Relevant bibliographies by topics / Structure implicative

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Structure implicative'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 20 April 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Structure implicative"

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Sameri, E., and R. A. Borzooei. "Extended implicative groupoids." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 40, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 1261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-201575.

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In this paper, we generalize the concept of extended order algebras in order to get a new algebraic structure called “extended implicative groupoid”. First, we define the notions of pre-weak extended, weak extended, right extended and left extended implicative groupoid. Then we introduce the concept of extended implicative groupoid by using these notions. In addition, the special properties of these structures, such as the existence of MacNeille completion and adjoint product are studied. Finally, we prove that the class of symmetrical associative complete distributive extended implicative groupoids, coincides with complete residuated lattices.
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Nadathur, Prerna. "Causality and aspect in ability, actuality, and implicativity." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 30 (March 2, 2021): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v30i0.4847.

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Past-tense ability ascriptions (e.g., "was able") alternate between pure, potentially unrealized ability and an interpretation which actualizes the ability. The alternation extends to abilitative uses of possibility modals, with actualized readings strengthening to actuality entailments under perfective aspect in aspect-marking languages (Bhatt 1999). These interpretations resist explanation on accounts which seek to derive them in the composition of modality and aspect. I build on causal analyses of implicative inferences (from lexical implicatives like "manage" as well as 'variably-implicative' "enough" comparatives; Baglini & Francez 2016, Nadathur 2016, 2017) to propose a new approach to actuality inferences, grounded in a causal semantics for ability predicates. This account derives both pure ability and actuality readings, and explains parallels between implicative "manage" and actualized ability on the basis of shared (presuppositional) causal structure. "Manage" and ability differ in asserted content, but the difference is neutralized – producing actuality entailments – under a perfective operator which selects for eventive predicates, and combines with stative ability attributions only via aspectual coercion.
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Zhang, Linmin. ""Enough", "too", and causal dependence." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 61 (January 1, 2018): 481–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.61.2018.508.

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Enough-/too-constructions (E/T constructions) have an implicative reading: e.g.,Mary was clever enough to leave early yesterday entails Mary left early yesterday. I arguethat this implicative reading is not due to the lexical semantics proper of enough/too, but dueto its bi-clausal structure (e.g., the above-mentioned example is analyzed as Mary left earlyyesterday because she was clever enough). I analyze enough and too simply as degree modifiersthat involve a comparison: enough means reaching the lower bound of an interval, whiletoo means exceeding the upper bound of an interval. Then inspired by Schulz (2011), Bagliniand Francez (2015), and Nadathur (2016), I relate the semantics of E/T constructions to causaldependence: due to some sufficiency/excess, the infinitival complement clause in E/T constructionsis episodically or generically (depending on its aspect being perfective or imperfective)true/false. I also argue that this infinitive has its tense and aspect marked on the main predicateof sentences, resulting in the seeming correlation between aspect and implication in languagesthat overtly make a distinction between perfective and imperfective aspects (e.g., French).Keywords: enough, too, comparatives, causal dependence, necessary (but not necessarily sufficient)causes, sufficient (but not necessarily necessary) causes, infinitives, implicatives.
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Romano, Daniel A. "Weak implicative filters in quasi-ordered residuated systems." Proyecciones (Antofagasta) 40, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 797–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.22199/issn.0717-6279-4332.

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The concept of residuated relational systems ordered under a quasiorder relation was introduced in 2018 by S. Bonzio and I. Chajda as a structure A = 〈A, ·,→, 1, R〉, where (A, ·) is a commutative monoid with the identity 1 as the top element in this ordered monoid under a quasi-order R. The author introduced and analyzed the concepts of filters and implicative filters in this type of algebraic structures. In this article, the concept of weak implicative filters in a quasi-ordered residuated system is introduced as a continuation of previous researches. Also, some conditions for a filter of such system to be a weak implicative filter are listed.
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Abughazalah, N., G. Muhiuddin, Mohamed E. A. Elnair, and A. Mahboob. "Bipolar Fuzzy Set Theory Applied to the Certain Ideals in BCI-Algebras." Symmetry 14, no. 4 (April 14, 2022): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14040815.

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The study of symmetry is one of the most important and beautiful themes uniting various areas of contemporary arithmetic. Algebraic structures are useful structures in pure mathematics for learning a geometrical object’s symmetries. In this paper, we introduce new concepts in an algebraic structure called BCI-algebra, where we present the concepts of bipolar fuzzy (closed) BCI-positive implicative ideals and bipolar fuzzy (closed) BCI-commutative ideals of BCI-algebras. The relationship between bipolar fuzzy (closed) BCI-positive implicative ideals and bipolar fuzzy ideals is investigated, and various conditions are provided for a bipolar fuzzy ideal to be a bipolar fuzzy BCI-positive implicative ideal. Furthermore, conditions are presented for a bipolar fuzzy (closed) ideal to be a bipolar fuzzy BCI-commutative ideal.
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Heubo-Kwegna, Olivier A., and Jean B. Nganou. "A FRACTION STRUCTURE ON IMPLICATIVE BCK-ALGEBRAS." JP Journal of Algebra, Number Theory and Applications 36, no. 1 (March 12, 2015): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17654/jpantafeb2015_091_098.

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Sims, Andrea D., and Jeff Parker. "How inflection class systems work: On the informativity of implicative structure." Word Structure 9, no. 2 (October 2016): 215–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2016.0094.

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The complexity of an inflection class system can be defined as the average extent to which elements in the system inhibit motivated inferences about the realization of lexemes’ paradigm cells. Research shows that systems tend to exhibit relatively low complexity in this sense. However, relatively little work has explored how structural and distributional aspects of the inflectional system produce this outcome. In this paper we use the tools of information theory to do so. We explore a set of nine languages that have robust inflection class systems: Palantla Chinantec, French, Modern Greek, Icelandic, Kadiwéu, Nuer, Russian, Seri, and Võro. The data show that the extent to which implicative paradigmatic structure does work to minimize the complexity of the system differs significantly. In fact, the nine languages fall into three graph types based on their implicative structure. Moreover, low type frequency classes disproportionately contribute to the complexity of inflectional systems, but we hypothesize that their freedom to detract in this way may depend on the extent to which implicative structure is systemically important. We thus propose that the amount of ‘work’ done by implicative relations in structuring inflection classes should be considered a typological parameter.
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Romano, Daniel A. "Implicative filters in quasi-ordered residuated systems." Proyecciones (Antofagasta) 40, no. 2 (April 2021): 481–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.22199/issn.0717-6279-2021-02-0025.

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The concept of residuated relational systems ordered under a quasiorder relation was introduced in 2018 by S. Bonzio and I. Chajda as a structure 𝒜 = 〈A, ·,→, 1, R〉, where (A, ·) is a commutative monoid with the identity 1 as the top element in this ordered monoid under a quasi-order R. The author introduced and analyzed the concepts of filters in this type of algebraic structures. In this article, as a continuation of previous author’s research, the author introduced and analyzed the concept of implicative filters in quasi-ordered residuated systems.
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Beniamine, Sacha, Olivier Bonami, and Ana R. Luís. "The fine implicative structure of European Portuguese conjugation." Isogloss. Open Journal of Romance Linguistics 7 (September 3, 2021): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/isogloss.109.

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Recent literature has highlighted the extent to which inflectional paradigms are organisedinto systems of implications allowing speakers to make full use of the inflection systemon the basis of exposure to only a few forms of each word. The present paper contributesto this line of research by investigating in detail the implicative structure of EuropeanPortuguese verbal paradigms. After outlining the computational methods we use to thateffect, we deploy these methods on a lexicon of about 5000 verbs, and show how the morphological and phonological properties of European Portuguese verbs lead to the observed patterns of predictability.
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Guzm�n, F. "The poset structure of positive implicative BCK-algebras." Algebra Universalis 32, no. 3 (September 1994): 398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01235177.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Structure implicative"

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Copot, Maria-Sorina. "The paradigmatic organisation of morphological knowledge." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UNIP7094.

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Cette thèse porte sur les relations implicatives fines qui soudent les paradigmes, et sur leur rôle dans la structure du lexique mental. Elle commence par un aperçu des concepts clés tels que les paradigmes, les relations implicatives fines, la mémoire et la prédictibilité, puis présente cinq articles sur le sujet, qui s'appuient sur des méthodes relevant de la linguistique de corpus, la linguistique expérimentale et la linguistique computationnelle. "Behavioural evidence for implicative paradigmatic relationships" montre que les locuteurs sont conscients des relations implicatives dans le système flexionnel de leur langue, et examine la relation entre la prédictibilité paradigmatique et la fréquence. "Baseless derivation : the behavioural reality of derivational paradigms" présente des résultats expérimentaux soutenant l'hypothèse selon laquelle les paradigmes dérivationnels sont également structurés par des relations implicatives. "Idiosyncratic frequency as a measure of derivation vs. inflection" opérationnalise l'affirmation selon laquelle la flexion relie des mots appartenant au même lexème et la dérivation relie des mots appartenant à des lexèmes différents, et place les procédés morphologiques du français sur le continuum flexion-dérivation, sur la base d'une mise en œuvre quantitative de ce critère de distinction. "Defectiveness in French as a product of prescriptivism" explore la relation entre la défectivité et les constructions stigmatisées, apportant des arguments pour soutenir que les locuteurs évitent les mots défectifs pour des raisons en partie sociolinguistiques. "A word-and-paradigm workflow for fieldwork annotation" présente un outil pour l'analyse morphologique et l'annotation des langues sous-documentées basé sur la morphologie mot-et-paradigme, qui permet d'impliquer plus facilement la communauté des locuteurs de la langue dans le processus de documentation. Les articles sont suivis d'une discussion soulignant les thèmes communs entre eux et les futures directions de recherche
This thesis is about the fine implicative relationships that hold paradigms together, and their role in the structure of the mental lexicon. It starts with an overview of key concepts such as paradigms, fine implicative relationships, memory and predictability, and subsequently features five articles on the subject, relying on methods from corpus, experimental and computational linguistics. "Behavioural evidence for implicative paradigmatic relationships" shows that speakers are aware of and make use of implicative relations in their inflectional system, and examines the relationship between paradigmatic predictability and frequency. "Baseless derivation: the behavioural reality of derivational paradigms" presents experimental evidence in favour of the hypothesis that derivational paradigms are also structured by implicative relationships. "Idiosyncratic frequency as a measure of derivation vs. inflection" operationalises the statement that inflection links words belonging to the same lexeme and derivation links words belonging to different lexemes, and places morphological processes of French along the inflection-derivation continuum based on a quantitative implementation of this criterion for the distinction. "Defectiveness in French as a product of prescriptivism" explores the relationship between defectiveness and stigmatised constructions, finding evidence in favour of the hypothesis that speakers avoid defective words for partly social reasons. "A word-and-paradigm workflow for fieldwork annotation" outlines a tool for the morphological analysis and annotation of underdocumented languages based on word-and-paradigm morphology, which makes it easier to involve the community of speakers of the language in the process of documentation. The articles are followed by a discussion outlining common themes between them, and future research directions
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Domenach, Florent. "Structures latticielles, correspondances de Galois contraintes et classification symbolique." Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010020.

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La thèse se situe dans le domaine de l'analyse latticielle de données dans la situation, très générale, où des objets de nature diverse sont décrits par des variables de types divers; on fait simplement l'hypothèse (réaliste) selon laquelle chaque variable prend ses valeurs dans un treillis. Les problèmes de traitement de telles données (extraction de connaissance) reviennent souvent à chercher à obtenir des familles de Moore de type particulier, par exemple arborescent, et donc à imposer des contraintes structurelles. Dans ce cadre, nous étudions d'abord les familles de Moore particulières que sont les hiérarchies, dont nous caractérisons la base canonique d'implications. Pour ce faire, nous introduisons un nouveau type de relations binaires sur les parties d'un ensemble, appelées relations d'emboîtement. Nous les mettons en correspondance bi-univoque avec les familles de Moore quelconques, leur lien avec l'une des relations flèche, et revenons sur leurs propriétés dans le cas hiérarchique, où elles sont d'abord apparues. Dans une seconde partie, nous nous intéressons à la correspondance de Galois associée à un tableau binaire (auquel les données du type indiqué ci-dessus peuvent toujours être ramenées). Nous examinons alors les contraintes à imposer à un tableau binaire pour que les fermés obtenus appartiennent à des familles de Moore prescrites, ou de type voulu. On obtient alors des relations binaires dites bifermées. Étant donnés deux espaces de fermeture (E, cp) et (E', cp'), une relation est bifermée si toute ligne de sa représentation matricielle correspond à un fermé par cp, et toute colonne à un fermé par cp'. Nous établissons l'isomorphisme entre l'ensemble des relations bifermées et celui des correspondances de Galois entre les deux treillis de fermés induits par cp et cp'. Dans le cas fini, on en déduit des algorithmes efficaces pour l'ajustement d'une correspondance de Galois à une application quelconque entre deux treillis, ou pour le calcul du supremum de deux polarités. Dans une troisième partie, nous appliquons les résultats précédents à l'étude de l'introduction de contraintes classificatoires sur un tableau de données. Nous revenons sur divers usages des correspondances de Galois (ou des couples application résiduée / résiduelle) dans les modèles et les méthodes de la classification. Ceux-ci sont revisités dans l'optique d'une présentation unifiée fondée sur les bifermées, et, en prenant en compte les résultats de la première partie, des voies sont tracées pour la définition de nouvelles méthodes. Ces parties sont précédées d'une synthèse sur les treillis et les correspondances de Galois.
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PARFAIT, COPALU BEATRICE. "Implication des genes nucleaires de structure dans les maladies mitochondriales." Paris 7, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA077190.

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Ce travail a porte sur l'implication possible du genome nucleaire dans les deficits de la chaine respiratoire. La premiere partie de ce travail a consiste a determiner l'origine genetique des deficits en cytochrome c oxydase (cox). Nous avons ainsi exclu l'implication du genome mitochondrial chez 18 patients presentant un deficit isole en cox. Cette etude, extremement importante pour le conseil genetique, permet d'abaisser le risque de recurrence de la maladie a 1/4 dans la fratrie des patients atteints de deficits isoles en cox. La deuxieme partie de ce travail a consiste a rechercher la presence de copies nucleaires de l'adn mitochondrial (adnmt) afin d'ameliorer le diagnostic moleculaire des maladies mitochondriales. La proportion de molecules mutees d'adnmt joue un role crucial dans l'expression de la maladie et la presence de ces copies pourrait entrainer une quantification erronee de ces molecules. Avant toute recherche et quantification de mutations de l'adnmt, nous proposons de tester la specificite des oligonucleotides utilises en utilisant l'adn de cellules rho o depourvues d'adnmt. Le troisieme volet de mon etude a consiste a etudier les bases moleculaires des deficits en succinate deshydrogenase (sdh), enzyme de la chaine respiratoire et du cycle de krebs. Nous avons determine la structure des deux copies du gene de la flavoproteine (fp) de la sdh et montre qu'une seule d'entre elles est active. Nous avons etudie la region promotrice du gene fp et caracterise des sites potentiels de liaison de facteurs transactivateurs. Nous nous sommes ensuite attaches a caracteriser l'existence d'une co-regulation de l'expression des 4 genes du complexe ii dans differents tissus. Enfin, nous avons etudie le deficit en sdh chez trois patients et les bases moleculaires du deficit ne sont clairement etablies que pour l'un d'entre eux. Cette etude suggere l'implication d'autres genes, encore inconnus chez l'homme, ayant un role dans la biogenese ou l'assemblage du complexe ii.
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Herga, Sameh. "Relation structure-fonction de l'acylase I et de l'aspartoacylase : implication pathologique." Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX30022.

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Les acylases sont des enzymes qui hydrolysent des acylaminoacides, libérant un aminoacide libre et une fonction acyle. En fonction de la spécificité de substrat, elles sont représentées par plusieurs types. Nous nous sommes intéressés à l’acylase de type I de rein de rat (rr-ACYI), à l’acylase I humaine (ACYIh) et à l’aspartoacyalse humaine (ASPh). Pour nos études les enzymes ont été exprimées sous forme de protéines recombinantes en utilisant le système procaryote E. Coli. Nous avons montré qu’aucune cystéine n’est impliquée dans la catalyse enzymatique de l’rr-ACYI et que D82 retrouvé dans le motif H80xD82x’ permet la protonation de H80 impliquée dans la coordination d’un des atomes de zinc. Par la suite nous avons décrit pour la première fois une nouvelle maladie métabolique très certainement consécutive à l’absence d’une activité ACYIh. Par mutagenèse dirigée nous avons montré que la mutation R353C observée chez le patient était responsable de la perte d’activité qui pourrait être en relation directe avec le faible taux d’ ARNm détecté. Enfin, l’étude menée sur l’ASPh, responsable de la maladie de Canavan, montre que cette protéine est une métalloenzyme à zinc catalytique et non pas une enzyme à sérine. Les acides aminés H21, E24 et H116 ont été caractérisés comme étant impliqués dans la coordination du métal et se trouvant au voisinage de E178 qui est le résidu catalytique
Acylases are enzymes which hydrolyze acylamino acids releasing a free amino acid and an acidic group. Different types have been described according to the substrate. We studied kidney rat acylase I (rr-ACYI), human acylase I (ACYIh) and human aspartoacylase (ASPh). The proteins were expressed as recombinant proteins using the E. Coli prokaryotic system. We showed that any cysteine residue was implicated during the catalysis phenomenon and that D82 belonging to the H80xD82x’ motif is to ensure a proper protonation of H80 residue implicated in zinc coordination. For the first we described a novel inborn error of metabolism with ACYIh deficiency. By site-directed mutagenesis, we have demonstrated that R353C mutation observed in the patient was responsible for enzyme deficiency, in correlation with mRNA level. Finally, we confirmed that ASPh, an enzyme involved in the Canavan disease, is a zinc metalloenzyme. H21, E24 and H116 were characterized as amino acids implicated in the metal coordination and that are in the vicinity of the catalytic E178
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Jouny, Julien. "Le parrainage sportif en PME PMI : de l'émergence d'un processus d'identification à l'évolution de la satisfaction au travail et l'implication organisationnelle des employés." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0312.

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Depuis près de quarante ans, la recherche sur le parrainage s’inscrit dans la mouvance d’un phénomène qui ne cesse de se développer. A ce jour, plus de 55 milliards de dollars sont consacrés dans notre monde à cette pratique (Kantar, 2014). La France n’est pas en reste avec près de 2 milliards d’euros d’investissement en 2013 (FPI, 2014). Le parrainage sportif représente la majeure partie de ces dépenses, ce qui en fait l’un des secteurs les plus dynamiques de l’activité de communication marketing. La recherche porte principalement sur son impact externe (spectateurs, consommateurs,…) dans le cadre du parrainage d’entités ou d’événements sportifs au fort potentiel marketing (Jeux Olympiques, Championnats du Monde, clubs professionnels…) par de grandes entreprises. Le terrain des PME-PMI s’avère peu investi. De même, peu de recherches relatives aux conséquences de cette pratique sur le public interne du parrain ont vu le jour. Notre travail met en relief les effets de ce type de parrainage sportif sur le public interne des PME-PMI. Cette recherche base sa réflexion sur la problématique suivante : Le parrainage sportif à faible potentiel marketing et commercial par une PME-PMI engendre-t-il des effets sur les employés du parrain ?Nous développons notre réflexion autour de cette question en trois temps. Premièrement, nous précisons respectivement l’intérêt théorique et managérial de cette recherche. Une revue de la littérature sur la thématique du parrainage et du parrainage sportif est proposée. Celle-ci permet d’ériger notre définition du concept principal mobilisé dans ce travail. Puis, une étude qualitative réalisée auprès de 18 dirigeants de PME-PMI parrain confirme l’intérêt managérial du sujet et l’impact possible du parrainage sportif sur le public interne. Deuxièmement, nous réalisons une étude qualitative auprès de 16 employés de PME-PMI parrain sportif. A partir de leur discours, nous développons une data-structure qui met en relief un processus d’impact du parrainage sportif affectant leur identité organisationnelle. De plus, des effets notoires sur leur satisfaction au travail et leur implication organisationnelle sont identifiés. Troisièmement, nous confirmons l’existence de ces effets à travers une troisième étude, de nature quantitative, réalisée auprès de 421 employés de 41 PME-PMI parrains sportifs. Suite aux résultats obtenus, nous indiquons la relative méconnaissance et inexploitation du potentiel du parrainage sportif au sein de ces entreprises. Des lors, d’un point de vue managérial, cette recherche souligne les conditions optimales à mettre en place afin d’utiliser efficacement le parrainage sportif à faible ampleur marketing et commercial en tant que moyen de communication interne au sein des PME-PMI
Over the last 40 years, research on sponsorship has been growing, and so have investments in this communication instrument. Today, worldwide sponsorship investments exceed 55 billion US Dollars (Kantar, 2014), while investments in France total more than two billion Euros (FPI, 2014). Roughly two thirds of these investments concern the area of sport making sport sponsorship one of the most dynamic fields of marketing communication. In the past, research has focused mainly on the impact of sponsorship on the external targets of the sponsor, typically analyzing large multinational companies supporting large scale events with high marketing potential (Olympic games, Soccer World championships, auto racing, etc.). Very few studies have targeted the use sponsorship by SMEs. Moreover, there is a lack of research on the internal consequences of this practice. Our study focuses on the effects of sport sponsorship on the internal public of SMEs by addressing the following question: How do employees of SMEs perceive the little-mediated sponsorship activities of their employers and how are they impacted by them?This work is structured in three parts. First, a literature review about sport sponsorship highlights the theoretical and managerial interests of the research and proposes a definition of sport sponsorship. A qualitative study conducted on 18 directors of SME confirms the managerial interest of this research and sheds light on the potential impact of sport sponsorship on the internal public of this kind of company. Second, based on a qualitative study on 16 employees of SMEs, a data-structure is developed which allows to grasp the organizational identification processes that result from sponsorship activities, and the effects of these activities in terms of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. In a third part, the existence of these effects is further analyzed through a quantitative survey upon 421 employees of 41 different SMEs sponsors. Overall, results show the lack of awareness and the quite confidential use of sport sponsorship within these organizations. From a managerial perspective, our research highlights the optimal conditions required to make effective use of sport sponsorship with minor marketing and sales potential by SMEs
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Nishimura, Ikuo. "Energy conservation implication through polynucleated city structure : reorganization of U.S. suburbs." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69312.

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Monk, Nicholas Alexander M. "Algebraic structures in the light of the implicate order." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311634.

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Méphon-Gaspard, Alix. "Structure et dynamique des fagots de microtubules : implication de la protéine Tau." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLE061/document.

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Le long de l’axone d’un neurone mature, les microtubules (MTs) sont organisés en faisceaux parallèles et orientés. Cette géométrie devrait en théorie favoriser la formation de fagots serrés de MTs par encombrement macromoléculaire au sein de l’axoplasme (distance interMT < 5 nm). Or, des images de coupes d’axones obtenues par microscopie électronique ont révélé qu’ils y étaient bien séparés (distance interMT ≈ 75 nm). Dans la littérature, cette singularité pourrait s’expliquer par la présence de Tau, une protéine associée aux MTs. Cependant, l’effet de Tau sur l’organisation de MTs est encore sujet à controverse et deux modèles antagonistes ont été proposés. Le premier modèle avance que le domaine de projection de Tau connecte les MTs tout en les maintenant espacés en formant des ponts d’origine électrostatiques, à l’inverse du second qui explique l’espacement des MTs par un effet de « polymer brush » dû à la présence de Tau à la surface du MT. Afin d’éclairer la fonction de Tau dans l’organisation des MTs, nous avons combiné des approches expérimentales à différentes échelles, in vitro et in cellulo, avec des données issues de la modélisation analytique et numérique. Les résultats obtenus nous ont permis de proposer un modèle alternatif où la protéine Tau formerait des ponts transitoires. Ces derniers permettraient de maintenir les MTs suffisamment éloignés les uns des autres afin d’éviter l’effet de forces attractives à courte portée qui déclencheraient une mise en fagot irréversible des MTs. Enfin, notre modèle tient compte de la faible densité de Tau sur la surface des MTs axonaux. En effet, même à un bas ratio molaire Tau : Tubuline, Tau permet de garder les MTs éloignés les uns des autres grâce à la mobilité relative de Tau sur les MTs
In mature neurons, axonal microtubules (MTs) are arranged in parallel arrays. Interestingly, even though both macromolecular crowding and their parallel orientation should force the formation of tightly packed bundles, they remain well separated. For decades, Tau, a microtubule-associated protein, has been implicated in this unique organization of axonal MTs. However, Tau properties still remain controversial as two antagonist models of interaction with MTs exist. Tau projection domains are either thought to connect MTs by forming electrostatic cross-bridges or to repulse them via a polymer brush mechanism. To gain a comprehensive view of Tau function, we then performed in vitro and in cells experiments, combined to analytical and mathematical modelling. We also reviewed the data traditionally used to support the cross-bridging and the polymer brush models and compared them with our interdisciplinary approach. Taken together, these results are indicating that tau can form transient and long-range cross-bridges at the interface between microtubules. These cross-bridges could prevent short-range attractive interactions that trigger an irreversible microtubule bundling. Finally, our model explain how MTs are kept apart at very low Tau:Tubulin molar ratio thanks to tau diffusion on microtubules
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Paban, Véronique. "Implication de la vasopressine dans la mémoire : recherche des structures cibles." Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX11068.

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Ce travail aborde l'etude de l'implication d'un neuropeptide, l'arginine 8-vasopressine (avp) dans les processus d'apprentissage, de memorisation et de rappel, au travers de la structure hippocampique. En effet, l'hippocampe, largement implique dans la memoire, constitue l'une des principales cibles par laquelle l'avp modulerait les comportements appris. Ainsi, nous avons montre chez la souris qu'un apport exogene d'avp au niveau de l'hippocampe facilite les processus de memorisation et de restitution mnesique dans une epreuve de discrimination visuelle, a partir du moment ou la quantite et/ou la qualite d'information acquise au moment du traitement est suffisamment importante et/ou pertinente. L'effet de facilitation de l'avp sur la restitution mnesique a long terme et le reapprentissage necessite l'integrite fonctionnelle des recepteurs vasopressinergiques v1 et ocytocinergiques. Par contre, les recepteurs vasopressinergiques v2 ne semblent pas etre impliques dans l'effet comportemental du peptide. Par la suite, nous nous sommes demande quelles etaient les autres structures cerebrales susceptibles de participer a l'effet de facilitation de l'avp sur la memorisation. L'avp induisant des modifications de l'expression de la proteine fos, nous avons utilise cette proteine comme marqueur de la mise en activite d'une structure a la suite d'une administration intracerebroventriculaire (i. C. V. ) d'avp au cours de la memorisation. Les resultats ont montre une augmentation de l'expression de la proteine fos au niveau de l'hippocampe (partie dorsale et ventrale) et du septum lateral. Ainsi, ces resultats suggerent que la facilitation de la performance consecutive a une administration i. C. V. D'avp resulte de l'action combinee de ces deux structures. De plus, parce que l'avp induit une augmentation de l'expression fos et que la proteine fos est definie comme un facteur transcriptionnel, il est envisageable que l'effet comportemental de l'avp soit lie, en partie, a sa propriete de moduler l'expression genique, via la proteine fos.
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Yang, Chi-Jen 1971. "Taiwan's industrial structural change and its implication on energy intensity." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46265.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Technology and Policy Program, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 42-43).
The objective of this thesis is to analyze how the shift in industrial mix had contributed to the energy intensity in Taiwan. The concern for energy intensity is mainly because it is directly related to Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emission, and international negotiations on global climate change might lead to an international regulation of CO2 emission. The data for this study are the 1981-1984-1986-1989-1991 29-sector input-output tables of Taiwan. I derive not only direct total energy inputs and intensities, but also total energy requirements and intensities from the input-output data. I also use the shift-share analysis to demonstrate the contributions to energy intensity from national output growth, industrial mix shift, and efficiency shift. The total (direct and indirect) energy intensities provide a very different perception of each sector's energy consumption than the perception of direct energy intensities. In terms of total energy intensities, the electronic industry is more energy-intensive than the national average. The other service industries, although they are less energy-intensive than the national average in terms of both direct energy input and total energy requirements, did not help much in reducing national energy intensity. The industrial mix-effect is too small to play a significant role in reducing Taiwan's national energy intensity. Taiwan needs a more aggressive energy conservation policy to improve its energy efficiency; otherwise, any international regulation would be a serious threat to Taiwan's economic development.
by Chi-Jen Yang.
S.M.
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Books on the topic "Structure implicative"

1

Gao, Weijun, ed. Digital Analysis of Urban Structure and Its Environment Implication. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6641-5.

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G, Saibaba, and Sreenivasa Rao K, eds. Structural adjustment and implication of human rights. New Delhi: Serials Publications, 2003.

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The analysis and cognition of basic melodic structures: The implication-realization model. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.

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Altman, Yochanan. On managing volunteers: Absence of monetary compensation and its implication in managing voluntary organisations: the issues of motivation, control and organisational structure. Cranfield: Cranfield School of Management, 1991.

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Yŏnʼguwŏn, Sŏul Sijŏng Kaebal, ed. Sŏul ŭi sanŏp kujo pyŏnhwa wa taechʻaek: Chejoŏp ŭl chungsim ŭro = Changing structure of manufacturing industry in Seoul and its policy implication. Sŏul Tʻŭkpyŏlsi: Sŏul Sijŏng Kaebal Yŏnʼguwŏn, 1993.

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Marin, Mara. Modeling Commitment for Structural Relations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190498627.003.0003.

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Chapter 2 extends the concept of commitment from personal to social structural relations and begins the argument that our implication in social structures puts us in relations analogous to those of personal commitments. This analogy has a descriptive and a normative element. Descriptively, this book’s notion of commitment captures the idea that social structures are the accumulated effects of our actions. Normatively, it captures the claim that we owe obligations to each other in virtue of our structural relationships to each other, that is, because our actions, accumulated over time, are responsible for reproducing the structure. It illustrates these claims with the example of a woman who attempts to change the gendered nature of parenting. This view of social structures as commitments is an antidote to the powerlessness we otherwise experience in our relation to unjust structures.
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Gao, Weijun. Digital Analysis of Urban Structure and Its Environment Implication. Springer, 2022.

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Tomioka, Satoshi. Information Structure in Japanese. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.42.

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Japanese is known to have rich encoding of information structure in its grammar. Focus and givenness can be prosodically marked, and there are syntactic structures that are sensitive to information structure, such as cleft sentences, right dislocation, and a variety of phonologically silent structures. This chapter introduces core empirical facts surrounding Japanese information structure, which form the basis of numerous theoretical endeavours. Special attention is paid to the properties ofwa-marked phrases. While the particlewais closely tied to the notion of ‘aboutness’ topic, it has other uses that are not obviously connected to aboutness. The grammar ofwa-marking also figures prominently in the discussion of a few additional issues that the chapter addresses, namely contrastiveness and its possible link to scalar implicature, and the recursively/embeddability of topicality in the context of ‘embedded root phenomena’.
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Féry, Caroline, and Shinichiro Ishihara, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Information Structure. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.001.0001.

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This book offers a clear, critical, and comprehensive overview of theoretical and experimental work on information structure. Different chapters examine the main theories of information structure in syntax, phonology, and semantics as well as perspectives from psycholinguistics and other relevant fields. Following the editors’ introduction the book is divided into four parts. The first, on theories of and theoretical perspectives on information structure, includes chapters on topic, prosody, and implicature. Part II covers a range of current issues in the field, including focus, quantification, and sign languages, while Part III is concerned with experimental approaches to information structure, including processes involved in its acquisition and comprehension. The final part contains a series of linguistic case studies drawn from a wide variety of the world’s language families.
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Campbell, John. Validity and the causal structure of a disorder. Edited by Kenneth S. Kendler and Josef Parnas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796022.003.0032.

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There are two aspects to validation: one is establishing the very existence of a disorder, the other is determining how good our methods are of determining the presence of the disorder. Both aspects depend on the conception of the disorder as something with a causal structure implicating the symptoms of the disorder. The symptoms may figure in this structure as effects of a single latent variable, or as homeostatically related merely to one another, or in some more complex structure. But without some such conception of the causal structure of the disorder, we have no idea what we are about trying to validate criteria for the disorder. The problem in psychiatry is that we currently seem to be demanding that those causal structures should involve relations between psychological and physical variables; and we have no idea how to think of those relations in terms of causal processes and causal mechanisms.
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Book chapters on the topic "Structure implicative"

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Guglielmi, Alessio. "Sequentiality by Linear Implication and Universal Quantification." In Structures in Concurrency Theory, 160–74. London: Springer London, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3078-9_11.

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Zhou, Dian, and Duo Xu. "Urban Structure and Its Environment." In Digital Analysis of Urban Structure and Its Environment Implication, 263–89. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6641-5_9.

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Liu, Mingya. "Negative Entailment, Positive Implicature and Polarity Items." In Contrastiveness in Information Structure, Alternatives and Scalar Implicatures, 227–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10106-4_11.

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Dulos, E., A. Hunding, J. Boissonade, and P. De Kepper. "Reaction-diffusion patterns: From observations in halogene chemistry to a test for implication in mitosis." In Transport and Structure, 367–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0104236.

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He, Xiujuan, and Weijun Gao. "Theory and Method of Urban Structure and Environment." In Digital Analysis of Urban Structure and Its Environment Implication, 1–17. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6641-5_1.

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Alvarez, Francisca, and Alejandra Loyola. "Histone Variants: Structure, Function, and Implication in Diseases." In Gene Regulation, Epigenetics and Hormone Signaling, 209–26. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527697274.ch7.

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Schapira, Matthieu. "Structural Biology of Human Metal-Dependent Histone Deacetylases." In Histone Deacetylases: the Biology and Clinical Implication, 225–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21631-2_10.

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Wang, Yan, Yuan Su, and M. Donny Koerniawan. "Climate-Sensitive Urban Design for Thermal Comfort." In Digital Analysis of Urban Structure and Its Environment Implication, 207–62. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6641-5_8.

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Guan, Dongjie, and Lilei Zhou. "Qualitative Assessment of Urban Ecosystem Services Based on GIS." In Digital Analysis of Urban Structure and Its Environment Implication, 107–38. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6641-5_5.

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Chen, Wei, and Wangchongyu Peng. "Spatiotemporal Quantification and Identification of Urban Development and Its Characteristics." In Digital Analysis of Urban Structure and Its Environment Implication, 49–80. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6641-5_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Structure implicative"

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Zaoui, Mbarek, Driss Gretete, and Khalid El Aroui. "Implicative Filters in Some Fuzzy Logic Structures." In 5th International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology. Aircc Publishing Corporation, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2019.91411.

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Skorodumov, B. B. "Spectroscopic structure of exotic 19Na. Astrophysics implication." In CAPTURE GAMMA-RAY SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED TOPICS: 12th International Symposium. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2187937.

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Le, Jia-Liang, and Zdenek Bazant. "Mechanistic Modeling of Strength Distribution of Quasibrittle Structures and Its Implication for Structural Reliability." In 9th International Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures. IA-FraMCoS, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21012/fc9.061.

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CHANG, ZHIYAN, YANG XU, JUN LIU, and JIAJUN LAI. "THE STRUCTURE OF LINGUISTIC TRUTH-VALUED LATTICE IMPLICATION ALGEBRA." In Proceedings of the 8th International FLINS Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812799470_0044.

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JAMAL, MOHAMMAD SALMAN IBNA, ANZAMAN HOSSEN, and ANAMIKA PRASAD. "EXAMINING CELLULOSE-PECTIN INTERACTIONS IN PLANT CELL WALL AND IMPLICATION IN COMPOSITE DESIGN." In Proceedings for the American Society for Composites-Thirty Eighth Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc38/36682.

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The cell wall (CW) in plants is an anisotropic fiber-reinforced composite material made from multiple components (cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin), with their structure and properties varying throughout the growth process to accommodate its multifunctional biological and structural needs. Revealing the architecture of plant CW and the role of its constituent and their interfaces is the key driver for this study. Here we characterized the composite-structure-mechanical response outcome of CW under component removal using enzymatic treatment, followed by instrumented indentation, optical microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy analysis to illustrate the changes. The results of the study indicate the critical role of pectin in the structure, where its breakage f1rom the cell wall leads to a maximum loss in structure and strength both for the early and later stages of plant growth. This study forms the basis of an expanded future investigation into the cell wall structure toward designing flexible fiber-reinforced composites for a broad range of applications.
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Gerns, E. A., and J. D. Freedland. "Construction Sequencing: Understanding the Implication of Failure and Effective Repairs for Historic Cladding Systems." In Structures Congress 2005. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40753(171)229.

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Suzuki, H., H. R. Riggs, M. Fujikubo, T. A. Shugar, H. Seto, Y. Yasuzawa, B. Bhattacharya, D. A. Hudson, and H. Shin. "Very Large Floating Structures." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29758.

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Very Large Floating Structure (VLFS) is a unique concept of ocean structures primary because of their unprecedented length, displacement cost and associated hydroelastic response. International Ship and Offshore Structures Congress (ISSC) had paid attention to the emerging novel technology and launched Special Task Committee to investigate the state of the art in the technology. This paper summarizes the activities of the committee. A brief overview of VLFS is given first for readers new to the subject. History, application and uniqueness with regard to engineering implication are presented. The Mobile Offshore Base (MOB) and Mega-Float, which are typical VLFS projects that have been investigated in detail and are aimed to be realized in the near future, are introduced. Uniqueness of VLFS, such as differences in behavior of VLFS from conventional ships and offshore structures, are described. The engineering challenges associated with behavior, design procedure, environment, and the structural analysis of VLFS are introduced. A comparative study of hydroelastic analysis tools that were independently developed for MOB and Mega-Float is made in terms of accuracy of global behavior. The effect of structural modeling on the accuracy of stress analysis is also discussed. VLFS entails innovative design methods and procedure. Development of design criteria and design procedures are described and application of reliability-based approaches are documented and discussed.
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Somekh, R. E., and M. M. Hasan. "Studies of multi-layers for short period X-ray mirrors." In Physics of X-Ray Multilayer Structures. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/pxrayms.1994.ma.3.

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The production of mirrors to operate at very short X-ray wavelengths (2-5 nm) still provides a challenge for materials scientists. The need for smooth interfaces whilst maintaining a considerable compositional sharpness is inherently problematic, since the former requires layers which are in some way compatible and by implication mutually soluble, whilst the latter is more likely to be achieved when two elements are immiscible.
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Kegalj, Jana, and Mirjana Borucinsky. "Implicative potential of structural indicators in speech acts of Marine Engineering communication." In 4th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.04.14159k.

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Wang, Bin, Kan Shi, and Xiaopeng Ren. "The Implication and Structure of Innovation Culture in Chinese Scientific Organization." In 2008 International Seminar on Future Information Technology and Management Engineering (FITME). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fitme.2008.162.

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Reports on the topic "Structure implicative"

1

Bühler, Christoph. On the structural value of children and its implication on intended fertility in Bulgaria. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2006-003.

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Evenchick, C. A. Stratigraphy, metamorphism, structure, and their tectonic implication in the Sifton and Deserters Ranges, Cassiar and northern Rocky Mountains, northern British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/125164.

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Kimhi, Ayal, Barry Goodwin, Ashok Mishra, Avner Ahituv, and Yoav Kislev. The dynamics of off-farm employment, farm size, and farm structure. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695877.bard.

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Objectives: (1) Preparing panel data sets for both the United States and Israel that contain a rich set of farm attributes, such as size, specialization, and output composition, and farmers’ characteristics such as off-farm employment status, education, and family composition. (2) Developing an empirical framework for the joint analysis of all the endogenous variables of interest in a dynamic setting. (3) Estimating simultaneous equations of the endogenous variables using the panel data sets from both countries. (4) Analyzing, using the empirical results, the possible effects of economic policies and institutional changes on the dynamics of the farm sector. An added objective is analyzing structural changes in farm sectors in additional countries. Background: Farm sectors in developed countries, including the U.S. and Israel, have experienced a sharp decline in their size and importance during the second half of the 20th century. The overall trend is towards fewer and larger farms that rely less on family labor. These structural changes have been a reaction to changes in technology, in government policies, and in market conditions: decreasing terms of trade, increasing alternative opportunities, and urbanization pressures. As these factors continue to change, so does the structure of the agricultural sector. Conclusions: We have shown that all major dimensions of structural changes in agriculture are closely interlinked. These include farm efficiency, farm scale, farm scope (diversification), and off-farm labor. We have also shown that these conclusions hold and perhaps even become stronger whenever dynamic aspects of structural adjustments are explicitly modeled using longitudinal data. While the results vary somewhat in the different applications, several common features are observed for both the U.S. and Israel. First, the trend towards the concentration of farm production in a smaller number of larger farm enterprises is likely to continue. Second, at the micro level, increased farm size is negatively associated with increased off-farm labor, with the causality going both ways. Third, the increase in farm size is mostly achieved by diversifying farm production into additional activities (crops or livestock). All these imply that the farm sector converges towards a bi-modal farm distribution, with some farms becoming commercial while the remaining farm households either exit farming altogether or continue producing but rely heavily on off-farm income. Implications: The primary scientific implication of this project is that one should not analyze a specific farm attribute in isolation. We have shown that controlling for the joint determination of the various farm and household attributes is crucial for obtaining meaningful empirical results. The policy implications are to some extent general but could be different in the two countries. The general implication is that farm policy is an important determinant of structural changes in the farm sector. For the U.S., we have shown the different effects of coupled and decoupled (direct) farm payments on the various farm attributes, and also shown that it is important to take into account the joint farm-household decisions in order to conduct a meaningful policy analysis. Only this kind of analysis explains the indirect effect of direct farm payments on farm production decisions. For Israel, we concluded that farm policy (or lack of farm policy) has contributed to the fast structural changes we observed over the last 25 years. The sharp change of direction in farm policy that started in the early 1980s has accelerated structural changes that could have been smoother otherwise. These accelerated structural changes most likely lead to welfare losses in rural areas.
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Petrova, Katerina. On the Validity of Classical and Bayesian DSGE-Based Inference. Federal Reserve Bank of New York, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.59576/sr.1084.

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This paper studies large sample classical and Bayesian inference in a prototypical linear DSGE model and demonstrates that inference on the structural parameters based on a Gaussian likelihood is unaffected by departures from Gaussianity of the structural shocks. This surprising result is due to a cancellation in the asymptotic variance resulting into a generalized information equality for the block corresponding to the structural parameters. The underlying reason for the cancellation is the certainty equivalence property of the linear rational expectation model. The main implication of this result is that classical and Bayesian Gaussian inference achieve a semi-parametric efficiency bound and there is no need for a “sandwich-form” correction of the asymptotic variance of the structural parameters. Consequently, MLE-based confidence intervals and Bayesian credible sets of the deep parameters based on a Gaussian likelihood have correct asymptotic coverage even when the structural shocks are non-Gaussian. On the other hand, inference on the reduced-form parameters characterizing the volatility of the shocks is invalid whenever the structural shocks have a non-Gaussian density and the paper proposes a simple Metropolis-within-Gibbs algorithm that achieves correct large sample inference for the volatility parameters.
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Chang, Ke-Vin. Shoulder Ultrasound Imaging in the Post-stroke Population: a Study Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.12.0075.

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Review question / Objective: To investigate sonographic findings in post-stroke hemiplegic shoulders. Rationale: The incidence of post-stroke hemiplegic shoulder pain was high, ranging from 34% to 84%. Uncertainties remain regarding the prevalence, etiologies, and clinical implication of shoulder pathologies after stroke. Ultrasound has emerged as an accessible tool to diagnose diverse soft tissue problems Therefore, we undertake a meta-analysis to provide more rigorous understanding of the structural changes in post-stroke hemiplegic shoulders on ultrasound examination and hopefully to enhance the treatment strategy of hemiplegic shoulder pain.
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Baader, Franz, and Felix Distel. A finite basis for the set of EL-implications holding in a finite model. Technische Universität Dresden, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.160.

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Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) can be used to analyze data given in the form of a formal context. In particular, FCA provides efficient algorithms for computing a minimal basis of the implications holding in the context. In this paper, we extend classical FCA by considering data that are represented by relational structures rather than formal contexts, and by replacing atomic attributes by complex formulae defined in some logic. After generalizing some of the FCA theory to this more general form of contexts, we instantiate the general framework with attributes defined in the Description Logic (DL) EL, and with relational structures over a signature of unary and binary predicates, i.e., models for EL. In this setting, an implication corresponds to a so-called general concept inclusion axiom (GCI) in EL. The main technical result of this report is that, in EL, for any finite model there is a finite set of implications (GCIs) holding in this model from which all implications (GCIs) holding in the model follow.
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Wannamaker, P. E. Tensor controlled-source audiomagnetotelluric survey over the Sulphur Springs Thermal area, Valles Caldera, New Mexico, U.S.A.; Implication for structure of the western Caldera and for CSAMT methodology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10190591.

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Galiani, Sebastián, Laura Jaitman, and Federico Weinschelbaum. Crime and Durable Goods. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007035.

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Crime and the durability of goods are strongly connected issues. However, surprisingly, they have been studied separately. This paper explores the relationship between the production of durable goods and crime from a theoretical perspective and draws important conclusions for both topics. Crime affects the consumer and producer surplus and thus the behavior of consumers, firms, the market equilibrium, and, in turn, the social optimum. Lower durability of goods reduces the incentive to steal those goods, thus reducing crime. When crime is included in the standard framework of durable goods, the socially optimal durability level is lower. Even without considering the negative non-market externalities of crime, perfect competition does not provide the optimal durability level. When considering different stealing technologies, perfect competition either over-produces durability or produces zero (minimum) durability. The monopolist under-produces durability regardless of the stealing technology considered. If all the crime externalities are taken into account, the socially optimal durability level is reduced further and gets closer to that which prevails under monopoly. The model has a clear policy implication: the durability of goods, and the market structure for those goods, can be an effective instrument to reduce crime. In particular, making the durability of a good contingent upon that good being stolen is likely to increase welfare.
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9

Finkelshtain, Israel, and Tigran Melkonyan. The economics of contracts in the US and Israel agricultures. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695590.bard.

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Research Objectives 1) Reviewing the rich economic literature on contracting and agricultural contracting; 2) Conducting a descriptive comparative study of actual contracting patterns in the U.S. and Israeli agricultural sectors; 3) Theoretical analysis of division of assets ownership, authority allocation and incentives in agricultural production contracts; 4) Theoretical analysis of strategic noncompetitive choice of agricultural production and marketing contracts, 5) Empirical studies of contracting in agricultural sectors of US and Israel, among them the broiler industry, the citrus industry and sugar beet sector. Background Recent decades have witnessed a world-wide increase in the use of agricultural contracts. In both the U.S. and Israel, contracts have become an integral part of production and marketing of many crops, fruits, vegetables and livestock commodities. The increased use of agricultural contracts raises a number of important economic policy questions regarding the optimal design of contracts and their determinants. Even though economists have made a substantial progress in understanding these issues, the theory of contracts and an empirical methodology to analyze contracts are still evolving. Moreover, there is an enormous need for empirical research of contractual relationships. Conclusions In both U.S. and Israel, contracts have become an integral part of production and marketing of many agricultural commodities. In the U.S. more than 40% of the value of agricultural production occurred under either marketing or production contracts. The use of agricultural contracts in Israel is also ubiquitous and reaches close to 60% of the value of agricultural production. In Israel we have found strategic considerations to play a dominant role in the choice of agricultural contracts and may lead to noncompetitive conduct and reduced welfare. In particular, the driving force, leading to consignment based contracts is the strategic effect. Moreover, an increase in the number of contractors will lead to changes in the terms of the contract, an increased competition and payment to farmers and economic surplus. We found that while large integrations lead to more efficient production, they also exploit local monopsonistic power. For the U.S, we have studied in more detail the choice of contract type and factors that affect contracts such as the level of informational asymmetry, the authority structure, and the available quality measurement technology. We have found that assets ownership and decision rights are complements of high-powered incentives. We have also found that the optimal allocation of decision rights, asset ownership and incentives is influenced by: variance of systemic and idiosyncratic shocks, importance (variance) of the parties’ private information, parameters of the production technology, the extent of competition in the upstream and downstream industries. Implications The primary implication of this project is that the use of agricultural production and marketing contracts is growing in both the US and Israeli agricultural sectors, while many important economic policy questions are still open and require further theoretical and empirical research. Moreover, actual contracts that are prevailing in various agricultural sectors seems to be less than optimal and, hence, additional efforts are required to transfer the huge academic know-how in this area to the practitioners. We also found evidence for exploitation of market powers by contactors in various agricultural sectors. This may call for government regulations in the anti-trust area. Another important implication of this project is that in addition to explicit contracts economic outcomes resulting from the interactions between growers and agricultural intermediaries depend on a number of other factors including allocation of decision and ownership rights and implicit contracting. We have developed models to study the interactions between explicit contracts, decision rights, ownership structure, and implicit contracts. These models have been applied to study contractual arrangements in California agriculture and the North American sugarbeet industry.
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10

Shomer, Ilan, Ruth E. Stark, Victor Gaba, and James D. Batteas. Understanding the hardening syndrome of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber tissue to eliminate textural defects in fresh and fresh-peeled/cut products. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587238.bard.

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The project sought to understand factors and mechanisms involved in the hardening of potato tubers. This syndrome inhibits heat softening due to intercellular adhesion (ICA) strengthening, compromising the marketing of industrially processed potatoes, particularly fresh peeled-cut or frozen tubers. However, ICA strengthening occurs under conditions which are inconsistent with the current ideas that relate it to Ca-pectate following pectin methyl esterase (PME) activity or to formation of rhamnogalacturonan (RG)-II-borate. First, it was necessary to induce strengthening of the middle lamellar complex (MLX) and the ICA as a stress response in some plant parenchyma. As normally this syndrome does not occur uniformly enough to study it, we devised an efficient model in which ICA-strengthening is induced consistently under simulated stress by short-chain, linear, mono-carboxylic acid molecules (OAM), at 65 oC [appendix 1 (Shomer&Kaaber, 2006)]. This rapid strengthening was insufficient for allowing the involved agents assembly to be identifiable; but it enabled us to develop an efficient in vitro system on potato tuber parenchyma slices at 25 ºC for 7 days, whereas unified stress was reliably simulated by OAMs in all the tissue cells. Such consistent ICA-strengthening in vitro was found to be induced according to the unique physicochemical features of each OAM as related to its lipophilicity (Ko/w), pKa, protonated proportion, and carbon chain length by the following parameters: OAM dissociation constant (Kdiss), adsorption affinity constant (KA), number of adsorbed OAMs required for ICA response (cooperativity factor) and the water-induced ICA (ICAwater). Notably, ICA-strengthening is accompanied by cell sap leakage, reflecting cell membrane rupture. In vitro, stress simulation by OAMs at pH<pKa facilitated the consistent assembly of ICAstrengthening agents, which we were able to characterize for the first time at the molecular level within purified insoluble cell wall of ICA-strengthened tissue. (a) With solid-state NMR, we established the chemical structure and covalent binding to cell walls of suberin-like agents associated exclusively with ICA strengthening [appendix 3 (Yu et al., 2006)]; (b) Using proteomics, 8 isoforms of cell wall-bound patatin (a soluble vacuolar 42-kDa protein) were identified exclusively in ICA-strengthened tissue; (c) With light/electron microscopy, ultrastructural characterization, histochemistry and immunolabeling, we co-localized patatin and pectin in the primary cell wall and prominently in the MLX; (d) determination of cell wall composition (pectin, neutral sugars, Ca-pectate) yielded similar results in both controls and ICA-strengthened tissue, implicating factors other than PME activity, Ca2+ or borate ions; (e) X-ray powder diffraction experiments revealed that the cellulose crystallinity in the cell wall is masked by pectin and neutral sugars (mainly galactan), whereas heat or enzymatic pectin degradation exposed the crystalline cellulose structure. Thus, we found that exclusively in ICA-strengthened tissue, heat-resistant pectin is evident in the presence of patatin and suberinlike agents, where the cellulose crystallinity was more hidden than in fresh control tissue. Conclusions: Stress response ICA-strengthening is simulated consistently by OAMs at pH< pKa, although PME and formation of Ca-pectate and RG-II-borate are inhibited. By contrast, at pH>pKa and particularly at pH 7, ICA-strengthening is mostly inhibited, although PME activity and formation of Ca-pectate or RG-II-borate are known to be facilitated. We found that upon stress, vacuolar patatin is released with cell sap leakage, allowing the patatin to associate with the pectin in both the primary cell wall and the MLX. The stress response also includes formation of covalently bound suberin-like polyesters within the insoluble cell wall. The experiments validated the hypotheses, thus led to a novel picture of the structural and molecular alterations responsible for the textural behavior of potato tuber. These findings represent a breakthrough towards understanding of the hardening syndrome, laying the groundwork for potato-handling strategies that assure textural quality of industrially processed particularly in fresh peeled cut tubers, ready-to-prepare and frozen preserved products.
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