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1
Agajie, Berhanu Asaye. "THE SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE OF AWGNI NOUN PHRASES." LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/ling.v15i2.9079.
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The objective of this study is to examine the syntactic structure of Awgni Noun Phrases. The assumption of Labeling Algorithm {XP, H} is holding on, and a descriptive research design was employed to explore the intended objective. Data for this research were enriched by interviewing 12 native speakers of Awgni specializing in the proposed language. Through expert samplings, 20 Noun Phrases were selected and illustrated. Results showed that the Noun Phrases in Awgni could be formed out of the head Nouns all along through other lexical categories reminiscent of the Noun Phrases, Adjective Phrases, Verb Phrases, Determiner Phrases, and Adverb Phrases. These grammatical items were serving as dependents to the head Nouns. The head Nouns in Awgni are for all time right-headed. These heads are the only obligatory constituents, while the Phrasal categories are optional elements which could be either modifiers or complements to the head Nouns. In this regard, Labeling Algorithm explicitly chooses the contiguous Noun heads that are the label of the complete Syntactic Objects (SOs) anticipated for all Noun Phrase structures.
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Preda, Alina. "Modification versus Complementation in the Structure of English Noun Phrases." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 66, no. 2 (March 30, 2021): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2021.2.17.
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"Modification versus Complementation in the Structure of English Noun Phrases. Apart from its head, the core element around which all the other phrasal constituents cluster, the noun phrase may contain dependent elements effecting determination (which poses few taxonomical issues), modification or complementation (two functions notoriously difficult to demarcate). This article outlines the inconsistent ways in which reference grammars make the distinction between modification and complementation in the structure of English noun phrases, and offers a more unified approach aimed to solve the terminological quandary. Keywords: complementation, modification, premodifier, postmodifier, complement, the noun phrase "
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Otgonsuren, Tseden. "Case Markers in Mongolian: A Means for Encoding Null Constituents in Noun Phrase and Relative Clause." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.1p.17.
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This paper focuses on the capacity of the case markers in the Mongolian language, as a relative element, to generate any finite noun phrase or relative clause based on their syntactic function or relationship. In Mongolian, there are two different approaches to generate noun phrases: parataxis and hypotaxis. According to my early observation, if the noun phrase generated through the parataxis, is the complement of the postpositional phrase, the head word of the relevant noun phrase can be truncated. In other words, since this head noun is governed by case marker in its null form to generate the postpositional phrase, the head noun can be encoded. The second approach generates two different types of noun phrases in their structures: free structured and non-free structured noun phrases. Of them, the free structured noun phrase allows any syntactic transformations in their internal structure based on the senses of the case markers which denote a relation. That is to say, the null constituents in this type of noun phrases can be encoded to generate an extended alternative of the noun phrase and a relative clause.
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Asnawi, Asnawi. "Struktur Frasa Verbal Bahasa Banjar Hulu: Tinjauan Bentuk Gramatikal." GERAM 6, no. 1 (July 7, 2018): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/geram.2018.vol6(1).1795.
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The basis of the emergence of this research is the lack of observers or language researchers who will arouse the local language khasanah, namely Banjar Hulu language. Upstream Banjar Language is a language used by the people of Suhada Village Enok District Indragiri Hilir Regency Riau. The Banjar Hulu language is used as the majority language used by the people of Indragiri Hilir Regency Riau. However, due to the flow of modernization and assimilation will threaten the extinction and contamination of the Banjar Hulu language. Therefore, this research is expected to maintain and maintain the authenticity of Banjar Hulu language, so it is necessary to do research. This study focuses on the structure of verb phrases. With related issues about the shape or structure of the verb phrase. The purpose of the study is to describe in detail the structure of the Banjar Hulu language verb phrase. This research is a field research with qualitative type. This research was conducted in Suhada Village, Enok Sub-district, Indragiri Hilir Regency, Riau with research time for six months. The method used to collect data is by the technique of referring libat ably. The data of this research is phrase construction that comes from the speech of research informant. Data analyzing is done by technique of reduction, disply, and conclusion data. The results showed that there are various verbal phrases. This kevariasian found verbal language phrases Banjar Hulu language based on the class of formers and verbal phrase forming function, namely coordinative verbal phrases, modifikatif, and apositif. The results of this study are the first structure of verbal phrases based on the word class; (v) Verbal Phrase {V + Ajk}, (c) Verbal Phrases {Adv + V}, (d) Verbal Phrases {V + Prepositions}, (e) ) Verbal Phrases {V; (ba- + N) + pronomina}, (f) Verbal Phrases {V; (b) + A}, (g) Verbal Phrases {V; (b + + N) + N}. The two structures of the verbal phrase are based on the function of the constituent elements, which include (a) Coordinative Verbal Phrases, (b) Modifikattive Verb Phrases, (c) Apositive Verb Phrases.
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Ozerov, Pavel. "Information structure and intonational accent in Burmese." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 43, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 191–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.20009.oze.
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Abstract It tends to be assumed that tonal languages do not make use of intonational tones and accent location for the purpose of conveying information structural aspects of the utterance. This study of read-aloud stories in colloquial Burmese shows that this tonal language does resort to this sort of intonational means for information-structuring reasons. The prosody of Burmese exhibits identifiable intonational patterns, which function on the level of accentual phrases. An accentual phrase constitutes the basic prosodic unit, and it is there that we find the real interaction of information structure, intonation and tone. Accentual phrases are organised around a single accent, the location of which depends on information structural factors. Sentences can consist of a single accentual phrase or a few phrases, while the exact partition into such phrases is also motivated by information- and discourse-structuring considerations.
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Legate, Julie Anne. "The configurational structure of a nonconfigurational language." Linguistic Variation Yearbook 2001 1 (December 31, 2001): 61–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/livy.1.05leg.
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In this article, I present evidence for hierarchy and movement in Warlpiri, the proto-typical nonconfigurational language. Within the verb phrase, I identify both a symmetric and an asymmetric applicative construction, show that these are problematic for an LFG-style account that claims Warlpiri has a flat syntactic structure, and outline an account of the symmetric/asymmetric applicative distinction based on a hierarchical syntactic structure. Above the verb phrase, I establish syntactic hierarchy through ordering restrictions of adverbs, and ordering of topics, wh-phrases, and focused phrases in the left periphery. Finally, I present evidence that placement of phrases in the left periphery is accomplished through movement, with new data that show island and Weak Crossover effects.
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Kashiwadate, Kei, Tetsuya Yasuda, Koji Fujita, Sotaro Kita, and Harumi Kobayashi. "Syntactic Structure Influences Speech-Gesture Synchronization." Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science 11, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2020.73.
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It is known that a phrase may have multiple meanings. Phrases such as “green tea cup” may be interpreted with two different meanings—a “green-colored tea cup” or a “cup of green tea.” Then how people know the exact meanings of apparently syntactically ambiguous linguistic expressions? We propose that gesture that accompanies speech may help disambiguate syntactically ambiguous structures. The present study investigated whether the difference in phrase structures influences the production of gestures. Participants produced gestures as they produced a Japanese four-word phrases. We examined all possible synchronization patterns of speech and gestures. We found, for the first time, gestures tended to synchronize with the chunks of words that form a constituent in syntactic structures. Our study suggests that gestures may play an important role in disambiguating syntactically ambiguous phrases. This could be a reason why humans have continuously used gestures even after they acquired a powerful tool of language and why today, they still produce language-redundant gestures.
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Widyaningsih, Latifah Ayu. "ANALISIS FRASA BERDASARKAN KESETARAAN DISTRIBUSI PADA TAJUK RENCANA SOLOPOS "KONSOLIDASI DAN PEMBERDAYAAN ORGANISASI MASYARAKAT SIPIL"." SEMIOTIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Sastra dan Linguistik 22, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/semiotika.v22i1.21847.
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The research to be carried out is entitled Phrase Analysis Based on Equal Distribution in the Solopos Title Plan "Consilidation and Empowerment of Civil Society Organizations". In research, the main focus is the use of phrases. A phrase is a linguistic unit which is a combination of words that have non-predictative properties or can be called a combination that occupies a function in language syntax. Phrases based on the equality of distribution are divided into two types, namely endocentric phrases and exocentric phrases. The purpose of this paper is to describe words which are classified as endocentric and exocentric phrases and the structure of these phrases. In this study using a descriptive analysis method, is study conducted to obtain information about the inner sign at time of this research so that it can systematically check the data. Based on the data from the results of this study, there are endocentric and exocentric phrases. The effort in this research is to know the use of endocentric and exocentric phrases as well as the structure of forming phrases in headlines in Solopos news papers.
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Kügler, Frank. "Phonological phrasing and ATR vowel harmony in Akan." Phonology 32, no. 1 (May 2015): 177–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675715000081.
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This paper examines phonological phrasing in the Kwa language Akan. Regressive [+ATR] vowel harmony between words (RVH) serves as a hitherto unreported diagnostic of phonological phrasing. In this paper I discuss VP-internal and NP-internal structures, as well as SVO(O) and serial verb constructions. RVH is a general process in Akan grammar, although it is blocked in certain contexts. The analysis of phonological phrasing relies on universal syntax–phonology mapping constraints whereby lexically headed syntactic phrases are mapped onto phonological phrases. Blocking contexts call for a domain-sensitive analysis of RVH assuming recursive prosodic structure which makes reference to maximal and non-maximal phonological phrases. It is proposed (i) that phonological phrase structure is isomorphic to syntactic structure in Akan, and (ii) that the process of RVH is blocked at the edge of a maximal phonological phrase; this is formulated in terms of a domain-sensitive CrispEdge constraint.
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Mubarak, Faisal, Ahmad Abdul Rahman, Mursyidatul Awaliyah, Ismail Suardi Wekke, and Saifuddin Ahmad Hussein. "Phrases in Arabic and Indonesian Language." Jurnal Al-Bayan: Jurnal Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 12, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/albayan.v12i1.4691.
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This research is about differences and similarities of phrase construction in Arabic and Indonesian. The approach in this paper was a descriptive qualitative analysis approach. The findings of this study revealed that some construction of the phrase structure is the same. Subordinative noun phrases are equivalent to idhafah in Arabic, Indonesian adjective phrases are similar to na'at in Arabic, Indonesian coordinative phrases are similar with athaf in Arabic and Indonesian prepositional phrases are similar to syibhul-jumlah in Arabic. However, there are differences between both languages which can be found in Idhafah in Arabic, some vocabulary cannot be called phrases in Arabic, and vice versa. Differences can also be found in the use of athaf letters in the equivalent of coordinative phrases. The differences are also found in the numeral phrases and murakkab adadi. Even taukid and tarkib majazi do not have the equivalent in Indonesian. The differences are not only due to structural aspects, but also by differences in cultural concepts and expressions. This study implies that errors can be predicted in the construction of Indonesian student phrases and the production of translations of Arabic phrases that are different from the construction of Indonesian phrases. The differences were found not only in the structure but also in differences in cultural concepts. This study shows that mistakes can be predicted from the formation of phrases and the translation of Arabic sentences that are different from the structure of Indonesian language.
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Masrukhi, Moh. "Javanese Phrase Construction in Classical Books Translation." Register Journal 3, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v3i2.215-240.
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When the system or structure of language is used and influenced by other languages, it is called interference, and it may ruin the concept of structures. This research is about Arabic phrase construction that influenced Javanese phrase construction in classical books translation (TKK). This involvement appears when the concept of Arabic’s construction is translated literally into Javanese. The research was carried out by applying theories of interference and translation. It’s analysis approach with contrastive analysis which is allegedly enabled errors to be predicted from a comparison between Arabic’s and Javanese’s phrase construction. The data were found and collected from several classical books in Arabic language (KKbA) translated by different writers. The results show that Javanese phrase construction (as the target language), particularly, with noun phrases, with adjectival phrases, with numeral phrases, and with prepositional phrases was influenced by Arabic’s murakkab or Arabic phrase construction (as the source language). Arabic has its own concept of phrase construction. The phrase construction cannot be translated into Javanese directly through word-for-word translation or literal translation. Thus, Javanese in TKK became inconvenient and ungrammatical. Arabic phrase construction is flipped around (with noun phrases and adjectival phrases) and prepositions are used and translated improperly or in the wrong position (with prepositional phrases). This research has many implications for further use, such as: for the identification and description of the deviation of Javanese phrase construction which has been affected by direct translation from the Arabic language, and furthermore, to increase the knowledge of those who are learning by increasing the realization and awareness in writing and translating (especially from Arabic to Javanese) about the fact that Arabic and Javanese have their own regulations or patterns which are different then the other language. keywords;Influence; Literal Translation; Phrase Construction ; Murakkab
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Whitney, Carl L., and Joan Miller. "Song learning in the wood thrush." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 1038–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-165.
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A typical wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) song has three phrases. The first (A) is a series of low pitched sounds, the second (B) consists of loud flutelike notes, and the third (C) is usually a trill. Males have repertoires of two to eight different B phrases, which they use in different songs. In a previous study, males reared in isolation of adult song developed songs that were normal except for the structure of the B phrases. We tutored young males (at age 20–80 days) with recorded B phrases. The phrases were of four previously defined structural types, with four variants of each type, giving a total of 16 phrases. The variants of each type differed only in frequency (Hz). The objectives of the experiment were to determine (i) if wood thrushes copy the structure of B phrases that they hear as juveniles, and (ii) if they copy selectively in such a way as to develop repertoires of highly contrasting phrases. Results were obtained for five males. The B phrase repertoires developed by four subjects consisted entirely of phrases (N = 17) copied from the tutor tape. The repertoire of the fifth subject was of phrases (N = 4) that appeared not to be copied. The males that copied from the tutor tape showed no tendency to develop repertoires of highly contrasting B phrases. Three of the four males developed multiple versions of one or more phrase types, while ignoring other types, and in some cases these versions were very similar in frequency and other details of structure.
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Septiana, Dwiani. "STRUKTUR DAN MAKNA FRASA NOMINAL DALAM BAHASA MAANYAN." TELAGA BAHASA 5, no. 1 (December 3, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36843/tb.v5i1.117.
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The purpose of this reserach is to describe structure and meaning of nounphrases in Maanyan language using theory of phrase structure fromBa’dulu. The data for this research are sentences in Maanyan languagecontaining noun phrases. The data were analyzed with agih method andseveral advenced techniques. The results indicate that noun phrases in BMare endocentric phrases with noun as the centre. There are eight structuresof noun phrases in BM, noun as the centre followed by (1) noun or pronounas the attribute, (2) active verb or adjective as the attribute, (3) passive verband noun as the attribute with ‘sa’ as the marker, (4) adjectiva anddemonstrative pronoun as the attribute with sa’ as the marker, (5) two ormore noun as the attribute, (6) preposisional phrase, and noun as the centrepreceded by numeral and ‘hi’ as the attribute. Noun phrase in BM haveseveral meaning, such as, summation, election, equality, explainatory,barrier, determinants, number and appellations.
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Charles-Luce, Jan. "Comparison in Bambara an infinitival verb phrase." Studies in African Linguistics 17, no. 2 (August 1, 1986): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v17i2.107488.
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An infinitival verb phrase is generated to express comparison in Bambara. In particular, the comparative verb INFINITIVE MARKER + INTRANSITIVE phrase has the structure: VERB + NP + POSTPOSITION. The structural constraints on the comparative verb phrase are not specific to comparison, but are the more general constraints resulting from concatenating verb phrases. However, a special structural and pragmatic relation is established between the head clause and the comparative infinitival verb phrase. This relation has consequences for the structure of the NP in the comparative phrase and for deletion of lexical items within the comparative phrase. In this respect, the comparative infinitival phrase behaves differently from non-comparative infinitival verb phrases.
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Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen, and Rint Sybesma. "Bare and Not-So-Bare Nouns and the Structure of NP." Linguistic Inquiry 30, no. 4 (October 1999): 509–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438999554192.
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This article examines the distribution and interpretational variability of bare nouns and [classifier+noun] phrases in Cantonese and Mandarin. We argue that bare nouns are never bare in structure and that [classifier+noun] phrases may have more structure than just Classifier Phrase. We show that the lack of articles and number morphology in Cantonese/Mandarin leads to many interesting differences between Chinese-type languages and English-/Italian-type languages.
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Bello, Usman Muhammed, and Rachel Afegbua Zainab. "Complexity in the Noun Phrase Structure of the Nigerian EFCC Act." International Journal of Linguistics and Translation Studies 1, no. 1 (May 2, 2020): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlts.v1i1.12.
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This research examines the noun phrase structure in the EFCC Act. Other English phrases (verb, adjectival, adverbial, and prepositional phrases) are unimportant to this study except, of course, when they relate to noun phrase. The design for the research is qualitative/content analysis. The EFCC Act provides the data for the study. Noun phrases of different realisations are randomly selected from the text in order to establish the extent of their complexity or otherwise by categorizing the kinds of structure that pre-modify or post-modify the head word. These are further examined in order to establish the extent of their complexity or otherwise by categorizing the kinds of structure that pre-modify or post-modify the head word. The analysis is based on the MHQ models. Findings show that the Act is populated with complex noun phrases, and this complexity, most of the times, lies in post-modification and, at other times, in pre-modification. Sometimes, both pre-modification and post-modification are responsible for this complexity. However, complexity is more realized through post-modification than pre-modification. This complexity is a result of an attempt to restrict or limit the sense of the headword or an attempt to reduce meaning to possible exactitude or clarity.
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Njobvu, Naomi. "VN Phrasal Compounds in Cinyanja." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.3.1.453.
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This article aims at discussing verb-noun compounds with a locative prefix in the nominal part of the compounds in Cinyanja. The singular and plural forms of the compounds have been presented to show that the complex forms are nouns. With regard to the internal structure, the compounds show that they have a phrasal structure. Since verb-noun compounds in this study resemble the structure of synthetic compounds in English, the analysis of these words followed the syntactic approach. The results show that internally, the compounds with a locative have a verb phrase internal structure, and follow the verb-argument word order. In the syntactic context, it is shown that the compounds with the phrasal internal structure function as determiner phrases because they can appear in the subject and object positions in simple sentences and relative clauses. Further, the entire compound word can be modified by adjectives, and be coordinated with simple nouns, which suggests that the compounds with a locative are indeed determiner phrases. Finally, with the application of the lexical integrity hypothesis, the results reveal that the compounds with the locative in the nominal part are genuine compounds because they adhere to the lexical integrity principle.
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Wang, Sue, and Gulbahar H. Beckett. "“My Excellent College Entrance Examination Achievement” — Noun Phrase Use of Chinese EFL Students’ Writing." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0802.07.
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Previous studies have shown that phrasal structure, particularly complex noun phrases with phrasal modifiers, is a feature of advanced academic writing. Therefore, it would be important for those who plan to pursue further studies to learn to write in the way that is appropriate for academic writing. Using the manual annotation function of UAM corpus tool, this study compared the noun phrase use of Chinese EFL students’ writing with that of proficient language users. This study also discussed the significant differences found between these two groups in terms of noun phrase use and their implications for EFL/ ESL writing instruction.
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Mohd Amin, Noraziah, and Norhasni Mohd Amin. "The Perception of Young Learners towards “Walking Phrase” Activity: Is It Effective in Engaging Them in English Phrase Reading and Sentence Writing?" International Journal of Modern Languages And Applied Linguistics 3, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ijmal.v3i3.7680.
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Learning sentence structure is usually not seen as an enjoyable learning experience, while writing is a complex system of communication, which means learning how to write can pose some difficulties. Thus, “Walking Phrase” activity was introduced to 26 young learners of Sekolah Kebangsaan Seri Wangsa as a technique for engaging them in reading phrases and writing sentences. The objective of this study was to investigate the perception of these young learners towards the use of “Walking Phrase” as an effective strategy in engaging them in English phrase reading and sentence writing. “Walking Phrase” is a learning strategy that involves simple phrases and then learners try to use them in structuring sentences. As for the present study, the students each wore a phrase card. Then they read and memorized the short phrases written on the cards. The students then wrote the phrases in their writing booklets and also wrote complete sentences using the phrases. A questionnaire which comprised sixteen “Yes”/“No” questions was administered each of the 26 participants who were Year 6 students of the primary school in order to investigate their perception towards “Walking Phrase” activity. Based on the findings obtained, the majority of the students viewed “Walking Phrase” activity as an effective strategy in engaging them in reading phrases and writing sentences of English.
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Simanjuntak, Herlina Lindaria. "THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH NOUN PHRASE INTO INDONESIAN." Scope : Journal of English Language Teaching 4, no. 2 (June 27, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/scope.v4i2.6507.
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<p>Many Indonesian’s students face the difficulties in translating English noun phrase into Indonesian. English and Indonesia have different structure. Meanwhile, one of the important elements in building a sentence is noun phrase. English noun phrases have some possibilities of translation result from the source language (SL) into the target lagnuage, Indonesian (TL). Hence, the researcher does the research which is entitled The Translation of English Noun Phrase Into Idonesian. The aims of this research are to find out the translations of English noun phrases into Indonesian. This research uses qualitative method. The source of data is “Sidney Sheldon's Memory of Midnight” and its translated version, “Padang Bayang Kelabu”, by Budijanto T. Pramono. The result of this research shows that there are four categories of translating English noun phrases into Indonesian, namely English noun phrases translated using the word yang, Plural English noun phrases translated into singular, English noun phrases translated using the word, and Elnglish noun phrases which are not translated literally. The conclusion of this research also shows that the change in the form and orders of the nouns phrases which is a noun as the head and also the sequence of modifiers, meanwhile without changing its meanings.</p><p> </p>
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TALLERMAN, MAGGIE. "Phrase structure vs. dependency: The analysis of Welsh syntactic soft mutation." Journal of Linguistics 45, no. 1 (January 28, 2009): 167–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226708005550.
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Most familiar syntactic frameworks recognize the category ‘phrase’, and are built around phrase structure relationships. However, the Word Grammar dependency model does not acknowledge the category ‘phrase’ as a primitive in the grammar; instead, all relationships are word-based, with phrases having no syntactic status. Here, I investigate the theoretical validity of the notion ‘phrase’ by examining the phenomenon in Welsh known as syntactic soft mutation, contrasting a phrase-based account with a dependency account. I conclude that an empirically adequate analysis of syntactic soft mutation must make reference to phrases as a category, thus ruling out the dependency account. A further theoretical question concerns the role played in the grammar by syntactically present but phonetically unrealized elements, including empty categories such as wh-traces and unrealized material in ellipsis. Syntactic soft mutation proves an interesting testing ground in these contexts, but the data again fail to support the dependency account. The conclusion is that a phrase-based account of the mutation is better motivated and empirically more accurate than the alternative dependency account.
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Erbasi, Betul. "Definiteness, Structure and Agreement in Turkish Possessives." Proceedings of the Workshop on Turkic and Languages in Contact with Turkic 4, no. 1 (October 7, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/ptu.v4i1.4579.
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The present study argues for different levels of definiteness in the nominal domain based on an analysis of two different kinds of possession phrases in Turkish. In line with related research (e.g. Campbell 1996, Haegeman & Ürögdi 2010 and Jimenez-Fernandez 2012, Zamparelli 2014), I argue that the more definite a possession phrase is in Turkish, the more structure it has. This extra structure also hosts a definiteness operator, which accounts for island-like properties of the more definite possession structures. The proposal can therefore account for interpretational and syntactic properties of different possession structures in Turkish. I also argue that agreement properties are also accounted for with this proposal, when coupled with the island-forming properties of agreement in Turkish (George & Kornfilt 1981). The current proposal then contributes to previous research on levels of definiteness and it does so by focusing on a type of determiner phrases that previous research on levels of definiteness did not focus on.
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Rohrmeier, Martin. "The Syntax of Jazz Harmony: Diatonic Tonality, Phrase Structure, and Form." Music Theory and Analysis (MTA) 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 1–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11116/mta.7.1.1.
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The regularities underlying the structure building of chord sequences, harmonic phrases, and combinations of phrases constitute a central research problem in music theory. This article proposes a formalization of Jazz harmony with a generative framework based on formal grammars, in which syntactic structure tightly corresponds with the functional interpretation of the sequence. It assumes that chords establish nested hierarchical dependencies that are characterized by two core types: preparation and prolongation. The approach expresses diatonic harmony, embedded modulation, borrowing, and substitution within a single grammatical framework. It is argued in the second part that the proposed framework models not only core phrase structure, but also relations between phrases and the syntactic structures underlying the main forms of Jazz standards. As a special case, the Blues form relies heavily on the plagal derivation from the tonic and is analyzed in comparison with other analytical approaches to the Blues. The proposed theory is specified to a sufficient level of detail that it lends itself to computational implementation and empirical exploration, and this way it makes a step towards music theory building that embraces the close links between formal, mathematical, and computational methods.
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Wintner, Shuly, and Uzzi Ornan. "Syntactic Analysis of Hebrew Sentences." Natural Language Engineering 1, no. 3 (September 1995): 261–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324900000206.
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AbstractDue to recent developments in the area of computational formalisms for linguistic representation, the task of designing a parser for a specified natural language is now shifted to the problem of designing its grammar in certain formal ways. This paper describes the results of a project whose aim was to design a formal grammar for modern Hebrew. Such a formal grammar has never been developed before. Since most of the work on grammatical formalisms was done without regarding Hebrew (and other Semitic languages as well), we had to choose a formalism that would best fit the specific needs of the language. This part of the project has been described elsewhere. In this paper we describe the details of the grammar we developed. The grammar deals with simple, subordinate and coordinate sentences as well as interrogative sentences. Some structures were thoroughly dealt with, among which are noun phrases, verb phrases, adjectival phrases, relative clauses, object and adjunct clauses; many types of adjuncts; subcategorization of verbs; coordination; numerals, etc. For each phrase the parser produces a description of the structure tree of the phrase as well as a representation of the syntactic relations in it. Many examples of Hebrew phrases are demonstrated, together with the structure the parser assigns them. In cases where more than one parse is produced, the reasons of the ambiguity are discussed.
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Akmal, Akmal, and Jamaluddin Nasution. "Noun Phrase In Minang Language." Aksara: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Nonformal 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.37905/aksara.7.3.1077-1086.2021.
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Phrase structure rules express the basic structural facts of the language in the form of “phrase markers”. This study discussed about the noun phrase in Minangkabau Language. The aim of this study is to find out the noun phrases of Minangkabau Language and how the noun phrases are used in the language. The used method is qualitative research design by interviewing the native speakers of Minangkabau by using the depth interview. the participants are the people who lived in Sukaramai Districts. They were born in Pariaman Districts and they are educated people who understand about the phrase structure.The researcher described the finding data more details. In this study, there are six noun phrase forms in Minangkabau Language and there is one unique form. The noun phrases are implicated in the daily activity of society. In fact, there was a unique noun phrase in Minang Language namely: Noun Phrase (NP) is N1 + sa + N2.
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Torreira, Francisco, and Martine Grice. "Melodic constructions in Spanish: Metrical structure determines the association properties of intonational tones." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 48, no. 1 (April 2018): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100317000603.
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This paper explores phrase-length-related alternations in the association of tones to positions in metrical structure in two melodic constructions of Spanish. An imitation-and-completion task eliciting (a) the low–falling–rising contour and (b) the circumflex contour on intonation phrases (IPs) of one, two, and three prosodic words revealed that, although the focus structure and pragmatic context is constant across conditions, phrases containing one prosodic word differ in their nuclear (i.e. final) pitch accents and edge tones from phrases containing more than one prosodic word. For contour (a), short intonation phrases (e.g. [Manolo]IP) were produced with a low accent followed by a high edge tone (L* H% in ToBI notation), whereas longer phrases (e.g. [El hermano de la amiga de Manolo]IP‘Manolo's friend's brother’) had a low accent on the first stressed syllable, a rising accent on the last stressed syllable, and a low edge tone (L* L+H* L%). For contour (b), short phrases were produced with a high–rise (L+H* ¡H%), whereas longer phrases were produced with an initial accentual rise followed by an upstepped rise–fall (L+H* ¡H* L%). These findings imply that the common practice of describing the structure of intonation contours as consisting of a constant nuclear pitch accent and following edge tone is not adequate for modeling Spanish intonation. To capture the observed melodic alternations, we argue for clearer separation between tones and metrical structure, whereby intonational tones do not necessarily have an intrinsic culminative or delimitative function (i.e. as pitch accents or as edge tones). Instead, this function results from melody-specific principles of tonal–metrical association.
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Love, Stefan. "An Approach to Phrase Rhythm in Jazz." Journal of Jazz Studies 8, no. 1 (July 17, 2012): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.14713/jjs.v8i1.35.
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In jazz improvisation, the meter of the original theme is strictly preserved, and the middleground harmonies are maintained, while the original melody is varied freely, especially with respect to its grouping structure—where phrases begin and end. This poses problems for theories of phrase rhythm that rely on a tonal definition of the phrase. In this paper, I propose a new approach to jazz phrase rhythm. First, I divide a melody into segments on the basis of four criteria. Then I classify each segment on the basis of its relationship to the meter and to surrounding segments. The result is a hierarchy of metrically defined phrases. Phrase rhythm <em>consonance</em> and <em>dissonance</em> are the alignment or misalignment of phrases with the meter. Skilled soloists manipulate phrase rhythm as they would any other element of a solo. I conclude with an ambiguous example, to demonstrate how phrase-rhythm analysis can present competing interpretations of the same passage.
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Truckenbrodt, Hubert. "On the Relation between Syntactic Phrases and Phonological Phrases." Linguistic Inquiry 30, no. 2 (April 1999): 219–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438999554048.
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This article argues that the relation between syntactic XPs and phonological phrases is subject to a constraint, WRAP-XP, that demands that each XP be contained in a phonological phrase. WRAP-XP is argued to interact with the constraints on edge alignment proposed by Selkirk (1986, 1995), with a constraint against recursive structure, and with a constraint aligning an edge of a focus with a phonological phrase. WRAP-XP is intended to replace, and improve on, an earlier proposal by Hale and Selkirk (1987) to the effect that lexical government plays a role in the syntax-prosody mapping. The languages discussed in more detail are Tohono O'odham, Kimatuumbi, and Chicheŵa.
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Krumhansl, Carol L., and Peter W. Jusczyk. "Infants’ Perception of Phrase Structure in Music." Psychological Science 1, no. 1 (January 1990): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1990.tb00070.x.
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A visual preference procedure was used to examine 6- and 41/2-monthold infants’ sensitivity to phrase structure in music. Sections of Mozart minuets were divided into segments that either did or did not correspond to the phrase structure of the music. Infants in both age groups listened significantly longer to the appropriately segmented versions. Their behavior accorded well with judgments of the same materials made by adults, suggesting that protracted musical experience may not be necessary to perceive phrase structure in music. Strong correlations were found between certain musical variables and the infants’ preferences for the musical passages, pointing to acoustic properties that may be important for defining musical phrases.
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Juliarta, I. Made Juliarta. "Adverbial Phrase and Its Translation Found in the “Houseboy and Maid”." International Journal of English and Applied Linguistics (IJEAL) 1, no. 2 (August 3, 2021): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47709/ijeal.v1i2.1022.
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This study intends to: (i) analyze the forms of adverbial phrases and their translation found in the data source, (ii) analyze the types of translation shifts of adverbial phrases in the translation process from the source language into the target language. This research study focuses on English adverbial phrase and their translations into Indonesian found in the story entitled “Houseboy and Maid.” This study aims to discover the forms of adverbial phrases found in the story “Houseboy and Maid” and the types of translation shifts in the translation process. In analyzing the data, the analysis uses the theory of adverbial phrase proposed by Brown and Miller (1991) and the theory of translation shift submitted by Catford (1965). Analyzing the data was started by reading the entire data source to understand the story and observe the possibility of the data source that it can take from the report entitled “Houseboy and Maid.” The method of collecting data is first; the data source is read to find out the forms of English adverbial phrases in syntactic structure. This research shows that most of the English adverbial phrase is translated into Indonesian using the theory of unit shifts and design proposed by Catford (1965). There are some forms of adverbial phrases found in the data source.
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Kurniawati, Wati. "STRUKTUR FRASA, KLAUSA, DAN KALIMAT BAHASA TALONDO." Sirok Bastra 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37671/sb.v8i1.207.
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Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi struktur frasa, klausa, dan kalimat bahasa Talondo yang dituturkan oleh masyarakat Talondo, di Desa Bonehau, Kecamatan Bonehau, Kabupaten Mamuju. Fokus masalah dalam penelitian ini bagaimana struktur frasa, klausa, dan kalimat bahasa Talondo? Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi struktur frasa, klausa, dan kalimat bahasa Talondo. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data berupa aspek kebahasaan, yaitu frasa, klausa, dan kalimat dilakukan dengan teknik kerja sama dengan informan dan teknik kuesioner. Pengumpulan data itu dilakukan dengan kuesioner, simak, wawancara, dan catat. Sumber data lisan diperoleh dari informan penutur asli. Penentuan informan berpedoman pada kualifikasi dan kemampuan penutur. Sampel dalam penelitian ini dipilih berdasarkan kriteria responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bahasa Talondo memiliki struktur frasa endosentris yang berkonstruksi atributif dan koordinatif. Konstruksi atributit memiliki empat tipe, yaitu nomina, verba, adjektiva, dan numeralia sebagai konstituen induk. Konstruksi koordinatif memiliki enam tipe, yaitu nomina, verba, adjektiva, preposisi, numeralia, dan adverbia sebagai konstituennya. Selain frasa endosentris, bahasa Talondo memiliki struktur frasa eksosentris yang berkonstruksi direktif, konektif, objektif, dan predikatif. Konstruksi direktif memiliki empat struktur frasa. Konstruksi konektif memiliki delapan struktur frasa. Konstruksi objektif memiliki satu struktur frasa. Konstruksi predikatif memiliki delapan struktur frasa. Sementara itu, konstruksi klausa terdiri atas unsur subjek dan predikat yang terdiri atas satu predikat atau lebih. Kalimat terdiri atas unsur predikat dan subjek dengan atau tanpa objek, pelengkap dan keterangan. Unsur predikat dan subjek merupakan unsur yang kehadirannya selalu wajib. Pola kalimat dasar meliputi tipe S-P, S-P-O, S-P-Pel, S-P-Ket, S-P-O-Pel, dan S-P-O-Ket. This research identifies the structure of phrases, clauses and sentences in the Talondo language spoken by the Talondo community, in Bonehau Village, Bonehau District, Mamuju Regency. The focus of the problem in this research is how the structure of phrases, clauses and sentences in the Talondo language? This study aims to identify the structure of Talondo phrases, clauses and sentences. This research is a field research using descriptive qualitative method. Data collection techniques in the form of linguistic aspects, i.e. phrases, clauses and sentences, were carried out in collaboration with informants and questionnaire techniques. Data collection was carried out by questionnaire, refer, interview, and note. Sources of oral data were obtained from native speakers of the Talondo language in Talondo Hamlet, Bonehau Village, Bonehau District, Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi Province. The determination of informants is based on the qualifications and abilities of the speaker.The sample in this study was chosen based on the criteria of the respondents. The results showed that the Talondo language had an endocentric phrase structure that was attributive and coordinated constructions. Atributive construction have four types, namely nouns, verbs, adjectives, and numeralia as parent constituents. Coordinative construction has six types, namely nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, numeralia, and adverbs as constituents. In addition to endocentric phrases, Talondo has an exocentric phrase structure that has directive, connective, objective, and predictive constraction. The directive construction has four phrase structures. Connective construction has eight phrase structures. Objective construction has one phrase structure. The predictive construction has eight phrase structures. Meanwhile, clause construction consists of subject and predicate elements consisting of one or more predicates. Sentences consist of predicate elements and subjects with or without objects, complements and captions. The element of predicate and subject is an element whose presence is always mandatory. The basic sentence patterns include type S-P, S-P-O, S-P-Comp, S-P-Capt, S-P-O-Comp, and S-P-O-Capt.
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Meyer, Rosalee K., Caroline Palmer, and Margarita Mazo. "Affective and Coherence Responses to Russian Laments." Music Perception 16, no. 1 (1998): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285782.
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We investigated the effects of formal characteristics (musical phrase structure) and nonverbal vocal gestures (gasps characteristic of crying) on affective and coherence responses to Russian laments by listeners who were familiar or unfamiliar with Russian village music. Laments were presented in semantically compatible or incompatible phrase orders with gasps present or absent. Listeners rated laments on an affective response scale (sad/happy) and a musical coherence scale (phrases follow well/phrases follow poorly). All listeners judged laments as sadder when gasps were present than absent, but effects of phrase order on affective responses were dependent on listeners' musical background. Listeners familiar with Russian laments judged all excerpts as coherent, but listeners unfamiliar with laments judged the excerpts as less coherent when gasps were present than absent. Listeners' emotional and cognitive responses to music were affected by both culture-transcendent factors (gasps characteristic of crying) and culture-specific factors (phrase structure).
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Putri, Alfini Iasya. "A SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS ON THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF SURAH AL QIYAMAH USING TREE DIAGRAMS." LET: Linguistics, Literature and English Teaching Journal 7, no. 1 (July 17, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/let.v7i1.1510.
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In this research, the researcher analyzed syntactical patterns of the whole verses (ayah) in the English translation of surah Al Qiyamah, which has 40 ayah, using tree diagrams theory to be able drawing and seeing hierarchical syntax structure of the verses in the surah. After analyzing the data, the researcher finally found twenty four syntactic patterns of the surah: there are sixteen patterns of sentence and eight patterns of phrases. The phrases patterns are : a) the pattern of noun phrase appears in one position, b) the patterns of verb phrase appear in three position, c) the patterns of adjective phrase appear in two position, d) the pattern of prepositional phrase appears in one position, and e) the pattern of complement phrase appears in one position
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Ivanov, Eugene E. "Aphoristic units recurrence in modern Russian language." Russian Language Studies 17, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2019-17-2-157-170.
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Modern linguistics focuses on recurrence as a feature and category of various units of language and speech. In this regard, the contrastive analysis of recurrence and reproducibility on the material of set units is particularly relevant. The author attempts to differentiate recurrence and reproducibility at the phrase level. The aims of the work are to establish and describe the linguistically significant parameters of the aphoristic units’ recurrence. The material of the study is about 1000 recurrent aphoristic units in modern Russian language. The units are taken from phraseological and paremiological dictionaries and identified in the speech of native Russian speakers recorded in 2001-2018. The study determines the concept of phrase recurrence as regular phrase formation in typical contexts, not as their frequency as ready-made units in speech. The study identifies that recurrent aphoristic phrases do not have stable components, figurative meanings, neither on the whole nor of their components, and nominative semantics. Recurrent phrases do not refer to the so-called speech “standards” and “stereotypes” that function as “ready-made formulas” and their components have strong connection. Recurrent phrase has free components. Among different phrases with free components, recurrent phrases are close to set phrases in their structure and way of functioning. We can argue that the categorical difference between recurrent and set units is a criterion for determining the scope of phraseology as the part of the language system.
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Halevy, Rivka. "The ‘swift of foot’ construction and the phrase structure of the adjectival construct in Hebrew." Studies in Language 40, no. 2 (June 24, 2016): 380–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.40.2.04hal.
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This article sheds new light on the puzzling phrase structure of complex adjectival phrases which are common in Semitic, specifically in Hebrew, and which are equivalent to Indo-European phrases such as ‘swift of foot.’ The article draws a clear distinction between these constructions and adjectival compounds such as ‘swift-footed’, which are prevalent in major Indo-European languages but are absent from Semitic languages. The Hebrew construction under discussion is a genitival construct consisting of an adjective followed by a modifying noun in genitive status. The adjective is the head of the construction, but agrees in number and gender with a noun outside the construction. This construction has invited controversial analyses by different scholars, most recently in the framework of generative grammar. The present study construction is anchored in the framework of Construction Grammar. It nevertheless advances a morphosyntactic and semantic analysis of its inner composition. Functional aspects and the speaker’s perspectival choice in construing such attributive phrases are taken into account as well.
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Nelson, Matthew J., Imen El Karoui, Kristof Giber, Xiaofang Yang, Laurent Cohen, Hilda Koopman, Sydney S. Cash, et al. "Neurophysiological dynamics of phrase-structure building during sentence processing." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 18 (April 17, 2017): E3669—E3678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701590114.
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Although sentences unfold sequentially, one word at a time, most linguistic theories propose that their underlying syntactic structure involves a tree of nested phrases rather than a linear sequence of words. Whether and how the brain builds such structures, however, remains largely unknown. Here, we used human intracranial recordings and visual word-by-word presentation of sentences and word lists to investigate how left-hemispheric brain activity varies during the formation of phrase structures. In a broad set of language-related areas, comprising multiple superior temporal and inferior frontal sites, high-gamma power increased with each successive word in a sentence but decreased suddenly whenever words could be merged into a phrase. Regression analyses showed that each additional word or multiword phrase contributed a similar amount of additional brain activity, providing evidence for a merge operation that applies equally to linguistic objects of arbitrary complexity. More superficial models of language, based solely on sequential transition probability over lexical and syntactic categories, only captured activity in the posterior middle temporal gyrus. Formal model comparison indicated that the model of multiword phrase construction provided a better fit than probability-based models at most sites in superior temporal and inferior frontal cortices. Activity in those regions was consistent with a neural implementation of a bottom-up or left-corner parser of the incoming language stream. Our results provide initial intracranial evidence for the neurophysiological reality of the merge operation postulated by linguists and suggest that the brain compresses syntactically well-formed sequences of words into a hierarchy of nested phrases.
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Preda, Alina. "Modification versus Complementation in the Structure of English Adjective Phrases and Adverb Phrases." Philobiblon. Transylvanian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in the Humanities 25, no. 1 (May 20, 2020): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26424/philobib.2019.25.1.07.
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Preda, Alina. "Modification versus Complementation in the Structure of English Adjective Phrases and Adverb Phrases." Philobiblon. Transylvanian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in the Humanities 25, no. 1 (May 20, 2020): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26424/philobib.2020.25.1.07.
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Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander. "What kind of Scandinavian? On interrogative noun phrases across North Germanic." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 31, no. 2 (December 2008): 227–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586508001947.
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A central objective of this paper is to show how much variation there is across Scandinavian with respect to the morphosyntactic form of interrogative noun phrases. The present paper focuses on three main types of such DPs: (i) phrases involving a cognate of English which, (ii) phrases involving the same element as manner ‘how’ (which is morphologically complex and distinct from degree ‘how’), and (iii) phrases involving ‘what’ with or without an overt kind noun. With respect to all of these different types of noun-phrase-internal wh-expressions an interesting pattern seems to emerge: there are reasons to hold that adnominal wh-expressions start out as modifiers, yielding kind-querying noun phrases, and then develop into determiners, yielding token-querying noun phrases. Although further investigations will have to determine whether such a developmental path (or cycle) is quite general in nature, it can be made perfect sense of with reference to grammaticalization triggered by wh-movement which operates on a DP-structure that distinguishes modification from determination in such a way that the locus of determination is higher than modification.
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Zhang, Ling Feng, Yan Zhi Wang, Yi Xiong, and Jin Zhong Lu. "Phases Transformation Analysis of ZrO2 Ceramics after Laser Shock Processing." Key Engineering Materials 464 (January 2011): 632–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.464.632.
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Through phrase transformation analysis on ceramics samples after applied laser shock wave, study was made on micro-structure and mechanical performance transformation and transformation laws. Thus conclusions were drawn through analysis as follows: tensile stress was caused on back surface of TZP ceramics sample by laser shock wave, and further transformation was generated under tensile stress in a way that about 48% tetragonal phrases t-ZrO2 transformed into monoclinic phrases m-ZrO2, which expanded volume of and gave rises to micro-cracks, and relief stress and micro-cracks caused will absorb the energy of main cracks, which can impede expansion of main cracks and realize the aim of phrase transformation toughening.
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Petzell, Erik M. "Head Conjuncts: Evidence from Old Swedish." Linguistic Inquiry 48, no. 1 (January 2017): 129–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00237.
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It is sometimes taken for granted that heads as well as phrases may form coordinate conjuncts. Still, what looks like a head may be a phrase with only the head visible. This loophole is shut, however, when we turn to Old Swedish stylistic fronting. In certain contexts, only single-word expressions are fronted, which leads to the conclusion that head fronting is indeed going on. When these heads originate in a coordinate structure, they must constitute the entire first conjunct, and cannot be part of an elliptic phrasal conjunct; otherwise, the ellipsis is not properly licensed.
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Börjars, Kersti, and Lars-Olof Delsing. "Introduction: The syntax of nominals and noun phrases." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 31, no. 2 (December 2008): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s033258650800190x.
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The noun phrase was long a neglected area within research in modern syntactic theory. Studies tended to focus instead on the clause and less attention was paid to the internal structure of the noun phrase. The early studies would often take an interest in the properties of noun phrases only in so far as they interacted with clausal morpho-syntax. Nominalisations were then subject to some early studies, as in Chomsky (1970) and work inspired by it.
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Ab Rahman, Suhaimi, Nazlia Omar, and Mohd Juzaiddin Ab Aziz. "Extraction of Compound Nouns in Malay Noun Phrases Using a Noun Phrase Frame Structure." Asia-Pacific Journal of Information Technology and Multimedia 03, no. 01 (June 30, 2014): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/apjitm-2014-0301-03.
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Plank, Frans. "Inevitable reanalysis." Studies in Language 28, no. 1 (May 5, 2004): 165–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.28.1.07pla.
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When local adpositions, whatever their own sources, are metaphorically extended to the domain of numerical approximation (as in ‘around five bottles’), as they not uncommonly are, and when such expressions are then admitted to grammatical relations otherwise reserved for noun phrases, such as subject and direct object, as is only natural, a conflict is bound to arise: the internal structure of such expressions is that of an adpositional phrase, headed by the ex-local adposition, but their external distribution is that of a noun phrase. German and several other languages demonstrate that repair is inevitable in this dilemma, unless wholly different ways of expressing numerical approximation were to be resorted to. By necessity, such approximative numerical expressions will gradually be reanalysed from being adpositional phrases to being noun phrases for many, most, or indeed all external and internal purposes, such as subcategorization, verb agreement, case assignment, and determination. Instead of new grammar emerging as in grammaticalization, the old grammar of phrase types is reasserting itself in such reanalyses.
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Guzzo, Natália Brambatti, Heather Goad, and Guilherme D. Garcia. "What motivates high vowel deletion in Québec French: Foot structure or tonal profile?" Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, no. 1 (March 3, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4306.
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Previous studies have argued that high vowel deletion (HVD) in Québec French is constrained by iterative iambic footing (Guzzo, Goad & Garcia 2016, Garcia, Goad & Guzzo 2017; see also Verluyten 1982), since it preferentially applies in even-numbered syllables from the right edge of the word. In this paper, we compare this hypothesis with an alternative hypothesis: HVD is constrained by the optionally-realized phrase-initial H tone (Jun & Fougeron 2000, Thibault & Ouellet 1996). We report on a judgement task in which two- and four-syllable nouns with HVD in the initial syllable are placed in phrases of different profiles (No determiner, Determiner + noun, Determiner + adjective + noun). If tonal profile plays a role in HVD, HVD in four-syllable nouns in phrases where the noun is in isolation or preceded by a determiner alone should be dispreferred, since the initial syllable of the noun is assigned the optional H tone in these contexts. Our results do not confirm this: HVD is favored in four-syllable nouns over two-syllable nouns, regardless of phrase type. We explain this finding by expanding our previous proposal: HVD is regulated by foot structure, but is dispreferred when it targets the head foot (where the obligatory phrase-final prominence is realized).
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Spasic, Dragana, Jelena Babic-Antic, and Milica Spasic-Stojkovic. "Adverb or adverbial phrases: Structure, meaning, function." Zbornik radova Uciteljskog fakulteta Prizren-Leposavic, no. 9 (2015): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrufpl1509177s.
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Brody, Michael. "Projection and Phrase Structure." Linguistic Inquiry 29, no. 3 (July 1998): 367–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438998553798.
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Perfect Syntax dispenses with the idea of externally forced imperfections in syntax. This article presents a system of principles relating (L) LF representations and lexical items that aims to be compatible with this assumption. The core of this theory is that phrase structures are viewed as projection lines (lexical items and their projections) linked by an Insert relation. This explains uniqueness and locality of projection, the fact that phrases and nonphrasal elements can immediately dominate each other only when they are part of the same projection line, and most effects of the “target projects” requirement. I attribute a residue to the Generalized Projection Principle, for which I also provide an explanation. In addition, I explore various consequences of the present approach for the Move/Chain relation.
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Sauerland, Uli. "Copying vs. structure sharing a semantic argument." Linguistic Variation Yearbook 2007 7 (December 31, 2007): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/livy.7.03sau.
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The term Focus Dependency describes an important phenomenon at the syntax-semantics interface: Elided material can exhibit bound-variable-like behavior when its antecedent is a focussed phrase in the same sentence. In the past, focus dependency has been analyzed as actual binding or by means of copying. This paper presents a new account of focus dependency that relies on the syntactic idea of structure-sharing. Structure-sharing allows sub-phrases to be syntactically linked to more than one position of a phrase marker. The proposal better explains focus dependency than existing accounts considering data from sentence-boundedness, insensitivity to c-command, extraction from the focus-dependent material, and the formal link to the antecedent. It also achieves a theoretical unification with other phenomena where structure sharing has been made use of, specifically movement.
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Bolotin, Naomi. "The generative study of second language acquisition. S. Flynn, G. Martohardjono, and W. O'Neil (Eds.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1998. Pp. 366." Applied Psycholinguistics 23, no. 1 (March 2002): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716402220081.
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This volume contains all 14 papers and three commentaries from the Recent Advances in the Generative Study of Second Language Acquisition Conference that was held in 1993 at MIT. Eleven of the papers address the acquisition of syntax. Of these, four focus on functional categories in second language (L2) acquisition. Vainikka and Young-Scholten propose that, although lexical categories or content phrases (NP, VP, AP, PP) transfer from the first language to the second, along with the headedness of those categories, functional categories or grammatical phrases (DP, IP, CP) do not. Using longitudinal data from Korean, Turkish, Italian, and Spanish learners of German, they suggest that learners begin by adopting a VP structure for the sentences in the L2 and then subsequently expand this into an underspecified finite phrase (FP), then an agreement phrase (AgrP), and finally a complementizer phrase (CP).
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Tolstaya, Svetlana M. "Notes on the language of Northern Russian lamentations. 2. Composite nominations, their structure and semantics." Slovene 9, no. 2 (2020): 274–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2020.9.2.13.
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The paper is devoted to the language of the Northern Russian lamentations collected and published by E.V. Barsov 150 years ago. The author uses the material of wedding lamentations to study the typical folklore language — composite nominations, i.e. nouns, verbs, and other parts of speech formed on the basis of two (rarely three) lexical units: 1) integral compound words (svet-batiushka, drug-podruzhka, zvon-unylyj), 2) phrases with an application (dusha-devushka, doch’-nevol’nica, idti-shatat’s’a), 3) tautological phrases, i.e. complete or partial reduplications (vol’a-vol’ushka, mesto-mestechko, um-razum, gnevev-gneven) or combinations of synonyms (put’-dorozhen’ka, rod-plem’a, znat’-vedat’, gl’adet’-smotret’, strogo-grozno, zhalko-unylo), 4) constructions with a compositional relationship (gusi-lebedi, zlato-serebro, khleb-sol’, kormit’-poit’, dosyta-dop’ana). The classification is based on the following characteristics: structure (the declination of the components of the phrases), macro-syntax (coordination with both members of the binomial or one of them), micro-syntax (relationship of the components with each other—the subordination or composition) and semantics (whether members of the phrase semantically independent, or one of the members serves as an emotional, evaluative, functional definition, addition, refinement, modification of the other). The specifics of folklore material, and particularly of poetic texts of Northern Russian wedding lamentations, are their structural and syntactic diffuseness, blurring of borders between different types of composite units, the tendency to free syntax of the paratactic type, avoiding explicit means of expressing semantic relations (especially subordinates), the predominance of composition over subordination not only in sentences, but also between components of phrases.