infants, as well as acting on the immune system and metabolic imprinting, reducing the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. Infants receiving formulas with palmitic acid in theß-2 position have a higher lactobacillus count in the feces, when compared to those receiving formulas with palmitic acid in the ß-1 and ß-3 positions, promoting the maintenance of intestinal eubiosis. Infants receiving formulas with ß-2 palmitic acid present bone health similar to infants breastfeeding, as fecal calcium loss does not occur.
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Amankwaa, Adansi A. "Prior and proximate causes of infant survival in Ghana, with special attention to polygyny." Journal of Biosocial Science 28, no. 3 (July 1996): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000022355.
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SummaryThis study examines the role of marriage form in infant mortality and tests the relative effects and mechanisms through which polygyny affects infant survival. A sample of infants born in the 5 years preceding the 1988 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey was used. A causal model was constructed and polygyny was found to be an important mediating factor in understanding infant survival. The findings highlight the relevance of family structure (polygyny) as an intervening factor, but also reveal the complex role of ethnicity, dietary supplement and birth interval in accounting for infant survival.
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FAIS, LAUREL, SACHIYO KAJIKAWA, SHIGEAKI AMANO, and JANET F. WERKER. "Now you hear it, now you don't: Vowel devoicing in Japanese infant-directed speech." Journal of Child Language 37, no. 2 (June 3, 2009): 319–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000909009556.
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ABSTRACTIn this work, we examine a context in which a conflict arises between two roles that infant-directed speech (IDS) plays: making language structure salient and modeling the adult form of a language. Vowel devoicing in fluent adult Japanese creates violations of the canonical Japanese consonant–vowel word structure pattern by systematically devoicing particular vowels, yielding surface consonant clusters. We measured vowel devoicing rates in a corpus of infant- and adult-directed Japanese speech, for both read and spontaneous speech, and found that the mothers in our study preserve the fluent adult form of the language and mask underlying phonological structure by devoicing vowels in infant-directed speech at virtually the same rates as those for adult-directed speech. The results highlight the complex interrelationships among the modifications to adult speech that comprise infant-directed speech, and that form the input from which infants begin to build the eventual mature form of their native language.
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Elowson, A. Margaret, Charles Snowdon, and Cristina Lazaro-Perea. "Infant 'Babbling' in a Nonhuman Primate: Complex Vocal Sequences with Repeated Call Types." Behaviour 135, no. 5 (1998): 643–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853998792897905.
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AbstractThe pygmy marmoset is a small South American primate with a complex social system based on cooperative breeding. Infant pygmy marmosets are extremely vocal; most of their calling is a repetitive pattern of mixed call types that is babbling-like. In a longitudinal study of vocal development in 8 infant pygmy marmosets, we recorded more than 750 calling bouts which occurred in a wide range of behavioural contexts. The infants used 16 different call types that we grouped into three categories: Adult-Like (acoustic structure consistent with that of adult calls), Adult-Variant (acoustic structure with some adult features and some variable features), and Infant (absent from the adult repertoire). The calling bouts were highly conspicuous in their duration (ranging up to more than 6.5 min/bout), complexity (up to 10 different call types/bout), and call rate with nearly 3 calls/s. When the infants were older, their call rate slowed and they shifted to using several of the Adult-Like calls with greater frequency, and used fewer Adult-Variant types. The infants did not use the Adult-Like call types appropriately when compared to the typical adult usage of those types. Caregivers were significantly more likely to respond to an infant when it was vocalizing than when it was not.
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Weber, Ashley M., Tondi M. Harrison, and Deborah K. Steward. "Schore’s Regulation Theory." Biological Research For Nursing 14, no. 4 (July 23, 2012): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800412453760.
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Premature infants confront numerous physiologic and environmental stressors in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) that have the potential to permanently alter their neurodevelopment. Schore’s regulation theory postulates that positive maternal–infant interactions can shape the infant’s developmental outcomes through inducing mechanistic changes in brain structure and function. The purposes of this article are to explain the regulation of infant neurobiological processes during interactions between mothers and healthy infants in the context of Schore’s theory, to identify threats to these processes for premature infants, and to propose principles of clinical practice and areas of research necessary to establish a supportive environment and prevent or reduce maladaptive consequences for these vulnerable infants. A premature birth results in the disruption of neurodevelopment at a critical time. Chronic exposure to stressors related to the NICU environment overwhelms immature physiologic and stress systems, resulting in significant allostatic load, as measured by long-term neurodevelopmental impairments in the premature infant. Positive maternal–infant interactions during NICU hospitalization and beyond have the potential to reduce neurologic deficits and maximize positive neurodevelopmental outcomes in premature infants. The quality of the maternal–infant interaction is affected not only by the infant’s developing neurobiology but also by the mother’s responses to the stressors surrounding a premature birth and mothering an infant in the NICU environment. Nurses can empower mothers to overcome these stressors, promote sensitive interactions with their infants, and facilitate neurodevelopment. Research is critically needed to develop and test nursing interventions directed at assisting mothers in supporting optimal neurodevelopment for their infants.
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Yuan, Chao, Ying Zou, Yao Xueqiu, Kyoko Shima, Yuki Miyauchi, Ayano Naoe, Satoru Naito, et al. "Properties of Skin in Chinese Infants: Developmental Changes in Ceramides and in Protein Secondary Structure of the Stratum Corneum." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3594629.
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The properties of infant skin regarding its structure and stratum corneum (SC) properties during development compared to adult skin have been reported only for a few races and body sites. The aim of this study was to understand the developmental changes of skin properties in Chinese infants, focusing on SC ceramides and protein secondary structure, which are important for skin barrier function. Three body sites with distinct characteristics (cheeks, inner upper arms, and buttocks) were assessed. Sixty pairs of Chinese infants and their mothers were measured for SC hydration, transepidermal water loss, ceramide levels, sebum with an ester bond, and protein secondary structure of superficial SC. Skin hydration decreased with age at all body sites. TEWL was similar between the 2–12- and 13–24-month-old groups but was higher than the adult group at the buttocks and inner upper arms and was equal to the adult group at the cheeks. These differences coincided with differences in protein secondary structure. Ceramide and sebum levels were lower in the infant groups. We conclude that both the SC functions and the components of infant skin are still developing and are not fully adapted as in adult skin at each body site examined.
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Wu, Haoming, Yang Wang, Huiying Li, Lu Meng, Nan Zheng, and Jiaqi Wang. "Effect of Food Endotoxin on Infant Health." Toxins 13, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13050298.
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Endotoxin is a complex molecule derived from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, and it has strong thermal stability. The processing of infant food can kill pathogenic bacteria but cannot remove endotoxin. Because the intestinal structure of infants is not fully developed, residual endotoxin poses a threat to their health by damaging the intestinal flora and inducing intestinal inflammation, obesity, and sepsis, among others. This paper discusses the sources and contents of endotoxin in infant food and methods for preventing endotoxin from harming infants. However, there is no clear evidence that endotoxin levels in infant food cause significant immune symptoms or even diseases in infants. However, in order to improve the safety level of infant food and reduce the endotoxin content, this issue should not be ignored. The purpose of this review is to provide a theoretical basis for manufacturers and consumers to understand the possible harm of endotoxin content in infant formula milk powder and to explore how to reduce its level in infant formula milk powder. Generally, producers should focus on cleaning the milk source, securing the cold chain, avoiding long-distance transportation, and shortening the storage time of raw milk to reduce the level of bacteria and endotoxin. After production and processing, the endotoxin content should be measured as an important index to test the quality of infant formula milk powder so as to provide high-quality infant products for the healthy growth of newborns.
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Silva, Roberta Claro da, Heather L. Colleran, and Salam A. Ibrahim. "Milk fat globule membrane in infant nutrition: a dairy industry perspective." Journal of Dairy Research 88, no. 1 (February 2021): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029921000224.
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AbstractThis review provides an overview of the composition, structure, and biological activities of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) compounds with focus on the future application of this compound as a food ingredient. MFGM is a particular component of mammalian milks and is comprised of a tri-layer of polar lipids, glycolipids and proteins. In recent years, MFGM has been extensively studied for the purpose of enhancing the efficacy of infant nutrition formula. For example, infant formulas supplemented with bovine MFGM have shown promising results with regard to neurodevelopment and defense against infections. Components of MFGM have been shown to present several health benefits as the proteins of the membrane have shown antiviral activity and a reduction in the incidence of diarrhea. Moreover, the presence of sphingomyelin, a phospholipid, implies beneficial effects on human health such as enhanced neuronal development in infants and the protection of neonates from bacterial infections. The development of a lipid that is similar to human milk fat would represent a significant advance for the infant formula industry and would offer high technology formulas for those infants that depend on infant formula. The complexity of the structure of MFGM and its nutritional and technological properties is critically examined in this review with a focus on issues relevant to the dairy industry.
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Ma, Tengfei, Sihan Bu, Nigel Paneth, Jean M. Kerver, and Sarah S. Comstock. "Vitamin D Supplementation in Exclusively Breastfed Infants Is Associated with Alterations in the Fecal Microbiome." Nutrients 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14010202.
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Breastfeeding and introduction of solid food are the two major components of infant feeding practices that influence gut microbiota composition in early infancy. However, it is unclear whether additional factors influence the microbiota of infants either exclusively breastfed or not breastfed. We obtained 194 fecal samples from infants at 3–9 months of age, extracted DNA, and sequenced the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Feeding practices and clinical information were collected by questionnaire and abstraction of birth certificates. The gut microbiota of infants who were exclusively breastfed displayed significantly lower Shannon diversity (p-adjust < 0.001) and different gut microbiota composition compared to infants who were not breastfed (p-value = 0.001). Among the exclusively breastfed infants, recipients of vitamin D supplements displayed significantly lower Shannon diversity (p-adjust = 0.007), and different gut microbiota composition structure than non-supplemented, breastfed infants (p-value = 0.02). MaAslin analysis identified microbial taxa that associated with breastfeeding and vitamin D supplementation. Breastfeeding and infant vitamin D supplement intake play an important role in shaping infant gut microbiota.
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Gonzalez-Gomez, Nayeli, and Thierry Nazzi. "Effects of Prior Phonotactic Knowledge on Infant Word Segmentation: The Case of Nonadjacent Dependencies." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 56, no. 3 (June 2013): 840–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2012/12-0138).
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Purpose In this study, the authors explored whether French-learning infants use nonadjacent phonotactic regularities in their native language, which they learn between the ages of 7 and 10 months, to segment words from fluent speech. Method Two groups of 20 French-learning infants were tested using the head-turn preference procedure at 10 and 13 months of age. In Experiment 1, infants were familiarized with 2 passages: 1 containing a target word with a frequent nonadjacent phonotactic structure and the other containing a target word with an infrequent nonadjacent phonotactic structure in French. During the test phase, infants were presented with 4 word lists: 2 containing the target words presented during familiarization and 2 other control words with the same phonotactic structure. In Experiment 2, the authors retested infants' ability to segment words with the infrequent phonotactic structure. Results Ten- and 13-month-olds were able to segment words with the frequent phonotactic structure, but it is only by 13 months, and only under the circumstances of Experiment 2, that infants could segment words with the infrequent phonotactic structure. Conclusion These results provide new evidence showing that infant word segmentation is influenced by prior nonadjacent phonotactic knowledge.
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Ben-Zion, Hamutal, Ella Volkovich, Gal Meiri, and Liat Tikotzky. "Mother–Infant Sleep and Maternal Emotional Distress in Solo-Mother and Two-Parent Families." Journal of Pediatric Psychology 45, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsz097.
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Abstract Objective This study examined for the first time mother–infant sleep and emotional distress in solo mother families compared with two-parent families and explored whether the links between mother–infant sleep and maternal emotional distress differ as a function of family structure. Methods Thirty-nine solo-mother families and 39 two-parent families, with an infant within the age range of 6–18 months participated in the study. Actigraphy and sleep diaries were used to assess maternal and infant sleep at home. Mothers completed questionnaires to assess maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms, social support, sleeping arrangements, breastfeeding, and demographics. Results Solo mothers were older and more likely to breastfeed and share a bed with their infants than married mothers. There were no significant differences between the groups in mother–infant sleep and maternal emotional distress, while controlling for maternal age, breastfeeding, and sleeping arrangements. Family structure had a moderating effect on the associations between maternal emotional distress and mother–infant sleep. Only in solo-mother families, higher maternal emotional distress was associated with lower maternal and infant sleep quality. Conclusions Our findings suggest that, although there are no significant differences in maternal and infant sleep between solo-mother families and two-parent families, the strength of the associations between maternal emotional distress and both infant and maternal sleep quality are stronger in solo-mother families, compared with two-parent families. Hopefully, understanding which aspects of parenting may contribute to the development of sleep problems in solo-mother families could be helpful in tailoring interventions to this growing population.
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Ghori, Noor-Ul-Huda, Christopher A. Mullally, Mark P. Nicol, Andrew Currie, Julie Hibbert, Matthew S. Payne, Sanjay Patole, and Tobias Strunk. "Skin-Microbiome Assembly in Preterm Infants during the First Three Weeks of Life and Impact of Topical Coconut Oil Application." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 23 (November 22, 2023): 16626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316626.
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The structure and function of infant skin is not fully developed until 34 weeks of gestation, and this immaturity is associated with risk of late-onset sepsis (LOS). Topical coconut oil improves preterm-infant skin integrity and may reduce LOS. However, data on early-life skin-microbiome succession and potential effects of emollient skin care in preterm infants are scarce. We therefore collected skin-microbiome samples from the ear, axilla, and groin on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 from preterm infants born <30 weeks of gestation as part of a randomized clinical trial of standard skin care vs. topical coconut oil. We found that within-sample microbiome diversity was highest on day 1 after birth, with a subsequent decline and emergence of Staphylococcus genus dominance from day 7. Moreover, microbiome assembly was less diverse in infants receiving coconut oil vs. standard skin care. Our study provides novel data on preterm-infant skin-microbiome composition and highlights the modifying potential of emollient skin care.
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Palomares, Melanie, Mark Pettet, Vladimir Vildavski, Chuan Hou, and Anthony Norcia. "Connecting the Dots: How Local Structure Affects Global Integration in Infants." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 7 (July 2010): 1557–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21323.
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Glass patterns are moirés created from a sparse random-dot field paired with its spatially shifted copy. Because discrimination of these patterns is not based on local features, they have been used extensively to study global integration processes. Here, we investigated whether 4- to 5.5-month-old infants are sensitive to the global structure of Glass patterns by measuring visual-evoked potentials. Although we found strong responses to the appearance of the constituent dots, we found sensitivity to the global structure of the Glass patterns in the infants only over a very limited range of spatial separation. In contrast, we observed robust responses in the infants when we connected the dot pairs of the Glass pattern with lines. Moreover, both infants and adults showed differential responses to exchanges between line patterns portraying different global structures. A control study varying luminance contrast in adults suggests that infant sensitivity to global structure is not primarily limited by reduced element visibility. Together our results suggest that the insensitivity to structure in conventional Glass patterns is due to inefficiencies in extracting the local orientation cues generated by the dot pairs. Once the local orientations are made unambiguous or when the interpolation span is small, infants can integrate these signals over the image.
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Tikhonova, Yu L., O. Yu Milushkina, N. A. Bokareva, and F. U. Kozyreva. "Hygienic aspects of food safety for infant nutrition." Voprosy detskoj dietologii 20, no. 4 (2022): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1727-5784-2022-4-51-60.
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Objective. To conduct a hygienic assessment of chemical contamination of food products for infant nutrition. Materials and methods. Analysis of databases on the content of toxic elements (lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic) in food products for infant nutrition and the infant morbidity rate according to the materials of social and hygienic monitoring in the Russian Federation was performed. The structure of nutrition for infants was studied. Based on the results of generated databases, the hazard quotient was calculated at the level of the median content of toxic elements in food products. Results. The primary chemical pollutants in food products for infants were found to be toxic elements (61.4% of samples), of which lead prevails. When analyzing the infant morbidity rate, an increase in gastrointestinal pathologies (by 15.7%) was observed, and in several cases – anemia and endocrine system diseases. It was revealed that only 37.3% of infants receive breastfeeding, and there is a violation of the timing of complementary food introduction (25.3%). Analysis of non-carcinogenic health risks showed that for formula-fed infants, the risk of alimentary-dependent diseases increases with age by months, which was confirmed by calculations of the hazard quotient (HQmedPb = 1.1; HQmedCd = 1.37; HQmedAs = 1.39). Conclusion. To prevent the morbidity rate in infants due to chemical contamination of food products, it is necessary to support breastfeeding, strict compliance with the terms of introduction and volume of complementary foods, and training in health education for medical students in accordance with the requirements of professional standards. Key words: infants, food products, toxic elements
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Lester, Barry M., Joel Hoffman, and T. Berry Brazelton. "The Rhythmic Structure of Mother-Infant Interaction in Term and Preterm Infants." Child Development 56, no. 1 (February 1985): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1130169.
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Sommerseth, Hilde Leikny. "The Intergenerational Transfer of Infant Mortality in Northern Norway during the 19th and Early 20th Centuries." Historical Life Course Studies 7 (April 5, 2018): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs9284.
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This paper is one of a series of five studying the intergenerational transfer of infant mortality down the maternal line. All five studies share the same theoretical and methodological design, and use data derived from a standard database format: the Intermediate Data Structure (IDS). The data for the research reported in this paper were derived from a longitudinal dataset covering the 19th and 20th century population of the province of Troms in Northern Norway. Our results suggest that there was an element of intergenerational transmission in women’s risk of experiencing an infant death; the children of a woman whose mother had had a high number of infant deaths also had a greater risk of dying before their first birthday. The risk of an infant death occurring among the children of daughters from such ‘high risk’ families was at least 30 per cent higher than that amongst infants born to the daughters of mothers who had experienced zero infant deaths.
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Raz, Gal, and Rebecca Saxe. "Learning in Infancy Is Active, Endogenously Motivated, and Depends on the Prefrontal Cortices." Annual Review of Developmental Psychology 2, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 247–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084841.
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A common view of learning in infancy emphasizes the role of incidental sensory experiences from which increasingly abstract statistical regularities are extracted. In this view, infant brains initially support basic sensory and motor functions, followed by maturation of higher-level association cortex. Here, we critique this view and posit that, by contrast and more like adults, infants are active, endogenously motivated learners who structure their own learning through flexible selection of attentional targets and active interventions on their environment. We further argue that the infant brain, and particularly the prefrontal cortex (PFC), is well equipped to support these learning behaviors. We review recent progress in characterizing the function of the infant PFC, which suggests that, as in adults, the PFC is functionally specialized and highly connected. Together, we present an integrative account of infant minds and brains, in which the infant PFC represents multiple intrinsic motivations, which are leveraged for active learning.
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Kong, Chunli, Marijke M. Faas, Paul de Vos, and Renate Akkerman. "Impact of dietary fibers in infant formulas on gut microbiota and the intestinal immune barrier." Food & Function 11, no. 11 (2020): 9445–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0fo01700k.
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This review updates current knowledge on the structure-specific effects of human milk oligosaccharides and non-digestible carbohydrates in infant formula on the colonization of the infants gut by the microbiota as well as the composition and maturation of the gut immune barrier.
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Wendelboe, Katrine I., Johanne Smith-Nielsen, Anne C. Stuart, Patrick Luyten, and Mette Skovgaard Væver. "Factor structure of the parental reflective functioning questionnaire and association with maternal postpartum depression and comorbid symptoms of psychopathology." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 2, 2021): e0254792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254792.
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Parental reflective functioning (PRF) refers to the parent’s capacity to envision mental states in the infant and in themselves as a parent, and to link such underlying mental process with behavior, which is important for parenting sensitivity and child socio-emotional development. Current findings have linked maternal postpartum depression to impaired reflective skills, imposing a risk on the developing mother–infant relationship, but findings are mixed, and studies have generally used extensive methods for investigating PRF. The present study examined the factor structure and measurement invariance of the Danish version of the 18-item self-report Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ) in a sample of mothers with and without diagnosed postpartum depression. Moreover, the association between PRF and maternal postpartum depression in mothers with and without comorbid symptoms of personality disorder and/or clinical levels of psychological distress was investigated. Participants included 423 mothers of infants aged 1–11 months. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a three-factor structure of the PRFQ; however, item loadings suggested that a 15-item version was a more accurate measure of PRF in mothers of infants. Multi-group factor analysis of the 15-item PRFQ infant version indicated measurement invariance among mothers with and without diagnosed postpartum depression. Multinomial logistic regression showed that impaired PRF was associated with maternal psychopathology, although only for mothers with postpartum depression combined with other symptoms of psychopathology. These results provide new evidence for the assessment of maternal self-reported reflective skills as measured by a modified infant version of the PRFQ, as well as a more nuanced understanding of how variance in symptomatology is associated with impaired PRF in mothers in the postpartum period in differing ways.
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Pudasainee-Kapri, Sangita, Tumla Shrestha, Thomas Dahan, and Mary Wunnenberg. "Translation, validation, and factor structure of the Nepali version of postpartum bonding questionnaires (PBQ-N) among postpartum women in Nepal." PLOS Global Public Health 4, no. 7 (July 12, 2024): e0003469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003469.
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This study aimed to translate and test the psychometric properties of the Nepali version of the PBQ (PBQ-N) among postpartum mothers in Kathmandu, Nepal. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with postpartum mothers (n = 128) of an infant aged one to six months visiting immunization clinics at two selected hospitals in Kathmandu, Nepal. The PBQ scale was translated into Nepali language and backtranslated to English with the help of language and content experts. The PBQ-N was then assessed for factor structure, validity, and reliability. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to examine construct validity of the PBQ-N in which 16 items (α = .75) of the original 25 items grouped into three subscales and were found suitable to measure mother-infant bonding among Nepalese women. Regarding convergent validity, a statistically significant, positive correlation was found between the PBQ-N and postpartum depression (r = .627, p < .001). In addition, a statistically significant, negative association was found between parenting self-efficacy and the PBQ-N (r = -.496, p < .001). The three subscales demonstrated good internal consistency. Findings indicate adequate estimates of validity and reliability for the PBQ-N in which 16-item measures were considered adequate for screening mother-infant bonding among Nepalese women and are useful for clinical and research purposes. Considering the crucial role of maternal-infant bonding relationships, the use of validated measures is recommended to screen high-risk infants in clinical settings.
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Leong, Victoria, Marina Kalashnikova, Denis Burnham, and Usha Goswami. "The Temporal Modulation Structure of Infant-Directed Speech." Open Mind 1, no. 2 (September 2017): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00008.
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The temporal modulation structure of adult-directed speech (ADS) is thought to be encoded by neuronal oscillations in the auditory cortex that fluctuate at different temporal rates. Oscillatory activity is thought to phase-align to amplitude modulations in speech at corresponding rates, thereby supporting parsing of the signal into linguistically relevant units. The temporal modulation structure of infant-directed speech (IDS) is unexplored. Here we compare the amplitude modulation (AM) structure of IDS recorded from mothers speaking, over three occasions, to their 7-, 9-, and 11-month-old infants, and the same mothers speaking ADS. Analysis of the modulation spectrum in each case revealed that modulation energy in the theta band was significantly greater in ADS than in IDS, whereas in the delta band, modulation energy was significantly greater for IDS than ADS. Furthermore, phase alignment between delta- and theta-band AMs was stronger in IDS compared to ADS. This remained the case when IDS and ADS were rate-normalized to control for differences in speech rate. These data indicate stronger rhythmic synchronization and acoustic temporal regularity in IDS compared to ADS, structural acoustic differences that may be important for early language learning.
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Dominey, Peter F. "Conceptual grounding in simulation studies of language acquisition." Evolution of Communication 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2001): 57–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eoc.4.1.05dom.
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In order to understand the evolutionary pathway to the capability for language, we must first clearly understand the functional capabilities that the child brings to the task of language acquisition. Behavioral studies provide insight into infants’ ability to extract statistical and distributional structure directly from the auditory signal, and their capabilities to construct relations between this structure and the structure extracted from perceptual systems. At the interface of these two processes lies a conceptual scene representation that can be accessed by both, and that importantly provides a means for the two systems to constructively interact. Recent studies have begun to make progress in simulating infants’ capabilities to extract statistical structure (e.g. word segmentation and lexical categorization) directly from the speech sound sequence. The current research examines how this structure interacts with perceptual structure at the level of the conceptualized scene. In particular we demonstrate how the grounding of words and sentences in conceptualized visual scenes permits the system to construct the appropriate relations between words and their referents, and sentences and theirs (structured conceptualizations of scenes representing agents, objects and actions) in the initial phases of acquisition of syntactic structure. These studies simulate behavioral observations of the trajectory of infants’ linguistic acquisition of concrete nouns, followed by concrete verbs and then more abstract nouns and verbs, in parallel with the development of first simple and then more complex syntactic structures. The relevance of these results to infant language acquisition behavior will be discussed. While this research yields interesting new results in characterizing the grounding of language in conceptualized scenes, it also identifies serious limitations of the current methods that will be discussed, along with the associated future extensions.
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Van Dijk, Ingrid K., and Kees Mandemakers. "Like Mother, Like Daughter. Intergenerational Transmission of Infant Mortality Clustering in Zeeland, the Netherlands, 1833-1912." Historical Life Course Studies 7 (February 9, 2018): 28–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs9286.
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The burden of infant mortality is not shared equally by all families, but clusters in high risk families. As yet, it remains unclear why some families experience more infant deaths than other families. Earlier research has shown that the risk of early death among infants may at least partially be transmitted from grandmothers to mothers. In this paper, we focus on the intergenerational transmission of mortality clustering in the Netherlands in the province of Zeeland between 1833 and 1912, using LINKS Zeeland, a dataset containing family reconstitutions based on civil certificates of birth, marriage and death. We assess whether intergenerational transmission of mortality clustering occurred in Zeeland, and if so, whether it can be explained on the basis of the demographic characteristics of the families in which the infants were born. In addition, we explore the opportunities for comparative research using the Intermediate Data Structure (IDS). We find that mortality clustering is indeed transmitted from grandmothers to mothers, and that the socioeconomic status of the family, the survival of mothers and fathers, and the demographic characteristics of the family affected infant survival. However, they explain the heterogeneity in infant mortality at the level of the mother only partially.
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Donrovich, Robyn, Paul Puschmann, and Koen Matthijs. "Mortality Clustering in the Family. Fast Life History Trajectories and the Intergenerational Transfer of Infant Death in Late 19th- and Early 20th-Century Antwerp, Belgium." Historical Life Course Studies 7 (March 16, 2018): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs9285.
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In this article, we investigate to what degree infant mortality risk was transferred from grandmothers to mothers in the Antwerp district, Belgium, during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. We also investigate some of the determinants of infant mortality and explore the role of the family - paternal factors (presence, age, and social class), mother’s childcare experience, and infant household location - in the survival of infants. The data for this research were retrieved from the Antwerp COR*-database and were transferred into the Intermediate Data Structure (IDS). The results of the survival models show that women whose mother experienced three or more infant deaths had a 77% higher risk of experiencing the loss of an infant themselves, compared to women whose mother experienced zero infant deaths in the past. These results remained robust after controlling for potential mediating and moderating factors. The results on the age of the mother at birth, her marital status, as well as the living environment suggest that at least part of the intergenerational transfer in infant mortality can be explained on the basis of life history theory: women who grew up in a high-risk family tended to reproduce earlier and faster, and often raised their children without a partner. In this way they unconsciously created riskier conditions for the raising of their own infants: the mothers had little life experience, limited resources, and often no assistance from a partner. As a result, their own children were also at an increased risk of dying in infancy.
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Lingle, Susan, Megan T. Wyman, Radim Kotrba, Lisa J. Teichroeb, and Cora A. Romanow. "What makes a cry a cry? A review of infant distress vocalizations." Current Zoology 58, no. 5 (October 1, 2012): 698–726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/58.5.698.
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Abstract In contrast to the cries of human infants, sounds made by non-human infants in different stressful behavioral contexts (hunger or physical discomfort, isolation, capture by humans or predators) are usually treated as distinct types of vocalizations. However, if distress vocalizations produced by different species and in different contexts share a common motivational state and associated neurochemical pathways, we can expect them to share a common acoustic structure and adaptive function, showing only limited variation that corresponds to the infant’s level of arousal. Based on this premise, we review the acoustic structure and adaptive function of two types of distress calls, those given when infants were isolated from their mothers (isolation calls) or captured by humans (capture calls). We conducted a within-context comparison examining the two call types across a diverse selection of mammalian species and other vertebrate groups, followed by a comparison of how acoustic structure and function differs between these contexts. In addition, we assessed acoustic traits that are critical to the response of caregivers. Across vertebrate species, distress vocalizations produced in these two behavioral contexts tend to be tonal with a simple chevron, flat or descending pattern of frequency modulation. Reports that both isolation and capture calls of vertebrate infants serve to attract care-givers are universal, and the fundamental frequency of infant vocalizations is often critical to this response. The results of our review are consistent with the hypothesis that differences in the acoustic structure of isolation and capture distress vocalizations reflect differences in arousal, and not discrete functions. The similarity in acoustic structure and caregiver response observed across vertebrates adds support to the hypothesis that the production and processing of distress vocalizations are part of a highly-conserved system of social vocal behaviour in vertebrates. Bioacoustic research may move forward by recognizing the commonality among different forms of infant solicitations that attract caregivers, and the commonality of these solicitations with vocalizations that attract conspecifics in still other behavioral contexts.
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Trainor, Laurel J., Christine D. Tsang, and Vivian H. W. Cheung. "Preference for Sensory Consonance in 2- and 4-Month-Old Infants." Music Perception 20, no. 2 (2002): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2002.20.2.187.
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The preferences of 2- and 4-month-old infants for consonant versus dissonant two-tone intervals was tested by using a looking-time preference procedure. Infants of both ages preferred to listen to consonant over dissonant intervals and found it difficult to recover interest after a sequence of dissonant trials. Thus, sensitivity to consonance and dissonance is found before knowledge of scale structure and may be based on the innate structure of the inner ear and the firing characteristics of the auditory nerve. It is likely that consonance perception provides a bootstrap into the task of learning the pitch structure of the musical system to which the infant is exposed.
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Luo, Chuan, and John M. Franchak. "Head and body structure infants’ visual experiences during mobile, naturalistic play." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): e0242009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242009.
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Infants’ visual experiences are important for learning, and may depend on how information is structured in the visual field. This study examined how objects are distributed in 12-month-old infants’ field of view in a mobile play setting. Infants wore a mobile eye tracker that recorded their field of view and eye movements while they freely played with toys and a caregiver. We measured how centered and spread object locations were in infants’ field of view, and investigated how infant posture, object looking, and object distance affected the centering and spread. We found that far toys were less centered in infants’ field of view while infants were prone compared to when sitting or upright. Overall, toys became more centered in view and less spread in location when infants were looking at toys regardless of posture and toy distance. In sum, this study showed that infants’ visual experiences are shaped by the physical relation between infants’ bodies and the locations of objects in the world. However, infants are able to compensate for postural and environmental constraints by actively moving their head and eyes when choosing to look at an object.
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Toffoli, Samantha, Kiley Vander Wyst, Katie Hinde, Megan Petrov, Elizabeth Reifsnider, and Corrie Whisner. "Associations Between Rapid Weight Gain, Feeding Practices, and the Gut Microbiome During Infancy." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac069.035.
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Abstract Objectives Rapid weight gain (RWG) by 6 months of age has been identified as one of the earliest indicators of childhood obesity. Research suggests that exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) may protect against RWG. The makeup of the infant gut microbiome (GM) may also influence RWG as differences in feeding practices may alter the bacterial makeup of the gut, potentially impacting energy metabolism. The goal of this pilot study was to evaluate differences in GM community structure over the first 6 months of life in relation to feeding practices and RWG. Methods Pregnant mothers (n = 31) were recruited from Women, Infant, and Children's Supplemental Nutrition Program clinics and by word of mouth to participate in this study. Participants were followed over 6 months, completing home study visits postpartum, at 3 weeks and 6 months of infant age. RWG was defined as >+0.67 change in weight-for-age Z-score over the first 6 months of life. Microbial data from infant feces collected at birth, 3 weeks, and 6 months were sequenced using Illumina adapter primers for the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. GM diversity metrics include α-diversity, β-diversity, and differential abundance of microbes were assessed using Kruskal-Wallis and PERMANOVA comparisons, adjusted for multiple comparisons, via QIIME2. Results Among this cohort, 29% (n = 9) of infants experienced RWG in the first 6 months of life, and 22.6% (n = 7) were EBF for 6 months. Results suggested a significant difference in microbial community structure (weighted UniFrac) between infants who were EBF and formula-fed (FF) from birth to 3 weeks of age (p = 0.04). An exploratory analysis of longitudinal GM changes identified the family Prevotellaceae as potentially volatile over the first 6 months of life; however, this model failed to reach significance for either RWG or feeding practice. No additional differences in α- or β-diversity or differential abundance of microbes were observed among RWG or feeding practice groups. Conclusions The present study suggested differences in microbial community structure between infants who were EBF versus FF from birth to 3 weeks of age. Future research is warranted to further explore potential connections between RWG, feeding practices, and the infant GM in a longitudinal study with a larger sample size and more frequent sampling. Funding Sources ASU-Mayo Clinic Partnership Obesity Solutions Seed Grant Program.
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Schick, Johanna, Caroline Fryns, Franziska Wegdell, Marion Laporte, Klaus Zuberbühler, Carel P. van Schaik, Simon W. Townsend, and Sabine Stoll. "The function and evolution of child-directed communication." PLOS Biology 20, no. 5 (May 6, 2022): e3001630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001630.
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Humans communicate with small children in unusual and highly conspicuous ways (child-directed communication (CDC)), which enhance social bonding and facilitate language acquisition. CDC-like inputs are also reported for some vocally learning animals, suggesting similar functions in facilitating communicative competence. However, adult great apes, our closest living relatives, rarely signal to their infants, implicating communication surrounding the infant as the main input for infant great apes and early humans. Given cross-cultural variation in the amount and structure of CDC, we suggest that child-surrounding communication (CSC) provides essential compensatory input when CDC is less prevalent—a paramount topic for future studies.
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Kiross, Girmay Tsegay, Catherine Chojenta, Daniel Barker, and Deborah Loxton. "Individual-, household- and community-level determinants of infant mortality in Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): e0248501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248501.
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Introduction People living in the same area share similar determinants of infant mortality, such as access to healthcare. The community’s prevailing norms and attitudes about health behaviours could also influence the health care decisions made by individuals. In diversified communities like Ethiopia, differences in child health outcomes might not be due to variation in individual and family characteristics alone, but also due to differences in the socioeconomic characteristics of the community where the child lives. While individual level characteristics have been examined to some extent, almost all studies into infant mortality conducted in Ethiopia have failed to consider the impact of community-level characteristics. Therefore, this study aims to identify individual and community level determinants of infant mortality in Ethiopia. Method Data from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey in 2016 were used for this study. A total of 10641 live births were included in this analysis. A multi-level logistic regression analysis was used to examine both individual and community level determinants while accounting for the hierarchal structure of the data. Results Individual-level characteristics such as infant sex have a statistically significant association with infant mortality. The odds of infant death before one year was 50% higher for males than females (AOR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.25–2.20; p-value <0.001). At the community level, infants from pastoralist areas (Somali and Afar regions) were 1.4 more likely die compared with infants living in the Agrarian area such as Amhara, Tigray, and Oromia regions; AOR = 1.44; 95% CI; 1.02–2.06; p-value = 0.039). Conclusion Individual, household and community level characteristics have a statistically significant association with infant mortality. In addition to the individual based interventions already in place, household and community-based interventions such as focusing on socially and economically disadvantaged regions in Ethiopia could help to reduce infant mortality.
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ELMLINGER, Steven L., Jennifer A. SCHWADE, and Michael H. GOLDSTEIN. "The ecology of prelinguistic vocal learning: parents simplify the structure of their speech in response to babbling." Journal of Child Language 46, no. 05 (July 16, 2019): 998–1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000919000291.
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AbstractWhat is the function of babbling in language learning? We examined the structure of parental speech as a function of contingency on infants’ non-cry prelinguistic vocalizations. We analyzed several acoustic and linguistic measures of caregivers’ speech. Contingent speech was less lexically diverse and shorter in utterance length than non-contingent speech. We also found that the lexical diversity of contingent parental speech only predicted infant vocal maturity. These findings illustrate a new form of influence infants have over their ambient language in everyday learning environments. By vocalizing, infants catalyze the production of simplified, more easily learnable language from caregivers.
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Visscher, Marty, and Vivek Narendran. "Neonatal Infant Skin: Development, Structure and Function." Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews 14, no. 4 (December 2014): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.nainr.2014.10.004.
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Morgan, James L. "Extracting sentence structure from infant-directed speech." Infant Behavior and Development 19 (April 1996): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(96)90686-4.
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Wallingford, John C. "Perspective: Structure-Function Claims on Infant Formula." Advances in Nutrition 9, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy006.
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Bickerton, Derek. "Mothering plus vocalization doesn't equal language." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 4 (August 2004): 504–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04230114.
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Falk has much of interest to say on the evolution of mothering, but she fails to address the core issue of language evolution: how symbolism or structure evolved. Control of infants does not require either, and Falk provides neither evidence nor arguments supporting referential symbolism as a component of mother-infant interactions.
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Rabain-Jamin, Jacqueline, and Emilie Sabeau-Jouannet. "Maternal Speech to 4-month-old Infants in Two Cultures: Wolof and French." International Journal of Behavioral Development 20, no. 3 (April 1997): 425–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502597385216.
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The infant-directed speech of Wolof-speaking Senegalese mothers and French-speaking mothers living in Paris were compared to relate infant-directed communicative acts to the value system of the society to which the speaker belongs, and to describe the child’s place in those societies. Mother-infant linguistic interactions with 4-month-old infants were recorded (five dyads in the French group and four in the Wolof group). The discourse variables of the pragmatic and semantic categories in the mothers’ speech were analysed. The cross-cultural analysis included a comparison of the conventional versus shifted use of person markers by the mothers in the two cultures. The results demonstrated some features common to both groups, namely, a high percentage of expressive speech acts and the importance of affect-related statements. Some culture-specific emphases and tendencies were also noted. Whereas the French mothers’ conversational exchanges with their infants were dyadic in organisation and centred on the immediate physical environment, the Wolof mothers frequently expanded the dyadic framework to introduce third parties as conversational partners but talked very little about the immediate physical environment. Thus, it appears that cultural conceptions influence not only the content of mother-infant exchanges but also their participant structure.
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Dong, Xu-Dong, Xiao-Ran Li, Jian-Jun Luan, Xiao-Feng Liu, Juan Peng, Yi-Yong Luo, and Chen-Jian Liu. "Bacterial Communities in Neonatal Feces are Similar to Mothers’ Placentae." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 26, no. 2 (2015): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/737294.
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BACKGROUND: The gut microbiota plays an important role in human health. It is essential to understand how the composition of the gut microbiota in neonates is established.OBJECTIVES: To investigate the nature of the microbial community in the first feces of newborn infants compared with the mothers’ placentae and vaginas.METHODS: One infant who was delivered via Cesarean section was compared with an infant who was delivered vaginally. Bar-coded pyro-sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA genes was used to investigate the bacterial community composition and structure of each site.RESULTS: Neonatal feces of both infants had similar bacterial communities, and they were similar to the mother’s placenta regardless of the method of delivery. The vaginal bacterial community differed between the two mothers, but not different sites within the vagina. The bacteria in the neonatal feces and the mothers’ placentae demonstrated considerably higher diversity compared with the vaginas. The familyLactobacillaceaedominated in the vaginal samples, while the most abundant family in the fecal and placental samples wasMicrococcineae.CONCLUSIONS: These results may provide new directions for the study of infant gut microbial formation.
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Sanson, Ann, Margot Prior, Elio Garino, Frank Oberklaid, and Jill Sewell. "The structure of infant temperament: Factor analysis of the revised infant temperament questionnaire." Infant Behavior and Development 10, no. 1 (January 1987): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-6383(87)90009-9.
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Padovani, Flávia Helena Pereira, Maria Beatriz Martins Linhares, Ingrid Duarte Pinto, Geraldo Duarte, and Francisco Eulógio Martinez. "Maternal Concepts and Expectations regarding a Preterm Infant." Spanish Journal of Psychology 11, no. 2 (November 2008): 581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600004583.
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The objective of the present study was: (a) to identify the concerns, verbally expressed, of 50 mothers regarding their preterm infants (PT) and then compare their verbal expression with those of 25 mothers of full-term infants (FT); and (b) to correlate the mothers' verbal expressions with maternal and infant variables. The following instruments were used to compose and characterize the sample: Structure Clinical Interview for DSM III-R Non-Patient (SCID/NP), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and medical charts. Results showed that there was no difference between groups in term of mothers' expectations and conceptualizations; both groups exhibited predominantly positive expectations and concepts. In comparison with FT mothers, PT mothers verbally expressed more feelings and reactions predominantly negative or conflicting in relation to infant birth. Higher levels of maternal anxiety and depression in the PT Group were correlated with more verbal expressions about negative or conflicting emotions. In addition, lower birth weight, higher neonatal risk and longer length of stay in intensive care nursery of the infants were related with more negative or conflicting concepts by the mothers.
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Newman, John D. "Infant crying and colic: What lies beneath." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 4 (August 2004): 470–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04340100.
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The neural structures implicated in crying are reviewed, based on studies in animals. Brain regions involved include the anterior cingulate gyrus (a cortical structure), amygdala, thalamic tegmentum, periaqueductal gray of the midbrain, and the nucleus ambiguus of the caudal brainstem. It is hypothesized that the crying associated with colic may be a manifestation of differing developmental stages in the brain circuits involved.
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Song, Xuan, Xin Wang, Mengxiao Yang, Alejandra Acevedo-Fani, Harjinder Singh, and Aiqian Ye. "Dynamic In Vitro Gastric Digestion Behaviour of Commercial Infant Formulae Made with Cow, Goat and Sheep Milk." Foods 13, no. 9 (April 23, 2024): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13091286.
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There are a wide range of commercial infant formulae available on the market. These are made using milk from different species, such as goat, sheep, and cow. The different protein compositions of these milks and the process used during infant-formulae manufacture, such as heat treatment, may impact the digestion of nutrients. This study compared the effect of protein composition and heat treatment on the in vitro gastric digestion behaviour of commercial infant formulae made with cow, goat, and sheep milk using a dynamic infant human gastric simulator (IHGS). During the simulated dynamic gastric digestion, the goat milk infant formula (GIF) showed earlier signs of aggregate formation compared to cow milk infant formula (CIF) and sheep milk infant formula (SIF). In addition, the microstructures of GIF chyme showed fragmented and porous structures. On the contrary, CIF formed dense protein networks that trapped oil droplets, whereas SIF exhibited a microstructure of smooth oil droplets surrounded by fewer protein networks. The different aggregation behaviours and aggregate structures of the three infant-formulae chyme were related to their different protein compositions, especially the different casein compositions. Furthermore, the open fragile structure of GIF aggregates provided easier access to pepsin, allowing it to hydrolyse protein. The results from the present study provided some information to assist in understanding the coagulation and digestion behaviours of commercial infant formulae made from different species of milk.
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Hao, Hu, Lixin Zhu, and Howard S. Faden. "The milk-based diet of infancy and the gut microbiome." Gastroenterology Report 7, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gastro/goz031.
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Abstract The composition and the diversity of the gut microbiome play a major role in the health and well-being of humans beginning at birth. The impact of the diet on the structure and the function of the gut microbiome is evident by the changes in the gut microbiome concurrent with the transition from human milk to solid food. Complex oligosaccharides contained in milk are essential nutrients for commensal microbes in the infant gut. The most important commensal bacterium in the infant gut, bifidobacterium, requires α1, 2 fucosylated oligosaccharides for growth. Because not all humans are able to secrete α1, 2 fucosylated oligosaccharides into milk, the gut microbiome of infants and bifidobacteria, in particular, vary considerably between ‘secretors’ and ‘non-secretors’. A paucity of α1, 2 fucosylated oligosaccharides and bifidobacteria in the gut of infants may be associated with poor health.