Relevant bibliographies by topics / Structure des phrases

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Academic literature on the topic 'Structure des phrases'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Structure des phrases"

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Agajie, Berhanu Asaye. "THE SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE OF AWGNI NOUN PHRASES." LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/ling.v15i2.9079.

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The objective of this study is to examine the syntactic structure of Awgni Noun Phrases. The assumption of Labeling Algorithm {XP, H} is holding on, and a descriptive research design was employed to explore the intended objective. Data for this research were enriched by interviewing 12 native speakers of Awgni specializing in the proposed language. Through expert samplings, 20 Noun Phrases were selected and illustrated. Results showed that the Noun Phrases in Awgni could be formed out of the head Nouns all along through other lexical categories reminiscent of the Noun Phrases, Adjective Phrases, Verb Phrases, Determiner Phrases, and Adverb Phrases. These grammatical items were serving as dependents to the head Nouns. The head Nouns in Awgni are for all time right-headed. These heads are the only obligatory constituents, while the Phrasal categories are optional elements which could be either modifiers or complements to the head Nouns. In this regard, Labeling Algorithm explicitly chooses the contiguous Noun heads that are the label of the complete Syntactic Objects (SOs) anticipated for all Noun Phrase structures.
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Preda, Alina. "Modification versus Complementation in the Structure of English Noun Phrases." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 66, no. 2 (March 30, 2021): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2021.2.17.

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"Modification versus Complementation in the Structure of English Noun Phrases. Apart from its head, the core element around which all the other phrasal constituents cluster, the noun phrase may contain dependent elements effecting determination (which poses few taxonomical issues), modification or complementation (two functions notoriously difficult to demarcate). This article outlines the inconsistent ways in which reference grammars make the distinction between modification and complementation in the structure of English noun phrases, and offers a more unified approach aimed to solve the terminological quandary. Keywords: complementation, modification, premodifier, postmodifier, complement, the noun phrase "
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Otgonsuren, Tseden. "Case Markers in Mongolian: A Means for Encoding Null Constituents in Noun Phrase and Relative Clause." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.1p.17.

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This paper focuses on the capacity of the case markers in the Mongolian language, as a relative element, to generate any finite noun phrase or relative clause based on their syntactic function or relationship. In Mongolian, there are two different approaches to generate noun phrases: parataxis and hypotaxis. According to my early observation, if the noun phrase generated through the parataxis, is the complement of the postpositional phrase, the head word of the relevant noun phrase can be truncated. In other words, since this head noun is governed by case marker in its null form to generate the postpositional phrase, the head noun can be encoded. The second approach generates two different types of noun phrases in their structures: free structured and non-free structured noun phrases. Of them, the free structured noun phrase allows any syntactic transformations in their internal structure based on the senses of the case markers which denote a relation. That is to say, the null constituents in this type of noun phrases can be encoded to generate an extended alternative of the noun phrase and a relative clause.
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Asnawi, Asnawi. "Struktur Frasa Verbal Bahasa Banjar Hulu: Tinjauan Bentuk Gramatikal." GERAM 6, no. 1 (July 7, 2018): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/geram.2018.vol6(1).1795.

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The basis of the emergence of this research is the lack of observers or language researchers who will arouse the local language khasanah, namely Banjar Hulu language. Upstream Banjar Language is a language used by the people of Suhada Village Enok District Indragiri Hilir Regency Riau. The Banjar Hulu language is used as the majority language used by the people of Indragiri Hilir Regency Riau. However, due to the flow of modernization and assimilation will threaten the extinction and contamination of the Banjar Hulu language. Therefore, this research is expected to maintain and maintain the authenticity of Banjar Hulu language, so it is necessary to do research. This study focuses on the structure of verb phrases. With related issues about the shape or structure of the verb phrase. The purpose of the study is to describe in detail the structure of the Banjar Hulu language verb phrase. This research is a field research with qualitative type. This research was conducted in Suhada Village, Enok Sub-district, Indragiri Hilir Regency, Riau with research time for six months. The method used to collect data is by the technique of referring libat ably. The data of this research is phrase construction that comes from the speech of research informant. Data analyzing is done by technique of reduction, disply, and conclusion data. The results showed that there are various verbal phrases. This kevariasian found verbal language phrases Banjar Hulu language based on the class of formers and verbal phrase forming function, namely coordinative verbal phrases, modifikatif, and apositif. The results of this study are the first structure of verbal phrases based on the word class; (v) Verbal Phrase {V + Ajk}, (c) Verbal Phrases {Adv + V}, (d) Verbal Phrases {V + Prepositions}, (e) ) Verbal Phrases {V; (ba- + N) + pronomina}, (f) Verbal Phrases {V; (b) + A}, (g) Verbal Phrases {V; (b + + N) + N}. The two structures of the verbal phrase are based on the function of the constituent elements, which include (a) Coordinative Verbal Phrases, (b) Modifikattive Verb Phrases, (c) Apositive Verb Phrases.
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Ozerov, Pavel. "Information structure and intonational accent in Burmese." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 43, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 191–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.20009.oze.

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Abstract It tends to be assumed that tonal languages do not make use of intonational tones and accent location for the purpose of conveying information structural aspects of the utterance. This study of read-aloud stories in colloquial Burmese shows that this tonal language does resort to this sort of intonational means for information-structuring reasons. The prosody of Burmese exhibits identifiable intonational patterns, which function on the level of accentual phrases. An accentual phrase constitutes the basic prosodic unit, and it is there that we find the real interaction of information structure, intonation and tone. Accentual phrases are organised around a single accent, the location of which depends on information structural factors. Sentences can consist of a single accentual phrase or a few phrases, while the exact partition into such phrases is also motivated by information- and discourse-structuring considerations.
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Legate, Julie Anne. "The configurational structure of a nonconfigurational language." Linguistic Variation Yearbook 2001 1 (December 31, 2001): 61–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/livy.1.05leg.

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In this article, I present evidence for hierarchy and movement in Warlpiri, the proto-typical nonconfigurational language. Within the verb phrase, I identify both a symmetric and an asymmetric applicative construction, show that these are problematic for an LFG-style account that claims Warlpiri has a flat syntactic structure, and outline an account of the symmetric/asymmetric applicative distinction based on a hierarchical syntactic structure. Above the verb phrase, I establish syntactic hierarchy through ordering restrictions of adverbs, and ordering of topics, wh-phrases, and focused phrases in the left periphery. Finally, I present evidence that placement of phrases in the left periphery is accomplished through movement, with new data that show island and Weak Crossover effects.
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Kashiwadate, Kei, Tetsuya Yasuda, Koji Fujita, Sotaro Kita, and Harumi Kobayashi. "Syntactic Structure Influences Speech-Gesture Synchronization." Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science 11, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2020.73.

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It is known that a phrase may have multiple meanings. Phrases such as “green tea cup” may be interpreted with two different meanings—a “green-colored tea cup” or a “cup of green tea.” Then how people know the exact meanings of apparently syntactically ambiguous linguistic expressions? We propose that gesture that accompanies speech may help disambiguate syntactically ambiguous structures. The present study investigated whether the difference in phrase structures influences the production of gestures. Participants produced gestures as they produced a Japanese four-word phrases. We examined all possible synchronization patterns of speech and gestures. We found, for the first time, gestures tended to synchronize with the chunks of words that form a constituent in syntactic structures. Our study suggests that gestures may play an important role in disambiguating syntactically ambiguous phrases. This could be a reason why humans have continuously used gestures even after they acquired a powerful tool of language and why today, they still produce language-redundant gestures.
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Widyaningsih, Latifah Ayu. "ANALISIS FRASA BERDASARKAN KESETARAAN DISTRIBUSI PADA TAJUK RENCANA SOLOPOS "KONSOLIDASI DAN PEMBERDAYAAN ORGANISASI MASYARAKAT SIPIL"." SEMIOTIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Sastra dan Linguistik 22, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/semiotika.v22i1.21847.

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The research to be carried out is entitled Phrase Analysis Based on Equal Distribution in the Solopos Title Plan "Consilidation and Empowerment of Civil Society Organizations". In research, the main focus is the use of phrases. A phrase is a linguistic unit which is a combination of words that have non-predictative properties or can be called a combination that occupies a function in language syntax. Phrases based on the equality of distribution are divided into two types, namely endocentric phrases and exocentric phrases. The purpose of this paper is to describe words which are classified as endocentric and exocentric phrases and the structure of these phrases. In this study using a descriptive analysis method, is study conducted to obtain information about the inner sign at time of this research so that it can systematically check the data. Based on the data from the results of this study, there are endocentric and exocentric phrases. The effort in this research is to know the use of endocentric and exocentric phrases as well as the structure of forming phrases in headlines in Solopos news papers.
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Kügler, Frank. "Phonological phrasing and ATR vowel harmony in Akan." Phonology 32, no. 1 (May 2015): 177–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675715000081.

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This paper examines phonological phrasing in the Kwa language Akan. Regressive [+ATR] vowel harmony between words (RVH) serves as a hitherto unreported diagnostic of phonological phrasing. In this paper I discuss VP-internal and NP-internal structures, as well as SVO(O) and serial verb constructions. RVH is a general process in Akan grammar, although it is blocked in certain contexts. The analysis of phonological phrasing relies on universal syntax–phonology mapping constraints whereby lexically headed syntactic phrases are mapped onto phonological phrases. Blocking contexts call for a domain-sensitive analysis of RVH assuming recursive prosodic structure which makes reference to maximal and non-maximal phonological phrases. It is proposed (i) that phonological phrase structure is isomorphic to syntactic structure in Akan, and (ii) that the process of RVH is blocked at the edge of a maximal phonological phrase; this is formulated in terms of a domain-sensitive CrispEdge constraint.
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Mubarak, Faisal, Ahmad Abdul Rahman, Mursyidatul Awaliyah, Ismail Suardi Wekke, and Saifuddin Ahmad Hussein. "Phrases in Arabic and Indonesian Language." Jurnal Al-Bayan: Jurnal Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 12, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/albayan.v12i1.4691.

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This research is about differences and similarities of phrase construction in Arabic and Indonesian. The approach in this paper was a descriptive qualitative analysis approach. The findings of this study revealed that some construction of the phrase structure is the same. Subordinative noun phrases are equivalent to idhafah in Arabic, Indonesian adjective phrases are similar to na'at in Arabic, Indonesian coordinative phrases are similar with athaf in Arabic and Indonesian prepositional phrases are similar to syibhul-jumlah in Arabic. However, there are differences between both languages which can be found in Idhafah in Arabic, some vocabulary cannot be called phrases in Arabic, and vice versa. Differences can also be found in the use of athaf letters in the equivalent of coordinative phrases. The differences are also found in the numeral phrases and murakkab adadi. Even taukid and tarkib majazi do not have the equivalent in Indonesian. The differences are not only due to structural aspects, but also by differences in cultural concepts and expressions. This study implies that errors can be predicted in the construction of Indonesian student phrases and the production of translations of Arabic phrases that are different from the construction of Indonesian phrases. The differences were found not only in the structure but also in differences in cultural concepts. This study shows that mistakes can be predicted from the formation of phrases and the translation of Arabic sentences that are different from the structure of Indonesian language.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Structure des phrases"

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Matheson, Colin Angus. "Syntax and semantics of English partitive noun phrases : a phrase structure account." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19994.

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This thesis presents a phrase structure account of a particular class of English noun phrases; partitives. Constructions which are directly related, notably pseudopartitives, are also analysed, and the proposals have implications for the representation of simple noun phrases. The main aim is to provide a concise and explicit account of the data and to this end the syntactic rules are presented in a computer-usable form. The background to the analysis is provided by reviewing a number of seminal accounts of noun phrase structure, and there is also a review of some research on the semantics of noun phrases which directly bears on the work presnted here. In the absence of a semantic theory which captures all the relevant facts, some requirements are stated and some directions indicated. This thesis makes a number of specific claims, among which are the following: * Partitive noun phrases are minimally distinct from simple and pseudopartitive noun phrases syntactically and semantically. * Genitive partitive noun phrases in Old English and in languages such as modern German and Polish are closely related to the modern English partitive form. * The partitive definiteness constraint must be reformulated. * The phenomena of definiteness should be treated in a theory which allows interaction with the domain of discourse. The main contribution of the thesis is in the provision of a precise, practical, and theoretically motivated grammar of English noun phrases which aims to generate, as nearly as possible, 'all and only' the required strings of the language.
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Patrick, T. (Thomas). "The conceptual structure of noun phrases /." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66102.

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Livingston, Donald Everett. "Discontinuous case in Russian number phrases : an analysis under generalized phrase structure grammar /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7159.

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Al-Rawi, Maather Mohammed. "The structure of determiner phrases in standard Arabic." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413926.

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Chahristan, Kamil. "Aspects of phrases and clauses in Syrian within the framework of head-driven phrase structure grammar." Thesis, Bangor University, 1991. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/aspects-of-phrases-and-clauses-in-syrian-within-the-framework-of-headdriven-phrase-structure-grammar(c71fde8f-a661-4881-a73b-8be84aead1e7).html.

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The aim of this work is show how certain aspects of Syrian phrases and clauses can be analyzed within the Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) framework. This is a framework developed and advanced by Carl Pollard, Ivan Sag and others. This approach draws on many recent theories such as Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, Categorial Grammar, Lexical Functional Grammar, and Government and Binding. I will be mainly concerned in this work with the revised version of HPSG advanced in Borsley (1986,1987, forthcoming), on which ideas of this study are based. In chapter one, some theoretical matters will be discussed which are worth considering in relation to the topic of this study. I will more specifically be concerned with a brief description of distinguishing features of Phrase Structure Grammar. I will also introduce some ideas of Categorial Grammar which is one of the main influences on HPSG. In chapter two, I will discuss the important role verb phrases play in Syrian. I will also look at clitic facts. The analysis that I will propose will be based on the revised version of HPSG. Chapter three will be devoted to prepositional phrases. I will consider a variety of Syrian prepositions and argue in great length that they are heads of prepositional phrases. As in the verb phrases chapter, clitics will be a major concern. In chapter four, I will study adjective phrases and show that adjectives can be used predicatively and attributively. In chapter five, I will introduce some noun phrase data and investigate their internal structure. I will show that nouns in Syrian, unlike in English, can take noun phrases which always follow the head noun they modify. In other words, I will show that Syrian noun phrases have what might be called a 'subject' preceded by the head noun and followed by a complement. The reason for calling them 'subjects' is that they seem to occupy a similar position in noun phrases to subjects in verb initial clauses and are interpreted in the same way as a subject when the noun is derived from a verb. However, I will argue that they are not 'subjects', but in fact complements. I will also assume that the definite article is essentially a kind of clitic. That is, it can be analyzed as a realization, like clitics, of the clitic feature. As I did in the previous chapters, I will consider clitics. In chapter six, I will discuss the structure of Syrian clauses. I will look at ordinary clauses where I will argue that Syrian has two possible word order: subject-verb-object, which is the unmarked word order, and verb-subject-object which is also used very frequently. I will proceed to consider -v- English' small clauses and Syrian verbless clauses. It is not too surprising, perhaps, that some similarities and some differences will be found between the two languages. In chapter seven, I will study and analyze 'Unbounded Dependency Constructions'. This is a term introduced in Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar during the last decade to refer to a class of constructions standardly analyzed by transformational grammarians as involving WH-Movement. For English, such constructions include Topicalization, Relative Clauses, wh- Questions, etc. It is used because it does not suggest that the correct analysis involves movement. I will also introduce Pollard and Sag's (forthcoming) approach to unbounded dependency constructions. Finally, in chapter eight, I will sum up this work and look at topics for further research.
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Minnis, Stephen. "The prediction of prosodic structure from written text : revisited, reformulated, re-evaluated." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325645.

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Cromières, Fabien. "Vers un plus grand lien entre alignement, segmentation et structure des phrases." Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENM001.

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Le travail présenté dans cette thèse se place dans le contexte de l'alignement sous-phrastique. Une des ses originalités du point de vue adopté est de ne pas considérer l'alignement de façon isolé, mais dans sa relation avec la segmentation et la structure des phrases. Dans une première partie, nous nous intéressons à la technique classique d'alignement par corrélation, à laquelle nous apportons quelques modestes contributions. Nous étudions ensuite comment cette technique simple peut aboutir à la construction d'alignement hiérarchiques mêlant des informations sur la structure des phrases et sur leur alignement. Nous discutons aussi de la possibilité d'utiliser ces alignements hiérarchiques pour la traduction automatique. Dans une deuxième partie, nous étudions les liens entre segmentation et alignement. Nous discutons des différents critères de segmentation et des avantages à effectuer simultanément segmentation et alignement. Nous proposons à cet effet plusieurs algorithmes de complexité croissante : d'abord en étendant le concept d'alignement par corrélation, et ensuite, en élaborant un modèle probabiliste d'alignement plus complexe, avec notamment un usage original de l'algorithme de propagation de croyance. Dans une troisième partie, nous nous intéressons aux relations entre structure monolingue des phrases et alignement. Nous essayons d'abord d'analyser dans quelle mesure la structure des phrases peut se refléter dans l'alignement, et quelle notion de structure est la plus pertinente pour cette question. Nous utilisons ensuite cette analyse pour développer des algorithmes d'alignement prenant en compte cette structure
The context of the work presented in this thesis is unsupervised subsentential alignment. However, we do not consider only alignment, but also the relationships that can exist between alignment, segmentation and structure. In the first part, we study a classical alignment method, the correlation-based alignment, and provide some small contributions to it. We then show how this simple method can be used to create hierarchical alignments that encode information on both the alignment and the sentence structure. We also discuss possibilities to use such hierarchical alignments for machine translation purposes. In the second part, we study the relationships that exist between alignment and segmentation in a single step. Several algorithms are proposed to do this in practice. Firstly, we propose an extension of the correlation method. Second, we consider a more elaborate solution based on a probabilistic modeling and making an original use of the Loopy Belief Propagation algorithm. In the third part, we study the relationship between alignments and monolingual structures of sentences. We first try to analyse how the structures of sentence are reflected in their alignments. We then propose some alignment algorithms able to take into account the structures of the sentences
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AlQahtani, Saleh Jarallah. "The Structure and Distribution of Determiner Phrases in Arabic: Standard Arabic and Saudi Dialects." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35081.

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This thesis investigates the syntactic structure of determiner phrases (DP) and their distribution in pre- and postverbal subject positions in Standard Arabic (SA) and Saudi dialects (SUD). It argues that indefinite DPs cannot occupy preverbal subject positions unless they are licensed by modification. Working within the theory of syntactic visibility conditions (visibility of the specifier and/or the determiner) put forth by Giusti (2002) and Landau (2007), I propose that adjectives, diminutives or construct states (CS) together with nunation can license indefinite DPs in preverbal subject positions. The syntactic derivation of the licensed indefinite DP depends on its complexity. In other words, in the case of simple DPs (e.g., a noun followed by an adjective), the correct linear word order is achieved by the syntactic N-to-D movement which takes place in the syntax proper. By contrast, if the DP is complex as in diminutives or CSs, the narrow syntax may not be able to derive the correct linear order. Therefore, I propose a novel analysis that accounts for the mismatches between the spell out of the syntax and the phonological form. I argue that the derivation of diminutives and CSs is a shared process between the narrow syntax and the phonological component (PF). I show that movement operations after-syntax (Lowering and Local-dislocation) proposed by Embick and Noyer (1999, 2001, 2007), in the sense of Distributed Morphology (DM), can account for the mismatch. The last theoretical chapter of the thesis investigates the linguistic status of nunation. I argue that nunation is an indefinite marker that performs half of determination with a full lexical item satisfying the other half. As far as the subject position is concerned, the current thesis includes two experimental studies that investigate processing of syntactic subjects in different word orders (SVO/VSO) by two groups: Native speakers (NSs) and Heritage speakers (HSs) of Arabic whose dominant language is English. The first study aims to answer two questions: a) which word order is more preferred by NSs, SVO or VSO? and b) which word order requires more processing? The second study aims to answer the same questions but with different participants, HSs. It also aims to check whether or not the dominant language grammar affected the heritage language grammar. Results showed that VSO is more preferred than SVO by both groups. As far as processing is concerned, NSs significantly processed subjects in VSO faster the SVO; they showed no significant difference when processing postverbal subjects in definite and indefinite VSO. By contrast, HSs processed subjects in SVO faster than VSO; however, the difference was not significant. The slow processing of VSO shown by HSs might be attributed to the effect of the dominant language which has a different word order from the heritage language.
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Harries, Pauline. "The distribution of definiteness markers and the growth of syntactic structure from Old Norse to Modern Faroese." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-distribution-of-definiteness-markers-and-the-growth-of-syntactic-structure-from-old-norse-to-modern-faroese(4633fb61-65a4-4ec3-a8c0-1eba77ce9375).html.

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Written broadly within a Lexical Functional Grammar Framework, this thesis provides a descriptive and theoretical account of definiteness in Insular Scandinavian from a synchronic and diachronic perspective. Providing evidence from Ancient Germanic to Old Norse to Modern Faroese, it is argued that the weak feature on the adjective has an important part to play in the historical narrative of definiteness marking in Faroese, alongside more traditional elements like the bound and free definite articles and demonstratives. Each of the features is read within the context of its nominal syntax and it is observed that there are recurrent pathways of change which each time result in the growth of syntactic structure and the redistribution of features. One of my principal findings for the Old Norse period was that the noun phrase had developed a FOC slot to the left edge of phrase. It is this focus domain which helps to explain the distribution of definiteness markers and which provides an account for the grammaticalization of the free and bound marker hinn. It is also this focus domain which eventually leads to the development of dedicated definite slots in the prenominal space and eventually to functional DP projection in Modern Faroese. This thesis provides new and detailed descriptive data on the definite noun phrase in Modern Faroese, a lesser studied Insular Scandinavian language. Since Faroese is widely reported to have ‘lost’ the genitive case in recent times, the above changes are read against a background of morphosyntactic change. A key finding of the thesis for the Modern language is that Faroese is becoming increasingly reliant on analytic marking, despite the fact that is is still a highly inflected language. It is this reliance on syntax which has rendered the genitive redundant, not, as has been suggested, the ‘loss’ of case which has led to the development of periphrastic alternatives.
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Perez, Laura Haide. "Génération automatique de phrases pour l'apprentissage des langues." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0062/document.

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Dans ces travaux, nous explorons comment les techniques de Générations Automatiques de Langue Naturelle (GLN) peuvent être utilisées pour aborder la tâche de génération (semi-)automatique de matériel et d'activités dans le contexte de l'apprentissage de langues assisté par ordinateur. En particulier, nous montrons comment un Réalisateur de Surface (RS) basé sur une grammaire peut être exploité pour la création automatique d'exercices de grammaire. Notre réalisateur de surface utilise une grammaire réversible étendue, à savoir SemTAG, qui est une Grammaire d'Arbre Adjoints à Structure de Traits (FB-TAG) couplée avec une sémantique compositionnelle basée sur l'unification. Plus précisément, la grammaire FB-TAG intègre une représentation plate et sous-spécifiée des formules de Logique de Premier Ordre (FOL). Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous étudions la tâche de réalisation de surface à partir de formules sémantiques plates et nous proposons un algorithme de réalisation de surface basé sur la grammaire FB-TAG optimisé, qui supporte la génération de phrases longues étant donné une grammaire et un lexique à large couverture. L'approche suivie pour l'optimisation de la réalisation de surface basée sur FB-TAG à partir de sémantiques plates repose sur le fait qu'une grammaire FB-TAG peut être traduite en une Grammaire d'Arbres Réguliers à Structure de Traits (FB-RTG) décrivant ses arbres de dérivation. Le langage d'arbres de dérivation de la grammaire TAG constitue un langage plus simple que le langage d'arbres dérivés, c'est pourquoi des approches de génération basées sur les arbres de dérivation ont déjà été proposées. Notre approche se distingue des précédentes par le fait que notre encodage FB-RTG prend en compte les structures de traits présentes dans la grammaire FB-TAG originelle, ayant de ce fait des conséquences importantes par rapport à la sur-génération et la préservation de l'interface syntaxe-sémantique. L'algorithme de génération d'arbres de dérivation que nous proposons est un algorithme de type Earley intégrant un ensemble de techniques d'optimisation bien connues: tabulation, partage-compression (sharing-packing) et indexation basée sur la sémantique. Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, nous explorons comment notre réalisateur de surface basé sur SemTAG peut être utilisé pour la génération (semi-)automatique d'exercices de grammaire. Habituellement, les enseignants éditent manuellement les exercices et leurs solutions et les classent au regard de leur degré de difficulté ou du niveau attendu de l'apprenant. Un courant de recherche dans le Traitement Automatique des Langues (TAL) pour l'apprentissage des langues assisté par ordinateur traite de la génération (semi-)automatique d'exercices. Principalement, ces travaux s'appuient sur des textes extraits du Web, utilisent des techniques d'apprentissage automatique et des techniques d'analyse de textes (par exemple, analyse de phrases, POS tagging, etc.). Ces approches confrontent l'apprenant à des phrases qui ont des syntaxes potentiellement complexes et du vocabulaire varié. En revanche, l'approche que nous proposons dans cette thèse aborde la génération (semi-)automatique d'exercices du type rencontré dans les manuels pour l'apprentissage des langues. Il s'agit, en d'autres termes, d'exercices dont la syntaxe et le vocabulaire sont faits sur mesure pour des objectifs pédagogiques et des sujets donnés. Les approches de génération basées sur des grammaires associent les phrases du langage naturel avec une représentation linguistique fine de leur propriété morpho-syntaxiques et de leur sémantique grâce à quoi il est possible de définir un langage de contraintes syntaxiques et morpho-syntaxiques permettant la sélection de phrases souches en accord avec un objectif pédagogique donné. Cette représentation permet en outre d'opérer un post-traitement des phrases sélectionées pour construire des exercices de grammaire
In this work, we explore how Natural Language Generation (NLG) techniques can be used to address the task of (semi-)automatically generating language learning material and activities in Camputer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL). In particular, we show how a grammar-based Surface Realiser (SR) can be usefully exploited for the automatic creation of grammar exercises. Our surface realiser uses a wide-coverage reversible grammar namely SemTAG, which is a Feature-Based Tree Adjoining Grammar (FB-TAG) equipped with a unification-based compositional semantics. More precisely, the FB-TAG grammar integrates a flat and underspecified representation of First Order Logic (FOL) formulae. In the first part of the thesis, we study the task of surface realisation from flat semantic formulae and we propose an optimised FB-TAG-based realisation algorithm that supports the generation of longer sentences given a large scale grammar and lexicon. The approach followed to optimise TAG-based surface realisation from flat semantics draws on the fact that an FB-TAG can be translated into a Feature-Based Regular Tree Grammar (FB-RTG) describing its derivation trees. The derivation tree language of TAG constitutes a simpler language than the derived tree language, and thus, generation approaches based on derivation trees have been already proposed. Our approach departs from previous ones in that our FB-RTG encoding accounts for feature structures present in the original FB-TAG having thus important consequences regarding over-generation and preservation of the syntax-semantics interface. The concrete derivation tree generation algorithm that we propose is an Earley-style algorithm integrating a set of well-known optimisation techniques: tabulation, sharing-packing, and semantic-based indexing. In the second part of the thesis, we explore how our SemTAG-based surface realiser can be put to work for the (semi-)automatic generation of grammar exercises. Usually, teachers manually edit exercises and their solutions, and classify them according to the degree of dificulty or expected learner level. A strand of research in (Natural Language Processing (NLP) for CALL addresses the (semi-)automatic generation of exercises. Mostly, this work draws on texts extracted from the Web, use machine learning and text analysis techniques (e.g. parsing, POS tagging, etc.). These approaches expose the learner to sentences that have a potentially complex syntax and diverse vocabulary. In contrast, the approach we propose in this thesis addresses the (semi-)automatic generation of grammar exercises of the type found in grammar textbooks. In other words, it deals with the generation of exercises whose syntax and vocabulary are tailored to specific pedagogical goals and topics. Because the grammar-based generation approach associates natural language sentences with a rich linguistic description, it permits defining a syntactic and morpho-syntactic constraints specification language for the selection of stem sentences in compliance with a given pedagogical goal. Further, it allows for the post processing of the generated stem sentences to build grammar exercise items. We show how Fill-in-the-blank, Shuffle and Reformulation grammar exercises can be automatically produced. The approach has been integrated in the Interactive French Learning Game (I-FLEG) serious game for learning French and has been evaluated both based in the interactions with online players and in collaboration with a language teacher
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Books on the topic "Structure des phrases"

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Viśvanāthaṃ, Kastūri. Structure of Telugu phrases. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages, 2007.

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Bhatt, Christa, Elisabeth Löbel, and Claudia Maria Schmidt, eds. Syntactic Phrase Structure Phenomena in Noun Phrases and Sentences. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.6.

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Ramsay, Allan. The semantic structure of noun phrases. [Brighton]: University of Sussex School of Cognitive Sciences, 1989.

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Gautama, Devīprasāda. The structure of adjective phrases in Nepali. Kathmandu: Muna Publications, 1996.

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The order of prepositional phrases in the structure of the clause. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub., 2005.

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The raising of predicates: Predicative noun phrases and the theory of clause structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

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The Quantitative Analysis of the Dynamics and Structure of Terminologies. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2012.

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Handbook of the Ryukyuan languages: History, structure, and use. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2015.

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Macdonald, D. The Oceanic languages, their grammatical structure, vocabulary, and origin. New Delhi: Asian Educational Service, 1997.

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Chomsky, Noam. Bare phrase structure. Cambridge, MA: Distributed by MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Structure des phrases"

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Fenn, Peter, and Götz Schwab. "Phrases and their structure (I)." In Introducing English Syntax, 64–95. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, [2017]: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315148434-5.

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Fenn, Peter, and Götz Schwab. "Phrases and their structure (II)." In Introducing English Syntax, 96–121. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, [2017]: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315148434-6.

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Burton-Roberts, Noel. "The structure of Noun Phrases." In Analysing Sentences, 137–65. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003118916-8.

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Cheng, Lisa L. S., and Rint Sybesma. "The Syntactic Structure of Noun Phrases." In The Handbook of Chinese Linguistics, 248–74. Hoboken, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118584552.ch10.

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Fehri, Abdelkader Fassi. "Inflectional Projections in Noun Phrases." In Issues in the Structure of Arabic Clauses and Words, 213–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1986-5_5.

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Landman, Fred. "The Structure of Classifier and Measures Phrases." In Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, 273–307. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42711-5_9.

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Garnham, Alan. "Integrating Information in Text Comprehension: The Interpretation of Anaphoric Noun Phrases." In Linguistic Structure in Language Processing, 359–99. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2729-2_10.

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Lohndal, Terje. "On the structure and development of nominal phrases in Norwegian." In Studies in Language Companion Series, 287–310. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.89.16loh.

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Luraghi, Silvia. "The structure and development of possessive noun phrases in Hittite." In Historical Linguistics 1987, 309. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.66.21lur.

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Kahane, Sylvain. "On the status of phrases in head-driven phrase structure grammar: Illustration by a fully lexical treatment of extraction." In Studies in Language Companion Series, 111–50. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.111.04kah.

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Conference papers on the topic "Structure des phrases"

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Li, Bing, Xiaochun Yang, Bin Wang, Wei Wang, Wei Cui, and Xianchao Zhang. "An Adaptive Hierarchical Compositional Model for Phrase Embedding." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/576.

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Phrase embedding aims at representing phrases in a vector space and it is important for the performance of many NLP tasks. Existing models only regard a phrase as either full-compositional or non-compositional, while ignoring the hybrid-compositionality that widely exists, especially in long phrases. This drawback prevents them from having a deeper insight into the semantic structure for long phrases and as a consequence, weakens the accuracy of the embeddings. In this paper, we present a novel method for jointly learning compositionality and phrase embedding by adaptively weighting different compositions using an implicit hierarchical structure. Our model has the ability of adaptively adjusting among different compositions without entailing too much model complexity and time cost. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first effort that considers hybrid-compositionality in phrase embedding. The experimental evaluation demonstrates that our model outperforms state-of-the-art methods in both similarity tasks and analogy tasks.
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Costa, Gianni, and Riccardo Ortale. "Fully-Automatic XML Clustering by Structure-Constrained Phrases." In 2015 IEEE 27th International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ictai.2015.34.

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Sawai, Yuichiro, Hiroyuki Shindo, and Yuji Matsumoto. "Semantic Structure Analysis of Noun Phrases using Abstract Meaning Representation." In Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/p15-2140.

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Shimazu, Akira, Shozo Naito, and Hirosato Nomura. "Semantic structure analysis of Japanese noun phrases with adnominal particles." In the 25th annual meeting. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/981175.981193.

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Yang, Meng-Chien, D. Victoria Rau, and Yi-Hsin Wu. "Analyzing and Classifying the Yami Emotion Phrases Using Ontological Structure and Computation." In 2012 International Conference on Asian Language Processing (IALP). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ialp.2012.24.

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Xu, Ge, and Jinglan Wu. "Graph-Based Ranking on Chinese Product Features with a General Structure for Noun Phrases." In 2016 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence Workshops (WIW). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wiw.2016.019.

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Iino, Kenji, Yotaro Hatamura, and Yuko Shimomura. "Scenario Expression for Characterizing Failure Cases." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/dac-48789.

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Mere collection of failure information and accident records do not effectively relay the knowledge associated with the case to the reader. We propose to collect data in a structured manner so the message is better transferred to the information receiver. We further developed a scheme that records the essence of each failure case in a sequence of predefined phrases displayed to the recorder in a hierarchy of phrases. We call the sequence the “scenario” of the event. Arranging the phrases in descending steps and supplementing it with an illustration and a key knowledge sentence composes the visual summary of the case. A glance at the visual summary and reading the scenario steps generate a good image of the case in the receiver’s mind. Among the predefined hierarchical phrases, we call those that express the cause of the event, failure cause phrases. Recording high level failure cause phrases from the hierarchy forces the event recorder to evaluate the root cause of the failure. To the top and second level (in the phrase hierarchy) failure cause phrases, we assigned 5-space vector components to characterize each phrase in terms of “knowledge”, “carefulness”, “judgment”, “organization”, and “nature”. This vector characterization of the failure cause phrases with the scenario allows us to further characterize each failure case as a linear combination of the predefined phrases. Once each failure case has its vector characterization, we can evaluate its similarity with other cases. Also, if we find the characterization of an individual, group, or organization in the same 5-space, we can warn about failure cases with similar characteristics that are likely to happen. The method is powerful in predicting failures so they can be avoided before happening.
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Wu, Shuangzhi, Ming Zhou, and Dongdong Zhang. "Improved Neural Machine Translation with Source Syntax." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/584.

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Neural Machine Translation (NMT) based on the encoder-decoder architecture has recently achieved the state-of-the-art performance. Researchers have proven that extending word level attention to phrase level attention by incorporating source-side phrase structure can enhance the attention model and achieve promising improvement. However, word dependencies that can be crucial to correctly understand a source sentence are not always in a consecutive fashion (i.e. phrase structure), sometimes they can be in long distance. Phrase structures are not the best way to explicitly model long distance dependencies. In this paper we propose a simple but effective method to incorporate source-side long distance dependencies into NMT. Our method based on dependency trees enriches each source state with global dependency structures, which can better capture the inherent syntactic structure of source sentences. Experiments on Chinese-English and English-Japanese translation tasks show that our proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art SMT and NMT baselines.
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Abney, Steven. "Prosodic structure, performance structure and phrase structure." In the workshop. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1075527.1075629.

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Klein, Dan, and Christopher D. Manning. "Distributional phrase structure induction." In the 2001 workshop. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1117822.1117832.

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Reports on the topic "Structure des phrases"

1

Brill, Eric, and Mitchell Marcus. Automatically Acquiring Phrase Structure Using Distributional Analysis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada460382.

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