Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Structure et fonctionnement des écosystèmes'
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Thébault, Elisa. "Impact de la structure trophique sur la relation entre diversité et fonctionnement des écosystèmes." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066553.
Full textVincent, Florian. "Fonctionnement et structure des écosystèmes aquatiques en réponse aux perturbations anthropiques de type bottom-up et top-down." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS472.
Full textHuman activities regularly amplify or interfere with top-down and bottom-up forcing on ecosystems. However, the communities' response to these disruptions remains poorly understood. My thesis aims to measure the effects of top-predators and nutrients on the structure and functioning of experimental aquatic ecosystems. I studied in 9.5 m³ pelagic mesocosms the effect of top-down forcing induced by two fish species. I show that these changes in top-predators are accompanied by a profound reorganization of the structure of the planktonic food web. Reorganizations depend in part on the size of organisms and their anti-predatory behaviour, but phylogeny is the most effective way to predict zooplankton response to fish and the resulting cascading effects. I also studied the response to bottom-up forcing by adding phosphorus and nitrogen in 750 m³ macrocosms including a vegetated littoral area. I show that the addition of nutrients has had a significant effect on the biomass of primary producers (biofilm, littoral macrophytes), that the additions induce a higher abundance of juveniles perch but the zooplankton biomass is not modified. The stoichiometry of organisms and bacterial activity were only slightly changed by enrichment. These results suggest that the effects of bottom-up forcings in pelagic environments are well predicted by food chain theory, but at the scale of complex ecosystems, macrophytes and biofilm can strongly reduce the response to enrichment
Goudard, Alexandra. "Fonctionnement des écosystèmes et invasions biologiques : importance de la biodiversité et des interactions interspécifiques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00154719.
Full textChen, Wentao. "Approches quantitatives de l'analyse de l'ADN sédimentaire pour comprendre la biodiversité et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes dans le passé." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAV004/document.
Full textBiodiversity and ecosystem functioning are crucial ecological properties that impact human welfare. Studies on how both properties are affected by human activities and by climate change provide indispensable knowledge to guide natural resource management. Long-term retro-observational data allow to reconstruct past environmental history and offer excellent opportunities to gain such knowledge. Sedimentary DNA is an emerging tool to reconstruct detailed past biodiversity in catchment level, thanks to its excellent taxonomic resolution and highly localized origins. However, previous studies based on sedimentary DNA rarely utilized the existing rich arsenal of numerical ecological analysis methods, which are developed for various types of ecological data. In the present thesis we reviewed the potential applications of such methods on sedimentary-DNA-based studies. With several example studies, we showed how these methods can maximize the knowledge gained from the analysis of multiproxy datasets that included sedimentary-DNA-, sedimentological- and climate records. Despite some limitations, numerical analysis based on sedimentary DNA combined with traditional proxy records is a powerful tool to unravel complex ecosystemic interactions. Future methodological advancements in both DNA analysis and numerical methods are promising to provide invaluable understanding over the drivers of changes in biodiversity and in ecosystem functioning across large spatial and temporal scales
Roussel, Hélène. "Les effets du cuivre sur la structure et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes aquatiques : une étude en mésocosmes lotiques." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30235.
Full textCopper is known to be a nonspecific toxicant and is frequently used as an algicide, fungicide, bactericide, plant herbicide and molluscicide in the aquatic environment. The aim of this project was to evaluate the effects of copper on the structure and function of freshwater ecosystems. To achieve this goal, the use of experimental streams called mesocosms allowed to realize ecologically realistic study while controlling many parameters. During 18 months, environmentally realistic concentrations of copper (0, 5, 25 and 75 µg/L) where applied on 12 outdoor mesocosms of 20 m long. Results showed an effect on both structure and function of the ecosystem and considering all those results, a NOECecosystem was set up at 5 µg/L for fresh water ecosystems
Schaal, Gauthier. "Structure et fonctionnement des réseaux trophiques associés aux écosystèmes littoraux rocheux en situation écologiques contrastées : approches isotopiques et biochimiques combinées." Paris 6, 2009. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-01110855.
Full textFrouin, Patrick. "Structure et fonctionnement des écosystèmes benthiques dans les lagons soumis aux perturbations anthropiques : le lagon de Tahiti, Polynésie française." Pacifique, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PACI0022.
Full textGuibourd, de Luzinais Vianney. "L'impact des vagues de chaleurs marines sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes de l'océan à l'échelle mondiale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NSARH121.
Full textIntensifying climate change is increasingly affecting marine life in the world's oceans. Extreme events like marine heatwaves (MHWs), associated with climate change, are projected to grow in duration, intensity, and frequency, further impacting marine ecosystems throughout the 21st century. In this dissertation, I investigated the effects of climate change and MHWs on biomass flows in marine food webs and their consequences on ecosystem structure and functioning. I developed a dynamic version of the EcoTroph model, named EcoTroph-Dyn, which represents the functioning of marine ecosystems as a single flow of biomass from primary producers to top predators. To study MHW effects using EcoTroph-Dyn, I estimated MHW-induced mortality from 1982 to 2021 based on the thermal preferences of various taxa. The results reveal that MHWs may have impacted biomass flow through the perturbation of the kinetics of biomassflow and transfer efficiency and caused biomass loss through instantaneous mortality. Secondly, using EcoTroph-Dyn, I hindcasted consumer biomass in marine food webs from 1998 to 2021. By integrating changes in temperature and primary production, marine animal biomass was estimated at each trophic level on a 1° x 1° grid of the global ocean. Findings show significant biomass loss due to MHWs, with more pronounced impacts at higher trophic levels. Finally, projections from 1950 to 2100 indicate that MHW-induced changes in biomass flows could drive a global consumer biomass decline, surpassing the impacts of background climate change. Overall, this dissertation demonstrates that climate change and MHWs jointly disrupt biomass flows in marine ecosystems, leading to reduced future ocean animal biomass with direct repercussions on fisheries
Aschenbroich, Adélaïde. "Structure et fonctionnement des communautés de faune benthique au cours du développement d'une mangrove de Guyane française." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0054.
Full textUnderstanding the processes that control mangroves functioning is essential regarding the socioeconomic/ecosystemic services these ecosystems provide and the increasing threats they suffer. In French Guiana, mangroves grow rapidly in response to natural sedimentary perturbations caused by sediment inputs from the Amazon River. This thesis characterizes the structure and the composition of benthic fauna communities (three size classes: meso-, macro- and megafauna) and the associated bioturbation activities (biological sediment reworking: SR, burrows) in mangrove early growth stages. 51 meso- macrofaunal taxa and 12 crab (megafauna) species were identified.Despite a mangrove age specific biodiversity, some taxa tolerate abrupt environmental changes, and such persistence maintains key sediment reworking functions along mangrove development.The SR intensity varies along this gradient from 21 to 146 g DW.m-2.tidal cycle-1. Burrower crabs dominate the SR but this thesis also outlines the non-negligible contribution of smaller-sized (meso- and macrofauna) organisms to particulate transport. Benthic communities’ bioturbation capacities are adapted to recurrent environmental instabilities. Changes of the biologicallyinduced SR may be used as a proxy of the functional status of mangrove ecosystems. This study concludes that morpho-sedimentary heterogeneity of early-growth mangrove stages influences crab spatial structuration, the crab-induced sediment reworking and burrow shapes. Thus, microhabitat specificities should be considered when evaluating the role of benthic fauna in mangroves ecosystem functioning
Chenillat, Fanny. "Variabilité de structure et de fonctionnement d'un écosystème de bord est : application à l'upwelling de Californie." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00747012.
Full textFischer, Fabian. "Inférence de la structure et dynamique des forêts tropicales humides avec un modèle individu-centré." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30229.
Full textClimate change presents society and science with a challenge that goes beyond the temporal and spatial scales of most practical problems. It therefore requires approaches that reflect the complexity of the Earth's system. This holds particularly true for the biosphere and forest ecosystems, one of the most important sources of uncertainty in climate projections. Concerted data collection efforts, such as forest inventories, trait data bases, and new technologies, such as remote sensing, have considerably increased our ability to observe and analyze the current state of the Earth's vegetation. However, to extrapolate findings into the future and understand the feedbacks between vegetation and climate change, models are needed that assimilate these data and translate them into ecosystem dynamics. Mechanistic and individual-based forest models are a particular promising approach, since they simulate dynamics bottom-up, reconstruct forests tree by tree, and are thus able to predict patterns across scales. This PhD further develops the trait- and individual-based forest growth simulator TROLL, including intraspecific variation and plasticity in tree growth, derives a new method to translate Airborne Lidar data into virtual forest inventories and uses it to infer forest structure and ecosystem dynamics in tropical rain forests. Finally, in line with TROLL's trait-based approach, an update to a global trait base, the Global Wood Density Database is presented, exploring the contribution of evolutionary lineages to wood density variation and mapping wood density across the globe
Moulin, Thibault. "Modélisation mathématique de la dynamique des communautés herbacées des écosystèmes prairiaux." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCD075/document.
Full textDynamic modelling of ecological systems is an essential method to understand, predict and control thedynamics of semi-natural ecosystems, which involves complex processes. The main objective of this PhDthesis is to develop a simulation model of the medium- and long-term dynamics of the herbaceous vegetationin permanent grasslands, taking into account both biodiversity and productivity. Grasslandecosystems are often hot spots of biodiversity, which contributes to the temporal stability of their services.On an agricultural perspective, this important biodiversity contributes to the forage quality, andbesides, it induces a higher ability of the vegetation cover to resist to different climatic scenarios (globalwarming, heat and drought waves).However, this key aspect of biodiversity is only poorly included in grassland models : often absent ofmodelling or included in a very simple form. Building on those considerations, this PhD work exposes thewriting of a process-based succession model, described by a system of Ordinary Differential Equationsthat simulates the aboveground vegetation dynamics of a temperate grassland. This model implementedthe main ecological factors involved in growth and competition processes of herbaceous species, and couldbe adjust to any level of diversity, by varying the number and the identity of species in the initial plantcommunity. This formalism of mechanistic models allows us to analyse relationships that link diversity,productivity and stability, in response to different climatic conditions and agricultural management.In mathematical grassland models, plant communities may be represented by a various number of statevariables, describing biomass compartments of some dominant species or plant functional types. The sizeof the initial species pool could have consequences on the outcome of the simulated ecosystem dynamicsin terms of grassland productivity, diversity, and stability. This choice could also influence the modelsensitivity to forcing parameters. To address these issues, we developed a method, based on sensitivityanalysis tools, to compare behaviour of alternative versions of the model that only differ by the identityand number of state variables describing the green biomass, here plant species. This method shows aninnovative aspect, by performing this model sensitivity analysis by using multivariate regression trees. Weassessed and compared the sensitivity of each instance of the model to key forcing parameters for climate,soil fertility, and defoliation disturbances. We established that the sensitivity to forcing parameters ofcommunity structure and species evenness differed markedly among alternative models, according tothe diversity level. We show a progressive shift from high importance of soil fertility (fertilisation level,mineralization rate) to high importance of defoliation (mowing frequency, grazing intensity) as the sizeof the species pool increased.These results highlight the need to take into account the role of species diversity to explain the behaviourof grassland models. Besides, to properly take into account those interactions in the grassland cover, theconsidered species pool size considered in the model needs to be high enough. Finally, we compare modelsimulations of the aboveground vegetation to measures from two experimental sites, the mowing grasslandof Oensingen, and the grazing grassland of Laqueuille. Results of these comparison are promising andhighlight the relevance of the choice and the representation of the different ecological processes includedin this mechanistic model.Thus, this PhD work offers a model, perfectly fitting with current needs on grassland modelling, whichcontribute to a better understanding of the herbaceous vegetation dynamics and interactions betweenproductivity, diversity and stability
Javeau, Alain. "L'information en tant que lien essentiel entre les sciences de la nature et les sciences humaines : axe principal : incidences de l'information sur le fonctionnement et le comportement de l'homme considéré en tant que structure dissipative." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOL009/document.
Full textThis thesis aims at considering the information as essential link between the sciences of the nature and the human sciences. It is mainly refered to principles of the natural science, allied in a set of scientific stemming approaches, in particular, theories of the complexity, of chaos, of information, auto-organization, emergences and ecosystems. The laws of the thermodynamics play a central role in this context, where the organization and the negentropy make directly part of the field of information production. There is in particular refered to Law of maximization of entropy Production (or, in other words, of energy dissipation), among which the incidence on the functioning and the behavior of the human being as a dissipative structure is underlined via a wide range of examples taken in the common life, incidence basically established on the omnipresent role of the information. The systemics approach, to which it is brought up in a number of considerations, leads here to underline the interactive incidences of the environment (the ecosystem) - linked to the principles of the natural selection which determines its evolution - with the human behavior linked to the information phenomena which define it. The applications of the global approach of this thesis appear in a broad variety of domains, of which also those of the survival, the well-being, the conversation and robotics
Quillien, Nolwenn. "Des écosystèmes naturellement stressés sous menace anthropique : réponses de la faune des plages de sable macrotidales aux marées vertes." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0024/document.
Full textHighly dynamic systems, often considered as resilient systems, are characterised by abiotic and biotic processes under continuous and strong changes in space and time. Because of this variability, the detection of overlapping anthropogenic stress is challenging. Coastal areas harbour dynamic ecosystems in the for of open sandy beaches, which cover the vast majority of the world’s ice-free coastline. These ecosystems are currently threatened by increasing human-induced pressure, among which mass-development of opportunistic macroalgae (mainly composed of Chlorophyta, so called green tides), resulting from the eutrophication of coastal waters. The ecological impact of opportunistic macroalgal blooms (green tides, and blooms formed by other opportunistic taxa), has long been evaluated within sheltered and non-tidal ecosystems. Little is known, however, on how more dynamic ecosystems, such as open macrotidal sandy beaches, respond to such stress. This thesis assesses the effects of anthropogenic stress on the structure and the functioning of highly dynamic ecosystems using sandy beaches impacted by green tides as a study case. The thesis is based on four field studies, which analyse natural sandy sediment benthic community dynamics over several temporal (from month to multi-year) and spatial (from local to regional) scales. In this thesis, I report long-lasting responses of sandy beach benthic invertebrate communities to green tides, across thousands of kilometres and over seven years; and highlight more pronounced responses of zoobenthos living in exposed sandy beaches compared to semi-exposed sands. Within exposed sandy sediments, and across a vertical scale (from inshore to nearshore sandy habitats), I also demonstrate that the effects of the presence of algal mats on intertidal benthic invertebrate communities is more pronounced than that on subtidal benthic invertebrate assemblages, but also than on flatfish communities. Focussing on small-scale variations in the most affected faunal group (i.e. benthic invertebrates living at low shore), this thesis reveals a decrease in overall beta-diversity along a eutrophication-gradient manifested in the form of green tides, as well as the increasing importance of biological variables in explaining ecological variability of sandy beach macrobenthic assemblages along the same gradient. To illustrate the processes associated with the structural shifts observed where green tides occurred, I investigated the effects of high biomasses of opportunistic macroalgae (Ulva spp.) on the trophic structure and functioning of sandy beaches. This work reveals a progressive simplification of sandy beach food web structure and a modification of energy pathways over time, through direct and indirect effects of Ulva mats on several trophic levels. Through this thesis I demonstrate that highly dynamic systems respond differently (e.g. shift in δ13C, not in δ15N) and more subtly (e.g. no mass-mortality in benthos was found) to anthropogenic stress compared to what has been previously shown within more sheltered and non-tidal systems. Obtaining these results would not have been possible without the approach used through this work; I thus present a framework coupling field investigations with analytical approaches to describe shifts in highly variable ecosystems under human-induced stress
Quillien, Nolwenn. "Des écosystèmes naturellement stressés sous menace anthropique : réponses de la faune des plages de sable macrotidales aux marées vertes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0024.
Full textHighly dynamic systems, often considered as resilient systems, are characterised by abiotic and biotic processes under continuous and strong changes in space and time. Because of this variability, the detection of overlapping anthropogenic stress is challenging. Coastal areas harbour dynamic ecosystems in the for of open sandy beaches, which cover the vast majority of the world’s ice-free coastline. These ecosystems are currently threatened by increasing human-induced pressure, among which mass-development of opportunistic macroalgae (mainly composed of Chlorophyta, so called green tides), resulting from the eutrophication of coastal waters. The ecological impact of opportunistic macroalgal blooms (green tides, and blooms formed by other opportunistic taxa), has long been evaluated within sheltered and non-tidal ecosystems. Little is known, however, on how more dynamic ecosystems, such as open macrotidal sandy beaches, respond to such stress. This thesis assesses the effects of anthropogenic stress on the structure and the functioning of highly dynamic ecosystems using sandy beaches impacted by green tides as a study case. The thesis is based on four field studies, which analyse natural sandy sediment benthic community dynamics over several temporal (from month to multi-year) and spatial (from local to regional) scales. In this thesis, I report long-lasting responses of sandy beach benthic invertebrate communities to green tides, across thousands of kilometres and over seven years; and highlight more pronounced responses of zoobenthos living in exposed sandy beaches compared to semi-exposed sands. Within exposed sandy sediments, and across a vertical scale (from inshore to nearshore sandy habitats), I also demonstrate that the effects of the presence of algal mats on intertidal benthic invertebrate communities is more pronounced than that on subtidal benthic invertebrate assemblages, but also than on flatfish communities. Focussing on small-scale variations in the most affected faunal group (i.e. benthic invertebrates living at low shore), this thesis reveals a decrease in overall beta-diversity along a eutrophication-gradient manifested in the form of green tides, as well as the increasing importance of biological variables in explaining ecological variability of sandy beach macrobenthic assemblages along the same gradient. To illustrate the processes associated with the structural shifts observed where green tides occurred, I investigated the effects of high biomasses of opportunistic macroalgae (Ulva spp.) on the trophic structure and functioning of sandy beaches. This work reveals a progressive simplification of sandy beach food web structure and a modification of energy pathways over time, through direct and indirect effects of Ulva mats on several trophic levels. Through this thesis I demonstrate that highly dynamic systems respond differently (e.g. shift in δ13C, not in δ15N) and more subtly (e.g. no mass-mortality in benthos was found) to anthropogenic stress compared to what has been previously shown within more sheltered and non-tidal systems. Obtaining these results would not have been possible without the approach used through this work; I thus present a framework coupling field investigations with analytical approaches to describe shifts in highly variable ecosystems under human-induced stress
Simioni, Guillaume. "Importance de la structure spatiale de la strate arborée sur les fonctionnements carboné et hydrique des écosystèmes herbes-arbres : exemple d'une savane d'Afrique de l'Ouest." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112270.
Full textVegetation spatial structure is an important aspect of tree/grass ecosystem structure, but its influence on primary production and water balance has not been explored yet. To determine the importance of the spatial structure of the tree layer on a savanna ecosystem (Lamto, Ivory Coast ) carbon and water functions, a spatially explicit model was used. Field experiments were conducted to provide data to parameterize and test the model. Model tests were accurate. Experimental simulations done with the model showed that : (1) tree density had important effects on the partitioning of production and transpiration between the grass and tree components, on the total system production, and on ecosystem resource ( light, water, nitrogen ) use efficiencies ; (2) tree aggregation could, independently of tree density. .
Ries, Sylvie. "Fonctionnement d'un écosystème forestier : le compartiment racines d'un taillis de châtaigniers (Castanea sativa Mill.) du Sud-Est de la France : biomasse, structure et évolution." Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10011.
Full textLoeuille, Nicolas. "Coévolution et fonctionnement des écosystèmes." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066209.
Full textGidoin, Cynthia. "Relations entre structure du peuplement végétal et bioagresseurs dans les agroforêts à cacaoyers. Application à trois bioagresseurs du cacaoyer : la moniliose au Costa Rica, la pourriture brune et les mirides au Cameroun." Phd thesis, Ecole nationale superieure agronomique de montpellier - AGRO M, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01015863.
Full textHusson, Bérengère. "Fonctionnement et dynamique des écosystèmes hydrothermaux : vers un premier modèle." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0008/document.
Full textIn nearly forty years of research, significant insights have been gained on vent field geology, on the chemistry of emitted fluid and on the ecology of the communities inhabiting hydrothermal ecosystems. The fauna forms dense assemblages, distributed along the hydrothermal fluid/sea water mixing gradient, and visually dominated only by a few species. The high spatio-temporal variability of the hydrothermal fluid has a strong influence on species distribution. However, the mechanisms determining the species response to this variability is still poorly understood. In order to investigate this issue, a modelling approach is presented. Data collected for more than 20 years on the Eiffel Tower edifice, on the Lucky Strike vent filed (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) were integrated in order to identify meaningful elements for our problem. An integrative study of the faunal biomasses on the edifice showed that these are dominated by the mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus. This bivalve is likely to have a significant influence on the ecosystem functioning and is thus the object of a first model. The search for data to constrain it led to the measurement of in situ metabolic rates. Once parametrized, the model provided quantitative estimates of unknown fluxes. The simulation of hydrothermal flow interruption provided some insights on the mussel biomass response to its environment variability
Jacquet, Claire. "Intégration théorique de la biogéographie et du fonctionnement des écosystèmes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT138.
Full textThe general objective of this thesis is to combine theories acting at different spatial scales in order to better predict the effect of global changes, such as such as resource overexploitation, climate change or habitat fragmentation, on ecosystem functioning. The unique feature of this work is the use of species body mass to describe both spatial dynamics, trophic interactions and biomass flows between the species of an ecosystem. An advantage to this approach is that it links ecosystem properties to a functional trait, measured at the species or even the individual level.First, I study the relationship between the diversity and the stability of ecosystems. It has been demonstrated that species-rich, complex ecosystems should be too sensitive to perturbations to persist through time, which raises a paradox as many species-rich ecosystems are observed in nature. With the compilation and the analysis of a large dataset of empirically measured ecosystems, I show that there is no relationship between stability and diversity or complexity in real ecosystems. A further analysis demonstrates that the non-random organization of energy flows between predators and prey allows complex ecosystem to be stable.A second step is to link this stabilizing structure to species functional traits. I derive food web topology, species energetic needs and equilibrium densities from body mass to build quantitative realistic food webs. I find that food webs composed of species with very different body masses are characterized by a high number of weak trophic interactions and are more stable than food webs with more similar species.Finally, I study the effect of habitat area and isolation of the mean and variance of species body mass distribution, using models integrating the interspecific variability of dispersal ability, vulnerability to extinctions and trophic position. I compare model predictions to observed body mass distributions of fish assemblages found on tropical reefs with a global database. I find that body mass distribution in local fish assemblages does not correspond to a random sample of the regional species pool, which confirms the predictions of the allometric and trophic theory of island biogeography.The integration of functional ecology, island biogeography and theory on the stability of complex systems open new perspectives in the fields of macroecology and ecosystem management since it highlights the potential impact of habitat destruction and fragmentation on the functional reorganization of species assemblages and therefore on the structure and functioning of ecosystems
Nérot, Caroline. "Invertébrés benthiques et biomarqueurs : témoins du fonctionnement trophique des écosystèmes côtiers." Brest, 2011. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00716957.
Full textThe trophic functioning of benthic coastal ecosystems depends on the availability of organic matter sources (OM). At the scale of the continental shelf, the variability of diversity and abundance of these sources reflects in the spatial distribution of primary consumers such as filter4eeding bivalves. If the trophic sources are widely studied on tidal flats and estuarine areas, the knowledge on the benthic food web of the continental shelf is limited by sampling issues at depths down to 200 m, about 300 km offshore in the northern Gulf of Biscay. In this study, stable isotopes and fatty acids used as trophic markers were measured in tissues of five bivalve species, on a depth gradient (0-200 m) across the continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay, in two regional sites strongly contrasted by their natural features and human pressures. The spatial variations of the trophic signatures of bivalves allowed distinguishing three zones with different trophic functioning, consistently with hydrological structures described on the continental shelf and that control phytoplankton dynamics. The results also revealed a limited spatial extent of terrestrial inputs in the OM sources consumed by the bivalves. Finally, despite the conclusions obtained by the use of stable isotopes and fatty acids were fairly consistent, the interpretation of some results suggests a strong influence of the metabolic processes on trophic signatures of bivalves
Gauzens, Benoit. "Structure et fonctionnalité des réseaux trophiques : modèles et méthodes." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066298.
Full textÉlise, Simon. "Développement d’indices écoacoustiques pour caractériser et suivre l’état et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes coralliens." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0041.
Full textCoral reefs are the most complex of marine ecosystems, but also the most threatened by ecological disruption resulting directly or indirectly from human activities. Their conservation represents a huge challenge. While maintaining coral reefs as close as possible to their current configurations and dynamics is among the highest priorities, we must also prepare for rapid changes in their functioning and adapt monitoring tools and networks to this new situation. Recent technological advances enabled the emergence of innovative tools with the potential to drastically increase the spatio-temporal resolution of coral reef monitoring. Among these, Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) is on the rise. The aim of this thesis was to improve and facilitate the use of PAM as a tool for the assessment and monitoring of coral reefs’ ecological states and functioning. Soundscape recordings and ecological surveys (reef fish assemblages and habitat) were performed at 31 outer reef slope sites around three Indo-Pacific islands with variable environmental characteristics, including contrasted anthropogenic pressures. Analysing the results obtained with multiple combinations of sampling settings (frequency bandwidth, time of sampling (day/night), and sample duration) allowed the selection of a sampling scheme based on the two types of indices mostly used in coral reef studies. This scheme enables a rapid and reliable categorisation of reef’s ecological states. Based on these sampling guidelines, the capacity of six ecoacoustic indices to evaluate coral reef key functions was demonstrated. By comparing the contributions of PAM and coarse environmental data that could be sampled remotely, the added value of using ecoacoustic indices to predict reef fish assemblage structure was identified and quantified. An application of ecoacoustics to the continuous monitoring of a remote site highlighted the strong potential of PAM as a supporting tool for managers in such context. In view of the amplitude and velocity of expected climatic changes, current observer-based monitoring methods are likely to be exceeded. Combined to other monitoring tools, PAM could contribute to promptly detect ecosystem disturbances, which is essential to understand their causes and put in place rapid and adapted responses
Danger, Michaël. "Des interactions entre organismes au fonctionnement des écosystèmes : apports des approches stoechiométriques." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066412.
Full textSelmi, Mohsen. "Différenciation des sols et fonctionnement des écosystèmes forestiers sur grès numidien de Kroumirie : (Tunisie)." Nancy 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985NAN10430.
Full textCoq, Sylvain. "La diversité chimique des litières et son rôle dans le fonctionnement des écosystèmes forestiers." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20168.
Full textLitter decomposition and nutrient recycling are key processes for ecosystem functioning. The objectives of this thesis were to improve our understanding of the determinants of decomposition in a tropical rainforest in French Guiana, with a particular focus on the role of litter chemical diversity and live plant – litter interactions. With a detailed characterization of condensed tannins in leaf litter of 16 common tropical tree species, I showed that inter-specific variation in litter tannins are the main driver of decomposition in the studied nutrient-poor Amazonian rainforest. Experimental evidence suggests that the most important mechanism of tannin control is selective feeding on tannin-poor litter by soil macrofauna. The mixing of leaf litter of a subset of the 16 tree species in a green house experiment including seedlings of the different tree species showed litter diversity effects on decomposition and nutrient release. These non-additive effects were predominantly negative, resulting in decreased decomposition rates compared to expected rates based on individual litter species decomposition. The identity of litter species contributed strongly to these negative effects, and the presence of tree seedlings modified the observed litter diversity effects. Decomposing litter mixtures showed also a feedback effect on tree seedling growth, biomass allocation and leaf traits, which again was mainly related to the identity of a few litter species within mixtures. My results suggests that the diversity of chemically contrasted litter plays a major role in the functioning of tropical forets. The decomposition of these mixtures results in functional feedbacks between the aboveground and belowground compartments of these ecosystems
Maron, Pierre-Alain. "Contribution à l'élaboration de bio-descripteurs microbiens pour la compréhension du fonctionnement et de l'évolution des systèmes complexes." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10034.
Full textEvangelista, Charlotte. "Variabilité intraspécifique chez les espèces invasives et ses conséquences sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30233/document.
Full textWhile biological invasions are widely recognized as a major cause of ecosystem changes, the ecological impacts of invasive species could be modulated by intraspecific variability in ecological traits occurring between and within populations. The present work demonstrated, at different geographical scales, the existence of a strong phenotypic variability within two freshwater invaders, Lepomis gibbosus and Procambarus clarkii. In addition, phenotypic responses to environmental conditions was demonstrated to be complex, revealing notably that the methods used to control invasive populations can be counter-productive and that the colonization history of invasive populations is an important driver of phenotype-environment relationships. Experimental approaches also demonstrated that intraspecific variability modulated the intensity of the ecological impacts of invasive species on community structure and ecosystem functioning. These findings strongly support the idea that integrating intraspecific variability in the context of biological invasions is essential to better appreciate their impacts on recipient ecosystem and ultimately improve the efficient of management methods based on the characteristics of invasive populations
Koffel, Thomas. "Théorie de la niche : nouvelles perspectives sur l'adaptation des plantes et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSAM0024/document.
Full textAs living organisms, plants present a dual relationship with their biotic and abiotic environment. The environment selects plant strategies that can establish, and selected strategies in turn impact and shape the environment as they spread. When fueled by variation ,this environmental feedback loop drives evolution, community assembly and ecosystem development, and eventually determines the emergent properties of ecosystems.Theoretical ecology approaches have long recognized this duality, as it is at the core of contemporary niche theory through the concepts of requirement and impact niche. Similarly, game-theoretical approaches such as adaptive dynamics have emphasized the role played by the environmental feedback loop in driving eco-evolutionary dynamics. However, niche theory could benefit from a more individualistic, selection based perspective, while adaptive dynamics could benefit from niche theory’s duality and graphical approach.In my dissertation, I unify these theoretical perspectives and apply them to various ecological situations in an attempt to understand how the reciprocal interaction between plants and their environment determines plant adaptive traits and emergent ecosystem functions.First, I introduce a general and rigorous mathematical framework to contemporary niche theory and the associated graphical approach. By extending these ideas to a continuum of interacting strategies using geometrical envelopes, I show how contemporary niche theory enables the study of both eco-evolutionary dynamics and community assembly through species sorting. I show how these two perspectives only differ by the range of invaders considered, from infinitesimally similar mutants to any strategy from the species pool. My results also emphasize the fact that selection only acts on the requirement niche, evolution of the impact niche being just an indirect consequence of the former.Second, I use this approach to study the evolution of plant defenses against herbivores along a nutrient gradient, by considering the joint evolution of resource acquisition, tolerance and resistance to herbivores. I show that trophic transfers lead to the selection of very competitive, undefended strategies in nutrient-poor environments, while defended strategies -- either resistant, tolerant or the coexistence of both -- always dominate in nutrient-rich environments. My results highlight the central, and often underestimated, role played by plant-environment feedbacks in shaping plant defense patterns.Third, I extend contemporary niche theory to facilitation originating from positive environmental feedback loops. I use these new tools to show how colonization of a bare substrate by a community of nitrogen-fixing plants coupled with nutrient recycling can lead to facilitative succession. Contrarily to previous competition-based succession models, I point out that facilitative succession leads to autogenic ecosystem development, relatively ordered trajectories and late succession bistability between the vegetated ecosystem and the bare substrate. By showing how facilitative succession can turn into competition-based succession along an increasing nitrogen gradient, I derive a new resource-ratio theory of succession.Overall, these new theoretical developments demonstrate that niche theory can be adapted to study a broad range of ecological situations, from facilitation to eco-evolutionary dynamics and community assembly. Within this framework, my envelope-based approach provides a powerful tool to scale from the individual level to the ecosystem level, lumping selection-driven species turnover into plastic ecosystem properties. This, is turn, helps describing the emergence at the ecosystem scale of regulation feedback loops that drive ecosystem dynamics and functioning, as exemplified by my results along increasing resource gradients showing a transition from facilitation- to competition-based succession or the emergence of trophic dead-ends
Hugoni, Mylène. "Structure et activité des Archaea planctoniques dans les écosystèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF22388/document.
Full textAquatic Archaea are important players among microbial plankton and significantly contribute to biogeochemical cycles, especially nitrogen, but details regarding their community structure and seasonal activity and dynamics remain largely unexplored. In marine ecosystems, the widespread distribution of Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea (AOA) suggests that they probably play a major role in nutrients cycling. However, we cannot generalize these observations to all aquatic ecosystems because of their high diversity and/or a lack of information and studies on these organisms for some of these ecosystems. More precisely, lacustrine and coastal ecosystems were less studied while they are potentially subjected to strong anthropogenic impacts. Moreover, notable differences in terms of diversity and activity between marine and freshwater communities can be expected, considering the specific environmental parameters of each ecosystem. The objectives of this thesis were: i) to study the archaeal community structure across a temporal scale and assess the diversity of archaeal communities and AOA in diverse aquatic ecosystems along anthropogenic and/or salinity gradient (lacustrine, estuarine and coastal ecosystems); ii) to determine their relative contribution in ammonia oxidation, compared to Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) by looking at their spatial and temporal distribution and activity, and iii) to explore more precisely the environmental parameters that could drive AOA and/or AOB establishment
Dassonville, Nicolas. "Impact des plantes exotiques envahissantes sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes en Belgique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210579.
Full textDans un deuxième temps, je me suis attaché à identifier les mécanismes de l’impact de Fallopia japonica sur le cycle de l’azote. Cette espèce, perenne rhizomateuse, adopte une gestion très conservatrice de l’azote en retransloquant jusqu’à 80 % de l’azote des tiges et des feuilles vers le système racinaire en automne avant l’abscission des feuilles. La litière restituée est, de ce fait, pauvre en azote. Ce paramètre, combiné à une teneur élevée en lignine, explique sa faible vitesse de décomposition par rapport à celle de la végétation non envahie. Une grande partie de l’azote de l’écosystème tourne donc en cycle quasi fermé entre les organes de réserve et les parties aériennes de la plante, tandis que l’azote restant est en grande partie bloqué dans la nécromasse de la plante et est donc non disponible pour les espèces concurrentes indigènes. Ce mécanisme explique, sans doute, en partie le succès invasif de l’espèce.
A l’avenir, les implications des impacts sur le sol en terme de restauration des communautés devront être étudiées. L’hypothèse d’une influence positive de ces impacts sur l’aptitude compétitive des espèces envahissantes devra être testée. Enfin, une étude plus fonctionnelle des impacts de ces espèces dans des sites contrastés devrait permettre d’identifier les mécanismes impliqués./Biological invasions are a major cause of biodiversity loss worldwide. The direct impact of alien invasive species (AIS) on community structure and composition has been well documented. On the other hand, their impact on ecosystem functioning has been comparatively less studied. In this work, I measured, on the field and in experimental conditions, the impact of 7 highly invasive alien plant species in Europe on soil chemical properties, biomass and aboveground nutrient stock. Despite the high diversity in considered functional groups (from annuals to trees), recurring impacts have been found. AIS had always higher biomass and aboveground nutrient stocks than invaded resident vegetation. Concerning soil, species functional traits did not allow us to predict impact direction and intensity. On the other hand, impacts on soil were partially predictable based on initial ecological conditions (pedologic context). Thus, cations and P availability and organic C and N concentrations increased in initially poor sites and decreased in eutrophic ones. AIS tend to homogenize soil properties across invaded landscapes.
In a second part, i tried to identify the mechanisms of the impacts of Fallopia japonica on N cycling. This perrennial rhizomatous species manage N in a very conservative way. About 80 % of aboveground N is translocated to rhizomes before leaves abscission. The litter is therefore poor in N. This parameter combined with a high lignin concentration explains its slow decomposition rate compared to that of uninvaded vegetation. A big part of the ecosystem N is engaged in a nearly closed cycle between above and belowground organs while the remaining N is blocked in the necromass and is thus not available for the indigenous competitors. This mechanism probably explains the invasive success of this species.
In the future, the implications of soil properties modifications in terms of community restoration should be studied. The hypothesis of a positive influence of these modifications on the competitive ability of AIS should be tested. At last, a functional study of these soil impacts in contrasted sites should allow us to identify the implied mechanisms.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Lang, Iris. "Variabilité génétique et phénotypique de deux espèces invasives : patrons, déterminants et implications pour le fonctionnement des écosystèmes dulçaquicoles." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30216.
Full textIntraspecific variability is now recognized for its importance on ecosystem functioning. In the context of biological invasions, which can strongly impact ecological processes, it is of high importance to understand the determinants and the patterns of genetic and phenotypic variability to fully apprehend the consequences of invasive individuals on recipient ecosystems. We demonstrated a high variability among and within populations of two crayfish species, Procambarus clarkii and Faxonius limosus, with distinct life-history traits and colonization histories in a narrow-invaded area. We highlighted that colonization history and environmental conditions were the main drivers of the contrasting patterns of genetic and phenotypic variability between the two species. Genetic analyses provided a great inference of local invasion pathways for P. clarkii, which had a great genetic variability, compared to F. limosus for which the local invasion pathways were more cryptic. We found that neutral and adaptive processes shaped the phenotypic variability of the two species in differing proportions. Then, we demonstrated the existence of a stable resource polymorphism along the benthic littoral-pelagic axis within populations of P. clarkii, suggesting that invaders could have contrasting impacts on ecosystem functioning between littoral and pelagic trophic chains. Finally, in an experiment context using a multi-traits approach, we demonstrated that the structure of trait covariations differed between species in a sympatric population, suggesting that P. clarkii impacts would be more predictable than F. limosus, and that P. clarkii could affect a higher range of ecological processes or impact the ecosystem functioning with a greater intensity than F. limosus. Overall, our findings stress the need to integrate intraspecific variability in the context of biological invasions to better understand their impacts on ecosystem functioning
Mueller, Derek. "Structure et dynamique des cryo-écosystèmes : plates-formes de glace nordiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/23041/23041.pdf.
Full textThis doctoral thesis is the first systematic study of a newly discovered class of extreme ecosystems in the arctic environment: microbial mat communities and their habitats on northern ice shelves. The overarching objective was to examine the structure and dynamics of these cryo-ecosystems at several scales and to examine the interaction between physical and biological aspects on the five major ice shelves found in the Canadian High Arctic. This study made use of a broad range of methods including: microscopic enumeration of algal taxa; quantification of pigments with high performance liquid chromatography; automated over-winter measurements of salinity, irradiance and temperature; helicopter-assisted surveys and sampling; and analysis of satellite imagery. The chemical and physical limnology of the cryo-habitats across this entire ecosystem was found to be heterogeneous and a diverse community of phototrophic microorganisms was found within the microbial mats. Habitat fragmentation was shown to have little effect on the biodiversity of the cryo-ecosystem, however environmental gradients were significantly associated with microbial mat community structure. The hypothesis that ice shelf microbial mat organisms subsist in sub-optimal conditions was tested by examining metabolic responses to changes in salinity, irradiance and temperature. Heterotrophic microbiota were found to be optimized for the extreme conditions prevalent on the ice shelf, whereas photosynthetic micro-organisms tolerated a broader range, suggesting they were extremotrophic (defined by this study as tolerance by microbiota to local conditions but with in situ growth well outside their physiological optima) rather than extremophilic (a more narrow specialization to local conditions, with in situ growth close to physiological maxima). An assemblage of sunscreening and accessory pigments was associated with the autotrophic community, which may account for the extended tolerance range of the extremotrophs. The relationship between microbial mat cover and the surface ablation of the ice shelf was examined and a high concentration of nutrients within the microbial mats indicated that this microenvironment differed greatly from the properties of the bulk ecosystem. These results underscore the importance of biotic-physical coupling on the ice shelf, and in the cryosphere in general. A break-up event on the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf and the drainage of an epishelf lake (ice-dammed freshwater overlying seawater) was discovered during the study period. Further analysis suggested that climate warming contributed to this event, which highlights the vulnerability of ice shelf dependent habitats and their value as indicators of climate change. These cryo-ecosystems also provide new insights into microbial life under extreme polar conditions, with implications for survival, growth and evolution during glacial periods in the past, including the Precambrian Era.
Clauser, Éric. "Structure et fonctionnement du recepteur humain de l'insuline." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066708.
Full textFontaine, Colin. "Biodiversité, structure et fonctionnement des communautés plantes-pollinisateurs." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066172.
Full textBAYLE, DENIS. "Structure et fonctionnement des membranes gastriques secretant hc1." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112390.
Full textVelluet, Cécile. "Modélisation et analyse pluriannuelles du fonctionnement hydrologique et énergétique de deux écosystèmes dominants au Sahel agropastoral (Sud-Ouest Niger)." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01002273.
Full textParveen, Bushra. "Structure et dynamique de la communauté bactérienne libre et attachée dans les écosystèmes lacustres." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF22221.
Full textThe free-living bacteria point of view dominates in recent research of freshwater microbial ecology, only a few studies have focused on attached bacterial communities. In present study, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, diversity of attached and free-living bacterial community was investigated from two freshwater aquatic systems ; a mesotrophic lake Bourget and a hypereutrophic lake Villerest. The diversity of attached and free-living Actinobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia, in relation to environmental variables was investigated from lake Bourget during two contrasting periods of phytoplankton dominance. Comparison analyses showed a phylogenetic difference between attached and free-living bacterial communities of all three studied bacterial groups. The betaI, appeared as most dominant among all clades representing phylogenetic diversity of freshwater Betaproteobacteria, for both attached and free-living fractions, contributing to 57.8% of of the total retrieved opertational taxonomic units (OTUs). For Actinobacteria, the acIV cluster was detected as dominant, followed by acI accounting for 45% and 25% of the total retrieved OTUs respectively. Similarly, freshwater Verrucomicrobia cluster namely, CRE-PA29, FukuN18, CL120-10 appeared as dominant, comprising 22.3%, 16.15% and 14.61% of the total retrieved OTUs respectively. This study allowed defining 15 new putative clades representing the freshwater bacterial divesity of Betaproteobacteria (lbI-lbVIII), Actinobacteria (acLBI) and Verrucomicrobia (CRE-PA29, FukuS27, BourFI-BourFIV). In addition, 12 clusters representing the phylogenetic diversity of Betaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia were exclusively comprised of OTUs from the attached fraction. The seasonal dynamics of environmental variables have been reflected as changes in distinct bacterial phylotypes for both attached and free-living communities. The attached bacterial communities of Actinobacteria showed affiliation with Chrysophyceae biomass and N-NO3, while attached Betaproteobacteria were affiliated with biomass of Chlorophyceae and phytoplankton richness. Similarly attached verrucomicrobial communities appeared to be mainly influenced by phytoplankton richness, rotifers abundances and inorganic nutrients (NNO3,SiO2). On the other hand, within free-living communities, few actinobacterial clades were found to be dependent on either nutrients or phytoplankton communities, whereas Betaproteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia were mainly associated with biological parameters (i.e. phytoplankton and copepods communities). In another study during a cyanobacterial (Microcystis sp.) bloom from lake Villerest, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were detected as prevalent taxa among the 16S rRNA gene clone libraries, however, Verrucomicrobia and Deinococcus-Thermus appeared as comparatively less abundant bacterial groups in both fractions. Whereas, Gemmatimonadetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, Deltaproteobacteria, Firmicutes and Op11 were appeared as minor phyla in clone libraries of attached and free-living bacterial communities. For attached bacterial communities Betaproteobacteria (n=118) appeared as most dominant group, followed by Gammaproteobacteria (n=74) and Bacteroidetes (n=52). The phylogenetic analysis of the sequences obtained for the clone library from free-living fraction showed that most of the OTUs belonged to Betaproteobacteria (n=192) followed in decreasing order by Bacteroidetes (n=132) and Actinobacteria (n=61) whereas Gammaproteobacteria (n=42) and Alphaproteobacteria (n=42) appeared in equal proportion in free-living 16S rRNA clone libraries. (...)
Rateau, Patrick. "Structure et fonctionnement du systeme central des representations sociales." Montpellier 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON30002.
Full textOne fundamental point of the social representations' central core theory is that the core gets a quantative dimension above all. This is not the quantitative importance of an element which define is centrality but the fact that it gives sens to the representation. That's why it can be observed two elements quantitatively equals and strong with one in the central core and the other not. However, both the study of works about social representation of an ideal group (flament, 1971,1984 ; moliner, 1988) and the implementation of a series of experimentations, lead to the conclusion that there is a qualitative difference between the two central elements of the representation : one would be an "having priority element". It would really generate the meaning of the representation. Its relation with ideology, culture and history of the group seems to be strong. Then, it would have a normative function. The other one should be an "adjunct element". It would have a mediating role, specificating the meaning of the representation in relation with the social practices that subjects frequently entertain with the object (then it would have a functional function). The classical notion of "core" should be replace with the term of hierarchical central system which implies some new theorical developments
Dewandel, Benoît. "Structure et fonctionnement hydrogéologique d'un aquifère discontinu : l'ophiolite d'Oman." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20023.
Full textBlanchet, Hugues. "Structure et fonctionnement des peuplements benthiques du Bassin d'Arcachon." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12939.
Full textPerrier, Édith. "Structure geometrique et fonctionnement hydrique des sols. Simulations exploratoires." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066220.
Full textDewandel, Benoît. "Structure et fonctionnement hydrogéologique d'un aquifère discontinu : l'ophiolite d'Oman /." Montpellier : Institut des sciences de la terre, de l'eau et de l'espace de Montpellier, Université Montpellier II, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38858149f.
Full textBoudsocq, Simon. "Contrôle du recyclage des nutriments par les organismes vivants : conséquences sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes et perspectives évolutives." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066617.
Full textSoulignac, Frédéric. "Apport de la modélisation tridimensionnelle pour la compréhension du fonctionnement des écosystèmes lacustres et l'évaluation de leur état écologique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1197/document.
Full textThe quality of ecosystem services provided by lakes is related to the ecosystem structure and functioning. Protecting water bodies is therefore a global goal that requires a better understanding of their function, a monitoring and a water quality assessment. Explaining spatio-temporal heterogeneities of physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton has been a recurrent ecological and hydrobiological issue. Understanding the dynamics of these heterogeneities is an essential prerequisite for objectively assessing, protecting and restoring freshwater ecosystems. Moreover, three-dimensional (3D) and taking into account and drivers of these heterogeneities are essential prerequisites for theoretical and applied limnology. Concerning the monitoring, spatio-temporal heterogeneities are responsible of uncertainties on the representativeness of the data versus the whole lake which might be questionable and needs to be verified. In Europe, the Water Framework Directive (WFD) initiated in 2000 defines a framework for managing and protecting water bodies in Europe. The classification of water bodies into ecological status is a key issue for the implementation of that framework. For lakes and reservoirs, the assessment of this status is based on biological, physico-chemical and hydro-morphological indicators. Physico-chemical and phytoplankton indicators are calculated based on four observations at an unique sampling station over the growing season, this evaluation being assessed one year for a six-year management plan. In this context, this thesis focuses on the complexity of lakes functioning and the capability of three-dimensional (3D) models to reproduce their functioning. The contribution of 3D models is presented i) for understanding the functioning of lakes of different sizes, ii) coupled to satellite observations, for studying of the influence of wind forcing and hydrodynamics on phytoplankton abundance and spatial heterogeneities, iii) in the context of the WFD, for assessing uncertainties in the lake ecological status assessment. To do that, two 3D models have been created and analyzed, one for Lake Créteil (42 ha) and another for Lake Geneva (580 km2). Lake Créteil 3D model was validated by using high frequency data recorded at three stations. It reproduces well the complex hydrodynamic functioning of the lake, its thermal structure, the alternation between thermal stratification episodes and mixing events, and internal waves. Lake Geneva 3D model was validated by using monthly and bimonthly data at two stations. It reproduces also properly the hydrodynamic functioning of the lake and the seasonal variability of biological and physico-chemical parameters. Simulation results highlight physical and hydrodynamic mechanisms responsible for the occurrence of seasonal hot-spots in phytoplankton abundance. In the context of the WFD, simulation results show also a strong spatial variability of lake ecological status depending on the timing of the four sampling dates as well as the location of the sampling station. These results were also used to assess to representativeness of sampling stations. The results of this thesis suggest that i) the functioning of lakes of different sizes is complex and physical processes generates spatio-temporal heterogeneities, ii) wind and hydrodynamics influence the abundance and the spatial distribution of phytoplankton et iii) spatio-temporal heterogeneities can bias our evaluation of lake ecological status in the WFD
Prudhomme, Jorian. "Phlébotomes et écosystèmes : impact des facteurs biotiques et abiotiques sur la structure génétique et phénotypique des populations." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS027/document.
Full textSandflies are hematophagous insects belonging to the family Psychodidae and the subfamily phlebotominae. This diptera, yellowish, relatively small (2-3 mm) has about 800 species. 70 of these species have been identified as potential vectors of which forty are proven ones. They can transmit different pathogens; the main ones are Leishmania and phlebovirus.This thesis focused on sandflies, vectors of leishmaniasis. Leishmaniases are parasitic diseases caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. They affect a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including humans and dogs. They are still a major problem of public health in many countries and are currently in expansion. Although this disease is widely studied, we still have a lot to learn about its vector: the sandfly. For example, the organization of populations in ecosystems and the parameters which structure them are very little studied up to now. It is therefore essential to know the biology of the different actors of a parasite cycle to better understand the transmission of pathogens, to assess risks of transmission, and finally to be able to effectively fight against the disease.In this context, the aim of this thesis is to study the ecology and the structuring of sandfly populations in a known endemic area of leishmaniasis and the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on their organization. To reach this objective, we performed captures of sandflies along a 14km transect located in the Montpellier region which presents an altitudinal, climate and environmental diversity. Sandfly populations have been characterized by taxonomic, spatio-temporal, genetic (microsatellites) and morphometric (geometry morphometry) approaches. The genetic, morphometric and species distribution results were then confronted with climatic (temperature, relative humidity) or environmental parameters (altitude, slope, station, microhabitat).During this work, four species were captured: Phlebotomus ariasi (93.23%), P. perniciosus (0.48%), P. mascittii (0.11%) and S. minuta (6.18%). They have a seasonal activity from May to October with an abundance peak in July-August when average temperatures are optimal for sandflies (20-30°C). Although the environment has been considerably transformed in our study area in 30 years, the abundance of sandflies does not seem to have changed significantly, highlighting their ability to adapt to ecosystem modifications in short and long-term. The presence and abundance of the two predominant species (P. ariasi and S. minuta) are significantly influenced by altitude, temperature, relative humidity, slope and wall orientation.The genetic analyses show that diversity is maintained at all scales of study and that sandflies are organized in micropopulations. The morphometric geometry data reveal a sexual dimorphism, well known in insects but also a phenotypic structuring correlated to environmental or temporal factors (month, slope, altitude and station).Both of these approaches, because of their complementarity, help provide information on the ecology and organization of sandfly populations and to discuss about the consequences in terms of leishmaniasis transmission
Aubé, Johanne. "Structure et fonctionnement de tapis microbiens contaminés par des hydrocarbures." Thesis, Pau, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PAUU3029/document.
Full textUbiquist and very ancient, the microbial mats communities demonstrate very important metabolic and adaptive capacities. Located in the coastal area, these ecosystems may be subject to oil contamination. In this context, the aim of this study is on one hand to describe the structure and functioning of microbial mats and on the other to understand the impact of oil contamination on these ecosystems. This study focused on two microbial mats from the Berre lagoon with close physical chemical parameters but with contrasted hydrocarbon contamination levels. The functioning of the system is dependent on other factors such as light and seasons, diurnal and seasonal variations were taken into account in this study. Special emphasis was placed on the sulfur cycle due to its importance in the marine environments. The results of this study highlighted different communities’ structures at the global level between both mats, the spatial variation prevailed on seasonal variation. The active part of the community from the contaminated site shows a linear trend while that one of the uncontaminated site follows the seasonal variations. The contaminated site shows genes involved in hydrocarbon degradation more expressed coupled to a hydrocarbon biodegradation suggesting that the contaminated mat is adapted to the petroleum contamination. Despite these differences in the structure and the degradation capacities, very similar metabolic profiles are observed between the two mats with similar functions, suggesting functional redundancy. Seasonal and diurnal variation was also observed, the Desulfobulbaceae were particularly more abundant in spring and more active during the day. A complementary cultural approach will allow to better understanding the dynamics of sulfate-Reducers communities in the mat and comprehending these variations
Gau-Racine, Jocelyne. "Structure et fonctionnement de vecteurs polymères pour la thérapie génique." Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EVRY0026.
Full textThis work concerns the physicochemical study of cationic and neutral polymeric vectors for gene therapy. I studied the structure and the interactions of DNA-Pluronic L64 (a neutral polymer) mixtures by traditional biological and neutron scattering techniques. I showed that repulsive interactions are present between the DNA molecules and pluronic L64 micelles under physiological conditions. Original measurements of electrophysiology, enabled me to highlight strong interactions between the molecules of pluronic L64 and the lipid membranes. These results indicated that L64 molecules allow the DNA molecules, without interacting with it, to penetrate in the cells by a perforation mecanism. Measurements of fluorescence microscopy were set up to study the transition coil-globule of long individual DNA chains induced by linear or branched polyethylenimines, a reference cationic polymers in gene therapy. The results showed that this transition is a second second order phase transition and depends on the PEI structure
Burney, Sarah. "Structure et fonctionnement de cryptochrome, photorécepteur à la lumière bleue." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066729.
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