Relevant bibliographies by topics / Structure formation mechanism

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Structure formation mechanism'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Structure formation mechanism"

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Savchenko, V. F., and S. D. Grivko. "MECHANISM OF FORMATION AND ACTIVITY OF INNOVATION CLUSTER STRUCTURE OF ENGINEERING COMPLEX." SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN OF POLISSIA 2, no. 1(9) (2017): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2410-9576-2017-2-1(9)-40-47.

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Manabe, Sei-ichi. "Formation Mechanism of Artificial Membrane Structure." membrane 22, no. 4 (1997): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.22.172.

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MAKABE, Koki. "Structure Formation Mechanism of Beta-Sheet." Seibutsu Butsuri 50, no. 3 (2010): 126–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.50.126.

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Savvova, Оksana, Hennadiy Voronov, Оlena Babich, Oleksii Fesenko, Sviatoslav Riabinin, and Robert Bieliakov. "Solid Solutions Formation Mechanism in Cordierite-Mullite Glass Materials During Ceramization." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 14, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht14.04.583.

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Relevance of the development of high-strength glass-ceramic coatings obtained by resource-saving technology for protective elements has been established. Structure formation mechanism in magnesium aluminosilicate glasses during heat treatment has been analyzed. Selection of the system was substantiated, model glasses and glass-ceramic materials on its base have been developed. Patterns of structure regularity and formation of the phase composition of glass-ceramic materials during their ceramization have been investigated. It was established that the presence of crystalline phase of mullite after melting leads to formation of the primary crystals and allows the formation of the fine crystalline structure under conditions of the low-temperature heat treatment at the nucleation stage. Developed high-strength glass ceramic materials can be used as a base in creating protective elements for special-purpose vehicles by energy-saving technology.
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Ye, Dan, and Huaying Shu. "Market Structure Formation Mechanism of Bit Product." Modern Economy 03, no. 02 (2012): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/me.2012.32034.

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Golubev, Sergey N. "Structure Mechanism of Ordinary Matter Mass Formation." Journal of Modern Physics 07, no. 09 (2016): 875–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2016.79079.

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Dergachova, Victoriia, Maryna Kravchenko, Kateryna Kuznietsova, Anna Dergachova, and Valeriia Melnykova. "Systemic-structural analysis of the machine-building enterprises economic sustainability formation mechanism." Problems and Perspectives in Management 17, no. 3 (September 20, 2019): 395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.17(3).2019.32.

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Machine-building complex is a system-forming element of Ukrainian economy. Functioning of other industries in many respects depends on the results of its activity. Harsh conditions of globalized economic environment and geopolitical changes taking place in the country have negatively affected the state of machine-building enterprises and determined the need for increasing the level of their economic sustainability. As a result of using the systemic-structural approach, which is being developed in the context of the provisions of systemic economic theory, systemic-structural analysis of economic sustainability of several machine-building enterprises was performed. The study was conducted based on a sample of 16 machine-building enterprises and covered the 2015−2016 period. Economic sustainability was analyzed by way of defining in the structure of enterprises, econometric modeling and assessing the state of four subsystems with different space and time localization and further defining the level of mutual balance. The set of individual parameters for modeling every subsystem was determined mainly by way of regrouping of baseline statistical indicators, as well as expert assessments. Using such an approach enabled to determine structural peculiarities of machine-building enterprises development during the analyzed period and their effect on formation of volatility and stability properties, which ensure their sustainability in space and time. During the analyzed period, the determined disproportions of the subsystems in the structure of enterprises had systemic nature. The identification of economic manifestations of the determined disproportions enabled to formally define non-trivial dependencies between the economic phenomena, which took place in machine building, and to define the nature of their influence on the mechanism of economic sustainability formation. The risks affecting every subsystem under study had volatile nature, that’s why the issue of systemic risk management remains relevant.
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Radu, Tamara, Simona Constantinescu, and M. Vlad. "Morphologies of Widmanstätten Structures and Mechanism Formation in Steels." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 550–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.550.

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This paper presents a research concerning the equilibrium of ferrite and secondary cementite and Widmanstätten structure formation, resulting in precise conditions. If all researchers agree with the mechanisms of ferrite and massive cementite formation in steels, the Widmanstätten structure formation is rather disputable and new data in the area of massive transformation might account for the formation of Widmanstätten structures in the low carbon steels. For the massive phase and Widmanstätten structures, the mathematic relations regarding the rate of growth are presented.
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G.P., Metaksa, Moldabayeva G.Zh., and Alisheva Zh.N. "Mechanism of structure formation in fluid-bearing minerals." Mining Informational and analytical bulletin 2 (2019): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25018/0236-1493-2019-02-0-78-84.

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Abu-Sharkh, Basel F. "Structure and mechanism of formation of polyelectrolyte multilayers." Polymer 47, no. 10 (May 2006): 3674–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2006.03.045.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Structure formation mechanism"

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Weddell, Derek Alexander. "Synthesis, structure determination and mechanism in thiophene derivatives." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343542.

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Liu, Xuejie. "Basic structure and formation mechanism of Ti-Si-N superhard nanocomposite coatings." Heimsheim : Jost-Jetter, 2009. http://d-nb.info/994974574/34.

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Liu, Xuejie. "Basic structure and formation mechanism of Ti-Si-N superhard nanocomposite coatings." Heimsheim Jost-Jetter, 2008. http://d-nb.info/99307751X/04.

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Stegelmeier, Corinna [Verfasser], and Stephan [Akademischer Betreuer] Förster. "Structure Formation Mechanism of Isoporous Block copolymer Membranes / Corinna Stegelmeier. Betreuer: Stephan Förster." Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1077247427/34.

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Harkema, Stephan. "Capillary instabilities in thin polymer films mechanism of structure formation and pattern replication /." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2006. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/291147801.

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艶艶, 陳., and Yanyan Chen. "Integrated studies on structure and formation mechanism of environmental consciousness in rural and urban China." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB12977312/?lang=0, 2016. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB12977312/?lang=0.

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中国における都市部と農村部異なる制度的・社会経済的背景により、独特な環境意識を生まれていると考えられる。本研究は、現地調査によりデータを収集し、統計分析を駆使したことにより、都市部と農村部における環境意識の特有の構造と形成メカニズムを解明することを目的とする。先行研究の成果を踏まえ、都市部と農村部の社会構造を考慮し、環境意識に関する総合的な理論モデルを提案し、環境意識の三つのディメンションに分けて展開する。理論的に検討することと実証的なデータの分析結果を基に、環境意識形成の内在因子と外部影響要因を明らかにした。
Long-time institutional and socioeconomic segmentations make rural China become a distinctive society from the urban China. The remarkable rural and urban division in China supplies us a good context to explore the formation and diverse social facets of environmental consciousness. This study aims to clarify the specific structure and formation mechanism of environmental consciousness under the different social backgrounds of rural and urban China based on the statistical results derived from survey data. Three dimensions of environmental consciousness and an integrated theoretical framework which involves both social structural and social psychological variables are proposed. Based on the proposed theoretical framework and examined data analyses, the inner causes and externally influencing factors of environmental consciousness were clarified.
博士(文化情報学)
Doctor of Culture and Information Science
同志社大学
Doshisha University
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Соловйова, Олександра Омелянівна, Александра Емельяновна Соловьева, and Oleksandra Omelianivna Soloviova. "Simulation of the Mechanism of Defect Structure Formation in Polycrystalline Indium Oxide Under Ion Irradiation." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35411.

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The structural changes in polycrystalline indium oxide were studied before and after irradiation of samples, Xe+ ions with energy 140 and 300 keV, X-ray methods. Discovery, that irradiation leads to a change in the chemical composition of the oxide, accompanied by phase transformations. The main structure of the cubic oxide after irradiation contain macro and micro stresses, which depend on the energy irradiation. The increase in the relative integral intensity of radiation reflected from the planes of the cell on depth was observed. The maximum value observed at a depth of 1.5 m from the plane (510). The analyses of reflected the radiation found that the flux of photons remains constant - the atomic nuclei of oxide not change, increases the frequency, decreases the wavelength depend from the energy irradiation. In some directions in reflecting from the planes, the atoms are formed with different electron density, that connect whit presence of defects, which leads to appear of the forced oscillation, which increases the relative integral intensity of the reflected radiation. These processes are damped with increasing depth of the sample. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35411
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Liu, Xuejie [Verfasser]. "Basic structure and formation mechanism of Ti-Si-N superhard nanocomposite coatings / vorgelegt von Xuejie Liu." Heimsheim : Jost-Jetter, 2009. http://d-nb.info/994974574/34.

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Tungchaiwattana, Somjit. "A study of particle structure and film formation mechanism on the mechanical properties of synthetic rubber films." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-study-of-particle-structure-and-film-formation-mechanism-on-the-mechanical-properties-of-synthetic-rubber-films(3014e013-bc99-4fbf-8282-5d13ed4251b3).html.

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This thesis investigated a new group of poly(Bd)/poly(Bd-co-MAA) core-shell particles that were ionically crosslinked and cast as nanostructured ionomer films from aqueous dispersions. The new group of poly(Bd)/poly(Bd-co-MAA) core-shell particles were studied for structure-property relationships and morphology. The covalent crosslinking content in the core and the shell were varied at constant ionic crosslinking. Stress-strain data showed control of the nanostructured films. The chain transfer agent used during the preparation of the nanoparticles core-shells was shown to independently tune the mechanical properties of the films.
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Virtanen, Otto L. J. [Verfasser], Walter [Akademischer Betreuer] Richtering, and Sebastian [Akademischer Betreuer] Seiffert. "Insight into precipitation polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide : reaction mechanism, particle formation and particle structure / Otto L. J. Virtanen ; Walter Richtering, Sebastian Seiffert." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1130792501/34.

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Books on the topic "Structure formation mechanism"

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Kargin, Nikolay, and Yuliya Laamarti. Theoretical foundations human health and its formation by means of physical culture and sports. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1070927.

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The textbook examines the basic concepts, theoretical and methodological approaches to the assessment of the status, functioning and human development and its individual organs and subsystems in the structure of life, the basic principles of course of organismal and behavioral processes that support human adaptation to the external environment and the effectiveness of the behavior in terms of specific activities. Discusses the meaning of "health" in its broadest sense: physical, social, spiritual — and the ways, methods and tests examination of functional state of human organism and various systems and organs. Given the characteristics of statistically valid norms of health and its individual components, the effect of various tools, techniques, methods and technologies of developing and improving orientation on the formation mechanism of adaptation to conditions of activity and environment. Offers tested in practice and selected according to the degree of effectiveness of the tools, techniques and technologies of correction of the functional systems of the organism, providing high performance, health and performance of behavioral reactions and the subject in General. Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. Intended for graduate students and faculty whose interests are related to the problems of human adaptation to the environment and professional activity.
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Mel'nikov, Vladimir. State and municipal procurement: in 2 parts. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1096100.

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The second part of the textbook "State and municipal procurement" is devoted to the theoretical and methodological aspects of reforming the procurement system of products for public needs in Russia as a distribution mechanism that contributes to the achievement of economic policy goals. Special attention is paid to the institutional and behavioral factors of economic reforms, the place and role of public procurement in the structure of state regulation of the economy. A comparative analysis of conceptual approaches to the organization of the procurement is given, allowing the use of the state contract system as a mechanism of proactive economic policy aimed at the formation of economic orders. For master's degree students of economic specialties of higher educational institutions, as well as for training in the framework of retraining programs for state and municipal employees.
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Gibbins, Stuart F. M. Geology, geochemistry, stratigraphy, and mechanisms of emplacement of the Onaping formation, Dowling area, Sudbury structure, Ontario, Canada. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, 1994.

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Yapaskurt, Oleg, and Evgeniya Karpova. Stadial analysis of lithogenesis. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21034.

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The tutorial deals with modern methods stadial analysis which allows you to retroactively recreate the stages of the successive changes in the substance of sludge as its transformation into the breed and during the stay of the breed in stratisphere. Seems some of the techniques of deciphering and mineral structural and textural transformations, corresponding to different stages of lithogenesis and early metamorphism using optical and electron microscopy, as well as methods of synthesis of such observations on genetic (lithofacies and formational) basis, theoretical understanding of the mechanisms of multivariate processes of sedimentary rock formation, the problems of their classification and relationships with Genesis. Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standard of higher education of the last generation. For students of geological specialties, undergraduates, graduate students and research generalists.
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1975-, Reguera D., Bonilla L. L. 1956-, and Rubí J. M, eds. Coherent structures in complex systems: Selected papers of the XVII Sitges Conference on Statistical Mechanics, held at Sitges, Barcelona, Spain, 5-9 June 2000 : preliminary version. Berlin: Springer, 2001.

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Mal'shina, N., and Andrey Garnov. MODERN PRINCIPLES ANALYSIS OF RESOURCE FLOWS IN CRISIS CONDITIONS: CULTURE AND CREATIVE INDUSTRY. xxu: Academus Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/978-1-4946-0018-1.

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The culture industry should become attractive for capital investment through the development of organizational-economic mechanisms of support in the form of integrated structures as well as through the development of mechanisms of its financing: systems of culture multi-channel backing and state-private partnership which would allow to create prerequisites for the appearance and implementation of new ideas and projects in the culture field, contributing to culture sphere formation as a full-fledged source of state income. As a result of this project implementation, original new fundamental theoretical assumptions and empirical data in the culture industry field and the regional development will be obtained. The project focuses on the study of fundamental basics research of the culture industry functioning, solves scientific problems of the culture industry effectiveness evaluation and direction justification of its support and funding; there are being worked out strategies and mechanisms of the culture industry efficiency development and increase in accordance with the characteristics and needs of regional economies.
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Lam, Lui. Nonlinear Structures in Physical Systems: Pattern Formation, Chaos, and Waves Proceedings of the Second Woodward Conference San Jose State University November 17-18, 1989. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990.

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Mal'shina, Nataliya, and Andrey Garnov. Culture and creative industry: the control of flow processes. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1158704.

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The cultural industry should become attractive for capital investment through the development of project activities, organizational and economic support mechanisms in the form of integrated structures, as well as through the development of mechanisms for its financing: multi-channel cultural financing systems and public-private partnerships that would create prerequisites for the emergence and implementation of new ideas and projects in the field of culture, contributing to its formation as a full-fledged source of state income. As a result of the implementation of this project, original new fundamental theoretical positions and empirical data in the field of the cultural and creative industries were obtained. The research focuses on the analysis of the fundamental foundations of the functioning of the cultural and creative industries, solves the scientific problems of evaluating its effectiveness and justifying the directions of support and financing, develops strategies and mechanisms for the development of the Russian cultural industry in accordance with the specifics and needs of regional economies. For a wide range of readers interested in the development of the cultural industry.
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Lobanov, Aleksey. Medical and biological bases of safety. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1439619.

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The textbook considers the subject and tasks of the discipline, highlights the medical and biological foundations of ensuring human security in the conditions of natural, man-made and biological-social emergencies, as well as when using modern weapons of destruction by a probable enemy. Briefly, but quite informative, the structure of the human body and the basics of its functioning are described. The specificity and mechanism of the toxic effect of harmful substances on a person, the energy effect and the combined effect of the main damaging factors of the sources of emergency situations of peacetime and wartime are shown. The article highlights the medical and biological aspects of ensuring the safe life of people in adverse environmental conditions, including in regions with hot and cold climates (the Arctic). The methods of forecasting and assessing the medical situation in emergency zones and lesions are presented. The means and methods of medical and biological protection and first aid to the affected are shown. The main tasks and organizational structure of formations and institutions of the medical rescue service of the GO, the All-Russian Service of Disaster Medicine and medical formations of the EMERCOM of Russia are considered. Organizational issues of medical and biological protection in emergency situations are highlighted. The features of the organization of medical support for those affected by terrorist attacks are considered. It is intended for students and cadets of educational institutions of higher education studying under the bachelor's degree program in the following areas of training: "Technosphere security", "Infocommunication technologies and communication systems", "Information systems and technologies", "State and municipal management", "Economics", "Mechatronics and robotics", "Operation of transport and technological machines and complexes", "Informatics and computer engineering", "Air Navigation", "System analysis and management". It can also be useful for researchers and a wide range of specialists engaged in practical work on planning and organizing medical and biological protection of the population.
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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Mechanics of the crack path formation. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Structure formation mechanism"

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Kwon, Mijung, and David M. Waisman. "Mechanism of Angiostatin Formation from Plasminogen." In Plasminogen: Structure, Activation, and Regulation, 135–56. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0165-7_8.

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Fedosyuk, V. M. "Structure and Formation Mechanism of Nanogranular CoCu Films." In Atomistic Aspects of Epitaxial Growth, 535–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0391-9_42.

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Sinn, Hansjörg, Ingrid Schimmel, Mathias Ott, Norbert von Thienen, Annette Harder, Wiebke Hagendorf, Bernd Heitmann, and Erhard Haupt. "Formation, structure and mechanism of oligomeric methylaluminoxanes (MAO)." In Metalorganic Catalysts for Synthesis and Polymerization, 105–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60178-1_10.

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Soldatov, V. S., V. A. Artamonov, and O. A. Mostovlyanskii. "MECHANISM OF POROUS STRUCTURE FORMATION IN POLYAMIDE MICROFILTRATION MEMBRANES." In Synthetic Polymeric Membranes, edited by Blahoslav Sedláček and Jaroslav Kahovec, 171–84. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110867374-017.

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Dimiev, Ayrat M. "Mechanism of Formation and Chemical Structure of Graphene Oxide." In Graphene Oxide, 36–84. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119069447.ch2.

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Novikov, I. D., and B. E. Stern. "The Possible Mechanism of the Formation of the Hard Spectrum of Active Galactic Nuclei." In Structure and Evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei, 149–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4562-3_10.

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Cheng, P. T., and K. P. H. Pritzker. "Alternating Crystallization — A Proposed Mechanism for Lamellar Structure Formation in Renal Stones." In Urolithiasis and Related Clinical Research, 919–22. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7272-1_200.

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Novosadov, Victor S. "Phenomenology Modelling and Mechanism of Composition Structure Formation in Capillary Clearance during Dispersion." In MICC 90, 1119–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3676-1_216.

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Guglya, Alexey, Alexander Kalchenko, Yury Marchenko, Elena Solopikhina, Viktor Vlasov, and Elena Lyubchenko. "Nanoporous Thin Film VNx Hydrogen Absorbents: Method of Production, Structure Formation Mechanism, and Properties." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 693–703. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56422-7_53.

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Johnson, Benjamin B., and Alejandro P. Heuck. "Perfringolysin O Structure and Mechanism of Pore Formation as a Paradigm for Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysins." In MACPF/CDC Proteins - Agents of Defence, Attack and Invasion, 63–81. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8881-6_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Structure formation mechanism"

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Reiter, P., T. L. Khoo, C. J. Lister, D. Seweryniak, I. Ahmad, M. Alcorta, M. P. Carpenter, et al. "Structure and formation mechanism of the transfermium isotope [sup 254]No." In Nuclear structure 98. AIP, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.59511.

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Dorofeev, Illarion A., Mikhail N. Libenson, and V. A. Shiryaev. "Thermoelectric mechanism of structure formation on a melt surface." In Nonresonant Laser-Matter Interaction, edited by Vitali I. Konov and Mikhail N. Libenson. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.271667.

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Gorlenko, N. P., Iu S. Sarkisov, A. N. Pavlova, V. I. Syriamkin, and S. A. Klestov. "Understanding the wave mechanism of structure formation processes cement compositions." In Научные тенденции: Вопросы точных и технических наук. ЦНК МОАН, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/spc-12-10-2018-03.

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Takano, Chisa, Masaki Aida, Masayuki Murata, and Makoto Imase. "Autonomous Decentralized Mechanism of Structure Formation Adapting to Network Conditions." In 2011 IEEE/IPSJ 11th International Symposium on Applications and the Internet (SAINT). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/saint.2011.97.

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Reiter, P., T. L. Khoo, A. Heinz, T. Lauritsen, C. J. Lister, D. Seweryniak, A. A. Sonzogni, et al. "Nuclear structure and formation mechanism of heavy shell-stabilized nuclei." In NUCLEAR PHYSICS IN THE 21st CENTURY:International Nuclear Physics Conference INPC 2001. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1470030.

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Wang, Yi, Shuo Sun, Min Liu, and Hongli Suo. "Study on formation mechanism of YSZ thermal barrier coatings with segmented structure." In 5th International Conference on Advanced Design and Manufacturing Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icadme-15.2015.398.

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Jiqiu Guo, Hui Li, and Zheming Zhong. "Research on formation mechanism of financing structure of the municipal infrastructure projects based on governance structure." In 2010 2nd International Conference on Networking and Digital Society (ICNDS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnds.2010.5479346.

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Lei, Ruoshan, Guangruan Chen, Mingpu Wang, Shiqing Xu, and Huanping Wang. "The structure and associated formation mechanism of deformation twins in Cu-Nb alloy." In 6th International Conference on Mechatronics, Materials, Biotechnology and Environment (ICMMBE 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmmbe-16.2016.48.

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Usanov, Yuri E., and Michail K. Shevtsov. "Volume reflection silver-halide gelatin holograms: principles and mechanism of microcavity structure formation." In Optics Quebec, edited by Tung H. Jeong. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.165596.

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Babicheva, Tatyana, Natalia Gegel, and Anna Shipovskaya. "Evidence of the layer structure formation of chitosan microtubes by the Liesegang ring mechanism." In Saratov Fall Meeting 2017: Fifth International Symposium on Optics and Biophotonics: Optical Technologies in Biophysics & Medicine XIX, edited by Valery V. Tuchin, Dmitry E. Postnov, Elina A. Genina, and Vladimir L. Derbov. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2315117.

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Reports on the topic "Structure formation mechanism"

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Sela, Shlomo, and Michael McClelland. Investigation of a new mechanism of desiccation-stress tolerance in Salmonella. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598155.bard.

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Low-moisture foods (LMF) are increasingly involved in foodborne illness. While bacteria cannot grow in LMF due to the low water content, pathogens such as Salmonella can still survive in dry foods and pose health risks to consumer. We recently found that Salmonella secretes a proteinaceous compound during desiccation, which we identified as OsmY, an osmotic stress response protein of 177 amino acids. To elucidate the role of OsmY in conferring tolerance against desiccation and other stresses in Salmonella entericaserovarTyphimurium (STm), our specific objectives were: (1) Characterize the involvement of OsmY in desiccation tolerance; (2) Perform structure-function analysis of OsmY; (3) Study OsmY expression under various growth- and environmental conditions of relevance to agriculture; (4) Examine the involvement of OsmY in response to other stresses of relevance to agriculture; and (5) Elucidate regulatory pathways involved in controlling osmY expression. We demonstrated that an osmY-mutant strain is impaired in both desiccation tolerance (DT) and in long-term persistence during cold storage (LTP). Genetic complementation and addition of a recombinantOsmY (rOsmY) restored the mutant survival back to that of the wild type (wt). To analyze the function of specific domains we have generated a recombinantOsmY (rOsmY) protein. A dose-response DT study showed that rOsmY has the highest protection at a concentration of 0.5 nM. This effect was protein- specific as a comparable amount of bovine serum albumin, an unrelated protein, had a three-time lower protection level. Further characterization of OsmY revealed that the protein has a surfactant activity and is involved in swarming motility. OsmY was shown to facilitate biofilm formation during dehydration but not during bacterial growth under optimal growth conditions. This finding suggests that expression and secretion of OsmY under stress conditions was potentially associated with facilitating biofilm production. OsmY contains two conserved BON domains. To better understand the role of the BON sites in OsmY-mediated dehydration tolerance, we have generated two additional rOsmY constructs, lacking either BON1 or BON2 sites. BON1-minus (but not BON2) protein has decreased dehydration tolerance compared to intact rOsmY, suggesting that BON1 is required for maximal OsmY-mediated activity. Addition of BON1-peptide at concentration below 0.4 µM did not affect STm survival. Interestingly, a toxic effect of BON1 peptide was observed in concentration as low as 0.4 µM. Higher concentrations resulted in complete abrogation of the rOsmY effect, supporting the notion that BON-mediated interaction is essential for rOsmY activity. We performed extensive analysis of RNA expression of STm undergoing desiccation after exponential and stationary growth, identifying all categories of genes that are differentially expressed during this process. We also performed massively in-parallel screening of all genes in which mutation caused changes in fitness during drying, identifying over 400 such genes, which are now undergoing confirmation. As expected OsmY is one of these genes. In conclusion, this is the first study to identify that OsmY protein secreted during dehydration contributes to desiccation tolerance in Salmonella by facilitating dehydration- mediated biofilm formation. Expression of OsmY also enhances swarming motility, apparently through its surfactant activity. The BON1 domain is required for full OsmY activity, demonstrating a potential intervention to reduce pathogen survival in food processing. Expression and fitness screens have begun to elucidate the processes of desiccation, with the potential to uncover additional specific targets for efforts to mitigate pathogen survival in desiccation.
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Wicker, Louise, Ilan Shomer, and Uzi Merin. Membrane Processing of Citrus Extracts: Effects on Pectinesterase Activity and Cloud Stability. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568754.bard.

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The U.S. team studied the role of cations and pH on thermolabile (TL-PE) and thermostable (TS-PE), permeation in ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, affinity to ion exchange membranes, mechanism of cation and pH activation, and effect on PE stability. An optimum pH and cation concentration exists for activity and UF permeation, which is specific for each cation type. Incomplete release of PE from a pectin complex resulted in low PE binding to cationic and anionic membranes. Incubation of PE at low pH increases the surface hydrophobicity, especially TL-PE, but the secondary structure of TL-PE is not greatly affected. The Israeli team showed that stable cloud colloidal constituents flocculate following the conversion of soluble to insoluble biopolymers. First, formation of pectic acid by pectinesterase activity is followed by the formation of calcium pectate gel. This process initiates a myriad of poorly defined reactions that result in juice clarification. Second, protein coagulation by heat resulted in flocculation of proteinacous bound cloud constituents, particularly after enzymatic pectin degradation. Pectinesterase activity is proposed to be an indirect cause for clarification; whereas binding of cloud constituents is the primary event in clarification by pectate gel and coagulated proteins. Understanding the mechanism of interaction of protein and pectic polymers is key to understanding cloud instability. Based on the above, it was hypothesized that the structure of pectin-protein coagulates plays a key role in cloud instability.
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Tzfira, Tzvi, Michael Elbaum, and Sharon Wolf. DNA transfer by Agrobacterium: a cooperative interaction of ssDNA, virulence proteins, and plant host factors. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7695881.bard.

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Agrobacteriumtumefaciensmediates genetic transformation of plants. The possibility of exchanging the natural genes for other DNA has led to Agrobacterium’s emergence as the primary vector for genetic modification of plants. The similarity among eukaryotic mechanisms of nuclear import also suggests use of its active elements as media for non-viral genetic therapy in animals. These considerations motivate the present study of the process that carries DNA of bacterial origin into the host nucleus. The infective pathway of Agrobacterium involves excision of a single-stranded DNA molecule (T-strand) from the bacterial tumor-inducing plasmid. This transferred DNA (T-DNA) travels to the host cell cytoplasm along with two virulence proteins, VirD2 and VirE2, through a specific bacteriumplant channel(s). Little is known about the precise structure and composition of the resulting complex within the host cell and even less is known about the mechanism of its nuclear import and integration into the host cell genome. In the present proposal we combined the expertise of the US and Israeli labs and revealed many of the biophysical and biological properties of the genetic transformation process, thus enhancing our understanding of the processes leading to nuclear import and integration of the Agrobacterium T-DNA. Specifically, we sought to: I. Elucidate the interaction of the T-strand with its chaperones. II. Analyzing the three-dimensional structure of the T-complex and its chaperones in vitro. III. Analyze kinetics of T-complex formation and T-complex nuclear import. During the past three years we accomplished our goals and made the following major discoveries: (1) Resolved the VirE2-ssDNA three-dimensional structure. (2) Characterized VirE2-ssDNA assembly and aggregation, along with regulation by VirE1. (3) Studied VirE2-ssDNA nuclear import by electron tomography. (4) Showed that T-DNA integrates via double-stranded (ds) intermediates. (5) Identified that Arabidopsis Ku80 interacts with dsT-DNA intermediates and is essential for T-DNA integration. (6) Found a role of targeted proteolysis in T-DNA uncoating. Our research provide significant physical, molecular, and structural insights into the Tcomplex structure and composition, the effect of host receptors on its nuclear import, the mechanism of T-DNA nuclear import, proteolysis and integration in host cells. Understanding the mechanical and molecular basis for T-DNA nuclear import and integration is an essential key for the development of new strategies for genetic transformation of recalcitrant plant species. Thus, the knowledge gained in this study can potentially be applied to enhance the transformation process by interfering with key steps of the transformation process (i.e. nuclear import, proteolysis and integration). Finally, in addition to the study of Agrobacterium-host interaction, our research also revealed some fundamental insights into basic cellular mechanisms of nuclear import, targeted proteolysis, protein-DNA interactions and DNA repair.
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Kiv, Dr A. E., T. I. Maximova, and V. N. Soloviev. MICROSCOPIC MECHANISMS OF NUCLEATLON AND DIFFUSION IN QUENCHED Al-Si ALLOYS. [б. в.], August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/1242.

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Christopher, David A., and Avihai Danon. Plant Adaptation to Light Stress: Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586534.bard.

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Original Objectives: 1. Purify and biochemically characterize RB60 orthologs in higher plant chloroplasts; 2. Clone the gene(s) encoding plant RB60 orthologs and determine their structure and expression; 3. Manipulate the expression of RB60; 4. Assay the effects of altered RB60 expression on thylakoid biogenesis and photosynthetic function in plants exposed to different light conditions. In addition, we also examined the gene structure and expression of RB60 orthologs in the non-vascular plant, Physcomitrella patens and cloned the poly(A)-binding protein orthologue (43 kDa RB47-like protein). This protein is believed to a partner that interacts with RB60 to bind to the psbA5' UTR. Thus, to obtain a comprehensive view of RB60 function requires analysis of its biochemical partners such as RB43. Background & Achievements: High levels of sunlight reduce photosynthesis in plants by damaging the photo system II reaction center (PSII) subunits, such as D1 (encoded by the chloroplast tpsbAgene). When the rate of D1 synthesis is less than the rate of photo damage, photo inhibition occurs and plant growth is decreased. Plants use light-activated translation and enhanced psbAmRNA stability to maintain D1 synthesis and replace the photo damaged 01. Despite the importance to photosynthetic capacity, these mechanisms are poorly understood in plants. One intriguing model derived from the algal chloroplast system, Chlamydomonas, implicates the role of three proteins (RB60, RB47, RB38) that bind to the psbAmRNA 5' untranslated leader (5' UTR) in the light to activate translation or enhance mRNA stability. RB60 is the key enzyme, protein D1sulfide isomerase (Pill), that regulates the psbA-RN :Binding proteins (RB's) by way of light-mediated redox potentials generated by the photosystems. However, proteins with these functions have not been described from higher plants. We provided compelling evidence for the existence of RB60, RB47 and RB38 orthologs in the vascular plant, Arabidopsis. Using gel mobility shift, Rnase protection and UV-crosslinking assays, we have shown that a dithiol redox mechanism which resembles a Pill (RB60) activity regulates the interaction of 43- and 30-kDa proteins with a thermolabile stem-loop in the 5' UTR of the psbAmRNA from Arabidopsis. We discovered, in Arabidopsis, the PD1 gene family consists of II members that differ in polypeptide length from 361 to 566 amino acids, presence of signal peptides, KDEL motifs, and the number and positions of thioredoxin domains. PD1's catalyze the reversible formation an disomerization of disulfide bonds necessary for the proper folding, assembly, activity, and secretion of numerous enzymes and structural proteins. PD1's have also evolved novel cellular redox functions, as single enzymes and as subunits of protein complexes in organelles. We provide evidence that at least one Pill is localized to the chloroplast. We have used PDI-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antisera to characterize the PD1 (55 kDa) in the chloroplast that is unevenly distributed between the stroma and pellet (containing membranes, DNA, polysomes, starch), being three-fold more abundant in the pellet phase. PD1-55 levels increase with light intensity and it assembles into a high molecular weight complex of ~230 kDa as determined on native blue gels. In vitro translation of all 11 different Pill's followed by microsomal membrane processing reactions were used to differentiate among PD1's localized in the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles. These results will provide.1e insights into redox regulatory mechanisms involved in adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to light stress. Elucidating the genetic mechanisms and factors regulating chloroplast photosynthetic genes is important for developing strategies to improve photosynthetic efficiency, crop productivity and adaptation to high light environments.
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Shomer, Ilan, Louise Wicker, Uzi Merin, and William L. Kerr. Interactions of Cloud Proteins, Pectins and Pectinesterases in Flocculation of Citrus Cloud. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580669.bard.

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The overall objective was to understand the cloud flocculation of citrus juice by characterization of the interactions between proteins and pectins, and to determine the role of PE isozymes in catalyzing this phenomenon. Specific objectives were to: 1. identify/characterize cloud-proteins in relation to their coagulable properties and affinity to pectins; 2. to determine structural changes of PME and other proteins induced by cation/pectin interactions; 3. localize cloud proteins, PME and bound protein/pectates in unheated and pasteurized juices; 4. to create "sensitized" pectins and determine their effect on clarification. The original objectives were not changed but the methods and approach were modified due to specific research requirements. Two i postulates were: 1. there is a specific interaction of cloud proteins with de-esterified regions of ! pectin and this contributes to cloud loss; 2. isozymes of pectin-methyl-esterase (PME) vary in efficiency to create sensitized pectins. The appearance of citrus fruit juice is an important quality factor and is determined by the color and turbidity that .are conferred by the suspended particles, i.e., by the cloud and its homogeneity. Under some circumstances the cloud tend to flocculate and the juice clarifies. The accepted approach to explain the clarification is based on pectin demethoxylation by PME that promotes formation of Ca-pectate. Therefore, the juice includes immediate heat-inactivation upon ~ squeezing. Protein coagulation also promotes cloud instability of citrus fruit extracts. However, the clarification mechanism is not fully understood. Information accumulated from several laboratories indicates that clarification is a more complex process than can be explained by a single mechanism. The increasing trend to consume natural-fresh juice emphasizing the importance of the knowledge to assure homogeneity of fresh juice. The research included complementary directions: Conditions that induce cloud-instability of natural- juice [IL]. Evaluate purification schemes of protein [USA]. Identifications of proteins, pectin and neutral sugars ([IL]; Structure of the cloud components using light and electron microscopy and immuno-labeling of PME, high-methoxyl-pectin (HMP) and low-methoxyl-pectin (LMP); Molecular weight of calcium sensitized pectins [US]; Evaluation of the products of PME activity [US]. Fractions and size distribution and cloud components [IL-US]. The optimal pH activity of PME is 7 and the flocculation pH of the cloud is 3-4. Thus, the c roles of PME, proteins and pectins in the cloud instability, were studied in pH ranges of 2- 7. The experiments led to establish firstly repeatable simulate conditions for cloud instability [IL]. Thermostable PME (TS-PE) known to induce cloud instability, but also thermolabile forms of PME (TL-PE) caused clarification, most likely due to the formation and dissolution of inactive :. PE-pectin complexes and displacement of a protective colloid from the cloud surface [US]. Furthermore, elimination of non-PME protein increases TS-PE activity, indicating that non-PME proteins moderate PME activity [US]. Other experiments Concomitantly with the study of the PME activity but promotes the association of cloud-proteins to pectin. Adjusting of the juice pH to f 7 retains the cloud stability and re-adjusting of the pH to 40% DE reacts to immuno-labeling in the cloud fragments, whereas
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Ohad, Nir, and Robert Fischer. Regulation of Fertilization-Independent Endosperm Development by Polycomb Proteins. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695869.bard.

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Arabidopsis mutants that we have isolated, encode for fertilization-independent endosperm (fie), fertilization-independent seed2 (fis2) and medea (mea) genes, act in the female gametophyte and allow endosperm to develop without fertilization when mutated. We cloned the FIE and MEA genes and showed that they encode WD and SET domain polycomb (Pc G) proteins, respectively. Homologous proteins of FIE and MEA in other organisms are known to regulate gene transcription by modulating chromatin structure. Based on our results, we proposed a model whereby both FIE and MEA interact to suppress transcription of regulatory genes. These genes are transcribed only at proper developmental stages, as in the central cell of the female gametophyte after fertilization, thus activating endosperm development. To test our model, the following questions were addressed: What is the Composition and Function of the Polycomb Complex? Molecular, biochemical, genetic and genomic approaches were offered to identify members of the complex, analyze their interactions, and understand their function. What is the Temporal and Spatial Pattern of Polycomb Proteins Accumulation? The use of transgenic plants expressing tagged FIE and MEA polypeptides as well as specific antibodies were proposed to localize the endogenous polycomb complex. How is Polycomb Protein Activity Controlled? To understand the molecular mechanism controlling the accumulation of FIE protein, transgenic plants as well as molecular approaches were proposed to determine whether FIE is regulated at the translational or posttranslational levels. The objectives of our research program have been accomplished and the results obtained exceeded our expectation. Our results reveal that fie and mea mutations cause parent-of-origin effects on seed development by distinct mechanisms (Publication 1). Moreover our data show that FIE has additional functions besides controlling the development of the female gametophyte. Using transgenic lines in which FIE was not expressed or the protein level was reduced during different developmental stages enabled us for the first time to explore FIE function during sporophyte development (Publication 2 and 3). Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that FIE, a single copy gene in the Arabidopsis genome, represses multiple developmental pathways (i.e., endosperm, embryogenesis, shot formation and flowering). Furthermore, we identified FIE target genes, including key transcription factors known to promote flowering (AG and LFY) as well as shoot and leaf formation (KNAT1) (Publication 2 and 3), thus demonstrating that in plants, as in mammals and insects, PcG proteins control expression of homeobox genes. Using the Yeast two hybrid system and pull-down assays we demonstrated that FIE protein interact with MEA via the N-terminal region (Publication 1). Moreover, CURLY LEAF protein, an additional member of the SET domain family interacts with FIE as well. The overlapping expression patterns of FIE, with ether MEA or CLF and their common mutant phenotypes, demonstrate the versatility of FIE function. FIE association with different SET domain polycomb proteins, results in differential regulation of gene expression throughout the plant life cycle (Publication 3). In vitro interaction assays we have recently performed demonstrated that FIE interacts with the cell cycle regulatory component Retinobalsoma protein (pRb) (Publication 4). These results illuminate the potential mechanism by which FIE may restrain embryo sac central cell division, at least partly, through interaction with, and suppression of pRb-regulated genes. The results of this program generated new information about the initiation of reproductive development and expanded our understanding of how PcG proteins regulate developmental programs along the plant life cycle. The tools and information obtained in this program will lead to novel strategies which will allow to mange crop plants and to increase crop production.
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Galili, Gad, and Alan Bennett. Role of Molecular Chaperone in Wheat Storage Protein Assembly. United States Department of Agriculture, April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604926.bard.

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Following sequestration into the ER, wheat gliadins assemble into complexes that initiate the formation of protein bodies. In the present work we have characterized the DNA sequence and regulation of expression of a plant BiP and also studied its interaction with wheat storage proteins as well as its role in the maturation of these storage proteins. In the Israeli lab, immunoprecipitation studies were made using anti BiP and anti storage proteins sera, both in wheat and in transgenic tobacco plants expressing a wheat gliadin storage proteins. In both cases, we could show that BiP interacts with the gliadin storage proteins. In addition, we could show that BiP also played an important role in the initial assembly of the gliadins. In the American lab, the complexity, structure and properties of tomato BiP was characterized at the molecular and biochemical levels. In addition, tomato BiP was also overexpressed in bacteria and the overexpressed protein was found to be active. The cooperative findings of the Israeli and American labs clearly improves our understanding of the structure and expression of a plant BiP as well as its role in the maturation of storage proteins in plants seeds. In addition, it will serve as a foundation for future studies of the mechanisms of BiP function in in vitro studies using purified storage proteins and purified recombinant active BiP.
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Russo, David, Daniel M. Tartakovsky, and Shlomo P. Neuman. Development of Predictive Tools for Contaminant Transport through Variably-Saturated Heterogeneous Composite Porous Formations. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7592658.bard.

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The vadose (unsaturated) zone forms a major hydrologic link between the ground surface and underlying aquifers. To understand properly its role in protecting groundwater from near surface sources of contamination, one must be able to analyze quantitatively water flow and contaminant transport in variably saturated subsurface environments that are highly heterogeneous, often consisting of multiple geologic units and/or high and/or low permeability inclusions. The specific objectives of this research were: (i) to develop efficient and accurate tools for probabilistic delineation of dominant geologic features comprising the vadose zone; (ii) to develop a complementary set of data analysis tools for discerning the fractal properties of hydraulic and transport parameters of highly heterogeneous vadose zone; (iii) to develop and test the associated computational methods for probabilistic analysis of flow and transport in highly heterogeneous subsurface environments; and (iv) to apply the computational framework to design an “optimal” observation network for monitoring and forecasting the fate and migration of contaminant plumes originating from agricultural activities. During the course of the project, we modified the third objective to include additional computational method, based on the notion that the heterogeneous formation can be considered as a mixture of populations of differing spatial structures. Regarding uncertainly analysis, going beyond approaches based on mean and variance of system states, we succeeded to develop probability density function (PDF) solutions enabling one to evaluate probabilities of rare events, required for probabilistic risk assessment. In addition, we developed reduced complexity models for the probabilistic forecasting of infiltration rates in heterogeneous soils during surface runoff and/or flooding events Regarding flow and transport in variably saturated, spatially heterogeneous formations associated with fine- and coarse-textured embedded soils (FTES- and CTES-formations, respectively).We succeeded to develop first-order and numerical frameworks for flow and transport in three-dimensional (3-D), variably saturated, bimodal, heterogeneous formations, with single and dual porosity, respectively. Regarding the sampling problem defined as, how many sampling points are needed, and where to locate them spatially in the horizontal x₂x₃ plane of the field. Based on our computational framework, we succeeded to develop and demonstrate a methdology that might improve considerably our ability to describe quntitaively the response of complicated 3-D flow systems. The results of the project are of theoretical and practical importance; they provided a rigorous framework to modeling water flow and solute transport in a realistic, highly heterogeneous, composite flow system with uncertain properties under-specified by data. Specifically, they: (i) enhanced fundamental understanding of the basic mechanisms of field-scale flow and transport in near-surface geological formations under realistic flow scenarios, (ii) provided a means to assess the ability of existing flow and transport models to handle realistic flow conditions, and (iii) provided a means to assess quantitatively the threats posed to groundwater by contamination from agricultural sources.
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Shomer, Ilan, Ruth E. Stark, Victor Gaba, and James D. Batteas. Understanding the hardening syndrome of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber tissue to eliminate textural defects in fresh and fresh-peeled/cut products. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587238.bard.

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The project sought to understand factors and mechanisms involved in the hardening of potato tubers. This syndrome inhibits heat softening due to intercellular adhesion (ICA) strengthening, compromising the marketing of industrially processed potatoes, particularly fresh peeled-cut or frozen tubers. However, ICA strengthening occurs under conditions which are inconsistent with the current ideas that relate it to Ca-pectate following pectin methyl esterase (PME) activity or to formation of rhamnogalacturonan (RG)-II-borate. First, it was necessary to induce strengthening of the middle lamellar complex (MLX) and the ICA as a stress response in some plant parenchyma. As normally this syndrome does not occur uniformly enough to study it, we devised an efficient model in which ICA-strengthening is induced consistently under simulated stress by short-chain, linear, mono-carboxylic acid molecules (OAM), at 65 oC [appendix 1 (Shomer&Kaaber, 2006)]. This rapid strengthening was insufficient for allowing the involved agents assembly to be identifiable; but it enabled us to develop an efficient in vitro system on potato tuber parenchyma slices at 25 ºC for 7 days, whereas unified stress was reliably simulated by OAMs in all the tissue cells. Such consistent ICA-strengthening in vitro was found to be induced according to the unique physicochemical features of each OAM as related to its lipophilicity (Ko/w), pKa, protonated proportion, and carbon chain length by the following parameters: OAM dissociation constant (Kdiss), adsorption affinity constant (KA), number of adsorbed OAMs required for ICA response (cooperativity factor) and the water-induced ICA (ICAwater). Notably, ICA-strengthening is accompanied by cell sap leakage, reflecting cell membrane rupture. In vitro, stress simulation by OAMs at pH<pKa facilitated the consistent assembly of ICAstrengthening agents, which we were able to characterize for the first time at the molecular level within purified insoluble cell wall of ICA-strengthened tissue. (a) With solid-state NMR, we established the chemical structure and covalent binding to cell walls of suberin-like agents associated exclusively with ICA strengthening [appendix 3 (Yu et al., 2006)]; (b) Using proteomics, 8 isoforms of cell wall-bound patatin (a soluble vacuolar 42-kDa protein) were identified exclusively in ICA-strengthened tissue; (c) With light/electron microscopy, ultrastructural characterization, histochemistry and immunolabeling, we co-localized patatin and pectin in the primary cell wall and prominently in the MLX; (d) determination of cell wall composition (pectin, neutral sugars, Ca-pectate) yielded similar results in both controls and ICA-strengthened tissue, implicating factors other than PME activity, Ca2+ or borate ions; (e) X-ray powder diffraction experiments revealed that the cellulose crystallinity in the cell wall is masked by pectin and neutral sugars (mainly galactan), whereas heat or enzymatic pectin degradation exposed the crystalline cellulose structure. Thus, we found that exclusively in ICA-strengthened tissue, heat-resistant pectin is evident in the presence of patatin and suberinlike agents, where the cellulose crystallinity was more hidden than in fresh control tissue. Conclusions: Stress response ICA-strengthening is simulated consistently by OAMs at pH< pKa, although PME and formation of Ca-pectate and RG-II-borate are inhibited. By contrast, at pH>pKa and particularly at pH 7, ICA-strengthening is mostly inhibited, although PME activity and formation of Ca-pectate or RG-II-borate are known to be facilitated. We found that upon stress, vacuolar patatin is released with cell sap leakage, allowing the patatin to associate with the pectin in both the primary cell wall and the MLX. The stress response also includes formation of covalently bound suberin-like polyesters within the insoluble cell wall. The experiments validated the hypotheses, thus led to a novel picture of the structural and molecular alterations responsible for the textural behavior of potato tuber. These findings represent a breakthrough towards understanding of the hardening syndrome, laying the groundwork for potato-handling strategies that assure textural quality of industrially processed particularly in fresh peeled cut tubers, ready-to-prepare and frozen preserved products.
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