Relevant bibliographies by topics / Structure Infant

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Structure Infant'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 29 July 2024
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Structure Infant"

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Aly, Esmat, Gaspar Ros, and Carmen Frontela. "Structure and Functions of Lactoferrin as Ingredient in Infant Formulas." Journal of Food Research 2, no. 4 (June 21, 2013): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v2n4p25.

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It has been widely accepted that breastfeeding is the best food for newborns. Mother’s milk provides all the nutritive elements for normal growth and development of infants being considered the first functional food in life. Because it contains a variety of compounds playing a key role in the adequate feeding of newborns, such as oligosaccharides, probiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids and lactoferrin. Lactoferrin from human milk has been demonstrated to be responsible for the resistance of newborns to infections and also has many biological activities that are essential for an adequate health of infants. Recently, there is also a growing interest in the potential use of lactoferrin for the improvement of bone health and cancer prevention. Milk substitutes and infant formulas play a vital role in infant nutrition when the breastfeeding is not available. The design of infant formula is modeled on the composition of human milk and the current trend in the infant formulas manufacturing is looking to provide not only nutritional compounds but also similar functional effects than human milk.
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Liu, Qiwei, Yanhui Zhang, Simon G. Danby, Michael J. Cork, and Georgios N. Stamatas. "Infant Skin Barrier, Structure, and Enzymatic Activity Differ from Those of Adult in an East Asian Cohort." BioMed Research International 2018 (July 12, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1302465.

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Skin physiology is dynamically changing over the first years of postnatal life; however, ethnic variations are still unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize infant skin barrier function, epidermal structure, and desquamation-related enzymatic activity as compared to that of adult skin in an East Asian population. The skin properties of 52 infants (3-24 months) and 27 adults (20-40 years) were assessed by noninvasive methods at the dorsal forearm and upper inner arm. Transepidermal water loss and skin surface conductance values were higher and more dispersed for infants compared to adults. Infant skin surface pH was slightly lower than adult on the dorsal forearm. The infant SC and viable epidermis were thinner compared to adults with differences that were site-specific. Although the chymotrypsin-like activity for infant skin was comparable to adult level, the caseinolytic specific activity was significantly higher for the infant cohort. These observations indicate a differently controlled pattern of corneocyte desquamation in infants. In conclusion, structural and functional differences exist between infant and adult skin in the East Asian population pointing to dynamic maturation of the epidermal barrier early in life.
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Schipper, Lidewij, Gertjan van Dijk, and Eline M. van der Beek. "Milk lipid composition and structure; The relevance for infant brain development." OCL 27 (2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2020001.

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The neurocognitive development of infants can be positively associated with breastfeeding exclusivity and duration. Differences in dietary lipid quality between human milk and infant milk formula may contribute to this effect. In this review, we describe some of the known differences between human milk and infant milk formula in lipid quality, including fatty acid composition, complex lipids in the milk fat globule membrane as well as the physical properties of lipids and lipid globules. We describe some of the underlying mechanism by which these aspects of lipid quality are thought to modulate infant brain development such as differences in the supply and/or the bioavailability of lipids, lipid bound components and peripheral organ derived neurodevelopmental signals to the infant brain after ingestion and on longer term.
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Jiang, Xuan, Xiaoqiang Zou, Zhonghao Chao, and Xiuli Xu. "Preparation of Human Milk Fat Substitutes: A Review." Life 12, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12020187.

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Human milk is generally regarded as the best choice for infant feeding. Human milk fat (HMF) is one of the most complex natural lipids, with a unique fatty acid composition and distribution and complex lipid composition. Lipid intake in infants not only affects their energy intake but also affects their metabolic mode and overall development. Infant formula is the best substitute for human milk when breastfeeding is not possible. As the main energy source in infant formula, human milk fat substitutes (HMFSs) should have a composition similar to that of HMF in order to meet the nutritional needs of infant growth and development. At present, HMFS preparation mainly focuses on the simulation of fatty acid composition, the application of structured lipids and the addition of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) supplements. This paper first reviews the composition and structure of HMF, and then the preparation development of structured lipids and MFGM supplements are summarized. Additionally, the evaluation and regulation of HMFSs in infant formula are also presented.
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Williams, Janet E., Janae M. Carrothers, Kimberly A. Lackey, Nicola F. Beatty, Sarah L. Brooker, Haley K. Peterson, Katelyn M. Steinkamp, et al. "Strong Multivariate Relations Exist Among Milk, Oral, and Fecal Microbiomes in Mother-Infant Dyads During the First Six Months Postpartum." Journal of Nutrition 149, no. 6 (May 7, 2019): 902–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy299.

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ABSTRACT Background Neonatal gastrointestinal (GI) bacterial community structure may be related to bacterial communities of the mother, including those of her milk. However, very little is known about the diversity in and relationships among complex bacterial communities in mother-infant dyads. Objective Our primary objective was to assess whether microbiomes of milk are associated with those of oral and fecal samples of healthy lactating women and their infants. Methods Samples were collected 9 times from day 2 to 6 mo postpartum from 21 healthy lactating women and their infants. Milk was collected via complete breast expression, oral samples via swabs, and fecal samples from tissue (mothers) and diapers (infants). Microbiomes were characterized using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. Alpha and beta diversity indices were used to compare microbiomes across time and sample types. Membership and composition of microbiomes were analyzed using nonmetric multidimensional scaling and canonical correlation analysis (CCA). The contribution of various bacterial communities of the mother-infant dyad to both milk and infant fecal bacterial communities were estimated using SourceTracker2. Results Bacterial community structures were relatively unique to each sample type. The most abundant genus in milk and maternal and infant oral samples was Streptococcus (47.1% ± 2.3%, 53.9% ± 1.3%, and 69.1% ± 1.8%, respectively), whereas Bacteroides were predominant in maternal and infant fecal microbiomes (22.9% ± 1.3% and 21.4% ± 2.4%, respectively). The milk microbiome was more similar to the infant oral microbiome than the infant fecal microbiome. However, CCA suggested strong associations between the complex microbial communities of milk and those of all other sample types collected. Conclusions These findings suggest complex microbial interactions between breastfeeding mothers and their infants and support the hypothesis that variation in the milk microbiome may influence the infant GI microbiome.
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Hill, David R., Jo May Chow, and Rachael H. Buck. "Multifunctional Benefits of Prevalent HMOs: Implications for Infant Health." Nutrients 13, no. 10 (September 25, 2021): 3364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13103364.

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Breastfeeding is the best source of nutrition during infancy and is associated with a broad range of health benefits. However, there remains a significant and persistent need for innovations in infant formula that will allow infants to access a wider spectrum of benefits available to breastfed infants. The addition of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) to infant formulas represents the most significant innovation in infant nutrition in recent years. Although not a direct source of calories in milk, HMOs serve as potent prebiotics, versatile anti-infective agents, and key support for neurocognitive development. Continuing improvements in food science will facilitate production of a wide range of HMO structures in the years to come. In this review, we evaluate the relationship between HMO structure and functional benefits. We propose that infant formula fortification strategies should aim to recapitulate a broad range of benefits to support digestive health, immunity, and cognitive development associated with HMOs in breastmilk. We conclude that acetylated, fucosylated, and sialylated HMOs likely confer important health benefits through multiple complementary mechanisms of action.
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Van Parijs, Sofie, and Peter Corkeron. "ONTOGENY OF VOCALISATIONS IN INFANT BLACK FLYING FOXES, PTEROPUS ALECTO." Behaviour 139, no. 9 (2002): 1111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685390260437281.

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AbstractMost mega and microchiropteran bats live in large colonial roosts where potential intermingling of mother-infant pairs places immediate demands on their recognition systems. In microchiropteran bats, infants produce distinct isolation calls that appear to become less complex in structure in the latter stages of lactation. This results in a reduction in the capacity of females to locate their infants. Similar recognition pressures exist for both suborders therefore it might be expected that they would exhibit similarities in their vocal development. This study quantifies the vocal characteristics of infant black flying foxes, Pteropus alecto, to assess vocal development in this species. Recordings were made of 21 infants, nine males and twelve females, between 1 and 35 days in age. As in microchiropteran bats, infant black flying foxes produce individually distinctive calls, which persist throughout lactation. Unlike microchiropterans, calls remained stable in structure throughout lactation. Individuals produced one of three distinctive isolation call types. Whether mothers use this variation to recognise patches of infants that include their own within a camp or to locate their own infants requires further study.
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Ruggiero, Cara F., Emily E. Hohman, Leann L. Birch, Ian M. Paul, and Jennifer S. Savage. "The Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories (INSIGHT) responsive parenting intervention for firstborns impacts feeding of secondborns." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 111, no. 1 (November 29, 2019): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz277.

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ABSTRACT Background The Intervention Nurses Start Infant Growing on Healthy Trajectories (INSIGHT) study's responsive parenting (RP) intervention, initiated in early infancy, prevented the use of nonresponsive, controlling feeding practices and promoted use of structure-based feeding among first-time parents compared with controls. Objectives We sought to examine the spillover effect of the RP intervention on maternal feeding practices with their secondborn (SB) infants enrolled in an observational-only study, SIBSIGHT, and to test the moderating effect of spacing of births. Methods SB infants of mothers participating in the INSIGHT study were enrolled into the observation-only ancillary study, SIBSIGHT. SBs were healthy singleton infants ≥36 weeks of gestation. Infant feeding practices (i.e., food to soothe, structure vs. control-based practices) were assessed using validated questionnaires: Babies Need Soothing Questionnaire, Infant Feeding Styles Questionnaire, and the Structure and Control in Parent Feeding Questionnaire. Results SBs (n = 117 [RP: 57, control: 60]; 43% male) were delivered 2.5 ± 0.8 y after firstborns (FBs). At age 1 y, the Structure and Control in Parent Feeding Questionnaire revealed that the mothers in the RP group used more consistent feeding routines (4.19 [0.43] compared with 3.77 [0.62], P = 0.0006, Cohen's D: 0.69) compared with control group mothers. From the Infant Feeding Styles Questionnaire, RP group mothers also used less nonresponsive, controlling feeding practices such as pressuring their SB infant to finish (1.81 [0.52] compared with 2.24 [0.68], P = 0.001, Cohen's D: 0.68) compared with controls. In contrast to our hypotheses, no differences were detected in bottle-feeding practices such as putting to bed with a bottle/sippy cup or adding cereal to the bottle, despite observing study group differences in FBs. Spacing of births did not moderate intervention effects. Conclusions RP guidance given to mothers of FBs may prevent the use of some nonresponsive, controlling feeding practices while establishing consistent feeding routines in subsequent siblings.
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Falcão, Mário Cícero. "Dinâmica da composição lipídica das fórmulas infantis e suas implicações clínicas." Braspen Journal 35, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 294–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.37111/braspenj.2020353015.

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In human milk, the role of lipids as a source for the adequate growth and development of the infant is highlighted. The lipidic system of breast milk, responsible for approximately 50% of calories, is structured for the newborn and the infant. Digestion and absorption of lipids are facilitated by the organization of fat, the type of fatty acid (palmitic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids, etc.), the composition of triglycerides and the lipase stimulated by bile salts. In addition, milk contains docosahexaenoic acid, which allows optimal neurological and immunological development. Although the lipid structure of breast milk is extremely complex, it should serve as a model for the dynamics of the lipid composition of infant formulas. The addition of long-chain fatty acids (arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids) linked to phospholipids in infant formulas can contribute to a better development of infants, as well as acting on the immune system and metabolic imprinting, reducing the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. Infants receiving formulas with palmitic acid in theß-2 position have a higher lactobacillus count in the feces, when compared to those receiving formulas with palmitic acid in the ß-1 and ß-3 positions, promoting the maintenance of intestinal eubiosis. Infants receiving formulas with ß-2 palmitic acid present bone health similar to infants breastfeeding, as fecal calcium loss does not occur.
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Amankwaa, Adansi A. "Prior and proximate causes of infant survival in Ghana, with special attention to polygyny." Journal of Biosocial Science 28, no. 3 (July 1996): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000022355.

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SummaryThis study examines the role of marriage form in infant mortality and tests the relative effects and mechanisms through which polygyny affects infant survival. A sample of infants born in the 5 years preceding the 1988 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey was used. A causal model was constructed and polygyny was found to be an important mediating factor in understanding infant survival. The findings highlight the relevance of family structure (polygyny) as an intervening factor, but also reveal the complex role of ethnicity, dietary supplement and birth interval in accounting for infant survival.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Structure Infant"

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Longhi, Elena. "The temporal structure of mother-infant interactions in musical contexts." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23093.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the nature of temporal structure in mother-infant interactions in musical contexts. Although in the last decade there has been an increase in infant perception of music and maternal singing, little is known about the nature of mother-infant interaction in contexts where mothers sing or play taped music to their infants. This research has several foci: 1) to examine the tempos used by mothers in songs and taped music, as well as the temporal structure of the mothers’ songs, paying particular attention to metrical and phrasing structure; 2) to measure the amount and kinds of behaviours produced by the partners of the dyad during musical interaction, with attention to their level of activity and their cyclical behaviours, as well as their communicative-affective behaviours and the infants’ emotional states and degree of engagement; 3) to analyse the extent and precision of the partners’ synchronisation of their behaviours with self, the musical beat and the other partner; 4) to compare the results of interactions based around songs with those based around taped music. This is an exploratory study which applies a qualitative, micro-analytic observational method to 4 mother-infant dyads: two English-speaking mothers (ES) and two Gaelic-speaking mothers (GS). Two datasets of musical interactions are examined in detail. One includes interactions based around songs and was obtained by asking mothers to sing songs to their 3-4 month-old infants in two contexts: no-touch (where they were asked not to touch their infants) and touch (where they were permitted to touch their infants), and to sing to their 7-8 month-olds in the touch context. The second dataset includes interactions based around taped music and was acquired by asking mothers to play to their 4-5 month-old infants what they considered to be the infant’s favourite music and their own favourite music in two contexts: no-touch and touch. One of the most important discoveries from the thesis is with respect to hierarchical structure. A detailed analysis of the temporal structure of the songs revealed that mothers emphasise the metrical and phrasing structure of their songs, both acoustically through their singing, and behaviourally by synchronising their physical and communicative-affective behaviours with the beats relevant to the temporal structure of the song.
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Abou-Chadi, Fa. "The signal structure of infant long-term epidemiological and physiological records." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/37914.

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Shaabeth, Samar Ali. "Establishing a fluid-structure interaction platform for investigating infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2018. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/114779/.

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Improved knowledge of blood flow during CPR will provide a platform to understand how to optimise chest compression strategies, to maximise the success of this life-critical intervention. Modelling the human circulatory system remains, however, a very difficult and challenging task because of its complexity and heterogeneity, both geometrically and functionally. The work in this thesis presents the simulation process developed for subjectspecific blood flow modelling of porcine left ventricle during a simulated CPR compression. The building of the process chain required for the computations was described. The workflow consists of the fine segmentation of porcine CT data, extraction and processing of the 3D geometrical model, generation of high-quality controlled surface and volume meshes, definition of appropriate physical models, setting of realistic boundary conditions, and finally evaluation of the simulations. Aspects involving the computational stability and material characterisations essential for reliable computations were presented. Further, the integration of the individual steps into ANSYS including automation of the process, optimisation and the individualisation of the simulations, indispensable for a clinical implementation of such a subject-specific system, were described. Subject-specific model velocity profile of the blood flow from the outlet gave a similar velocity profile and magnitude expected from a first compression of the left ventricle in a resting state. Moreover, the velocity obtained from the experimental validation model agreed relatively well with that of the computational model giving the proposed model validity to be used in the investigation of the LV blood flow during compression. The simulated blood viscosity profile agreed strongly with the literature blood non-Newtonian profile. The experimental results of the present physical model agreed relatively well with the data from the computational model regarding the deformation of the structural part along with the velocity magnitude. Despite the fact that the biaxial data showed that the stiffness of the 3D printed material was found to be lower than the tissue in the very low strain rate, the preliminary FSI model material loading during the simulation was more significant for the choice of the hyperelastic material model. The outcomes of this research achieved the aim of implementing a fully coupled FSI method for the design and optimization of a porcine infant left ventricle during a simulated CPR compression. This model is considered a platform for investigating infant CPR chest compression efficacy.
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Mendoza, Jennifer. "Characterizing the Structure of Infants' Everyday Musical Input." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23763.

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Infants acculturate to their soundscape over the first year of life (e.g., Hannon & Trehub, 2005a; Werker & Tees, 1984). This perceptual tuning of early auditory skills requires integrating across experiences that repeat and vary in content and are distributed in time. Music is part of this soundscape, yet little is known about the real-world musical input available to infants as they begin learning sounds, melodies, rhythms, and words. In this dissertation, we collected and analyzed a first-of-its-kind corpus of music identified in day-long audio recordings of 6- to 12-month-old infants and their caregivers in their natural, at-home environments. We characterized the structure of this input in terms of key distributional and temporal properties that shape learning in many domains (e.g., Oakes & Spalding, 1997; Roy et al., 2015; Vlach et al., 2008; Weisleder & Fernald, 2013). This everyday sensory input serves as the data available for infants to aggregate in order to build knowledge about music. We discovered that infants encountered nearly an hour of cumulative music per day distributed across multiple instances. Infants encountered many different tunes and voices in their daily music. Within this diverse range, infants encountered consistency, such that some tunes and voices were more available than others in infants’ everyday musical input. The proportion of music produced by live voices varied widely across infants. As infants progressed in time through their days, they encountered many music instances close together in time as well as some music instances separated by much longer lulls. This bursty temporal pattern also characterized how infants encountered instances of their top tune and their top voice – the specific tune and specific voice that occurred for the longest cumulative duration in each infant’s day. Finally, infants encountered many pairs of consecutive music bouts with repeated content – the same unique tune or the same unique voice. Taken together, we discovered that infants’ everyday musical input was more consistent than random in both content and time across infants’ days at home. These findings have potential to inform theory and future research examining how the nature of early music experience shapes infants’ early learning.
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Jubran, Rachel. "Body Part Structure Knowledge in Infancy." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/98.

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Human faces, bodies, and hands convey critical social information (e.g., emotions, goals, and desires). Infants, like adults, are sensitive to such social information. Unlike infants’ knowledge of the structure of the human face and body, not much is known about infants’ knowledge of hands and feet. The current study tested infants for their preference between intact hand images and ones in which the same hands were distorted (i.e., location of at least one finger was altered to distort the typical structure of the hand). Infants at 3.5 months of age had a preference for the reorganized hand image, demonstrating that 3.5-month-olds have sufficient knowledge of the configural properties of hands to discriminate between intact versus distorted images. Furthermore, when the same images were inverted, infants displayed no such preference, indicating that infants were not relying solely on low-level features to detect differences between intact versus reorganized hands. Contrastingly, when shown images of intact and reorganized feet, even 9-month-olds did not exhibit evidence of sensitivity to structural disruptions in images of feet. These results indicate that infants’ structural knowledge of hands, but not necessarily feet, develops along the same trajectory as their knowledge of faces and bodies.
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Dixon, Wallace E. Jr, and P. Hull Smith. "Who's Controlling Whom? Infant Contributions to Maternal Play Behavior." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.283.

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Because the way mothers play with their children may have significant impacts on children's social, cognitive, and linguistic development, researchers have become interested in potential predictors of maternal play. In the present study, 40 mother–infant dyads were followed from child age 5–20 months. Five-month habituation rate and 13 and 20 month temperamental difficulty were found to be predictive of maternal play quality at 20 months. The most parsimonious theoretical model was one in which habituation was mediated by temperamental difficulty in predicting mother play. Consistent with prior speculation in the literature, these data support the possibility that mothers adjust some aspects of their play behaviors to fit their children's cognitive and temperamental capabilities.
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Munson, Jeffrey A. "Structure and variability in the developmental trajectory of children's externalizing problems : impact of child sex, infant attachment, and maternal depression /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8993.

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Sterling, John W. (John Wilson). "Mother-Infant Interaction with Facially Deformed Infants." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331799/.

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This study investigated the interactions of facially deformed infants (FD) with their mothers compared to a facially nondeformed control group (FND). All mother-infant dyads were videotaped for 10 minutes during a free play period. Mothers were instructed to spend time with their baby as they normally would. The videotaped interactions of 14 FD dyads and 14 FND dyads were rated by five raters for quality of interactions, amount of vocalization, touch, and face-to-face gaze. The infants were rated on their level of attractiveness from polaroid pictures and videotapes. Mothers also completed a questionnaire which assessed their infants' temperament. Three of the studies' four hypotheses were confirmed. First, the more attractive an infant was, the better his/her interactions with the mother were judged to be. Second, FD infant dyads were rated as significantly poorer in quality of interaction than FND dyads, although FD* dyads did not spend significantly less time vocalizing, touching, or in face-to-face gaze as predicted. A significantly higher percentage of FD infants were judged as having difficult temperament relative to FND infants. Finally, as predicted it was found that infants with difficult temperaments were more likely to exhibit poorer quality interactions than infants with less difficult temperaments. These results have important implications for providing anticipatory guidance to caregivers of FD infants. Without intervention, FD infants appear at risk for subsequent developmental problems stemming from disrupted early mother-infant interactions. Future research should focus on these interactions soon after the infant's birth, attempt to determine if FD infants' emotions can be reliably understood from their facial expressions (as has been found in normal infants) and extend the current research paradigm to include fathers of FD infants.
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Laing, David. "A semiquantitative and qualitative histopathologic assessment of the effect of type II intrauterine growth retardation on the structure of the carotid bodies in fetuses and neonates." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25811.

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The major physiological function of the carotid body is to respond to a low partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic arterial blood. The structure and functions of the adult carotid body have been extensively investigated over the past fifteen years. However, the carotid body in children has been relatively neglected with only a handful of studies being performed. To date, no study has been undertaken to investigate the effects of intrauterine hypoxia on the carotid body of foetuses. Clinically, intrauterine growth retardation has been ascribed, amongst other causes, to placental insufficiency that results in chronic hypoxia in the fetus. Intrauterine growth retardation can be divided into two types: - Type I (symmetrical) and type II (asymmetrical). In Type II intrauterine growth retardation, growth retardation does not become clinically evident until the third trimester. There is relative brain sparing with a greater deprivation in the size of abdominal organs, such as the liver and the kidneys. Previous studies have shown that there is no correlation between volume of the carotid body and hypoxia in children. However, Heath et al. made the observation that there are three variants of chief cells (progenitor, light and dark) within the carotid body and that an increase in the relative percentage of the dark subtype is an indicator of hypoxia. Using this observation, the present study set out to test two hypotheses: Firstly, whether the carotid body is functional in utero; and secondly whether there are any objective morphological changes in the carotid bodies of fetuses that have been subjected to intrauterine growth retardation. The carotid bodies from 72 fetuses with a gestational age between thirty and forty weeks were removed from the archived autopsy material, and differential cell counts were performed of the various cells present within the carotid bodies, using haematoxylin and eosin stained sections of the carotid bodies. The cases were assigned to three groups: - I) cases that had clinical and pathological evidence of intrauterine growth retardation, 2) negative controls and 3) positive controls. The three main groups were categorised as follows: -: (1) Intrauterine growth retardation (all cases with a weight for gestational age that is below the tenth centile and a brain to liver ratio of greater than four.) (2) Negative controls (all cases in whom there is a normal weight for age, a brain to liver ratio of less than three and no histological evidence of an episode of significant hypoxia before death). (3) Positive controls (all cases in whom there was clinically significant hypoxia present before death). The groups comprised of: 20 hypoxic positive controls, 15 negative controls, and 16 test cases which had suffered from intrauterine growth retardation. The remaining 21 cases were 7 dysmorphic infants, 3 congenital infection cases (congenital syphilis) and 11 cases that fitted the negative control criteria but had suffered significant hypoxia, thus excluding them from that category. The results showed that no significant difference was present in the percentage of sustentacular cells between any of the three groups. The results of the percentage of dark chief cells were as follows: l) mean percentage of dark chief cells in the intrauterine growth retardation group was 21.1 ±10.9%. 2) mean percentage of dark chief cells in the negative controls was 12.3 ±7.3%. 3) mean percentage of dark chief cells in the positive controls was 21.2 ±9.8%. A significant difference was present between the intrauterine growth retardation cases and the negative controls p=0.013, and between the positive and negative controls p=0.006. The dark chief cell count in the intrauterine growth retardation group showed no significant difference from the positive controls. No age-related difference appeared to be present in any of the groups. The conclusions reached are: a) Clinical hypoxia correlates with morphological changes in the carotid body, manifesting as an increase in the percentage of dark chief cells. b) intrauterine growth retardation cases show similar morphological changes in the carotid body to cases that have suffered from clinical hypoxia. c) therefore, by deduction intrauterine growth retardation fetuses have probably also been exposed to significant hypoxia while in utero. d) the fact that morphological changes in response to hypoxia are occurring in the carotid bodies of fetuses is an indication that the carotid body may be functional in utero. The results of the study indicate that a dark chief cell percentage of greater than 20% indicates that the fetus has been subjected to significant hypoxia, while a percentage of less than 10% indicates that it has not. A percentage of between 10 and 20% is unhelpful in determining whether hypoxia has taken place. The results of this study indicate that histological examination of the carotid bodies in neonates suspected of intrauterine growth retardation could be a useful additional means of assessment.
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Halabi, Amira. "Formules infantiles modèles : relation entre structures protéiques et comportement en digestion." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NSARB340.

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Les traitements thermiques appliqués pendant la fabrication des préparations pour nourrissons (PPNs) peuvent altérer les structures des protéines et donc leur comportement au cours de la digestion. L'objectif de ce projet de thèse était d'étudier la relation entre la structure des protéines au sein de PPNs modèles et leur comportement au cours de leur digestion in vitro.Trois PPNs modèles ont été développées, se différenciant par leur profil en protéines du lactosérum (PS) afin de se rapprocher du profil protéique du lait maternel. Les PPNs, avec différentes teneurs en matière sèche et donc concentration protéique (1.3% ou 5.5%), ont été traitées thermiquement entre 67.5°C et 80°C. La cinétique de dénaturation thermique des PS a été étudiée puis les structures protéiques générées ont été caractérisées pour un même taux de dénaturation des PS (65%).La cinétique de digestion protéique a été évaluée en digestion in vitro statique puis dynamique, simulant les conditions physiologiques du nourrisson.Les résultats ont montré que la cinétique de dénaturation des PS était ralentie pour la PPN proche du lait maternel, de par l’absence de ß-LG et ce indépendamment de la teneur en matière sèche. Pour un même taux de dénaturation des PS, la structure protéique des PPNs variait selon la composition protéique des PPNs, leur teneur en matière sèche et les conditions thermiques, ce qui, in fine, impactait le devenir des protéines au cours de la digestion in vitro.La structure des protéines pourrait donc être un levier pour l’optimisation des PPNs. Ces résultats doivent être complétés par l'évaluation de l'impact physiologique de ces différentes structures
The heat treatments applied during the manufacture of infant milk formulas (IMFs) may alter the protein structures and so their behaviour during digestion. The aim of this PhD project was to study the relationship between protein structure within model IMFs and their behaviour during in vitro digestion.Three model IMFs were formulated, differing only in their whey protein (WP) profile to be as close as possible to the protein profile of human milk. The IMFs, with different dry matter contents and therefore protein concentration (1.3% or 5.5%), were heat-treated between 67.5°C and 80°C. The kinetics of heat-induced WP denaturation were studied, then the protein structures generated were characterised for an identical extent of WP denaturation (65%). The kinetics of protein hydrolysis were evaluated using static then dynamic in vitro digestion methods at the infant stage.The results showed that the denaturation kinetics of WPs were slowed down for IMF close to human milk, due to the absence of ß-LG, regardless of the dry matter content. For an identical extent of WP denaturation, the heat-induced protein structures varied according to the protein profile, the dry matter of IMFs, and the heating conditions, which ultimately impacted the protein behaviour during in vitro digestion.The protein structure could therefore be a lever for the IMF optimisation. These results must be complemented by the evaluation of the physiological impact of these different structures
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Books on the topic "Structure Infant"

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I, Maibach Howard, and Boisits Edward K. 1944-, eds. Neonatal skin: Structure and function. 2nd ed. New York: M. Dekker, 2003.

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Iris, Levin, ed. Stage and structure: Reopening the debate. Norwood, N.J: Ablex Pub. Corp., 1986.

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Pinker, Steven. Learnability and cognition: The acquisition of argument structure. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1989.

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DaVanzo, Julie. Infant mortality decline in Malaysia, 1946-1975: The roles of changes in variables and changes in the structure of relationships. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1986.

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Howe, Christine. Conceptual structure in childhood and adolescence: The case of everyday physics. London: Routledge, 1998.

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al-ʻUmūmīyah, Morocco Wizārat al-Ṣiḥḥah. Audit des structures d'accouchement: Rapport national. [Rabat]: Le Ministère, 2009.

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F, Halverson Charles, Kohnstamm Geldolph A. 1937-, and Martin Roy 1943-, eds. The Developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1994.

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J, López Guzmán Rafael, ed. Villanueva de los Infantes: Conjunto histórico. [Toledo, Spain]: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, 1993.

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Samuels, Susan K. Clinical evaluations of school-aged children: A structured approach to the diagnosis of child and adolescent mental disorders. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange, 1990.

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Samuels, Susan K. Clinical evaluations of school-aged children: A structured approach to the diagnosis of child and adolescent mental disorders. 2nd ed. Sarasota, Fla: Professional Resource Press, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Structure Infant"

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Alwakeel, Suaad S., May Bin-Jumah, Khansa Imam, Marius Moga, and Nicu Bigiu. "Carotenoids in Women and Infant Health." In Carotenoids: Structure and Function in the Human Body, 757–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46459-2_25.

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Sethi, S. Prakash. "Worldwide Infant Formula Sales, Markets, and Industry Structure." In Issues in Business Ethics, 125–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1394-6_9.

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Zahavi, Dan. "3. The embodied self-awareness of the infant: A challenge to the theory of mind?" In The Structure and Development of Self-Consciousness, 35. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aicr.59.05zah.

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Bryan, Yvonne E., and John D. Newman. "Influence of Infant Cry Structure on the Heart Rate of the Listener." In The Physiological Control of Mammalian Vocalization, 413–32. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1051-8_22.

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Kozaki, Shunji, Teiichi Nishiki, Shoji Nakaue, Yoichi Kamata, and Genji Sakaguchi. "Antigenic Structure of Botulinum Neurotoxins: Similarity and Dissimilarity to the Toxin Associated with Infant Botulism." In Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins, 437–48. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9542-4_48.

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Rekik, Islem, Gang Li, Guorong Wu, Weili Lin, and Dinggang Shen. "Prediction of Infant MRI Appearance and Anatomical Structure Evolution Using Sparse Patch-Based Metamorphosis Learning Framework." In Patch-Based Techniques in Medical Imaging, 197–204. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28194-0_24.

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Lin, Lin, Nan Yu, Tao Wang, and Chien-Sheng Chiu. "An Introduction to the Structure of Middleware in RFID Based System: the Application to the Infant Protection." In IFMBE Proceedings, 1302–4. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29305-4_341.

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Sunderasan, Srinivasan. "Infant Industry and Incentive Structures." In Rational Exuberance for Renewable Energy, 1–5. London: Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-212-4_1.

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Knapp, Roger D., and T. William Hutchens. "Maternal Lactoferrin in the Urine of Preterm Infants." In Lactoferrin Structure and Function, 177–81. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2548-6_17.

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Peters, Robert Thomas, and Michael Singh. "Congenital parenchymal structural lung lesions: cysts, emphysema and sequestration." In Respiratory Diseases of the Newborn Infant, 164–78. Sheffield, United Kingdom: European Respiratory Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/2312508x.10014220.

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Conference papers on the topic "Structure Infant"

1

Azarnoosh, Jamasp, and Fatemeh Hassanipour. "Fluid-Structure Interaction Simulation of Lactating Human Breast." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2019 8th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2019-4845.

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Abstract Extracting milk during breastfeeding is not only caused by intra-oral vacuum pressure by the infant suckling but also is the periodic motion of the infant’s jaw, which is the focus of this study. A Fluid-structure interaction simulation provides a better understanding of the milk flow behavior in the human breast ductal system as the breast interacts with the infant’s oral cavity and jaws. Simulations were performed from the instance of latching and continued for two cycles of periodic tongue motion. The negative vacuum pressure profile was measured from the clinical data and applied in the simulation. The nipple dimensions were obtained using ultrasound images and used as boundary conditions in the simulation. The effect of vacuum pressure and the peripheral pressure on the milk flow behavior in breast ductal system were studied individually. It was observed that the deformation of the ductal system has a critical impact on milk flow behavior and the amount of expressed milk.
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Kalashnikova, Marina, and Cristina Naranjo. "Prosody in bilingual caregiver’s infant-directed speech: Cues for infants’ acquisition of their languages’ intonational structure." In Speech Prosody 2022. ISCA: ISCA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/speechprosody.2022-78.

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Kumaresan, Srirangam, Anthony Sances, John Hutchinson, and Keith Friedman. "Biomechanical Analysis of Pediatric Impact Head Injury: A 3-D Finite Element Modeling Approach." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/bed-23102.

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Abstract Infants and young children sustain head injury during falls and motor vehicle crashes. A better biomechanical understanding assists to mitigate the head injury in the pediatric population. A three-dimensional finite element model of an infant head was developed. The model included the cranial bone, sutures, fontanelles, brain and foramen magnum. The infant head was impacted with a stationary wall structure. Three types of walls (padded and unpadded flat walls, and unpadded cavity/edge wall) were used. The polypropylene and rigid materials were defined for the wall. Each analysis was conducted at an impact velocity of 6.7 and 8.9 m/sec. The cranial bone of the infant head sustained lower strain during the impact with the padded flat wall. The strain in the cranial bone increased considerably when the padding was removed. A further increase in the strain was observed during the impact with the unpadded cavity/edge wall. While the strain in the cranial bone was diffused under the padded flat wall impact, it was more concentrated under the unpadded cavity/edge wall impact condition.
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Leong, Victoria, Marina Kalashnikova, Denis Burnham, and Usha Goswami. "Infant-directed speech enhances temporal rhythmic structure in the envelope." In Interspeech 2014. ISCA: ISCA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2014-549.

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Warburton, David. "Structure and function of the newborn mouse versus human infant lung." In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa4187.

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Saito, Daisuke, Satoshi Asakawa, Nobuaki Minematsu, and Keikichi Hirose. "Structure to speech conversion - speech generation based on infant-like vocal imitation." In Interspeech 2008. ISCA: ISCA, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2008-178.

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Jiang, Lin, Diana L. Alatalo, Donna T. Geddes, and Fatemeh Hassanipour. "A Clinical Experiment on Infant Applied Pressures During Breastfeeding." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87674.

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Breastfeeding provides both nutrients and immunities necessary for infant growth. Understanding the biomechanics of breastfeeding requires capturing both positive and negative pressures exerted by infants on the breast. This clinical experimental work utilizes thin, flexible pressure sensors to capture the positive oral pressures of 7 mother-infant dyads during breastfeeding while simultaneously measuring vacuum pressures and imaging of the infants oral cavity movement via ultrasound. Methods for denoising signals and evaluating ultrasound images are discussed. Changes and deformations on the nipple are evaluated. The results reveal that pressure from the infant’s maxilla and mandible are evenly distributed in an oscillatory pattern corresponding to the vacuum pressure patterns. Variations in nipple dimensions are considerably smaller than variations in either pressure but the ultrasound shows positive pressure dominates structural changes during breastfeeding. Clinical implications for infant-led milk expression and data processing are discussed.
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Chao, Fei, Haixiong Lin, Min Jiang, Minghui Shi, and Jinying Chao. "Integration of brain-like computational structure and infant behaviorial pattern for robotic hand-eye coordination." In 2012 12th International Conference on Control Automation Robotics & Vision (ICARCV 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icarcv.2012.6485141.

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Corda, John Valerian, Mohammad Zuber, Kamarul Arifin Ahmad, Leslie Lewis, and Prakashini Koteshwar. "A computational fluid dynamics study on the airflow patterns in infant and adult." In PHYSICAL MESOMECHANICS OF CONDENSED MATTER: Physical Principles of Multiscale Structure Formation and the Mechanisms of Nonlinear Behavior: MESO2022. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0144744.

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Tribak, Ibtissam Ghailan, Judit Ciarrusta, Chiara Santolin, Fen Zhang, Xavi Mayoral, Armando Quetzalcóatl Angulo-Chavira, Judit Gervain, et al. "Perception of speech structures in six month-old infants: a multimodal study." In Clinical and Translational Biophotonics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/translational.2024.js4a.30.

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Functional diffuse correlation spectroscopy (fDCS) and electroencephalography (EEG) based platform is implemented to study language perception in six months-old infants for the first time as an infant-friendly multimodal tool for neuroimaging.
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Reports on the topic "Structure Infant"

1

Kuehne, Sven E., Dedre Gentner, and Kenneth D. Forbus. Modeling Infant Learning via Symbolic Structural Alignment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada466006.

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Fuelberth, August, Madison Story, Adam Smith, and Megan Tooker. Historic architecture and landscape inventory for Gordon Lakes Golf Club, Fort Gordon, Georgia. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46892.

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The US Congress codified the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA), through establishing the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The NHPA requires federal agencies to address their cultural resources, which are defined as any prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object. Section 110 of the NHPA requires federal agencies to inventory and evaluate their cultural resources, and Section 106 requires them to determine the effect of federal undertakings on those potentially eligible for the NRHP. Fort Gordon is located in northeast Georgia, directly west of Augusta-Richmond. It was first established as Camp Gordon during WWII for infantry and armor training. It has been known as Fort Gordon since 1956. This report provides historic context and recommends eligibility determinations for 24 buildings, structures, and landscapes associated with the Gordon Lakes Golf Club constructed between 1975 and 2009. The report recommends two Real Property landscapes (the Golf Driving Range and 18-Hole Golf Course including Gordon Lake) and one structure (Gordon Lake Dam) are eligible for the NRHP. The other 21 buildings and structures are recommended Not Eligible. Consulting with the Georgia State Historic Preservation Officer, this work fulfills Section 110 requirements for these buildings, structures, and landscapes.
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Harris, Brian C. Relevance of Army National Guard Infantry Units in the Force Structure and Their Role in Combat. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada423614.

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de Kemp, E. A., H. A. J. Russell, B. Brodaric, D. B. Snyder, M. J. Hillier, M. St-Onge, C. Harrison, et al. Initiating transformative geoscience practice at the Geological Survey of Canada: Canada in 3D. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331097.

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Application of 3D technologies to the wide range of Geosciences knowledge domains is well underway. These have been operationalized in workflows of the hydrocarbon sector for a half-century, and now in mining for over two decades. In Geosciences, algorithms, structured workflows and data integration strategies can support compelling Earth models, however challenges remain to meet the standards of geological plausibility required for most geoscientific studies. There is also missing links in the institutional information infrastructure supporting operational multi-scale 3D data and model development. Canada in 3D (C3D) is a vision and road map for transforming the Geological Survey of Canada's (GSC) work practice by leveraging emerging 3D technologies. Primarily the transformation from 2D geological mapping, to a well-structured 3D modelling practice that is both data-driven and knowledge-driven. It is tempting to imagine that advanced 3D computational methods, coupled with Artificial Intelligence and Big Data tools will automate the bulk of this process. To effectively apply these methods there is a need, however, for data to be in a well-organized, classified, georeferenced (3D) format embedded with key information, such as spatial-temporal relations, and earth process knowledge. Another key challenge for C3D is the relative infancy of 3D geoscience technologies for geological inference and 3D modelling using sparse and heterogeneous regional geoscience information, while preserving the insights and expertise of geoscientists maintaining scientific integrity of digital products. In most geological surveys, there remains considerable educational and operational challenges to achieve this balance of digital automation and expert knowledge. Emerging from the last two decades of research are more efficient workflows, transitioning from cumbersome, explicit (manual) to reproducible implicit semi-automated methods. They are characterized by integrated and iterative, forward and reverse geophysical modelling, coupled with stratigraphic and structural approaches. The full impact of research and development with these 3D tools, geophysical-geological integration and simulation approaches is perhaps unpredictable, but the expectation is that they will produce predictive, instructive models of Canada's geology that will be used to educate, prioritize and influence sustainable policy for stewarding our natural resources. On the horizon are 3D geological modelling methods spanning the gulf between local and frontier or green-fields, as well as deep crustal characterization. These are key components of mineral systems understanding, integrated and coupled hydrological modelling and energy transition applications, e.g. carbon sequestration, in-situ hydrogen mining, and geothermal exploration. Presented are some case study examples at a range of scales from our efforts in C3D.
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de Kemp, E. A., H. A. J. Russell, B. Brodaric, D. B. Snyder, M. J. Hillier, M. St-Onge, C. Harrison, et al. Initiating transformative geoscience practice at the Geological Survey of Canada: Canada in 3D. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331871.

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Application of 3D technologies to the wide range of Geosciences knowledge domains is well underway. These have been operationalized in workflows of the hydrocarbon sector for a half-century, and now in mining for over two decades. In Geosciences, algorithms, structured workflows and data integration strategies can support compelling Earth models, however challenges remain to meet the standards of geological plausibility required for most geoscientific studies. There is also missing links in the institutional information infrastructure supporting operational multi-scale 3D data and model development. Canada in 3D (C3D) is a vision and road map for transforming the Geological Survey of Canada's (GSC) work practice by leveraging emerging 3D technologies. Primarily the transformation from 2D geological mapping, to a well-structured 3D modelling practice that is both data-driven and knowledge-driven. It is tempting to imagine that advanced 3D computational methods, coupled with Artificial Intelligence and Big Data tools will automate the bulk of this process. To effectively apply these methods there is a need, however, for data to be in a well-organized, classified, georeferenced (3D) format embedded with key information, such as spatial-temporal relations, and earth process knowledge. Another key challenge for C3D is the relative infancy of 3D geoscience technologies for geological inference and 3D modelling using sparse and heterogeneous regional geoscience information, while preserving the insights and expertise of geoscientists maintaining scientific integrity of digital products. In most geological surveys, there remains considerable educational and operational challenges to achieve this balance of digital automation and expert knowledge. Emerging from the last two decades of research are more efficient workflows, transitioning from cumbersome, explicit (manual) to reproducible implicit semi-automated methods. They are characterized by integrated and iterative, forward and reverse geophysical modelling, coupled with stratigraphic and structural approaches. The full impact of research and development with these 3D tools, geophysical-geological integration and simulation approaches is perhaps unpredictable, but the expectation is that they will produce predictive, instructive models of Canada's geology that will be used to educate, prioritize and influence sustainable policy for stewarding our natural resources. On the horizon are 3D geological modelling methods spanning the gulf between local and frontier or green-fields, as well as deep crustal characterization. These are key components of mineral systems understanding, integrated and coupled hydrological modelling and energy transition applications, e.g. carbon sequestration, in-situ hydrogen mining, and geothermal exploration. Presented are some case study examples at a range of scales from our efforts in C3D.
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Perera, Duminda, Vladimir Smakhtin, Spencer Williams, Taylor North, and Allen Curry. Ageing Water Storage Infrastructure: An Emerging Global Risk. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/qsyl1281.

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The Report provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the ageing of large dams –an emerging global development issue as tens of thousands of existing large dams have reached or exceeded an “alert” age threshold of 50 years, and many others will soon approach 100 years. These aged structures incur rapidly rising maintenance needs and costs while simultaneously declining their effectiveness and posing potential threats to human safety and the environment. The Report analyzes large dam construction trends across major geographical regions and primary dam functions, such as water supply, irrigation, flood control, hydropower, and recreation. Analysis of existing global datasets indicates that despite plans in some regions and countries to build more water storage dams, particularly for hydropower generation, there will not be another “dam revolution” to match the scale of the high-intensity dam construction experienced in the early to middle, 20th century. At the same time, many of the large dams constructed then are aging, and hence we are already experiencing a “mass ageing” of water storage infrastructure. The Report further explores the emerging practice of decommissioning ageing dams, which can be removal or re-operation, to address issues of ensuring public safety, escalating maintenance costs, reservoir sedimentation, and restoration of a natural river ecosystem. Decommissioning becomes the option if economic and practical limitations prevent a dam from being upgraded or if its original use has become obsolete. The cost of dam removal is estimated to be an order of magnitude less than that of repairing. The Report also gives an overview of dam decommissioning’s socio-economic impacts, including those on local livelihoods, heritage, property value, recreation, and aesthetics. Notably, the nature of these impacts varies significantly between low- and high-income countries. The Report shows that while dam decommissioning is a relatively recent phenomenon, it is gaining pace in the USA and Europe, where many dams are older. However, it is primarily small dams that have been removed to date, and the decommissioning of large dams is still in its infancy, with only a few known cases in the last decade. A few case studies of ageing and decommissioned large dams illustrate the complexity and length of the process that is often necessary to orchestrate the dam removal safely. Even removing a small dam requires years (often decades), continuous expert and public involvement, and lengthy regulatory reviews. With the mass ageing of dams well underway, it is important to develop a framework of protocols that will guide and accelerate the process of dam removal. Overall, the Report aims to attract global attention to the creeping issue of ageing water storage infrastructure and stimulate international efforts to deal with this emerging water risk. This Report’s primary target audiences are governments and their partners responsible for planning and implementing water infrastructure development and management, emphasizing adaptat
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Gafny, Ron, A. L. N. Rao, and Edna Tanne. Etiology of the Rugose Wood Disease of Grapevine and Molecular Study of the Associated Trichoviruses. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575269.bard.

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Rugose wood is a complex disease of grapevines, characterized by modification of the woody cylinder of affected vines. The control of rugose wood is based on the production of healthy propagation material. Detection of rugose wood in grapevines is difficult and expensive: budwood from tested plants is grafted onto sensitive Vitis indicators and the appearance of symptoms is monitored for 3 years. The etiology of rugose wood is complex and has not yet been elucidated. Several elongated clostero-like viruses are consistently found in affected vines; one of them, grapevine virus A (GVA), is closely associated with Kober stem grooving, a component of the rugose wood complex. GVA has a single-stranded RNA genome of 7349 nucleotides, excluding a polyA tail at the 3' terminus. The GVA genome includes five open reading frames (ORFs 1-5). ORF 4, which encodes for the coat protein of GVA, is the only ORF for which the function was determined experimentally. The original objectives of this research were: 1- To produce antisera to the structural and non-structural proteins of GVA and GVB and to use these antibodies to establish an effective detection method. 2- Develop full length infectious cDNA clones of GVA and GVB. 3- Study the roll of GVA and GVB in the etiology of the grapevine rugose wood disease. 4- Determine the function of Trichovirus (now called Vitivirus) encoded genes in the virus life cycle. Each of the ORFs 2, 3, 4 and 5 genes of GVA were cloned and expressed in E. coli and used to produce antisera. Both the CP (ORF 4) and the putative MP (ORF 3) were detected with their corresponding antisera in-GVA infected N. benthamiana and grapevine. The MP was first detected at an early stage of the infection, 6-12 h after inoculation, and the CP 2-3 days after inoculation. The MP could be detected in GVA-infected grapevines that tested negative for CP, both with CP antiserum and with a commercially available ELISA kit. Antisera to ORF 2 and 5 encoded proteins could react with the recombinant proteins but failed to detect both proteins in GVA infected plants. A full-length cDNA clone of grapevine virus A (GVA) was constructed downstream from the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase promoter. Capped in vitro transcribed RNA was infectious in N. benthamiana and N. clevelandii plants. Symptoms induced by the RNA transcripts or by the parental virus were indistinguishable. The infectivity of the in vitro-transcribed RNA was confirmed by serological detection of the virus coat and movement proteins and by observation of virions by electron microscopy. The full-length clone was modified to include a gus reporter gene and gus activity was detected in inoculated and systemic leaves of infected plants. Studies of GVA mutants suggests that the coat protein (ORF 4) is essential for cell to cell movement, the putative movement protein (ORF 3) indeed functions as a movement protein and that ORF 2 is not required for virus replication, cell to cell or systemic movement. Attempts to infect grapevines by in-vitro transcripts, by inoculation of cDNA construct in which the virus is derived by the CaMV 35S promoter or by approach grafting with infected N. benthamiana, have so far failed. Studies of the subcellular distribution of GFP fusion with each of ORF 2, 3 and 4 encoded protein showed that the CP fusion protein accumulated as a soluble cytoplasmatic protein. The ORF 2 fusion protein accumulated in cytoplasmatic aggregates. The MP-GFP fusion protein accumulated in a large number of small aggregates in the cytoplasm and could not move from cell to cell. However, in conditions that allowed movement of the fusion protein from cell to cell (expression by a PVX vector or in young immature leaves) the protein did not form cytoplasmatic aggregates but accumulated in the plasmodesmata.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Regulation of Early Events in Hyphal Elongation, Branching and Differentiation of Filamentous Fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580674.bard.

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In filamentous fungi, hyphal elongation, branching and morphogenesis are in many cases the key to successful saprophytic and pathogenic fungal proliferation. The understanding of the fungal morphogenetic response to environmental cues is in its infancy. Studies concerning the regulation of fungal growth and development (some of which have been obtained by the participating collaborators in this project) point to the fact that ser/thr protein kinases and phosphatases are (i) involved in the regulation of such processes and (ii) share common structural and functional features between saprophytes and pathogens. It is our objective to combine a pharmaceutical and a genetic approach in order to identify, characterize and functionally dissect some of the regulatory factors involved in hyphal growth, branching and differentiation. Using an immunohistochemical approach, a ser/thr protein kinase involved in hyphal elongation in both Neurospora crassa and Colletotrichum trifolii has been localized in order to identify the physical arena of regulation of hyphal elongation. The analysis of additional kinases and phosphatases (e.g. Protein kinase C, cAMP-dependent kinase, lipid-activated protein kinase, components of the type 2A protein phosphatase) as well as a RAS-related gene (an additional key participant in signal transduction) has been performed. In order to succeed in advancing the goals of this project, we have taken advantage of available elongation/branching mutants in N. crassa and continuously combined the accumulated information obtained while studying the two systems in order to dissect the elements involved in these processes. The various inhibitors/effectors analyzed can serve as a basis for modification to be used as anti-fungal compounds. Understanding the regulation of hyphal proliferation is a key requirement for identifying novel target points for either curbing fungal growth (as in the case of pathogenesis) or affecting growth patterns in various biotechnological processes. The major objective of our joint project was to advance our understanding of regulation of hyphal growth, especially during early events of fungal germination. Towards achieving this goal, we have coupled the analysis of a genetically tractable organism (N. crassa) with a plant pathogen o economic importance (C. trifolii). As the project progressed we believe that the results obtained have provided a reinforcement to our basic approach which called for combining the two fungal systems for a joint research project. On the one hand, we feel that much of the advance made was possible due to the amenability of N. crassa to genetic manipulations. The relevance of some of the initial findings obtained in Neurospora have been proven to be relevant to the plant pathogen while unique features of the pathogen have been identified in Colletotrichum. Most of the results obtained from this research project have been published. Thus, the main volume of this report is comprised of the relevant publications describing the research and results obtained.
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EUROPEAN STANDARDS OF CARE FOR NEWBORN HEALTH. Chernivtsi, Ukraine: Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine Bukovinian State Medical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2413-4260.ix.3.33.2019.1.

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Medical treatment and care for preterm and sick newborn babies in European countries varies greatly. Significant differences are not only limited to the survival rates of such infants. In some European countries, preterm birth is also more commonly associated with chronic physical and mental disability than in others. This effect is exacerbated by the fact that in some parts of Europe, further assistance to these vulnerable children after discharge from the hospital (follow-up and early intervention) is not structured or even does not exist at all. Given the high level of inequality in health care delivery, agreed definitions and clear recommendations for infrastructure, medical processes, care procedures, and staffing capabilities are needed to compare and adjust the conditions of care in Europe. Therefore, there is an absolute need to ensure that high-level care is equally available throughout and for everyone. European standards of care for newborn health, developed on the initiative and under the project of the European Foundation for the Care of Newborn Infants (EFCNI), will help to overcome differences in clinical practice, structure and organization of care, as well as training of healthcare professionals. This publication presents the part of the standards regarding health care for preterm and sick infants.
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