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Matheson, Colin Angus. "Syntax and semantics of English partitive noun phrases : a phrase structure account." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19994.
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This thesis presents a phrase structure account of a particular class of English noun phrases; partitives. Constructions which are directly related, notably pseudopartitives, are also analysed, and the proposals have implications for the representation of simple noun phrases. The main aim is to provide a concise and explicit account of the data and to this end the syntactic rules are presented in a computer-usable form. The background to the analysis is provided by reviewing a number of seminal accounts of noun phrase structure, and there is also a review of some research on the semantics of noun phrases which directly bears on the work presnted here. In the absence of a semantic theory which captures all the relevant facts, some requirements are stated and some directions indicated. This thesis makes a number of specific claims, among which are the following: * Partitive noun phrases are minimally distinct from simple and pseudopartitive noun phrases syntactically and semantically. * Genitive partitive noun phrases in Old English and in languages such as modern German and Polish are closely related to the modern English partitive form. * The partitive definiteness constraint must be reformulated. * The phenomena of definiteness should be treated in a theory which allows interaction with the domain of discourse. The main contribution of the thesis is in the provision of a precise, practical, and theoretically motivated grammar of English noun phrases which aims to generate, as nearly as possible, 'all and only' the required strings of the language.
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Patrick, T. (Thomas). "The conceptual structure of noun phrases /." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66102.
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Livingston, Donald Everett. "Discontinuous case in Russian number phrases : an analysis under generalized phrase structure grammar /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7159.
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Al-Rawi, Maather Mohammed. "The structure of determiner phrases in standard Arabic." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413926.
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Chahristan, Kamil. "Aspects of phrases and clauses in Syrian within the framework of head-driven phrase structure grammar." Thesis, Bangor University, 1991. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/aspects-of-phrases-and-clauses-in-syrian-within-the-framework-of-headdriven-phrase-structure-grammar(c71fde8f-a661-4881-a73b-8be84aead1e7).html.
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The aim of this work is show how certain aspects of Syrian phrases and clauses can be analyzed within the Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) framework. This is a framework developed and advanced by Carl Pollard, Ivan Sag and others. This approach draws on many recent theories such as Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, Categorial Grammar, Lexical Functional Grammar, and Government and Binding. I will be mainly concerned in this work with the revised version of HPSG advanced in Borsley (1986,1987, forthcoming), on which ideas of this study are based. In chapter one, some theoretical matters will be discussed which are worth considering in relation to the topic of this study. I will more specifically be concerned with a brief description of distinguishing features of Phrase Structure Grammar. I will also introduce some ideas of Categorial Grammar which is one of the main influences on HPSG. In chapter two, I will discuss the important role verb phrases play in Syrian. I will also look at clitic facts. The analysis that I will propose will be based on the revised version of HPSG. Chapter three will be devoted to prepositional phrases. I will consider a variety of Syrian prepositions and argue in great length that they are heads of prepositional phrases. As in the verb phrases chapter, clitics will be a major concern. In chapter four, I will study adjective phrases and show that adjectives can be used predicatively and attributively. In chapter five, I will introduce some noun phrase data and investigate their internal structure. I will show that nouns in Syrian, unlike in English, can take noun phrases which always follow the head noun they modify. In other words, I will show that Syrian noun phrases have what might be called a 'subject' preceded by the head noun and followed by a complement. The reason for calling them 'subjects' is that they seem to occupy a similar position in noun phrases to subjects in verb initial clauses and are interpreted in the same way as a subject when the noun is derived from a verb. However, I will argue that they are not 'subjects', but in fact complements. I will also assume that the definite article is essentially a kind of clitic. That is, it can be analyzed as a realization, like clitics, of the clitic feature. As I did in the previous chapters, I will consider clitics. In chapter six, I will discuss the structure of Syrian clauses. I will look at ordinary clauses where I will argue that Syrian has two possible word order: subject-verb-object, which is the unmarked word order, and verb-subject-object which is also used very frequently. I will proceed to consider -v- English' small clauses and Syrian verbless clauses. It is not too surprising, perhaps, that some similarities and some differences will be found between the two languages. In chapter seven, I will study and analyze 'Unbounded Dependency Constructions'. This is a term introduced in Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar during the last decade to refer to a class of constructions standardly analyzed by transformational grammarians as involving WH-Movement. For English, such constructions include Topicalization, Relative Clauses, wh- Questions, etc. It is used because it does not suggest that the correct analysis involves movement. I will also introduce Pollard and Sag's (forthcoming) approach to unbounded dependency constructions. Finally, in chapter eight, I will sum up this work and look at topics for further research.
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Minnis, Stephen. "The prediction of prosodic structure from written text : revisited, reformulated, re-evaluated." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325645.
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Cromières, Fabien. "Vers un plus grand lien entre alignement, segmentation et structure des phrases." Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENM001.
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Le travail présenté dans cette thèse se place dans le contexte de l'alignement sous-phrastique. Une des ses originalités du point de vue adopté est de ne pas considérer l'alignement de façon isolé, mais dans sa relation avec la segmentation et la structure des phrases. Dans une première partie, nous nous intéressons à la technique classique d'alignement par corrélation, à laquelle nous apportons quelques modestes contributions. Nous étudions ensuite comment cette technique simple peut aboutir à la construction d'alignement hiérarchiques mêlant des informations sur la structure des phrases et sur leur alignement. Nous discutons aussi de la possibilité d'utiliser ces alignements hiérarchiques pour la traduction automatique. Dans une deuxième partie, nous étudions les liens entre segmentation et alignement. Nous discutons des différents critères de segmentation et des avantages à effectuer simultanément segmentation et alignement. Nous proposons à cet effet plusieurs algorithmes de complexité croissante : d'abord en étendant le concept d'alignement par corrélation, et ensuite, en élaborant un modèle probabiliste d'alignement plus complexe, avec notamment un usage original de l'algorithme de propagation de croyance. Dans une troisième partie, nous nous intéressons aux relations entre structure monolingue des phrases et alignement. Nous essayons d'abord d'analyser dans quelle mesure la structure des phrases peut se refléter dans l'alignement, et quelle notion de structure est la plus pertinente pour cette question. Nous utilisons ensuite cette analyse pour développer des algorithmes d'alignement prenant en compte cette structureThe context of the work presented in this thesis is unsupervised subsentential alignment. However, we do not consider only alignment, but also the relationships that can exist between alignment, segmentation and structure. In the first part, we study a classical alignment method, the correlation-based alignment, and provide some small contributions to it. We then show how this simple method can be used to create hierarchical alignments that encode information on both the alignment and the sentence structure. We also discuss possibilities to use such hierarchical alignments for machine translation purposes. In the second part, we study the relationships that exist between alignment and segmentation in a single step. Several algorithms are proposed to do this in practice. Firstly, we propose an extension of the correlation method. Second, we consider a more elaborate solution based on a probabilistic modeling and making an original use of the Loopy Belief Propagation algorithm. In the third part, we study the relationship between alignments and monolingual structures of sentences. We first try to analyse how the structures of sentence are reflected in their alignments. We then propose some alignment algorithms able to take into account the structures of the sentences
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AlQahtani, Saleh Jarallah. "The Structure and Distribution of Determiner Phrases in Arabic: Standard Arabic and Saudi Dialects." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35081.
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This thesis investigates the syntactic structure of determiner phrases (DP) and their distribution in pre- and postverbal subject positions in Standard Arabic (SA) and Saudi dialects (SUD). It argues that indefinite DPs cannot occupy preverbal subject positions unless they are licensed by modification. Working within the theory of syntactic visibility conditions (visibility of the specifier and/or the determiner) put forth by Giusti (2002) and Landau (2007), I propose that adjectives, diminutives or construct states (CS) together with nunation can license indefinite DPs in preverbal subject positions. The syntactic derivation of the licensed indefinite DP depends on its complexity. In other words, in the case of simple DPs (e.g., a noun followed by an adjective), the correct linear word order is achieved by the syntactic N-to-D movement which takes place in the syntax proper. By contrast, if the DP is complex as in diminutives or CSs, the narrow syntax may not be able to derive the correct linear order. Therefore, I propose a novel analysis that
accounts for the mismatches between the spell out of the syntax and the phonological form. I argue that the derivation of diminutives and CSs is a shared process between the narrow syntax and the phonological component (PF). I show that movement operations after-syntax (Lowering and Local-dislocation) proposed by Embick and Noyer (1999, 2001, 2007), in the sense of Distributed Morphology (DM), can account for the mismatch. The last theoretical chapter of the thesis investigates the linguistic status of nunation. I argue that nunation is an indefinite marker that performs half of determination with a full lexical item satisfying the other half. As far as the subject position is concerned, the current thesis includes two experimental studies that investigate processing of syntactic subjects in different word orders (SVO/VSO) by two groups: Native speakers (NSs) and Heritage speakers (HSs) of Arabic whose dominant language is English. The first study aims to answer two questions: a) which word order is more preferred by NSs, SVO or VSO? and b) which word order requires more processing? The second study aims to answer the same questions but with different participants, HSs. It also aims to check whether or not the dominant language grammar affected the heritage language grammar. Results showed that VSO is more preferred than SVO by both groups. As far as processing is concerned, NSs significantly processed subjects in VSO faster the SVO; they showed no significant difference when processing postverbal subjects in definite and indefinite VSO. By contrast, HSs processed subjects in SVO faster than VSO; however, the difference was not significant. The slow processing of VSO shown by HSs might be attributed to the effect of the dominant language which has a different word order from the heritage language.
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Harries, Pauline. "The distribution of definiteness markers and the growth of syntactic structure from Old Norse to Modern Faroese." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-distribution-of-definiteness-markers-and-the-growth-of-syntactic-structure-from-old-norse-to-modern-faroese(4633fb61-65a4-4ec3-a8c0-1eba77ce9375).html.
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Written broadly within a Lexical Functional Grammar Framework, this thesis provides a descriptive and theoretical account of definiteness in Insular Scandinavian from a synchronic and diachronic perspective. Providing evidence from Ancient Germanic to Old Norse to Modern Faroese, it is argued that the weak feature on the adjective has an important part to play in the historical narrative of definiteness marking in Faroese, alongside more traditional elements like the bound and free definite articles and demonstratives. Each of the features is read within the context of its nominal syntax and it is observed that there are recurrent pathways of change which each time result in the growth of syntactic structure and the redistribution of features. One of my principal findings for the Old Norse period was that the noun phrase had developed a FOC slot to the left edge of phrase. It is this focus domain which helps to explain the distribution of definiteness markers and which provides an account for the grammaticalization of the free and bound marker hinn. It is also this focus domain which eventually leads to the development of dedicated definite slots in the prenominal space and eventually to functional DP projection in Modern Faroese. This thesis provides new and detailed descriptive data on the definite noun phrase in Modern Faroese, a lesser studied Insular Scandinavian language. Since Faroese is widely reported to have ‘lost’ the genitive case in recent times, the above changes are read against a background of morphosyntactic change. A key finding of the thesis for the Modern language is that Faroese is becoming increasingly reliant on analytic marking, despite the fact that is is still a highly inflected language. It is this reliance on syntax which has rendered the genitive redundant, not, as has been suggested, the ‘loss’ of case which has led to the development of periphrastic alternatives.
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Perez, Laura Haide. "Génération automatique de phrases pour l'apprentissage des langues." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0062/document.
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Dans ces travaux, nous explorons comment les techniques de Générations Automatiques de Langue Naturelle (GLN) peuvent être utilisées pour aborder la tâche de génération (semi-)automatique de matériel et d'activités dans le contexte de l'apprentissage de langues assisté par ordinateur. En particulier, nous montrons comment un Réalisateur de Surface (RS) basé sur une grammaire peut être exploité pour la création automatique d'exercices de grammaire. Notre réalisateur de surface utilise une grammaire réversible étendue, à savoir SemTAG, qui est une Grammaire d'Arbre Adjoints à Structure de Traits (FB-TAG) couplée avec une sémantique compositionnelle basée sur l'unification. Plus précisément, la grammaire FB-TAG intègre une représentation plate et sous-spécifiée des formules de Logique de Premier Ordre (FOL). Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous étudions la tâche de réalisation de surface à partir de formules sémantiques plates et nous proposons un algorithme de réalisation de surface basé sur la grammaire FB-TAG optimisé, qui supporte la génération de phrases longues étant donné une grammaire et un lexique à large couverture. L'approche suivie pour l'optimisation de la réalisation de surface basée sur FB-TAG à partir de sémantiques plates repose sur le fait qu'une grammaire FB-TAG peut être traduite en une Grammaire d'Arbres Réguliers à Structure de Traits (FB-RTG) décrivant ses arbres de dérivation. Le langage d'arbres de dérivation de la grammaire TAG constitue un langage plus simple que le langage d'arbres dérivés, c'est pourquoi des approches de génération basées sur les arbres de dérivation ont déjà été proposées. Notre approche se distingue des précédentes par le fait que notre encodage FB-RTG prend en compte les structures de traits présentes dans la grammaire FB-TAG originelle, ayant de ce fait des conséquences importantes par rapport à la sur-génération et la préservation de l'interface syntaxe-sémantique. L'algorithme de génération d'arbres de dérivation que nous proposons est un algorithme de type Earley intégrant un ensemble de techniques d'optimisation bien connues: tabulation, partage-compression (sharing-packing) et indexation basée sur la sémantique. Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, nous explorons comment notre réalisateur de surface basé sur SemTAG peut être utilisé pour la génération (semi-)automatique d'exercices de grammaire. Habituellement, les enseignants éditent manuellement les exercices et leurs solutions et les classent au regard de leur degré de difficulté ou du niveau attendu de l'apprenant. Un courant de recherche dans le Traitement Automatique des Langues (TAL) pour l'apprentissage des langues assisté par ordinateur traite de la génération (semi-)automatique d'exercices. Principalement, ces travaux s'appuient sur des textes extraits du Web, utilisent des techniques d'apprentissage automatique et des techniques d'analyse de textes (par exemple, analyse de phrases, POS tagging, etc.). Ces approches confrontent l'apprenant à des phrases qui ont des syntaxes potentiellement complexes et du vocabulaire varié. En revanche, l'approche que nous proposons dans cette thèse aborde la génération (semi-)automatique d'exercices du type rencontré dans les manuels pour l'apprentissage des langues. Il s'agit, en d'autres termes, d'exercices dont la syntaxe et le vocabulaire sont faits sur mesure pour des objectifs pédagogiques et des sujets donnés. Les approches de génération basées sur des grammaires associent les phrases du langage naturel avec une représentation linguistique fine de leur propriété morpho-syntaxiques et de leur sémantique grâce à quoi il est possible de définir un langage de contraintes syntaxiques et morpho-syntaxiques permettant la sélection de phrases souches en accord avec un objectif pédagogique donné. Cette représentation permet en outre d'opérer un post-traitement des phrases sélectionées pour construire des exercices de grammaireIn this work, we explore how Natural Language Generation (NLG) techniques can be used to address the task of (semi-)automatically generating language learning material and activities in Camputer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL). In particular, we show how a grammar-based Surface Realiser (SR) can be usefully exploited for the automatic creation of grammar exercises. Our surface realiser uses a wide-coverage reversible grammar namely SemTAG, which is a Feature-Based Tree Adjoining Grammar (FB-TAG) equipped with a unification-based compositional semantics. More precisely, the FB-TAG grammar integrates a flat and underspecified representation of First Order Logic (FOL) formulae. In the first part of the thesis, we study the task of surface realisation from flat semantic formulae and we propose an optimised FB-TAG-based realisation algorithm that supports the generation of longer sentences given a large scale grammar and lexicon. The approach followed to optimise TAG-based surface realisation from flat semantics draws on the fact that an FB-TAG can be translated into a Feature-Based Regular Tree Grammar (FB-RTG) describing its derivation trees. The derivation tree language of TAG constitutes a simpler language than the derived tree language, and thus, generation approaches based on derivation trees have been already proposed. Our approach departs from previous ones in that our FB-RTG encoding accounts for feature structures present in the original FB-TAG having thus important consequences regarding over-generation and preservation of the syntax-semantics interface. The concrete derivation tree generation algorithm that we propose is an Earley-style algorithm integrating a set of well-known optimisation techniques: tabulation, sharing-packing, and semantic-based indexing. In the second part of the thesis, we explore how our SemTAG-based surface realiser can be put to work for the (semi-)automatic generation of grammar exercises. Usually, teachers manually edit exercises and their solutions, and classify them according to the degree of dificulty or expected learner level. A strand of research in (Natural Language Processing (NLP) for CALL addresses the (semi-)automatic generation of exercises. Mostly, this work draws on texts extracted from the Web, use machine learning and text analysis techniques (e.g. parsing, POS tagging, etc.). These approaches expose the learner to sentences that have a potentially complex syntax and diverse vocabulary. In contrast, the approach we propose in this thesis addresses the (semi-)automatic generation of grammar exercises of the type found in grammar textbooks. In other words, it deals with the generation of exercises whose syntax and vocabulary are tailored to specific pedagogical goals and topics. Because the grammar-based generation approach associates natural language sentences with a rich linguistic description, it permits defining a syntactic and morpho-syntactic constraints specification language for the selection of stem sentences in compliance with a given pedagogical goal. Further, it allows for the post processing of the generated stem sentences to build grammar exercise items. We show how Fill-in-the-blank, Shuffle and Reformulation grammar exercises can be automatically produced. The approach has been integrated in the Interactive French Learning Game (I-FLEG) serious game for learning French and has been evaluated both based in the interactions with online players and in collaboration with a language teacher
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Butler, Jonny. "Phase structure, phrase structure, and quantification." Thesis, University of York, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415175.
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Mendes, Jaqueline Massagardi. "Locativos e sintagmas preposicionados no português quatrocentista: um estudo do movimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-17112009-161534/.
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Nesta tese estudamos o movimento de sintagmas preposicionados (PPs), pronomes locativos (Locs) e pronomes locativos preposicionados (LocPs) em estruturas encaixadas do português quatrocentista, admitindo que esse período acomode variações que apontam para uma competição de gramáticas na linha de Kroch (1989, 1994, 2003). Assumimos com Martins (1994), Muidine (2000) e Moraes de Castilho (2005), que os pronomes locativos hi e ende tenham coexistido com os PPs, mas foram suplantados por estes últimos a partir do séc.XV. Tomando-se como corpus representativo do português quatrocentista a Crônica do Conde Dom Pedro de Menezes de Zurara, de fato atestamos PPs convivendo com pronomes locativos nos mesmos contextos sintáticos e inclusive os redobrando. As estruturas de redobro de um locativo por um PP mostraram-se relevantes por indicar a especialização das posições desses elementos. Fazemos uso de duas linhas teóricas, conforme proposta de Kato e Tarallo (1989): um modelo mais formal como a Teoria de Princípios e Parâmetros (Chomsky, 1986) e um de cunho variacionista como a Sociolinguística Laboviana, Para uma análise descritiva dos dados, seguimos a metodologia da Sociolingüística Quantitativa, pontuando fatores lingüísticos condicionadores da posição desses constituintes. De modo geral, os cálculos estatísticos registraram altos índices de movimento dos locativos, por um lado, mas baixos índices de movimento dos PPs, por outro. Já os LocPs equilibraram movimento e posição canônica. Outros fatores como função sintática e tipo de oração incidiram no movimento de PPs e Locs, sobretudo. A análise interpretativa dos resultados se deu sob uma perspectiva gerativista, à luz da Teoria de Princípios e Parâmetros (Chomsky, 1981,1986). Tomando-se o clítico e o sujeito como marcadores de fronteira, conforme propostas de Martins (1994) e Belletti (2002), foi possível vislumbrar quatro posições de ancoragem para os Locs e PPs, que se distribuíram ao longo da estrutura sentencial. Ficou, por fim, evidente, que o movimento de Locs, PPs e LocPs é um caso de competição de gramáticas no português quatrocentista, que acompanha algumas mudanças que desembocam na constituição do português brasileiro.This research analyses the movement of prepositioned phrases (PPs), locative pronouns (Locs) and prepositioned locative pronouns (LocPs) in embedding structures of the 15th century Portuguese language, admitting that this period has variations which point to a grammar competition in Krochs (1989, 1994, 2003) framework. According to Martins (1994), Muidine (2000) and Moraes de Castilho (2005), latin locative pronouns hi and ende, and PPs had coexisted in Portuguese until the 15th century, when PPs supplanted the usage of locative pronouns. Indeed, taking the Dom Pedro de Menezes Cronic of Zurara (Brocardo, 1997) as the 15th century Portuguese representative corpus, we have found PPs coexisting with locatives in the same syntactic contexts, redoubling them as well. The redoubling structures have turned out to be relevant for indicating the specialization of the positions of these elements. Taking Kato and Tarallo (1989) into consideration, two frameworks are used: one formal model like the theory of Principles and Parameters, and abnother variational like Labov Sociolinguistics. The Quantitative Sociolinguistic methodology is considered for a descriptive analysis of the data, indicating linguistic facts that could affect the position of PPs and locative pronouns. Statistics have registered high percentages regarding the movement of locative pronouns on one hand, but low percentages of PPs movement on the other. LocPs registered similar numbers for movement and for no movement. Other factors such as syntactic function and kind of sentence influenced the movement of PPs and Locs.. The interpretative analysis of the results has happened in the framework of Generative Syntax, considering the Principles and Parameters Theory (Chomsky 1981, 1986). Taking clitics and subject as frontier demarcators, as stated by Martins (1994) and Belletti (2002), it has been possible to verify four positions to host Locs and PPs, all distributed along the sentential structure. In conclusion, it has been evident that PP and locative movement is a grammar competition case in the 15th century Portuguese language and it will accompany some changes which will arise in the Brazilian Portuguese language.
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Bury, Dirk. "Phrase structure and derived heads." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406480.
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Öztürk, Balkız. "Case, referentiality and phrase structure /." Amsterdam : J. Benjamins, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40098181c.
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Koizumi, Masatoshi. "Phrase structure in minimalist syntax." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11348.
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White, Jonathan Russell. "An inquiry into minimalist phrase structure." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1348851/.
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This thesis takes as its starting point the proposal in Kayne (1994) that all syntactic structures are underlyingly spec-head-complement, and that they are right-branching. I will investigate this proposal taking data from English degree constructions, namely result clauses and comparatives. A comparison will be made between these constructions and English VPs, on which the majority of the phrase structure debate in the literature has been based. The evidence for left-branching and for right-branching in VPs will be considered, and similar evidence sought for degree constructions. We will see that VPs have a mostly right-branching structure, although left-branching structures are required in restricted circumstances. Also reason and manner adjuncts are argued to be right-adjoined to the VP node, a conclusion that is re-inforced by considering the constituency of VP adjuncts and some PP sequences noted by Jackendoff (1973). In degree constructions too, we argue that both left-branching and right-branching structures are necessary. My conclusion will be that Kayne's proposal is too strong, even though it is ideal from the perspective of a minimalist approach to syntax.
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Gressang, Jane E. "A frequency and error analysis of the use of determiners, the relationships between noun phrases, and the structure of discourse in English essays by native English writers and native Chinese, Taiwanese, and Korean learners of English as a Second language." Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/507.
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Second language (L2) learners notoriously have trouble using articles in their target languages (e.g., a, an, the in English). However, researchers disagree about the patterns and causes of these errors.
Past studies have found that L2 English learners:
*Predominantly omit articles (White 2003, Robertson 2000),
*Overuse the (Huebner 1983, Master 1987, Parrish 1987, Tarone & Parrish 1988, Thomas 1989, Ionin 2003), or
*Overuse a (Leung 2001).
Previously proposed explanations of the causes of article errors include:
*Learners have incorrect or incomplete semantic representations (Tarone & Parrish 1988, Hawkins & Chan 1997, Goto Butler 2002, Ionin 2003), or
*Learners have complete, correct semantic representations for articles, but difficulty choosing the lexical form during production due to stress on mental processing or phonological limitations (Lardiere 1998, Bruhn de Garavito & White 2000, White 2003, Goad, White, & Steele 2003).
Prior studies have focused on articles, which identify discourse relationships, but have not considered other morphemes that do so as well, such as pronouns and demonstratives. Furthermore, they have focused on L2 errors in isolation and not in the context of a full discourse or contrasted with first language (L1) input. This study examined the use of articles and other discourse morphemes in 20 L1 and 20 L2 English essays. L2 essays were produced by L1 Chinese and Korean writers at two proficiency levels. The essays' noun phrases (NPs) were marked for part-of-speech, co-reference, syntactic position, and other discourse-relevant features. L2 errors were identified and categorized.
Frequency data showed that L2 proficiency level more often indicated significant differences in discourse construction than L1. No significant difference between L2 and L1 writers was when considering all articles together. Breaking this down, students used a/an significantly less than L1 writers, but the use of the was not significantly different. In contrast, the error analysis showed most L2 mistakes being made in the use of the, with almost none in the use of a/an. Together the frequency and error data give a richer understanding of discourse and article use in L2 production.
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Miller, Philip H. "Clitics and constituents in phrase structure grammar /." New York ; London : Garland, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37747868w.
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MATOS, DENILSON PEREIRA DE. "THE PRONOUN LHE: IN THE PHRASE STRUCTURE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2003. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=4420@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROEsta dissertação examina as classificações atribuídas ao pronome lhe, com base na gramática de valências. Segundo a tradição gramatical a nomeação do pronome é uma etapa suficiente como proposta de ensino. Neste trabalho, refuta- se esta conduta, à medida que se defende que - com relação à aprendizagem - importa para o aluno compreender, sobretudo, o funcionamento do pronome lhe na estrutura frásica. Do mesmo modo, é necessário depreender que este pronome pode desempenhar funções sintáticas distintas, as quais são justificadas através do comportamento do lhe e não por uma determinação meramente classificatória. O corpus selecionado privilegiou exemplos reunidos em livros didáticos, em gramáticas pedagógicas, no corpus do CETEMPúblico e do CETEMFolhaNILC/São Carlos. O resultado da análise revela que o pronome lhe é um genuíno complemento e que não basta classificar o elemento em questão, mas entender seu papel básico desempenhado em qualquer contexto.
This dissertation examines the classifications which are attributed to the pronoun lhe with the base on the basis Valence Grammar. According to the grammatical tradition the nomination for a pronoun is an adequate step as a teaching proposal However, this dissertation refutes this procedure by defending that, as far as learning concerned, what matters to the student is above all understand the function of the pronoun lhe in the phrase structure. At the same time, it is necessary to consider that this pronoun may have distinct syntactical functions, which are justified by structural collocation and not only by one merely classifying determination. The selected corpus favoured examples from didactic books, Pedagogical grammars, in the corpus of Public CETEM and of NIL/São Carlos. The result of the data analysis reveals that the pronoun lhe is a genuine complement and it is not sufficient to classify the aforementioned particle on debate, but to understand its role in the context it which it occurs.
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Yimam, Baye. "The phrase structures of Ethiopian Oromo." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310426.
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Lin, Yi-An. "The Sinitic nominal phrase structure : a minimalist perspective." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270316.
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This dissertation is a comparative study of the morphosyntax of the constituents referred to as noun phrases in traditional grammar. In line with Abney’s (1987) Determiner Phrase (DP) Hypothesis, this study investigates the syntactic structures of Sinitic nominal phrases by means of a thorough study of lexical elements, such as numerals, classifiers, possessives, adjectives, and nouns, and functional elements, such as plural/collective markers, force particles, and modification markers. It is argued that the syntactic structure of the nominal phrase is universal regardless of the presence of lexical items which realise the heads of the functional projections. This study further proposes a unified account of the articulated structure of nominal phrases, as a full-fledged DP, to explain the syntactic phenomena in both classifier and non-classifier languages. More specifically, a Probe-Goal feature-valuing model is proposed to account for parametric variation among Sinitic and other languages within the framework of Chomsky’s (2000, 2001, 2004) Phase-based Minimalist Programme. Furthermore, given the assumption of the Split-DP Hypothesis, this study proposes that the DP in Sinitic languages is also not a unitary projection but an articulated array of functional projections, including DforceP, DfocusP, DtopicP and DdefiniteP. As their counterparts in the clausal domain, these functional projections encode discourse-related properties, such as illocutionary force, topic, and focus. As far as modification structures are concerned, this study argues that the bare modifier is base-generated in the Spec of a functional or lexical projection, whereas the marked modifier is adjoined to the left of the nominal phrase by the operation Adjunction.
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Robins, Jeremy M. "Phrase Structure, Hypermeter, and Closure in Popular Music." Thesis, The Florida State University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10262010.
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Phrases in common-practice music are traditionally defined by harmonic processes, particularly goal-directed progressions to tonic. In popular music, however, harmonic motion toward a tonic is not always present, making traditional approaches to phrase segmentation problematic. The goal of this dissertation is to provide a systematic methodology for addressing phrase segmentation and closure in popular music, particularly in the absence of goal-directed harmonic motion. Additionally, I aim for simplicity of application and consistency of results.
Because contemporary popular music is heavily focused on vocal melodies and lyrics, it is important to use a methodology that privileges melodic activity in classifying formal structures. My methodology for phrase segmentation is based on patterns of melodic repetition, particularly in reference to recurring quadruple hypermeter. With a consistent method for segmenting phrases, cadences can be identified and classified, allowing for comparison of closure in popular songs.
This research aims to engage the musical syntax of popular music on its own terms while drawing on the rich resource of common-practice analytical methodologies. There are many theoretical concepts and terms that carry into popular practice such as periods, sentences, and cadences; however, the transfer is not always exact, resulting in some concepts that are loosened or expanded, such as allowing subdominant (IV) and subtonic (bVII) harmonies to support half cadences. New categories of phrase structure and cadences are also necessary to accurately describe popular music, specifically rotated phrases, rotated subphrases, and submediant cadences, none of which have established analogues in common-practice scholarship. In rotated phrases and subphrases, lyrical content is displaced from melodic repetition, creating formal ambiguity. Submediant cadences occur as part of the submediant double-tonic complex (DTC), where tonal fluidity is created between relative major and minor keys. Songs featuring the submediant DTC fluctuate between the major and minor rotations of a single diatonic collection, allowing cadences that articulate the major and minor modes simultaneously.
This dissertation represents the first step of a longer process of studying, classifying, and presenting the musical syntax of popular music. The methodology has the potential to address the wide spectrum of popular music, and I trust that it will be a useful tool for scholars working in the field of popular music scholarship.
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LeBlanc, David C. "The generation of phrase-structure representations from principles." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29338.
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Implementations of grammatical theory have traditionally been based upon Context-
Free Grammar (CFG) formalisms which all but ignore questions of learnability. Even implementations which are based upon theories of Generative Grammar (GG), a paradigm which is supposedly motivated by learnability, rarely address such questions. In this thesis we will examine a GG theory which has been formulated primarily to address questions of learnability and present an implementation based upon this theory. The theory argues from Chomsky's definition of epistemological priority that principles which match elements and structures from prelinguistic systems
with elements and structures in linguistic systems are preferable to those which are defined purely linguistically or non-linguistically. A procedure for constructing phrase-structure representations from prelinguistic relations using principles of node percolation (rather than the traditional X-theory of GG theories or phrase-structure rules of CFG theories) is presented and this procedure integrated into a left-right, primarily bottom-up parsing mechanism. Specifically, we present a parsing mechanism
which derives phrase-structure representations of sentences from Case- and 0-relations using a small number of Percolation Principles. These Percolation Principles
simply determine the categorial features of the dominant node of any two adjacent nodes in a representational tree, doing away with explicit phrase structure
rules altogether. The parsing mechanism also instantiates appropriate empty categories using a filler-driven paradigm for leftward argument and non-argument movement. Procedures modelling learnability are not implemented in this work, but the applicability of the presented model to a computational model of language is discussed.Science, Faculty of
Computer Science, Department of
Graduate
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Moinzadeh, Ahmad. "An antisymmetric, minimalist approach to Persian phrase structure." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9399.
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In this thesis, I investigate phrase structure in Persian within the Minimalist framework of Chomsky (1995, 1998). Adopting Kayne's (1994) Linear Correspondence Axiom, which examines the relation of hierarchical structure and linear order, I propose a head-initial analysis for Persian, and develop an analysis of SVO word order based on the examination of all lexical and functional categories. Prior to investigating categories which are common to other languages, I examine the Ezafe Phrase (EzP), a functional phrasal category specific to Persian. The EzP is headed by a morpheme which may be phonetically realized as e/ye or null o. This morpheme regulates the occurrence of more than one complement in DPs/NPs and APs. Like the other phrasal categories investigated, the EzP is shown to follow the Spec-Head-Complement configuration (of the Linear Correspondence Axiom). My argumentation for a head-initial configuration for Persian, and the implication of a basic SVO word order is based largely on evidence for noun phrases and verb phrases. I provide support for a DP analysis of Persian nominal phrases, and demonstrate that both DPs and lexical NPs display a head-initial configuration. While Persian VPs exhibit both VO and OV word order in unmarked sentences, I argue that they consistently display a head-initial configuration, an analysis which is theoretically preferable to one based on dual directionality. I support my proposal for a head-initial analysis of VPs and a basic SVO word order in Persian with a variety of empirical evidence about verbal complements, including the exclusive post-verbal generation of CP complements, the placement of clitics, and the position of adverbs relative to verbal heads and their complements. While concentrating on DPs and VPs, I further support my analysis of a head-initial configuration for Persian by examining the Spec-Head-Complement configuration in APs, PPs, IPs and in less detail, the internal structure of CPs and TopPs. On the basis of both theoretical and empirical evidence, I propose a head-initial analysis for all phrasal categories in Persian. In conclusion, I turn to diachronic data which also provides evidence of the Spec-Head-Complement analysis I have proposed for Modern Persian.
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Evans, R. E. "Theoretical and computational interpretations of Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379469.
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Taghvaipour, Mehran A. "Persian relative clauses in head-driven phrase structure grammar." Thesis, University of Essex, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418361.
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Manōlessou, Iō. "Greek noun phrase structure : a study in syntactic evolution." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283913.
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Koizumi, Masatoshi. "Syntax of adjuncts and the phrase structure of Japanese." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1345565130.
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Li, Wei. "The morpho-syntactic interface in a Chinese phrase structure grammar." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ61656.pdf.
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Morrill, Glyn Verden. "Extraction and coordination in phrase structure grammar and categorial grammar." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6609.
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A large proportion of computationally-oriented theories of grammar operate within the confines of monostratality (i.e. there is only one level of syntactic analysis), compositionality (i.e. the meaning of an expression is determined by the meanings of its syntactic parts, plus their manner of combination), and adjacency (i.e. the only operation on terminal strings is concatenation). This thesis looks at two major approaches falling within these bounds: that based on phrase structure grammar (e.g. Gazdar), and that based on categorial grammar (e.g. Steedman). The theories are examined with reference to extraction and coordination constructions; crucially a range of 'compound' extraction and coordination phenomena are brought to bear. It is argued that the early phrase structure grammar metarules can characterise operations generating compound phenomena, but in so doing require a categorial-like category system. It is also argued that while categorial grammar contains an adequate category apparatus, Steedman's primitives such as composition do not extend to cover the full range of data. A theory is therefore presented integrating the approaches of Gazdar and Steedman. The central issue as regards processing is derivational equivalence: the grammars under consideration typically generate many semantically equivalent derivations of an expression. This problem is addressed by showing how to axiomatise derivational equivalence, and a parser is presented which employs the axiomatisation to avoid following equivalent paths.
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Edwards, Malcolm Howell. "A generalised phrase structure grammar analysis of colloquial Egyptian Arabic." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247629.
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This thesis proposes and defends a let of analyses of various aspects of the phrase structure of colloquial Egyptian Arabic (EA) clause structure, using the Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG) framework of Gazdar, Klein, Pullum and Sag (1985). In the first chapter the constituency of simple clause types is examined and it is argued that EA is a "configurational" SVO language with a VP constituent. These two proposals form the basis for the analyses developed in subsequent chapters. The second chapter pursues the themes of the first, examining the syntax of so-called "nominal" (verbless) sentences, and offering a unified account of both verbal and nominal sentence types. Chapter 3 is concerned with clausal complementation, and shows that under certain assumptions motivated in earlier chapters, the GPSG framework allows for a concise account of a number of hitherto problematic constructions. Chapter 4 is devoted to the syntax of subjects, and in particular to a discussion of "pro-drop" in EA. The relationship between the possibility of missing subjects, word order, and inflection is investigated, and an analysis of cliticisation is proposed which has implications for other areas of the grammar especially relative clauses, which are the subject of Chapter 5.The final chapter is concerned exclusively with the synta~ of relative clauses. A grammar for relative clauses is formulated, in which resumptive pronouns are generated using the feature SLASH. Under the analysis of relative clauses proposed here, the syntax of both subject and object relatives falls out from the interaction of a number of independent facts about EA grammar, and requires no special statement. Throughout the work the aim is to highlight important issues in the syntax of EA, and to offer accounts of these aspects of the grammar which involve the smallest amount of syntactic machinery and achieve maximum generality.
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Kang, Myung-Yoon. "Topics in Korean syntax : phrase structure, variable binding and movement." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14405.
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Naji, Mohamed. "Verification morpho-syntaxique et structure de la phrase en arabe." Paris 10, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA100133.
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Le systeme verbal de l'arabe met en opposition deux formes verbales principales: le verbe dit perfectif (perf. ) et le verbe imperfectif (imperf. ). Ces deux verbes se distinguent sur les plans morphologique et syntaxique. En particulier, le verbe imperf. Est caracterise sur le plan morphologique par la realisation du trait de la personne sous la forme de prefixe et par le fait qu'il porte des suffixes casuels. Sur le plan syntaxique, ce verbe se comporte comme un modifieur nominal. Dans ce travail, nous avons elabore une analyse qui fait decouler les proprietes de imperf. De sa structure morpho- syntaxique. Cette these est organisee en trois parties. Dans la premiere partie, nous avons montre que la morphologie casuelle de imperf. Ne peut pas etre simulee a la morphologie structurale nominale, parce qu'elle ne constitue pas un objet de verification morpho-syntaxique dans les categories fonctionnelles. Dans la deuxieme partie, nous avons montre la difference entre imperf. Et les participes, et nous avons detecte la limite entre les deux. En particulier, les vrais participes se caracterisent par un temps tres faible qui est fusionne dans le complementeur en lexique. Dans la troisieme partie, nous avons examine le comportement de la negation et la modalite temporelle qui apparaissent avec imperf. Nous avons avance une hypothese selon laquelle la negation et la modalite temporelle verifient le trait categoriel verbal de la categorie temps au detriment de imperf, et nous avons generalise cette analyse sur la modalite temporelle et la negation en anglais. A la fin de cette partie nous avons montre comment la realisation morpho-syntaxique de la morphologie flexionnelle sous la forme de morphemes libres ou de morphemes lies influence l'ordre des mots et la structure de la phrase. Notre travail a des consequences theoriques sur l'approche de la morphologie distribuee de halle et marantz (1993) et sur le programme minimaliste de chomsky (1995). Nous sommes parvenus a etablir une relation entre la position des morphemes par rapport au mot et la theorie de la verification adoptee par chomsky (1995) dans le programme minimaliste. En plus, nous avons demontre que la verification des traits categoriels des categories fonctionnelles peut se faire avec d'autre materiel fonctionnel, sans le deplacement des categories lexicalesThe arable verbal system is characterised by opposing two main verbal forms. The first is known as the perfective verb (perf. ) and the second is known as the imperfective verb (imperf. ). While the perf. Verb behaves syntactically and morphologically as a full verb, the imperf. Verb shares some nominal and participial properties. It is distinguished by bearing case suffixes, and by the prefixation of the person feature. From the syntactic point of view, imperf can behave as a modifier of a nominal category. In this work, we have developed an analysis which attributs the nominal and participial properties of the imperf. To its morpho- syntactic structure. Our analysis is developed into three chapters. In the first one, we have prouved that imperf. Case morphology, and verbal case in general, can not be identical to the structural case morphology. Unlike nominal case morphology, verbal case morphology is not a subject to the checking theory. In the second chapter, we have argued that imperf. Is a true verbal form, in spite of the fact that it behaves, in some contexts, like a nominal modifier. Thus, we have detected the limit between participles and imperf. By showing that participial structures have a weak tense specification which is associated to the complementizer by a fusion operation in the lexicon. In the third chapter, we have studied the behaviour of temporal negation and modality that appear with the imperf. . Therefore, we have developed an hypothesis according to which temporal negation and modality check the verbal feature of the tense category, instead of the imperf. Verb. We have generalised this hypothesis to temporal modality and negation in english. Our work has some important consequences and implications on the approach of the distributed morphology proposed by halle and marantz (1993) and on the minimalist program advanced by chomsky (1996). We have been able to establish a relation between the position of morphemes on the word and the checking theory proposed by chomsky in the minimalist program. Furthemore, we have shown that categorial features of functional categories can be checked without moving the lexical categories
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Tatjana, Milicev. "Syntax and information structure of the Old English Verb Phrase." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Filozofski fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2016. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=100340&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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This thesis deals with the alternation in theAB position of the finite and the non-finite verb in Old English, specifically, with the alternation finite verb-final vs. finite verb-non-final embedded clauses, and the alternation object–verb (OV) vs. verb–object (VO) alternation in the non-finite verb phrase. The central proposal is that information-structural factors underlie most of the Old English word order patterns, including these alternations. What influences the surface position of the finite verb in embedded clauses is the discourse status of the proposition. Verb-final clauses are pragmatically presupposed, while non-final verb position signals pragmatic assertion. The OV/VO alterantion does not reflect competing structures/grammars, but rather focus marking strategies on the VP material, reflected in VO orders. We therefore propose a multi-layered model of information-structure, according to which, topic/background-focus structures are represented at three different levels, wherebythe following types of focus are distinguished: sentence focus, predicate focus and ‘new information’ focus. We also present a mechanism of their interaction and syntactic encoding in Old English. Two important insights emerge from this analysis. First, Old English is a discourse configurational language. Second, at least some discourse configurational languages do not syntactically mark each individual information-structural interpretation of sentence elements. It rather seems that the syntax reflexts IS marking of a larger constituent, leaving it to the context for specific resolutions.Ova disertacija bavi se problemom alternacije uIZ poziciji finitnog i nefinitnog glagola u staroengleskom, preciznije, razlikom između zavisnih rečenica u kojima je finitni glagol u poslednjoj poziciji u klauzi, i onih u kojima se finitni glagol nalazi u višoj poziciji, kao i alternacijom u položaju nefinitnog leksičkog glagola u odnosu na objekat (objekat-glagol, naspram glagol-objekat). Osnovna hipoteza u radu jeste da su glavni redosledi reči u staroengleskom, uključujući i navedene alternacije, rezultat uticaja informacijsko-strukturalnih faktora. Položaj finitnog glagola u zavisnim rečenicama određen je diskursnim statusom propozicije. Rečenice s glagolom na poslednjem položaju u klauzi su pragmatski presuponirane, dok su one s glagolom u višoj pozicji asertivne. Što se tiče alternacije objekat-glagol/glagol-objekat, ona ne odražava sistem dvostruke gramatike, već način obeležavanja fokusa unutar glagolske fraze. Redosled glagol-objekat je markiran, u smislu da se fokus nalazi Ova disertacija bavi se problemom alternacije u poziciji finitnog i nefinitnog glagola u staroengleskom, preciznije, razlikom između zavisnih rečenica u kojima je finitni glagol u poslednjoj poziciji u klauzi, i onih u kojima se finitni glagol nalazi u višoj poziciji, kao i alternacijom u položaju nefinitnog leksičkog glagola u odnosu na objekat (objekat-glagol, naspram glagol-objekat). Osnovna hipoteza u radu jeste da su glavni redosledi reči u staroengleskom, uključujući i navedene alternacije, rezultat uticaja informacijsko-strukturalnih faktora. Položaj finitnog glagola u zavisnim rečenicama određen je diskursnim statusom propozicije. Rečenice s glagolom na poslednjem položaju u klauzi su pragmatski presuponirane, dok su one s glagolom u višoj pozicji asertivne. Što se tiče alternacije objekat-glagol/glagol-objekat, ona ne odražava sistem dvostruke gramatike, već način obeležavanja fokusa unutar glagolske fraze. Redosled glagol-objekat je markiran, u smislu da se fokus nalazi.
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Wong, Kwong-cheong, and 黃廣昌. "Serial verb constructions in Cantonese and Dagaare: a head-driven phrase structure grammar analysis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36934057.
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Stanton, Tom. "'One', noun structure, and modification." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/31867.
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The present thesis aims to use novel observations as to the behaviour of anaphoric 'one' when under modification in order to explore more acutely the structure of the nominal phrase. There has been decades of disagreement as to the syntactic nature of anaphoric 'one'. This work highlights novel observations about anaphoric 'one' and offers structural analyses for them. Anaphoric 'one' behaves in a markedly distinct way when modified by a prenominal modifier versus when it is modified by a postnominal modifier. Specifically the indefinite article, numerals, and certain quantifiers are able to be introduced into the structure of the noun phrase only when anaphoric 'one' is modified prenominally. In such cases that is modified postnominally the introduction of such material is not possible. Rather than appealing to rich featural specifications on syntactic objects by way of explanation this thesis offers an account based upon the structure of the nominal. An obligatory movement operation in the nominal projection is proposed, the result of which produces a structural configuration which limits extraction from the moved constituent. It is the two of these factors working together that produces the pattern of behaviour to be captured. Finally I present phenomena that can be found in Spanish, Dutch, Turkish, and Slovenian which can be easily captured using the structural analysis offered in this work. The suggestion being that all of these languages exhibit not only the same movement operation in the nominal projection, but the same limit on what may be extracted from the moved constituent.
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Götz, Thilo. "Feature constraint grammars." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=963169912.
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Garcia, Casademont Emília 1987. "Origins of recursive phrase structure through cultural self-organisation and selection." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664937.
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Many human languages in the world exhibit phrase structure. Phrase structure combines words, phrases, and both, into phrases, and it may empower language systems to exploit recursion. This thesis pushes forward the hypothesis that phrase structure is not an accidental structural property of language, but rather an adaptation of language systems to enable the computation of language. I propose a minimal operational model of communication as a specific language game, which together with concrete learning operators shows how a population of artificial agents is able to self-organise a system exhibiting phrase structure. After demonstrating that phrase structure reduces the complexity of language computation, I propose concrete mechanisms in the form of learning operators whose application introduces variation in the language of the agents and selection on the reduction of the computational cost. The mechanisms are implemented and tested in computer simulations as evolutionary explanation for the emergence of phrase structure, including cases exploiting recursion.Els llenguatge naturals es basen en molts casos en gramàtiques sintagmàtiques. Les gramàtiques sintagmàtiques combinen paraules i sintagmes en altres sintagmes, i poden capacitar els sistemes lingüístics a fer ús de la recursió. Aquesta tesi enforteix la hipòtesi que les gramàtiques sintagmàtiques no són una propietat estructural accidental del llenguatge, sinó que són una adaptació dels sistemes lingüístics que permet que el llenguatge pugui ser processat adequadament. Proposo un model minimal de comunicació basat en un joc del llenguatge en concret que defineixo, i que juntament amb operadors d'aprenentatge específics mostra com una població d'agents artificials és capaç d'autoorganitzar un sistema que exhibeix l'ús de gramàtiques sintagmàtiques. Un cop demostrat que les gramàtiques sintagmàtiques redueixen la complexitat del processament del llenguatge, proposo mecanismes concrets en forma d'operadors d'aprenentatge l'aplicació dels quals introdueix variació en les gramàtiques dels agents i selecció en la reducció del cost de processament. Els mecanismes són implementats i avaluats en simulacions com a una explicació evolutiva de l'emergència de les gramàtiques sintagmàtiques, incluent casos en què es fa ús de la recursió.
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Sailer, Manfred. "Combinatorial semantics and idiomatic expressions in head-driven phrase structure grammar." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=968874738.
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Walinska, De Hackbeil Hanna. "The roots of phrase structure : the syntactic basis of English morphology /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8429.
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Cooper, Richard Paul. "Classification-based phrase structure grammar : an extended revised version of HPSG." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30904.
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This thesis is concerned with a presentation of Classification-based Phrase STructure Grammar (or CPSG), a grammatical theory that has grown out of extensive revisions of, and extension to, HPSG. The fundamental difference between this theory and HPSG concerns the central role that classification plays in the grammar: the grammar classifies strings, according to their feature structure descriptions, as being of various types. Apart from the role of classificaion, the theory bears a close resemblance to HPSG, though it is by no means a direct translation, including numerous revisions and extensions. A central goal in the development of the theory has been its computational implementation, which is included in the thesis. The second part concerns syntactic issues. In the third part, chapters 6, 7 and 8, we turn to semantic issues. The final part, Chapter 9, concerns the actual computational implementation of theory. A concluding chapter summarises the arguments of the thesis and outlines some avenues for future research.
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Chae, Hee-Rahk. "Lexically triggered unbounded discontinuities in English : an indexed phrase structure grammar approach." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1235744035.
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Barczak, Leszek Krzysztof. "Towards an analysis of Yorùbá conditionals : its implications for the phrase structure." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31792.
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This study presents an analysis of conditional constructions in Yorùbá, as well as its
implications for language-specific phenomena which are part of the Yorùbá phrase structure.
Specifically, I propose a model for the interpretation of conditionals that is based on a tripartite
quantificational structure. It is an explanatory model capturing the interdependency
between meaning and form. It accounts not only for the Yorùbá data, but also for those in other
languages (English, French, Italian and Polish), allowing at the same time for making crosslinguistic
predictions. Crucially, the model reflects both: (i) CONDITION (restrictor)-RESULT
(nuclear scope) partition of conditional constructions and (ii) existence of two situation factors:
(UN)LIKELIHOOD OF SATISFACTION and TIME OF CONDITION, which play pivotal role in meaningform
mapping. Note that, even though both factors contribute to overall interpretation, forms
attested are a direct reflection of ways in which languages manipulate these factors in the
process of mapping meaning onto form. E.g.: active UNLIKELIHOOD OF SATISFACTION yields
two types of conditionals (REALIS and IRREALIS) in Yorùbá, while the three forms attested in
the Standard Average European languages (INDICATIVE, NON-PAST SUBJUNCTIVE and PAST
SUBJUNCTIVE) result from LIKELIHOOD OF SATISFACTION and TIME OF CONDITION being equally
active. The above translates further onto differences in morpho-syntactic marking of
conditional forms due to the fact that (UN)LIKELIHOOD OF SATISFACTION and TIME OF
CONDITION factors are realised on the surface as Mood and Tense respectively.
Moreover, this analysis of conditionals provides important insights into the PHRASE STRUCTURE
of Yorùbá. It explains: (i) structural complexity of the future marker yóò which spans across
the Mood, Time (Tense/Aspect) and Modal categories; (ii) meaning differences expected
between the three future markers: yóò, ˋ á and máa (known for its aspectual readings) and
based on their internal elements; (iii) the status of the High Tone Syllable - the Time
(Tense/Aspect) marker; (iv) dialectal differences - future being marked by irrealis marker in
Moba; and so on. I also argue that there exist two system-specific binary oppositions: (i)
MARKEDNESS OPPOSITION(S) that specifies tonal value within each syntactic category and (ii)
TONE POLARITY that determines tonal melody between adjacent syntactic categories.Arts, Faculty of
Linguistics, Department of
Graduate
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Stymne, Sara. "Swedish-English Verb Frame Divergences in a Bilingual Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar for Machine Translation." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-6708.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis I have investigated verb frame divergences in a bilingual Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar for machine translation. The purpose was threefold: (1) to describe and classify verb frame divergences (VFDs) between Swedish and English, (2) to practically implement a bilingual grammar that covered many of the identified VFDs and (3) to find out what cases of VFDs could be solved and implemented using a common semantic representation, or interlingua, for Swedish and English.
The implemented grammar, BiTSE, is a Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar based on the LinGO Grammar Matrix, a language independent grammar base. BiTSE is a bilingual grammar containing both Swedish and English. The semantic representation used is Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS). It is language independent, so generating from it gives all equivalent sentences in both Swedish and English. Both the core of the languages and a subset of the identified VFDs are successfully implemented in BiTSE. For other VFDs tentative solutions are discussed.
MRS have previously been proposed as suitable for semantic transfer machine translation. I have shown that VFDs can naturally be handled by an interlingual design in many cases, minimizing the need of transfer.
The main contributions of this thesis are: an inventory of English and Swedish verb frames and verb frame divergences; the bilingual grammar BiTSE and showing that it is possible in many cases to use MRS as an interlingua in machine translation.
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Aït, Messaoud Abdellah. "La structure de la phrase en arabe : les constructions causatives, les réflexives et les réciproques." Paris 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA030196.
Full textAbstract:
Nous avons tente tout au long de ce travail de presenter le statut de la derivation des constructions causatives, reflexives et reciproques. Dans l'analyse de ces constructions, nous avons tente de prouver l'interdependance entre l'information vehiculee par un enonce et l'agencement des constituants a l'interieur de ce meme enonce. En d'autres termes, la structure d'une construction donnee est determinee par son expression referentielle. De meme nous avons opte pour l'hypothese hierarchique selon laquelle un element de la phrase, en l'occurence le predicat , en gere l'organisation. Autrement dit, les constituants de la phrase s'organisent autour d'un noyau et se determinent par rapport a luiIn this study we have attempted to present the rule on the derivation of causative, reflexive and reciprocal constructions. In analyzing these constructions we have attempted to demonstrat the interdependence between the information communicated by a statement and the positioning of the component parts of the some statement. In other words , the structure of a given construction is determined by his referential expression. We have likenwise opted for the hierarchical hypothesis according to which an element of the sentence, in thise case the predicate, determines the sentence's organization. In other words, the component parts of a sentence are clustered round a core and are determined in relation to that core
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Boder, Francis. "La phrase poétique de Blaise Cendrars : structures syntaxiques et figures du discours." Dijon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994DIJOL023.
Full textAbstract:
Chez Cendrars, le lien entre le vécu et l'écrit est particulièrement fort. Deux expériences peuvent être considérées comme l'"étymon spirituel" de l'écriture : la vision effrayante de la grande "idole cubique", une vision du désir, et la vision du grouillement absurde de la vie, qui s'impose comme une vision de la réalité. Au-delà des empreintes reconnues, Cendrars se forge très tôt son propre "instrument". Celui-ci est caractérisé par le rejet de toute convention et par une ambition sans bornes. Cette ambition se révèle dans l'invention de la phrase "orbiculaire", qui vise à faire, en une seule pensée, le tour complet d'un objet. Trois champs stylistiques sont étroitement connectés : la syntaxe, les figures du discours et le rythme. En syntaxe, la place prépondérante de la coordination et de la juxtaposition expriment la vision du grouillement. Celle-ci est aussi présente dans les figures de l'exubérance. Les figures de l'opposition et la comparaison montrent bien l'importance de la vision duelle du monde. Le rythme est souvent marque par les groupes impairs. Il est souvent heurte, rarement apaise. L'art de Cendrars est essentiellement oral. Les diverses tonalites font voir l'amplitude de la palette. Tout au long de son parcours, Cendrars écrivain est obsédé par une fin ultime : la représentation du mouvement perpétuelCendrars' links between lived experience and writing are particularly strong. Two experiences may be considered to be the "spiritual source" of his writing: the frightening vision of the big "cubical idol", a vision of desire, and the second one inspired from the vision of the absurd "swarming" effect of life, which is imposing itself to be a vision of reality. Beyond these recognized moulds, Cendrars shapes very early his own "instrument". This very mould is characterized by the rejection of any convention and an ambition without limits. This ambition is revealed by the invention of the "orbicular" sentence which tends to define the entire scope of a subject in one specific jet. There are three stylistical firlds closely connected: the syntax, the figures of discourse and the rhythm. As far as the syntax is concerned, the leading roles of coordination and juxtaposition express the vision of the "swarming" effect of life. This effect is also present in the figures of exuberance. The figures of opposition and the comparison are showing very well the dualistic vision of the world. The uneven groups give often the rhythm which is frequently hurt but scarcely calmed. Cendrars' art is essentially of oral order. The various tonalities show up the amplitude of range. During the course of his professional life, Cendrars the writer is obsessed by the final view : the representation of perpetual movement
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Matsubara, Shigeki, Yoshihide Kato, and Seiji Egawa. "Sentence Compression by Removing Recursive Structure from Parse Tree." Springer, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/15113.
Full text
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Kovitz, David Immanuel. "Looking into phrasal verbs." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2362.
Full textAbstract:
The phrasal verb is a unique type of verb phrase that consists of a main verb, usually of only one or two syllables, followed by a particle, that works as a single semantic unit. Such meaning, however, is characteristically expressed in idomatic terms, which poses a formidable problem for students of English as a second language. To be understood, this meaning must be figuratively interpreted as well as literally translated.
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Wong, Kwong-cheong. "Serial verb constructions in Cantonese and Dagaare a head-driven phrase structure grammar analysis /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36934057.
Full text
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Sebbar, Mohammed. "Temps, accord et structure de la phrase : étude de la morphologie verbale en arabe." Paris 10, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA100159.
Full textAbstract:
La morphologie occupe une place considerable dans l'etude linguistique. Dans le "programme minimaliste" elabore par chomsky (1992-1995), la morphologie voit sa place renforcee encore plus. Selon l'hypothese minimaliste, la syntaxe sert a articuler les operations morphologiques suivant le principe de verification des traits "checking theory". Cette these s'inscrit dans la meme perspective en etudiant la morphologie des deux principales formes verbales en arabe standard : l'accompli et l'inaccompli. L'etude se divise en deux parties ; une partie qui presente la theorie minimaliste et detaille minutieusement la morphologie verbale, et une partie qui analyse les formes verbales arabes selon cette theorie. Alors que l'accompli est une forme verbale a part entiere, la forme de l'inaccompli est consideree comme un participe deguise. Cette forme est marquee pour le cas et se trouve souvent en distribution complementaire avec le participe nominale. Cette analyse a une incidence directe sur l'ordre syntaxique des constituants lexicaux dans la phrase. Le verbe accompli s'adjoint toujours au temps (t), mais l'inaccompli occupe t uniquement dans les temps complexes. Dans les temps simples, il s'adjoint a l'aspect (asp). Nous avons propose une structure uniforme pour analyser les deux ordres syntaxiques de l'arabe : v-suj-obj et suj-v-obj. La projection d'une categorie accord (agr) est necessaire pour rendre compte de l'ordre syntaxique. Les proprietes d'une telle categorie dependent du trait du nombre. Quand le verbe est specifie pour le nombre, agr projette un specifieur (spec), en l'absence de ce trait, agr n'a pas de spec. L'existence du nombre sur le verbe motive le deplacement du sujet dans la position spec-agr. Cette operation cree l'ordre suj-v-obj. Quand le sujet ne monte pas, agr abrite le verbe et le sujet reste plus bas dans la structure. L'ordre v-suj-obj est ainsi derive.