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1
Sameri, E., and R. A. Borzooei. "Extended implicative groupoids." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 40, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 1261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-201575.
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In this paper, we generalize the concept of extended order algebras in order to get a new algebraic structure called “extended implicative groupoid”. First, we define the notions of pre-weak extended, weak extended, right extended and left extended implicative groupoid. Then we introduce the concept of extended implicative groupoid by using these notions. In addition, the special properties of these structures, such as the existence of MacNeille completion and adjoint product are studied. Finally, we prove that the class of symmetrical associative complete distributive extended implicative groupoids, coincides with complete residuated lattices.
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Nadathur, Prerna. "Causality and aspect in ability, actuality, and implicativity." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 30 (March 2, 2021): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v30i0.4847.
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Past-tense ability ascriptions (e.g., "was able") alternate between pure, potentially unrealized ability and an interpretation which actualizes the ability. The alternation extends to abilitative uses of possibility modals, with actualized readings strengthening to actuality entailments under perfective aspect in aspect-marking languages (Bhatt 1999). These interpretations resist explanation on accounts which seek to derive them in the composition of modality and aspect. I build on causal analyses of implicative inferences (from lexical implicatives like "manage" as well as 'variably-implicative' "enough" comparatives; Baglini & Francez 2016, Nadathur 2016, 2017) to propose a new approach to actuality inferences, grounded in a causal semantics for ability predicates. This account derives both pure ability and actuality readings, and explains parallels between implicative "manage" and actualized ability on the basis of shared (presuppositional) causal structure. "Manage" and ability differ in asserted content, but the difference is neutralized – producing actuality entailments – under a perfective operator which selects for eventive predicates, and combines with stative ability attributions only via aspectual coercion.
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Zhang, Linmin. ""Enough", "too", and causal dependence." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 61 (January 1, 2018): 481–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.61.2018.508.
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Enough-/too-constructions (E/T constructions) have an implicative reading: e.g.,Mary was clever enough to leave early yesterday entails Mary left early yesterday. I arguethat this implicative reading is not due to the lexical semantics proper of enough/too, but dueto its bi-clausal structure (e.g., the above-mentioned example is analyzed as Mary left earlyyesterday because she was clever enough). I analyze enough and too simply as degree modifiersthat involve a comparison: enough means reaching the lower bound of an interval, whiletoo means exceeding the upper bound of an interval. Then inspired by Schulz (2011), Bagliniand Francez (2015), and Nadathur (2016), I relate the semantics of E/T constructions to causaldependence: due to some sufficiency/excess, the infinitival complement clause in E/T constructionsis episodically or generically (depending on its aspect being perfective or imperfective)true/false. I also argue that this infinitive has its tense and aspect marked on the main predicateof sentences, resulting in the seeming correlation between aspect and implication in languagesthat overtly make a distinction between perfective and imperfective aspects (e.g., French).Keywords: enough, too, comparatives, causal dependence, necessary (but not necessarily sufficient)causes, sufficient (but not necessarily necessary) causes, infinitives, implicatives.
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Romano, Daniel A. "Weak implicative filters in quasi-ordered residuated systems." Proyecciones (Antofagasta) 40, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 797–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.22199/issn.0717-6279-4332.
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The concept of residuated relational systems ordered under a quasiorder relation was introduced in 2018 by S. Bonzio and I. Chajda as a structure A = 〈A, ·,→, 1, R〉, where (A, ·) is a commutative monoid with the identity 1 as the top element in this ordered monoid under a quasi-order R. The author introduced and analyzed the concepts of filters and implicative filters in this type of algebraic structures. In this article, the concept of weak implicative filters in a quasi-ordered residuated system is introduced as a continuation of previous researches. Also, some conditions for a filter of such system to be a weak implicative filter are listed.
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Abughazalah, N., G. Muhiuddin, Mohamed E. A. Elnair, and A. Mahboob. "Bipolar Fuzzy Set Theory Applied to the Certain Ideals in BCI-Algebras." Symmetry 14, no. 4 (April 14, 2022): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14040815.
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The study of symmetry is one of the most important and beautiful themes uniting various areas of contemporary arithmetic. Algebraic structures are useful structures in pure mathematics for learning a geometrical object’s symmetries. In this paper, we introduce new concepts in an algebraic structure called BCI-algebra, where we present the concepts of bipolar fuzzy (closed) BCI-positive implicative ideals and bipolar fuzzy (closed) BCI-commutative ideals of BCI-algebras. The relationship between bipolar fuzzy (closed) BCI-positive implicative ideals and bipolar fuzzy ideals is investigated, and various conditions are provided for a bipolar fuzzy ideal to be a bipolar fuzzy BCI-positive implicative ideal. Furthermore, conditions are presented for a bipolar fuzzy (closed) ideal to be a bipolar fuzzy BCI-commutative ideal.
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Heubo-Kwegna, Olivier A., and Jean B. Nganou. "A FRACTION STRUCTURE ON IMPLICATIVE BCK-ALGEBRAS." JP Journal of Algebra, Number Theory and Applications 36, no. 1 (March 12, 2015): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17654/jpantafeb2015_091_098.
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Sims, Andrea D., and Jeff Parker. "How inflection class systems work: On the informativity of implicative structure." Word Structure 9, no. 2 (October 2016): 215–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2016.0094.
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The complexity of an inflection class system can be defined as the average extent to which elements in the system inhibit motivated inferences about the realization of lexemes’ paradigm cells. Research shows that systems tend to exhibit relatively low complexity in this sense. However, relatively little work has explored how structural and distributional aspects of the inflectional system produce this outcome. In this paper we use the tools of information theory to do so. We explore a set of nine languages that have robust inflection class systems: Palantla Chinantec, French, Modern Greek, Icelandic, Kadiwéu, Nuer, Russian, Seri, and Võro. The data show that the extent to which implicative paradigmatic structure does work to minimize the complexity of the system differs significantly. In fact, the nine languages fall into three graph types based on their implicative structure. Moreover, low type frequency classes disproportionately contribute to the complexity of inflectional systems, but we hypothesize that their freedom to detract in this way may depend on the extent to which implicative structure is systemically important. We thus propose that the amount of ‘work’ done by implicative relations in structuring inflection classes should be considered a typological parameter.
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Romano, Daniel A. "Implicative filters in quasi-ordered residuated systems." Proyecciones (Antofagasta) 40, no. 2 (April 2021): 481–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.22199/issn.0717-6279-2021-02-0025.
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The concept of residuated relational systems ordered under a quasiorder relation was introduced in 2018 by S. Bonzio and I. Chajda as a structure 𝒜 = 〈A, ·,→, 1, R〉, where (A, ·) is a commutative monoid with the identity 1 as the top element in this ordered monoid under a quasi-order R. The author introduced and analyzed the concepts of filters in this type of algebraic structures. In this article, as a continuation of previous author’s research, the author introduced and analyzed the concept of implicative filters in quasi-ordered residuated systems.
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Beniamine, Sacha, Olivier Bonami, and Ana R. Luís. "The fine implicative structure of European Portuguese conjugation." Isogloss. Open Journal of Romance Linguistics 7 (September 3, 2021): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/isogloss.109.
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Recent literature has highlighted the extent to which inflectional paradigms are organisedinto systems of implications allowing speakers to make full use of the inflection systemon the basis of exposure to only a few forms of each word. The present paper contributesto this line of research by investigating in detail the implicative structure of EuropeanPortuguese verbal paradigms. After outlining the computational methods we use to thateffect, we deploy these methods on a lexicon of about 5000 verbs, and show how the morphological and phonological properties of European Portuguese verbs lead to the observed patterns of predictability.
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Guzm�n, F. "The poset structure of positive implicative BCK-algebras." Algebra Universalis 32, no. 3 (September 1994): 398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01235177.
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Miquel, Alexandre. "Implicative algebras: a new foundation for realizability and forcing." Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 30, no. 5 (May 2020): 458–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129520000079.
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AbstractWe introduce the notion of implicative algebra, a simple algebraic structure intended to factorize the model-theoretic constructions underlying forcing and realizability (both in intuitionistic and classical logic). The salient feature of this structure is that its elements can be seen both as truth values and as (generalized) realizers, thus blurring the frontier between proofs and types. We show that each implicative algebra induces a (Set-based) tripos, using a construction that is reminiscent from the construction of a realizability tripos from a partial combinatory algebra. Relating this construction with the corresponding constructions in forcing and realizability, we conclude that the class of implicative triposes encompasses all forcing triposes (both intuitionistic and classical), all classical realizability triposes (in the sense of Krivine), and all intuitionistic realizability triposes built from partial combinatory algebras.
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Jun, Y. B. "Implicative ideals of BCK-algebras based on Dokdo structure." Journal of Algebraic Hyperstructures and Logical Algebras 3, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/hatef.jahla.3.3.3.
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Kologani, Mona Aaly, Rajab Ali Borzooei, Hee Sik Kim, Young Bae Jun, and Sun Shin Ahn. "Construction of some algebras of logics by using intuitionistic fuzzy filters on hoops." AIMS Mathematics 6, no. 11 (2021): 11950–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.2021693.
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<abstract><p>In this paper, we define the notions of intuitionistic fuzzy filters and intuitionistic fuzzy implicative (positive implicative, fantastic) filters on hoops. Then we show that all intuitionistic fuzzy filters make a bounded distributive lattice. Also, by using intuitionistic fuzzy filters we introduce a relation on hoops and show that it is a congruence relation, then we prove that the algebraic structure made by it is a hoop. Finally, we investigate the conditions that quotient structure will be different algebras of logics such as Brouwerian semilattice, Heyting algebra and Wajesberg hoop.</p></abstract>
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Zhang, Xiaohong, Xiangyu Ma, and Xuejiao Wang. "Filters in Strong BI-Algebras and Residuated Pseudo-SBI-Algebras." Mathematics 8, no. 9 (September 4, 2020): 1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8091513.
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The concept of basic implication algebra (BI-algebra) has been proposed to describe general non-classical implicative logics (such as associative or non-associative fuzzy logic, commutative or non-commutative fuzzy logic, quantum logic). However, this algebra structure does not have enough characteristics to describe residual implications in depth, so we propose a new concept of strong BI-algebra, which is exactly the algebraic abstraction of fuzzy implication with pseudo-exchange principle (PEP). Furthermore, in order to describe the characteristics of the algebraic structure corresponding to the non-commutative fuzzy logics, we extend strong BI-algebra to the non-commutative case, and propose the concept of pseudo-strong BI (SBI)-algebra, which is the common extension of quantum B-algebras, pseudo-BCK/BCI-algebras and other algebraic structures. We establish the filter theory and quotient structure of pseudo-SBI- algebras. Moreover, based on prequantales, semi-uninorms, t-norms and their residual implications, we introduce the concept of residual pseudo-SBI-algebra, which is a common extension of (non-commutative) residual lattices, non-associative residual lattices, and also a special kind of residual partially-ordered groupoids. Finally, we investigate the filters and quotient algebraic structures of residuated pseudo-SBI-algebras, and obtain a unity frame of filter theory for various algebraic systems.
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Multi, Tutut Irla. "ABSORBENT PENYARINGAN TERURUT DARI SEMIGRUP IMPLIKATIF." Jurnal Matematika UNAND 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jmu.4.1.85-92.2015.
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The simplest algebraic structure is called groupoid, where groupoid isnonempty set with a binary operation. The groupoid which is associative is called asemigroup. A negatively partially ordered semigroup is a set A with a partial orderingand a binary operation. Such A is called implicative if there is an additional binary operation.In this paper will be reviewed the notion of absorbent ordered lters in implicativesemigroups. Then it will be studied the relations among ordered lters, absorbent orderedlters, and positive implicative ordered lters.
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Urdapilleta, I., J. M. Bernard, and C. Tijus. "Structure implicative des propriétés, conséquences pour l'étude de la catégorisation." Psychologie Française 49, no. 4 (December 2004): 443–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psfr.2004.02.005.
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Borzooei, Rajab Ali, Mona Aaly Kologani, Mahdi Sabet Kish, and Young Bae Jun. "Fuzzy Positive Implicative Filters of Hoops Based on Fuzzy Points." Mathematics 7, no. 6 (June 24, 2019): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7060566.
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In this paper, we introduce the notions of ( ∈ , ∈ ) -fuzzy positive implicative filters and ( ∈ , ∈ ∨ q ) -fuzzy positive implicative filters in hoops and investigate their properties. We also define some equivalent definitions of them, and then we use the congruence relation on hoop defined in blue[Aaly Kologani, M.; Mohseni Takallo, M.; Kim, H.S. Fuzzy filters of hoops based on fuzzy points. Mathematics. 2019, 7, 430; doi:10.3390/math7050430] by using an ( ∈ , ∈ ) -fuzzy filter in hoop. We show that the quotient structure of this relation is a Brouwerian semilattice.
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Vasilyeva, N. V. "Onymic matrices in Yevgeny Vodolazkin’s novel Opravdanie Ostrova (‘Apologia of the Island’)." Linguistics and Language Teaching 15, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/2218-1393-2021-15-2-101-113.
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The paper analyses structures of proper names in Yevgeny Vodolazkin’s latest novel Opravdanie Ostrova (‘Apologia of the Island’, 2020). The implicative influence of the genre of fictional chronicle on nomina propria in the text is noted. The distribution of proper names types according to the functions they perform, as well as the ways how proper names are in-troduced in the text, highlight some kind of a matrix structure of the novel onomasticon.
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Zhu, Lin. "Semantic, Aspectual Category and Evidential Category of-guo." English Language Teaching and Linguistics Studies 2, no. 4 (October 20, 2020): p33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/eltls.v2n4p33.
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The semantics of -guo indicates a non-empty set of a type of eventuality in a certain time frame, while the properties of term inability, discontinuity and repeatability are only pragmatic implicatures. From the viewpoint of event structure, -guo is better considered as an imperfective marker than an experiential marker which asserting the activity description and leaving the state description as a standard implicative. Forwardly, from event structure to information structure, “-guo” is developed into an indirect evidential marker. Based on social needs of reliability and extended intersubjectivity, “-guo” emphasizes the truth of events and gains the specific meaning as an interpersonal evidential.
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Gorodezky, Marat. "The Dialectics of Creation and the Projective Structure of Space." Ideas and Ideals 13, no. 1-2 (March 19, 2021): 357–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2021-13.1.2-357-376.
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The article considers creationism as a historically relevant principle in the scientific and philosophic aspects denoting the ontological structure of the world. Outside of the religious interpretation, the author speaks of the dialectics of creation, which is revealed as an implicative connection of the one and nothing. Logical inversion (logical turn), acting from within this implicative connection, is postulated as the principle of a fundamental negation, which, according to the author, forms the true and dramatic essence of the world as a creation. The author distances himself from the widespread discussion between evolutionism and scientific creationism, stating that it does not correspond to the very subject of creationism, understood as the implication of a real from nothing. The author focuses on considering ‘nothing’ as a purely dialectical / metaphysical principle and relies partly on the Hegel’s dialectic of ‘being’ and ‘nothing’, and partly on the neoplatonic concept of the one. Rejecting the medieval interpretation of the temporal beginning and the Hegel’s identity, he deduces a scheme of the logical connection between the one and the difference, which postulates the inversion (turnover) forming the creation - the one and the difference disjunctively change places, the one becomes the real, and the difference out of the one becomes nothing. It is argued that this postulate, in particular, refutes the thesis about the ‘fall into sin’. In the second part of the article, a spatial-phenomenological hypothesis is presented: the author provides a description of the space as a geometrical-semantic plane (projective structure). This hypothesis follows from the phenomenological problem of the duality of a geometric object, which results in the problem of ontological transition between a point and a line (in the aporia of the Eleats) and the related problem of spatial congruence / parallelism. According to the author, the potential for solving these not essentially mathematical, but metaphysical questions is the projective geometry, in which parallel lines intersect at ‘point at infinity’, and space is complemented by the ‘plane at infinity’. The essence of the solution consists, firstly, in the assumption of the single plane, which underlies the transition, and secondly, in the description of the perceived world as a result of a specific turn over and closure of this plane, forming the projective structure. The key in this part is the demonstration of the surface of a three-dimensional object as a phenomenon of perceptual-semantic unfolding, which can be imagined as an action of consciousness, consistently reducing the usual scheme. An important aspect of considering the projective structure is the correlation with ‘the Plane’ by G. Deleuze. The general idea of the article is that the dialectical scheme of creation and the projective structure of the space coincide: the logical inversion (logical turn), acting in connection of the one and nothing, and projective structural turnover – are the same things.
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Kim, Kwang Baek, and Doo Heon Song. "Colored facial image restoration by similarity enhanced implicative fuzzy association memory." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v13.i1.pp199-204.
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Image restoration refers to the recovery of an underlying image from an observation that has been corrupted by various types of noise. In a digital forensic software, such image restoration process should be noise-tolerant, robust, fast, and scalable. In this paper, we apply implicative fuzzy association memory structure in colored facial image restoration with enhanced similarity measure involved in output computarion. The efficacy if the proposed fuzzy associative memory model is verified by the experiment in that it was 95% successful (with zero mean square error) out of 20 tested images.
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Vojvodic, Dojcil. "Causal-implicative relationships in the Serbian hypotaxis (Complex of generative complex sentences)." Juznoslovenski filolog 71, no. 3-4 (2015): 121–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1504121v.
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The paper analyzes the causal-implicative relationships in the segmented complex sentences with a ?closed? (asymmetric, mandatory bi-situational) generative (conditional) semantic structure on the corpus of the Serbian language. The generative (conditional) semantic structure consists of meaningfully interconnected antecedents and consequents that are based on the principle of subordination. These sentences are characterized with a general causal link due to the specific implicative relationship between the segments that can be realized within dependent clauses with diverse categorically-differential semantics (i.e. causal, consecutive, final, conditional and concessive). The author reaches a conclusion that the given implicative relationships (P ? Q, P ? Q/Q ? P, P ?Q, P ? Q? ? P? ? Q) represent, in fact, semantic invariants of generative complex sentences. It is pointed out that the structure, formation and functioning of these relationships (sentences) are always determined by the interconnectedness of syntax and lexicon. They are based on a general causal adverbial meaning of the conjunctions in a subordinate clause, which are also used to determine the adverbial semantics of a sentence as a whole. The article discusses in particular the aspectual-temporal correlations that are realized in complex sentences with a generative structure. It has been noted very often in the literature that there is no differentiation made among all of the types of the hypothetical conditionality - real, eventual, potential and unreal. The paper analyzes taxis of simultaneity and succession (anteriority/posteriority) of the main and subordinate clause predicates in conditional sentences as a special type of the relative-temporal relationships within the same temporal plan. In order to interpret these correlations, the Serbian data was compared to the data in Russian and Polish. It is noted that the Northern Slavic languages (in this case Russian and Polish) are unable to distinguish real from eventual conditionality because they, unlike the Serbian language, do not have formal (grammatical) means for delimitation between different types of hypothetical modality. In other words, the perfective present in the Serbian language, which in conditional sentences formally coincides with the Northern Slavic perfective future (which is the same as analytical, imperfective, future, used in those languages in both the main and the subordinate clauses of the conditional sentences), can never signify real conditionality, but only an eventual one. In addition to this, the Serbian language in order to express eventual conditionality in subordinate clauses uses future II (exact) as well. Therefore, based on a short contrastive analysis of the material, it can be concluded that the inventory of resources used to express these types of modal hypothetical relationships is much richer in the Serbian language than it is in Russian or Polish. In relation to this, it is pointed out that the abovementioned specific features of the compared languages represent a typological boundary between the Southern Slavic and Northern Slavic languages. Likewise, the paper analyzes in a detailed manner complex concessive sentences with an emphasis on their semantic interpretation. This interpretation implies primarily ascertaining the basic components of the semantic invariant of the concession category, as well as an explanation of the principle of ?unfulfilled expectations?, i.e. an implicit cause which enables the subject to unexpectedly overcome or fail to overcome an obstacle, which is precisely what concessive relationships are built on. In this regard, it can be noted that concessive relationships are closely associated with categories of evidentiality and epistemic modality, which is, in principle, the result of a mandatory, although, as a rule, formally inexplicit presence (participation) of the addresser (speaker) in the organization of given relations. In this way, ?modus-dictum? relationships are realized in concessive sentences, because in a certain sense a subordinate clause (with a propositional frame - modus) interprets the contents of a main clause (proposition - dictum). The author emphasizes a special role of a referral (either explicit or implicit) to the source and credibility of the information communicated by the addresser, whereby the source can be presented by both observations and gained experience of the addresser (direct evidentiality) as well as other people, or logical reasoning which is based on his/her own beliefs and assumptions (indirect evidentiality). Statistical analysis of a frequency of conjunctions (and thus the sentences as well) with generative semantics in the concluding section of the article allows the author to conclude that certain types of texts - in this particular case the texts are represented by the New Testament discourse - are characterized precisely by the causal-implicative orientation of the hypotaxis, because more than 1/3 of a total text of the four gospels uses precisely sentences with a causal meaning. The author concludes that this result confirms further that the causal- implicative syntactic structures considered in this article demand further, even deeper, research.
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Tovey, Derek. "Narrative Strategies in the Prologue and the Metaphor of ὁ λóγos in John's Gospel." Pacifica: Australasian Theological Studies 15, no. 2 (June 2002): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1030570x0201500202.
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This article argues for a metaphorical connotation for the term ὁ λóγos in the Gospel, beyond its use in the prologue (John 1:1-18): this stands against the consensus of scholarship. It draws on some insights regarding short story openings, to argue that ὁ λóγos and oúτos function as non-sequential sequence signals, and character-substitutes, to pique the reader's curiosity as to the identity of the Logos, and prepare for the introduction of the name “Jesus Christ” in v.17. These narrative dynamics, the structure of the prologue, and the operations of implicature (Grice), create a strong link in the implied reader's mind between the Logos and Jesus. The implied author uses the implicative force of this connection to add metaphorical freight to the term when used later in the Gospel. The article explores six instances where the term ὁ λóγos appears (6:60; 7:36; 8:37; 10:35; 12:48; 17:17) and where, it is argued, the possibility exists of a usage which echoes that of the prologue.
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Xin, Xiao Long, Wei Ji, and Xiu Juan Hua. "Fuzzy Filter Spectrum of a BCK Algebra." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/795934.
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The notion of fuzzy s-prime filters of a bounded BCK-algebra is introduced. We discuss the relation between fuzzy s-prime filters and fuzzy prime filters. By the fuzzy s-prime filters of a bounded commutative BCK-algebraX, we establish a fuzzy topological structure onX. We prove that the set of all fuzzy s-prime filters of a bounded commutative BCK-algebra forms a topological space. Moreover, we show that the set of all fuzzy s-prime filters of a bounded implicative BCK-algebra is a Hausdorff space.
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Subakat, Rahayu, Sangkot Sirait, Fakhruddin Faiz, and Mustafa Kamal Nasution. "From Structural Analysis of Semiotics QS. Al-'Alaq 1-5 to Basic Structure of Science in Islamic Education." Al-Tahrir: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam 22, no. 1 (May 24, 2022): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21154/altahrir.v22i1.3598.
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Philosophically, QS. al-'Alaq: 1-5 forms the basic structure of science as the foundation for the development of Islamic education. This study aims to explain the relationship between QS. al-'Alaq: 1-5 with the basic structure of Science and its implications in Islamic education. This study uses secondary data sources, namely the Koran, classic, modern and contemporary. Methods of collecting data with documentation, data analysis using content analysis with stages; descriptive, explanative, discursive, interpretative, and implicative. This study indicates that the basic structure of Science in QS. al-'Alaq: 1-5 includes; epistemology, world view, and ideology. The basic structure of Science in QS. al-'Alaq: 1-5 is the relationship between spirituality awareness, rationality awareness, ethical awareness, scientific awareness, and awareness of social transformation. Thus, practically QS. al-'Alaq: 1-5 can be used as an epistemological basis for the development of Islamic education.
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ROMANO, Daniel A. "Shift filters of quasi-ordered residuated system." Communications in Advanced Mathematical Sciences 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33434/cams.1089222.
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The concept of residuated relational systems ordered under a quasi-order relation was introduced in 2018 by S. Bonzio and I. Chajda as a structure $\mathfrak{A} = \langle A, \cdot, \rightarrow, 1, R \rangle$,
where $(A,\cdot)$ is a commutative semigroup with the identity $1$ as the top element in this ordered monoid under a quasi-order $R$.
In 2020, the author introduced and analyzed the concepts of filters in this type of algebraic structures. In addition to the previous, the author continued to investigate some of the types of filters in quasi-ordered residuated systems such as, for example, implicative and comparative filters. In this article, as a continuation of previous author's research, the author introduced and analyzed the concepts of shift filters of quasi-ordered residuated systems and then compared it with other types of filters.
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Safina, Marina. "The Role of the Multiphase Structure of an Action in Classifying Situations by the Degree of Control (Based on English Utterances)." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 2 (54) (September 4, 2021): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2021-54-2-136-148.
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The article analyses utterances from modern English to establish the peculiarities of the process how the presence or absence of control is manifested in a situation as a multiphase process consisting of seven stages such as a wish, an intention,
a decision, planning, preparation, an attempt, a result (success or failure). The implicative character of language representations allows us to assume that a situation can be rendered into utterance explicitly as a complete process or metonymically, through one of the genesis of action stages (using phase
and intention markers, lexems with connotative meaning, etc.), and both cases can prove sufficiency to obtain a full and complete image of the situation. Thus, analyzing if a situation represented by an utterance is controlled or non-controlled, we shall focus on the whole process instead of examining one of its parts. The theoretical part of the article explains the choice of the term «control» from semantically similar terms and demonstrates some basic approaches to understanding the concept of control in linguistics. Moreover, the article analyses how the notion of control is applied to predicates and situations; discusses the
notions of the genesis of an action and implication that makes it possible to provide a more specific view on what should be considered as a situation. The practical part of the article shares the results obtaining by the analysis of English utterances taken from literature, media or the Oxford Dictionary example bank confirming the sufficiency of a metonymic representation of a situation; it offers a classification of situations based on the completeness of their representation in the language and on the degree of control (depending on what and how many stages are marked as controlled or non-controlled).
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BAERMAN, MATTHEW. "Covert systematicity in a distributionally complex system." Journal of Linguistics 50, no. 1 (April 10, 2013): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226713000030.
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Current thinking on inflection classes views them as organized networks rather than random assemblages of allomorphs (a view that reaches back to the 1980s, with such notions as Wurzel's paradigm structure conditions and Carstairs's paradigm economy). But we still find systems which appear to lack any visible implicative structure. A particularly striking example comes from Võro (a variety of South Estonian). Its system of verbal inflectional suffixes is formally simple but distributionally complex: although there are never more than three allomorphs in competition, nearly two dozen inflectional patterns emerge through rampant cross-classification of the allomorphs. Allomorph choice in one part of the paradigm thus fails to constrain allomorph choice in the rest, so it looks as if the paradigms would have to be memorized en masse. The key to these patterns lies outside the system of suffixation itself, in the more conventional formal complexity of stem alternations and their paradigmatic patterning. The computationally implemented analysis presented here provides a model of inflection in which the implicational network of phonological, morphophonological and morphological conditions on formal realization are unified in a single representation.
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Josijević, Jelena. "O nekim partikulama sa implikativnim svojstvima u srpskom i engleskom jeziku." УЗДАНИЦА XIX, no. 1 (June 2022): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uzdanica19.1.087j.
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Summary: Semantic literature has described the entailments that comparatives have with respect to different scale structures found in relative and absolute adjectives. This paper aims at analyzing the implicative features that comparatives have when they are preceded by certain focal particles. The main hypothesis is that besides još (i), whose implicative features have been already described in the current literature, there are other particles in two languages which can generate additional implications and attribute the property expressed by an adjective to both entities being compared (primary and secondary term). The corpus analyses of two languages were conduced in the tagged electronic corpuses, Korpus savremenog srpskog jezika 2013 (KSSJ 2013) and Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), which allowed us to focus solely on particle + comparative sequences. The results confirm our hypothesis. The same implications apply to čak (i) and even. The paper also demonstrates that the pragmatic contributions of these particles differ depending on the scale structure of an adjective following them. (1) Open-scale adjectives. Their comparatives do not entail that the property expressed by an adjective is attributable to either primary or secondary term of comparison. With these particles, there are implications that both terms of comparison bear the given property. (2) Partly open scales. Particles have different contributions with partial (existential) and total (universal) antonyms. Comparatives of partial adjectives entail that primary terms of comparison have the given properties, but with particles preceding, there are identical implications about both entities being compared (both primary and secondary term of comparison). Comparatives of universal adjectives entail that the entity explicated by a second term of comparison cannot be characterized by the given property. In these cases, the particles do not have any impact. In other words, the original entailments are preserved. (3) Closed-scale adjectives. Comparatives of these adjectives entail that the properties being expressed by adjectives are not attributable to both terms of comparison. The presence of particles does not bring any change. However, in all four scenarios, particles generate identical conversational implicatures of surprise or unexpectedness about the state of affairs presented by an utterance.
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RUMYAN, Yervand. "The Effect of Film Frame Series on Viewer’s Reflective Processes (In the Crossroad of Art, Epistemology and Psychology)." WISDOM 12, no. 1 (June 29, 2019): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/wisdom.v12i1.230.
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What kind of a toolkit should be used and how in order to have impact on the viewer’s reflective processes as well as guide such processes through a film? The author of this article explicates the idea that editing arrangement of shots (frames) series is essential in this aspect. He believes that the full effect and precision of what you want to say is conditioned by the meaningful structure of the series of shots (frames). The latter is achieved as a result of well-thought-out editing. The analysis, hypotheses, and statements presented in the article are subject to further detailed study, particularly from the perspective of general psychology and epistemology. However, it is beyond any doubt that specific succession of shots is forming a contextual and implicative information environment enabling to guide the audience’s perception process, thus affecting person’s contemplation processes and emotional state.
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Tyas, Umi Aisyah Sulistyaning, Dwi Rukmini, and Sri Wuli Fitriati. "Presupposition Triggers of Teacher Talk in Higher Education." English Education Journal 10, no. 1 (March 15, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/eej.v10i1.32940.
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The present study is aimed at investigating the way of presupposition triggers realized in the lecturer talk. This qualitative research is conducted in English class of the State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga by purposive sampling. The present study serves reading class recordings as the data. Reading class was chosen for the reason of similar process in making prediction on reading, i.e. schemata theory, with presumption on presupposition. It is equipped by observation and documentation in order to enhance confidence in the ensuing findings. The finding shows that presupposition triggers realized by the several categories; they are definite description, factive verb, implicative verb, change of state verb, iterative, verb of judging, temporal clause, comparison and contrast, non-restrictive relative clause, and question. The most frequent used category is definite description, with the simple structure of possessive construction and definite noun phrase. Another important result is the preference to use question as the next favored triggers.
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Maskhur, Maskhur, Muslich Shabir, Fatah Syukur, and Moh Muhtador. "Meaning Shift of Exclusive Religious Text in Abyan al-Hawāij by K.H. Ahmad Rifa’i." ADDIN 16, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/addin.v16i2.16646.
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<p>This article examines the shift in the meaning of religious texts that transform from exclusive to inclusive in the book <em>Abyan al-Hawāij</em> by K.H. Ahmad Rifa’i. This reinterpretation of the text is given that the conflicts that occurred between the Rifa’iyah group and non-Rifa’iyah residents were mostly caused by the Rifa’iyah group’s textual reading of religious texts that were exclusive. This article reviews exclusive religious texts by showing their historicity (historical function), meaning development (meaning function), and implicative function (implicative function) in order to show a more proportional new meaning. The approach used in this study is hermeneutics of Gracia, critical discourse analysis of Fairclough, and intertextual of Kristeva. The analysis is focused on looking back at the structure of the text (textual analysis), the discourse built by the author (discursive analysis), and the socio-cultural practices surrounding the text. Hermeneutically, the text is then seen in terms of its historical function, the function of developing its meaning, and the function of its implications within the framework of the cultural function of the text. The results of the research show that the exclusive religious text in <em>Abyan al-Hawāij</em> is an oppositional and confrontational text built by the author as a response to the Dutch colonial socio-cultural and political realities in the archipelago at that time. Therefore, reading these texts must also see the discourse of the text. These texts actually have many meanings (multi-vocality). In principle, these meanings are equally acceptable in line with their respective discourses. Reading the exclusive text in <em>Abyan al-Hawāij</em> in the current era of religious tolerance and harmony requires understanding the historicity of the text so as not to get stuck in an exclusive understanding of religion.</p>
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Yuan, Xiaoling, Caijuan Li, Kai Zhao, and Xiaoyu Xu. "The Changing Patterns of Consumers’ Behavior in China: A Comparison during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 2, 2021): 2447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052447.
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This paper has an opportunity to collect questionnaire-based data regarding respondents’ life choices in China at the peak of COVID-19 outbreak (i.e., around 9–11 March 2020) and in a relatively stable period where the national pandemic was over and the lockdown policy was halted (i.e., around 25–30 March 2020). Comparing respondents’ answers about their most fundamental aspects of life during and after the pandemic, including income level, expenditure structure and level, purchase method, study method, food price and quality, and dining habit, both the descriptive and econometric models reveal that Chinese consumers’ life patterns were not significantly changed. These findings may imply a “new normal” where consumers stick to their new living habits that were forged during the pandemic. Therefore, policy makers have to envisage such an implicative socio-economic change (cost) brought by the implementation of a lock down policy in a long run, in addition to direct and explicit economic losses. However, improving food quality and controlling food price appear to be the strong and stable safety signals to reassure consumers in this complicated environment.
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Krcunović, Dušan. "Philosophical Heritage of Peter II Petrović Njegoš." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 5 (2021): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-5-159-168.
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The theme of the tyranny is one of the great European literary and philosophical themes in Njegoš’s poetry. Tyranny (or Tirjanstvo) as a phenomenon and the concept is not only one of the key words in the vocabulary of Njegoš, but also one of the pillars of the architectonics of his poetic structure. The concept of tyranny appears in The Thought and The Ray of Microcosm, has special significance. When one taken into account The Mountain Wreath, these meanings are mutually connected and implicative. This suggests continuity, logical coherence, even systematic approach to developing a distinctive motifs and challenging subject. Hence the term tyranomahia is taken here as one of the possible approaches to the poet’s personality, his work and his literary and philosophical view of the world. The ghost of tyranny always hovers over the asymmetries of the relationship between the strong and the weak, the majority and the minority. The potential for tyranny exists in all relationships where the smaller and weaker stand against the bigger and stronger. In this fa(c)tum, a seemingly value-neutral power imbalance between the two sides, proponents of immorality of the power have always sought a foundation and justification for domination. But the facticity of the immoral power of the law of the stronger has been called into question by the introduction of the moralistic principle of justice. It should not be ruled out that Njegoš, as a ruler, noticed the movement from the ghost of tyranny to its mimicry in the realism of the political theory which pumps the blood of legitimacy to that ghost.
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Rivieccio, Umberto. "Implicative twist-structures." Algebra universalis 71, no. 2 (March 9, 2014): 155–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00012-014-0272-5.
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Kudryashov, I. A., and A. B. Didenko. "Semiotic Explication of Models of Ideologically Alternative Societies in E.I. Zamyatin’s Dystopia «We»." Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, no. 1 (March 25, 2023): 126–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2023-1-126-141.
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Based on the material of value judgments contained in the narrator D-503’s diary entries, the publication carries out the semiotic reconstruction of models of ideologically incompatible societies, traces the possibilities of transition from one model to another model as a way of developing humanity in the author’s imaginary reality. As the research methodology, A.J. Greimas’s concepts of the actanial scheme and the semiotic square are used, which recognize the importance of the dichotomy of polar linguistic signs in the process of interpreting their semantics. The author analyzes the relations of contrarity established between the models of impeccable and imperfect (ancient and oppositional) societies based on the extraction of deep meanings from the surface narrative structure. It is established that each of these models, functioning as the semiotic construct, is filled with specific semantics against the background of the opposition of another model. The concept of an actanial scheme turns out to be relevant when identifying the specifics of the narrator’s assessment of social structure models. The antonymic content of these schemes is analyzed based on the Benefactor and ancient ancestors’ position. The holders of these positions change the actanial roles of the subject and the antisubject. A multiple interpretation of the semiotic square of the Benefactor’s impeccable society is given as a formed community of people against the background of the opposition of the model of a formless society, assuming both a positive and negative perspective of development. Accordingly, these models are investigated in terms of positive and negative deixis, as well as implicative and suppositional relations. Relevant / irrelevant strategies of transition from one model to another model are traced, which can be either straight-line or assume an intermediate stage. The concept of the semiotic square underlies the analysis of the development of models of societies on the dystopian narrative historical axis. The ideas of models reflecting the immediate period of the narrative and potential future events, as well as the imagined past, are systematized. It is concluded that the models of society related to the current moment of the narrative are in a state of formation, however, they have formed ideological attitudes, which increases the antagonism between them.
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Navarrete-González, Alexandra, and Gemma Barberà. "Meaning beyond signs: Implicatures and presupposition in Catalan Sign Language (LSC)." Zeitschrift für Katalanistik 34 (July 1, 2021): 143–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/zfk.2021.143-164.
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Summary: This paper offers a first description of non-truth conditional meaning in Catalan Sign Language (LSC). It analyses conventional implicatures, conversational implicatures and presuppositions, and different devices and structures that trigger them, such as the use of signing space, role shift, classifier constructions, focus particles, connectives, implicative verbs, parentheticals, clefts and interrogatives. Keywords: Catalan Sign Language, implicature, presupposition, signing space, role shift, classifiers, focus particles, clefts
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Kaura, Nura Yahya, and Dr Abubakar Adamu Masama. "Measures of Emotion in the Two Poems "The Sparkling Eye" and "Death, the Phoenix of Pleasure": An Analytical Comparative Study." East African Scholars Journal of Education, Humanities and Literature 5, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easjehl.2022.v05i02.005.
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The emotional feeling is considered to be a significant component in every literary work, animate spirit rises in it. Emotional feeling is a natural instinctive state of mind risen from human soul on its excitement at what it sees or hears; or an implicative life experience. It mostly goes contrary to the normal sense. It is always associated with human feeling never separated away with it whatever the person is covert in his feelings. It is also what makes the literary work strong, and the poem motivates with life. It is in literary version as the soul to the body; it is with emotion only that, the literary work can go high and the poetry can life eternally. And the among the circumstances that move up the emotion and keep it in a continuous grief is that, the person lost one among his closed relatives or his loved ones suddenly, especially when this happened due to a motor accident! The existing of this happening gives a writer in the work of art a poetic experience that will affect his depth thinking motivate his intense feeling so that his poem will come exactly transcribing what actually happened. Such, this article aims at analytical and compared study to dual poems: "pouring eyes in remembering a car accident martyrs" by the poet Nuru Isah Kaura, and the death is a phoenix to pleasure" by the poet Naziru Muhammad Kaura, aiming at discovering what the poems contain of artistic value and also displaying the types of emotion in them thereby considering the points of similarities and dissimilarities in them. This will be through the following: Brief biography of the dual poets - Displaying the dual poems - Structure of the dual poems - The types of the emotion in them - Elegy components in the poems - Similarities and dissimilarities feature in the dual poems - Conclusion – References.
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Tam, Justin Z., Zhaoming Kong, Omar Ahmed, Lifang He, and Brian Y. Chen. "HBcompare: Classifying Ligand Binding Preferences with Hydrogen Bond Topology." Biomolecules 12, no. 11 (October 28, 2022): 1589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12111589.
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This paper presents HBcompare, a method that classifies protein structures according to ligand binding preference categories by analyzing hydrogen bond topology. HBcompare excludes other characteristics of protein structure so that, in the event of accurate classification, it can implicate the involvement of hydrogen bonds in selective binding. This approach contrasts from methods that represent many aspects of protein structure because holistic representations cannot associate classification with just one characteristic. To our knowledge, HBcompare is the first technique with this capability. On five datasets of proteins that catalyze similar reactions with different preferred ligands, HBcompare correctly categorized proteins with similar ligand binding preferences 89.5% of the time. Using only hydrogen bond topology, classification accuracy with HBcompare surpassed standard structure-based comparison algorithms that use atomic coordinates. As a tool for implicating the role of hydrogen bonds in protein function categories, HBcompare represents a first step towards the automatic explanation of biochemical mechanisms.
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Jun, Young Bae, Sun Shin Ahn, and Hee Sik Kim. "Quotient structures of some implicative algebras via fuzzy implicative filters." Fuzzy Sets and Systems 121, no. 2 (July 2001): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0114(00)00008-7.
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Muhiuddin, G., Seon Jeong Kim, and Young Bae Jun. "Implicative 𝒩-ideals of BCK-algebras based on neutrosophic 𝒩-structures." Discrete Mathematics, Algorithms and Applications 11, no. 01 (February 2019): 1950011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793830919500113.
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In the present paper, we introduce the concept of neutrosophic implicative [Formula: see text]-ideal in [Formula: see text]-algebras, and investigate several properties. Also, we provide characterizations of the neutrosophic implicative [Formula: see text]-ideal. Furthermore, we discuss relations between neutrosophic positive implicative [Formula: see text]-ideal, neutrosophic commutative [Formula: see text]-ideal and neutrosophic implicative [Formula: see text]-ideal. Finally, we characterize implicative [Formula: see text]-algebra by using neutrosophic implicative [Formula: see text]-ideal.
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Dai, Songsong. "Quasi-MV algebras for complex fuzzy logic." AIMS Mathematics 7, no. 1 (2021): 1416–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.2022083.
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<abstract><p>Complex fuzzy logic (CFL) is an emerging topic of research in fuzzy logic. Due to the circle structured codomain of the complex membership function, algebraic structure (including MV-algebra) in traditional fuzzy logic cannot be easily transplanted to CFL. Quasi-MV algebras are almost identical to MV algebras, except $ \alpha\oplus\textbf{0} = \alpha $ does not always hold. In this paper, our goal is to derive some algebraic structures for CFL. We first construct a quasi-MV algebra in complex fuzzy logic by introducing negation and truncated sum in the unit disc of the complex plane $ \textbf{S} $. Next we construct a $ \sqrt{\neg} $ quasi-MV algebra over $ \textbf{S} $ by adding an operation of square root of the negation. Moreover, implication connective and some derived connectives on $ \textbf{S} $ are introduced. Furthermore, we construct a quasi-Wajsberg algebra over $ \textbf{S} $ in which implication is a primitive connective. These algebraic structures are suitable for CFL.</p></abstract>
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FANG, LI ZHI. "QUASAR CLUSTERING AND ITS COSMOLOGICAL IMPLICATION." International Journal of Modern Physics A 04, no. 14 (August 20, 1989): 3477–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x89001394.
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The clusterings of quasars and absorption line clouds have been analyzed from the viewpoint of the structure formation of the universe. It was found that the features of quasar clustering are quite different from those of galaxies. These results have already given several meaningful constraints on the structure formation, as follows: (a) quasar clustering is much weaker than in galaxies; (b) large scale structures, such as superclusters, should probably be formed after the epoch z~2; (c) the amplitude of the total density inhomogeneity seems to be less than that of galaxy distribution by at least a factor of 3–5 (in a Ω=1 universe); (d) Ly-α absorption clouds may be formed by different processes of clustering from that of glaxies.
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Мелехин, В. Б., and М. В. Хачумов. "Classification and structured description of objects of the problematic environment in the knowledge representation model of autonomous intelligent mobile systems." MORSKIE INTELLEKTUAL`NYE TEHNOLOGII)</msg>, no. 4(58) (December 2, 2022): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37220/mit.2022.58.4.040.
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В статье рассмотрена классификация образов и характеризующих их признаков, опираясь на которую построено два вида структурированного описания различных объектов и живых существ (субъектов), которые могут находиться в проблемной среде и использоваться автономной интеллектуальной мобильной системой в соответствии с ее функциональным назначением. Первый вид предложенного структурированного описания типовых элементов представления знаний автономных интеллектуальных мобильных систем определяется деревом, позволяющим организовать индуктивный вывод в процессе идентификации отдельных объектов и субъектов проблемной среды и на этой основе установить класс, род, вид и индивидуум, к которым они относятся. Второй вид структурированного эталонного описания индивидуумов представляет собой помеченный гиперграф, сложные вершины которого определяются структурными элементами объектов и субъектов проблемной среды, а также характерными для них признаками и количественными оценками, позволяющими интеллектуальной системе организовать на их основе выбор результативных действий в процессе планирования целенаправленной деятельности в априори неописанных условиях функционирования. Сочетание обеих типовых структур модели представления знаний обеспечивает автономным интеллектуальным мобильным системам возможность организации дедуктивного вывода и позволяет на этой основе обобщить и пополнить знания об отдельных объектах и субъектах, находящихся в проблемной среде. Это в свою очередь дает возможность расширить класс решаемых интеллектуальными системами задач в процессе планирования целенаправленной деятельности в априори неописанных проблемных средах. Предложен принцип построения импликативных решающих правил, позволяющих автономным интеллектуальным мобильным системам организовать принятие приближенных решений и на этой основе осуществить вывод правдоподобных умозаключений, связанных с идентификацией различных объектов и субъектов, наблюдаемых в априори неописанных условиях проблемной среды. Определена основная проблема дальнейшего развития предложенного способа структурированного описания объектов и субъектов проблемной среды в модели представления знаний автономных интеллектуальных мобильных систем, которая связана с необходимостью разработки эффективных инструментальных средств автоматического построения гиперграфов, характеризующих структуру и признаки индивидуумов, находящихся в текущих условиях функционирования. The article considers the classification problem of patterns and features that characterize them, based on which two types of structured descriptions of various objects and living beings (subjects) of a problematic environment are built, which can be used by an autonomous intelligent mobile system in accordance with its functional purpose. The first type of the proposed structured description of the typical elements of knowledge representation of autonomous intelligent mobile systems is determined by a tree that allows organizing inductive inference in the process of identifying individual objects and subjects of the problematic environment and, on this basis, establishing the class, genus, species, and individuals to which they belong. The second type of a structured reference description of individuals is a labeled hypergraph, the complex vertices of which are determined by the structural elements of objects and subjects of the problematic environment, as well as their characteristic features and quantitative estimates, which allow the intelligent system to organize on their basis the choice of effective actions in the process of planning a goal-seeking activity in a priori undescribed operating conditions. The combination of both typical structures of the knowledge representation model provides autonomous intelligent mobile systems with the ability to organize deductive inference and, on its basis, generalize and replenish their knowledge about individual objects and subjects in a problematic environment. This, in turn, makes it possible to expand the class of tasks solved by intelligent systems in the process of planning goal-directed activities in a priori undescribed problematic environments. The principle of constructing implicative decision rules is proposed, which allow autonomous intelligent mobile systems to organize the adoption of approximate decisions and, on this basis, to draw plausible conclusions related to the identification of various objects and subjects observed in a priori undescribed conditions of the problematic environment. The main problem of further development of the proposed method for the structured description of objects and subjects of the problematic environment in the knowledge representation model of autonomous intelligent mobile systems is determined, which is associated with the need to develop effective tools for automatically constructing hypergraphs characterizing the structure and features of individuals in the current operating conditions.
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Skurt, Daniel. "Bi-intuitionistic implication structures." Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 28, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11663081.2018.1448636.
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Dung, Đỗ Thị Xuân, and Trương Thái Chân. "DISCOURSE STRUCTURE AND ITS IMPLICATION IN THE READING CLASSES." Hue University Journal of Science: Social Sciences and Humanities 127, no. 6B (March 30, 2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26459/hueuni-jssh.v127i6b.4472.
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<p>For years, EFL reading teachers and researchers have searched for effective methods to equip learners with efficient reading strategies, one of which concerns awareness-raising and exploration of discourse structures. That means making students meta-cognitively aware of strategies and techniques that promote reading comprehension in terms of the macro-level characteristics of the text. Research has pointed out indispensable roles of text structure knowledge in promoting an efficient strategy that enhances reading comprehension. This paper reports the results of a project on the proposed topic. Following the theoretical framework offered by researchers in the world, a pilot college reading course is carried out with deliberate instruction of discourse structures and discourse awareness-raising activities towards different text patterns, transitional words, frame markers, signaling languages… during one semester. The results demonstrated that metacognitive awareness of discourse structure and explicit teaching of textual features facilitate students’ reading comprehension. The implication has also been worked out to reinforce the possible application of discourse knowledge instruction in the tertiary language classrooms at a more metacognitive level. </p>
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Jun, Young Bae, Seok-Zun Song, and Seon Jeong Kim. "Event and Its Application in Algebraic Structures." New Mathematics and Natural Computation 16, no. 01 (March 2020): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793005720500076.
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The notion of eventful element and eventful set is introduced, and its application is considered in BCI and/or BCK algebras. Several properties are investigated, and (positive implicative) ideal in an eventful BCK algebra and closed ideal in an eventful BCI algebra are discussed. Given the subsets [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] of a BCI and/or BCK algebra, the eventful subset [Formula: see text] which consists of BCI and/or BCK events with a condition is established. Conditions for the eventful subset [Formula: see text] to be a (positive implicative) ideal of an eventful BCK algebra are provided, and conditions for the eventful subset [Formula: see text] to be a (closed) ideal of an event BCI algebra are given. An example to show that the set [Formula: see text] is not a positive implicative ideal in an eventful BCK algebra is provided, and then the conditions for the set [Formula: see text] to be a positive implicative ideal in an eventful BCK algebra are considered.
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Wapwera, Samuel Danjuma, Timlok Timothy Wazhi, and Musa Bulus Azi. "Physical Planning Administrative Structures; Impacts and Implication for Urban Development & Its Management." Urban Studies and Public Administration 6, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/uspa.v6n1p1.
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This paper examines the physical planning administrative structures, impacts and implication for urban development and its management in Nigeria by identifying the various forms of administrative structures, examining how the identified administrative structures impact on the development and management of urban areas. The extensive literature reviews show-case four different and unique administrative structures; Weak Mayor-Council Structure, Strong Mayor-Council Structure, Commission System and the Council-Manager System. The purposive sampling technique was used to draw 4 planning authorities with different or similar administrative structures and how it has affected physical planning within the urban metropolis. The snowball, Purposive and Convenience sampling methods were employed for the Face-to-face interview and the documents that were reviewed on the 4 planning authorities. The thematic and content analyses were used to analyse the face-to-face interviews and over 70 archive documents. The results revealed that two of the planning authorities have the same administrative structures; The Commission System and the Council-Manager System administrative structures were reflective of the planning authorities. The impact of these structures revealed a high level of haphazard development around and about the entire metropolis, Nigeria and an implication of inadequacy of the administrative structures to control urban development and its management over the years. Based on the results obtained, recommendations were made for the academia, practitioners and policy makers.
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Narmour, Eugene. "Analyzing Form and Measuring Perceptual Content in Mozart's Sonata K. 282: A New Theory of Parametric Analogues." Music Perception 13, no. 3 (1996): 265–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40286173.
Full textAbstract:
Hierarchic analysis in music necessarily separates form from content. However, in active listening, the two are indivisible. To illustrate this, I first analyze in Part 1 the opening movement in Mozart's Sonata K. 282 from the top down, using traditional methods in music theory. Arriving at the manifest level, I then dissect the music from the bottom up, relying on the implication-realization model (Narmour, 1977,1989,1990,1991a, 1992). The contrasting perspectives reveal in great detail some of the movement's richly complex structuring. More generally, they confirm the inextricable feedback between parametric content and the meaning of form, specifically with respect to the contrary functions of closure and nonclosure. Following these analyses, Part 2 forges a synthesis by developing an implicative theory of analogical structures for melody, harmony, duration, and meter. Because, in terms of bottom-up processing, the analytical symbology for tracking structures is commensurable, we can, in all four primary parameters, weight similarity (aa), difference (ab), closure (stability), and nonclosure (implication) with comparable numbers. Further, by adding in some essential stylistic properties from the top down (scale step, diatonic pitch set, tonal cadential closure), we are able to represent the overall rhythmic shape of the first phrase in a single twodimensional graph. Thereby, we recapture from hierarchic analysis the perceptual sense that, in on-line listening, form and content are synthetically one.
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Lin, Chi-Hui, and Gayle V. Davidson-Shivers. "Effects of Linking Structure and Cognitive Style on Students' Performance and Attitude in a Computer-Based Hypertext Environment." Journal of Educational Computing Research 15, no. 4 (December 1996): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ju82-yhca-x5dr-ehyu.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to determine the implications of content organization and cognitive style with regard to the design of hypertext. Specifically, the study examined the effects of linking structure type and field-dependence and -independence on recall of verbal information, as well as attitudes toward instructional materials. Subjects were 139 undergraduate college students. Five hypertext-based instructional treatments using different linking strategies (linear, hierarchical, hierarchical-associative, associative, and random) with the same content (Chinese Politics) were created for five groups of subjects. Overall, the results of the study indicate that students with higher scores on the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) test outperformed students with lower scores on the GEFT test on the performance posttest. Students tended to like hierarchical linking structures and hierarchical-associative linking structures more than linear structures and those who were more field independent had more positive attitudes than did students with lower scores on the GEFT test. In addition, students with lower field-dependency would have more positive attitudes when using less structured instruction, while students who are more field independent would prefer more structured instruction. Implication of these findings for hypertext design and directions for future research are discussed.