Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Structure 3D du génome'
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Varoquaux, Nelle. "Inférence de la structure tri-dimensionnelle du génome." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0059/document.
Full textThe structure of DNA, chromosomes and genome organization is a topic that has fascinated the field of biology for many years. Most research focused on the one-dimensional structure of the genome, studying the linear organizations of genes and genomes and their link with gene expression and regulation, splicing, DNA methylation… Yet, spatial and temporal three-dimensional genome architecture is also thought to play an important role in many genomic functions. Chromosome conformation capture (3C) based methods, coupled with next generation sequencing (NGS), allow the measurement, in a single experiment, of genome wide physical interactions between pairs of loci, thus enabling to unravel the secrets behind 3D organization of genomes. These new technologies have paved the way towards a systematic and genome wide analysis of how DNA folds into the nucleus and opened new avenues to understanding many biological processes, such as gene regulation, DNA replication and repair, somatic copy number alterations and epigenetic changes. Yet, 3C technologies, as any new biotechnology, now poses important computational and theoretical challenges for which mathematically well grounded methods need to be developped. The first chapter is dedicated to developping a robust and accurate method to infer a 3D model of the genome from Hi-C data. Previous methods often formulated the inference as an optimization problem akin to multidimensional scaling (MDS) based on an ad hoc conversion of contact counts into euclidean wish distances. Chromosomes are modeled with a beads-on-a-string model, and the methods attempt to place the beads in a 3D euclidean space to fullfill a number of, often non convex, constraints and such that the pairwise distances between beads are as close as possible to the corresponding wish distances. These approaches rely on dubious hypotheses to convert contact counts into wish distances, challenging the accuracy of the final 3D model. Another limitation is the MDS formulation which is only intuitively motivated, and not grounded on a clear statistical model. To alleviate these problems, our method models contact counts as a Poisson distribution where the intensity is a decreasing function of the spatial distance between elements interacting. We then formulate the 3D structure inference as a maximum likelihood problem. We demonstrate that our method infers robust and stable models across resolutions and datasets. The second chapter focuses on the genome architecture of the P. falciparum, a small parasite responsible for the deadliest and most virulent form of human malaria. This project was biologically driven and aimed at understanding whether and how the 3D structure of the genome related to gene expression and regulation at different time points in the complex life cycle of the parasite. In collaboration with the Le Roch lab and the Noble lab, we built 3D models of the genome at three time points which resulted in a complex genome architecture indicative of a strong association between the spatial genome and gene expression. The last chapter tackles a very different question, also based on 3C-based data. Initially developped to probe the 3D architecture of the chromosomes, Hi-C and related techniques have recently been re-purposed for diverse applications: de novo genome assembly, deconvolution of metagenomic samples and genome annotations. We describe in this chapter a novel method, Centurion, that jointly infers the locations of all centromeres in a single yeast genome from Hi-C data, using the centromeres' tendency to strongly colocalize in the nucleus. Indeed, centromeres are essential for proper chromosome segregation, yet, despite extensive research, centromere locations are unknown for many yeast species. We demonstrate the robustness of our approach on datasets with low and high coverage on well annotated organisms. We then predict centromere coordinates for 6 yeast species that currently lack those annotations
Grange, Stéphane. "Modélisation simplifiée 3D de l'intéraction sol-structure : application au génie parasismique." Grenoble INPG, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00306842.
Full textIn structural engineering, Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) is an important phenomenon that has to be taken into account. This paper presents a 3D non linear interface element able to compute SSI for rigid circular, rectangular or strip shape footings considering two types of non-linearties. A material non-linearity (plasticity of the soil) and a geometrical non-linearity (uplift mechanism). Several approaches exist to take this phenomenon into account: the following work is based on the "macro-element" concept. The particularity of the macro-element lies in the fact that the movement of the foundation is entirely described by a system of generalised variables (forces and displacements) defined in the foundation centre with five degrees of freedom. Torque moment is not taken into account. The non linear behaviour of the soil and the uplift mechanism are reproduced using the classical theory of plasticity. Coupling of the different mechanisms is straight forward following the multi-mechanism theory. The element is able to simulate the 3D behaviour of a rigid shallow foundation under static and dynamic loadings. It is implemented into FedeasLab, a finite element Matlab toolbox. Comparisons with experimental results on foundations but also civil engineering structures (buildings and bridges. . . ) under monotonic, cyclic and dynamic loadings show the good performance of the approach. The efficiency of this new tool allows us doing further parametrical studies for different soils that are presented at the end of this document
Segueni, Julie. "DNA methylation changes CTCF binding and reorganizes 3D genome structure in breast cancer cells." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL020.
Full textMammalian genomes adopt a functional 3D organization where enhancer-promoter interactions are constrained within Topologically Associating Domains (TADs). The CTCF insulator protein has a dual role in this process, with binding at promoters resulting in the formation of enhancer-promoter loops (intra-TAD structure) and binding at TAD boundaries preventing the formation of inappropriate loops between neighboring domains. Importantly, perturbations of CTCF binding at specific sites in cancer cells can be caused by both changes to the DNA sequence (mutations) or DNA methylation changes (epi-mutations). We first performed precisely-calibrated CTCF ChIP-seq experiments and found that a large number of sites are differentially bound, with a substantial fraction of differential CTCF binding peaks shared among cancer cell lines. Differential CTCF peaks can both be gained and lost and are often localized close to genes associated with breast cancer transformation. We found a striking correlation between CTCF binding changes and H3K27ac changes indicating a link between CTCF binding and the activity of cis-regulatory elements (CREs). Using high-resolution Hi-C, we assessed the impact of differential CTCF binding on chromatin structure, characterizing considerable 3D genome reorganization at gene loci with perturbed CTCF peaks. Unexpectedly, we find the most drastic examples of reorganization within TADs, at the level of enhancer-promoter loops. Then, we identified DNA methylation changes as the upstream cause of CTCF binding deregulation in our breast cancer model. Using genome-wide hypomethylating agent, we were able to partially reverse observed CTCF binding changes and the gene expression changes they induced. Our work thus identifies a pervasive DNA-methylation-guided reorganization of CTCF binding and intra-TAD structure. Such recurrent patterns of epi-mutations can provide a mechanistic explanation for shared gene deregulation in cancers
Nader, François. "Modélisation de la rupture 3D des grains polyédriques par éléments discrets." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI082/document.
Full textRockfill structures are very popular among civil engineering structures (dams, retaining walls, . . . ). Important settlements can take place during the lifetime of these structures, settlements mainly caused by the breakage of rockfill grains. This thesis proposes a numerical model that allows the simulation of the behavior of granular materials exhibiting grain breakage. To take into account the discrete nature of these media, the discrete element method is chosen. The adopted strategy is the Non-Smooth Contact Dynamics method, where grains are considered to be rigid. To generate blocks having complex shapes, a 3D grain model is suggested. This grain model is then discretized into tetrahedral subgrains, joined together using cohesive bonds so that breakage can be simulated. A Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion is used for the cohesive bonds. The model is implemented into the LMGC90 software platform. At first, the model is tested in single grain crushing simulations between two plates. Multiple parameters controling the strength of the grain are studied : the intra-granular cohesion, the size, the discretization and the orientation of the grain. The scale effect that characterizes this type of material is verified. Then the model is tested in numerical simulations of œdometric compression of rockfill. The influence of the parameters of the model and of those of the granular medium are studied. The results of œdometric simulations are compared to experimental results, and present a good agreement. Lastly, numerical experimentations are conducted in order to study the energies that are brought into play in the simulations. The surface creation energy is estimated for this type of material. Results are close to the data provided in the literature
N'Guessan, Cécilia. "La phosphatase PPM9 de Plasmodium : caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle, structure 3D du site catalytique et découverte de nouvelles molécules antipaludiques." Thesis, Lille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LILUS033.
Full textMalaria today is one of the wide spread infectious diseases in the world. In 2018, 405 000 malaria deaths have been reported. RTS, S/A01 the only vaccine tested on a large scale does not fulfil its promises with a lack of efficiency. Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), the deadliest agent of malaria, has developed resistances to almost all chemotherapeutics. It is necessary to understand the biology of this parasite in order to develop new drugs. In Pf, extensive research has now been started to study the Pf kinome and to examine whether targeting kinases could represent an effective mean for the treatment of the infection, the study of its phosphatome is still under-investigated. Amino acid sequence comparative analyses of Plasmodium berghei (Pb), a rodent malaria species, revealed that 6 are Plasmodium specific. Among these phosphatases, the metalloprotein phosphatase 9 (PPM9), a Plasmodium specific serine/threonine phosphatase, was also suggested to be essential for blood stage parasites development. Besides in a high-throughput saturation mutagenesis method in Pf, PPM9 gene was also identified essential. The present project is focused on the molecular and functional characterization of the PPM9 and on the validation of this specific phosphatase as a new potential target for malaria. The gene has been cloned, annotated and expressed as a recombinant protein and its phosphatase function has been characterized. The enzymatic activity of PfPPM9 recombinant protein has been standardised using a malachite green phosphate assay kit and this activity is manganese dependant. Functional characterization was explored by conditional gene knock-out studies as well as by generating knock-in parasite lines to follow their trafficking during the parasite lifecycle (in Pf and Pb). PfPPM9 seems to be mainly localised in the parasite cytoplasm and could be exported in the cytoplasm of red blood cell. Among these studies, we employ CRISPR-Cas9 in Pf to facilitate use of the dimerisable Cre-recombinase (diCre) that is used to mediate the excision and loss of loxP-flanked DNA sequences in a rapamycin-controlled manner. Finally, we solved in silico the 3D structure of PfPPM9 by homology modelling and identified a new set of potential specific inhibitors. We screened in silico ZINC15 database and ICPAL base on the 3D structure. We have tested around 80 compounds for their anti-plasmodial in vitro activity. We have highlighted 3 hits: M19, M51 and M74. M19 has a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 3,87 μM +/- 0,25 and a unique scaffold as antimalarial compound. Besides, via NMR studies (Waterlogsy and CPMG), we have shown a specific interaction between these hits and PfPPM9. As a perspective, PPM9 interactome will be carried out to determine its target/partner proteins in the parasite. In conclusion, this study will lead to a deeper understanding of the role of PPM9 in the parasite development and the discovery of new antimalarial compounds
Bouyer, Charlène. "Manipulations acoustiques de cellules pour l'ingénierie tissulaire." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10297/document.
Full textGenetic or physical cells manipulation aspires to be new challenges in tissue engineering. Current technologies to generate tissues, such as micro-scale hydrogels (microgel) assembly, scaffold seeding, molding or bio-printing suffer from the difficulty to control cells organization, multi-steps time consuming procedures and/or potentially cytotoxic side effects. In this PhD, we aimed at developing cell-friendly and rapid techniques, easily transferable to biological laboratories, for two broadly challenging applications: bone healing and neural tissue engineering, for which the above-mentioned techniques cannot yet provide widely reliable models. In case of a bone critical size defect, external help is often needed for bone healing, and gold-standard for care is bone autograft. Alternatively, the fracture healing process can be stimulated and restored by the implantation at the fracture site of hydrogels embedding growth factors. Both technologies suffer however from side effects such as donor site morbidity or cells over-proliferation in the hydrogel proximity. Moreover, the kinetic of growth factors release cannot be temporally controlled. In this work, we aim at developing an alternative method using ultrasound to spatially and temporally control growth factors release within a biocompatible material: fibrin hydrogels. Towards this goal, we encapsulated, in lipoplexes, plasmids that are under the control of a heat-shock promoter. We then transfected cells, stimulate the production of the targeted protein by heat shock and reported its expression. We also optimized an encapsulation protocol for cells within fibrin gels. This proof of concept demonstrates the feasibility of transfection by lipoplexes with a plasmid under control of heat shock, and pave the way for future developments of in situ transfection of autologous cells, for a tight temporal and spatial control of therapeutic proteins expression using ultrasound-induced hyperthermia
Collin, Simon. "Production d'échafaudages cellulaires épais pour applications de génie tissulaire via impression 3D d'encre fugitive." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66706.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis is part of a project which aims at fabricating bioartificial aortic replacement valves for patients suffering from cardiac diseases. The global method studied to achieve this consists of fabricating sacrificial molds made of carbohydrate glass, produced by additive manufacturing, replicating the geometry of an aortic valve, and injected with a cellular scaffold. By exposing the molded valve to the physiological conditions a real aortic valve would experience, it is hoped that a functional aortic valve will be developed. One important aspect of this process is the cellular scaffold. Since this biomaterial contains live cells, it has to be isolated from all possible sources of contamination. Moreover, it has to favor cell survival, as well as extracellular matrix secretion, in order to eventually transform the scaffold into a reliable biological tissue. This thesis presents a fabrication technique for cellular scaffold that takes into account all the challenges linked to the use of live cells. It is a proof of concept with the aim of being included to the artificial aortic valve project. To validate this process and its aspects, an in vitro experiment of fabrication and dynamic culture was conducted. The results of this experiment showed that this method is adapted to the sterile work environment context, and that the cells seeded in the specimens were distributed homogeneously. This experience also demonstrated that the carbohydrate molds fabricated by additive manufacturing did not cause cell mortality in this context. However, minor damage was observed after several weeks of dynamic culture, and the cell viability rates were lower than expected because of suboptimal perfusion rates. This fabrication technique for cellular scaffolds is promising for the artificial aortic valves project, but improvements in terms of perfusion and preservation of physical integrity should be made.
Ravel, Christophe. "Structure et dynamique du génome de Leishmania (protozoa, kinetoplastida)." Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON1T004.
Full textDoublet, V. "Structure et Evolution du Génome Mitochondrial des Oniscidea (Crustacea, Isopoda)." Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00586370.
Full textDoublet, Vincent. "Structure et évolution du génome mitochondrial des Oniscidea (Crustacea, Isopoda)." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers/theses/2010/Doublet-Vincent/2010-Doublet-Vincent-These.pdf.
Full textIn animals, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is generally composed of ~16 kb circular monomer molecules. However, two species of terrestrial Crustaceans Armadillidium vulgare and Porcellionides pruinosus (Isopoda: Oniscidea) are exceptions. Their mtDNA is composed of ~14 kb linear monomers associated to ~28 kb circular head-to-head dimers. In order to describe its structure, the complete mtDNA sequence of A. Vulgare has been obtained. It does contain the 13 protein coding genes and the 2 ribosomal sub-units generally found in metazoan mtDNA, but not all of the 22 expected transfer RNA (tRNAs). Besides, a surprising heteroplasmy that generates a dual tRNA alloacceptor for both amino acids Alanine and Valine (tRNAAla/Val) has been discovered. This heteroplasmy by the presence of two different genes on a single mitochondrial locus is an unique example in eukaryotes. Interestingly, this heteroplasmy has been observed in a wide range of Oniscidea species carrying an atypical mtDNA. The appearance of the atypical mitochondrial genome in isopods may have permit the appearance of the tRNAAla/Val, and evolutionary forces that allow the maintenance of these two genes essential for mitochondrial translation might conserve the atypical structure of mtDNA
Gobin, Stéphanie. "Caractérisation de la structure et de l'expression du gène humain de la carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) : contribution à l'analyse moléculaire et fonctionnelle des patients déficitaires." Paris 5, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA05N094.
Full textThe first part of the work concerned the characterization of the human carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A gene, which encodes an enzyme implied in the long-chain fatty acid import into the mitochondrial matrix. This work permit to perform the molecular analysis of 6 deficient patients and to identify 10 mutations. The second part of the work was to make the functional validation of the 5 missense mutations previously identified in a heterologous expression system. The results of this study and the localization of the mutated residues into a structural model of the enzyme we.
Martinez, Pascal. "Structure, évolution et expression anaérobique du gène nucléaire de la glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphate déshydrogénase cytosolique de Zea mays." Grenoble 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989GRE10020.
Full textBrinkmann, Henner. "Structure primaire et évolution des glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphate déshydrogénases cytosoliques et chloroplastiques de deux plantes supérieures (Pisum sativum et Zea mays)." Grenoble 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989GRE10068.
Full textRochette, Félix. "Codage robuste d'un patron de lumière structurée pour la capture 3D de scènes dynamiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28388/28388.pdf.
Full textParadis, Nicolas. "Segmentation d'un patron de lumière structurée : vision 3D active et codée utilisant la lumière blanche." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27778/27778.pdf.
Full textToulemonde-Darré, Fleur. "Structure, évolution et expression des gènes "chimériques" spécifiques des Primates." Nice, 2007. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00170281.
Full textProcesses of genome, and particularly primates genome, evolution are the focus of this thesis. The questions of conservation, or not, of nucleotidic sequences for peptidic precursors in the primate lineage, and of creation, evolution and expression of two primate-specific genes families are examined. Exon shuffling, retroposition, duplications… are implicated in the creation of novel genes. Studying the creation and first times of a gene requires the description of recent genes, still harbouring their creation features. Two such genes families retained my attention: The PMCHL genes were created recently trough retroposition and rehandling events, but also indels and mutations accumulation. Structural and phylogenetic analyses favoured a better comprehension of the origin of these primates specific genes. The PMCHL genes are transcribed in a tissues-specific manner, and many alternative splicing are described. Finally, PMCHL mRNA expression has been compared in Macaque and Human brains. The GUSB-derived genes have been identified through Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization on primates chromosomes. A systematic search in the human genome allowed the discovery and description of a big gene family encompassing at least 15 paralogous in human. The structural and phylogenetic analyses we performed led to a more precise description of their creation and evolution. Some members of this genes family acquired a transcriptional capacity
Hor, Boramy. "Évaluation et réduction des conséquences des mouvements de terrains sur le bâti : approches expérimentale et numérique." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00737787.
Full textTerrone, Sophie. "Connexion entre organisation 3D du génome et épissage alternatif médiée par les hélicases DDX5 et DDX17." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. https://n2t.net/ark:/47881/m6n015wq.
Full textAlternative splicing is the mechanism that allows the production of several mRNA isoforms from the same gene, and that concerns the majority of human genes. As it occurs during transcription, both processes are co-regulated. Several recent studies have proposed that the three-dimensional organization of the genome, which regulates transcription, could also have an impact on splicing. DDX5 and DDX17 are two RNA helicases involved in several steps of RNA biogenesis and processing, including transcription and splicing. Notably, previous studies from our lab have shown they are downregulated during cellular differentiation, which contributes to establish specific splicing programs. Moreover, DDX5/17 interact with CTCF and Cohesin that are key regulators of chromatin topology and looping. This suggests a role for DDX5/17 in genome topology, and could suggest their involvement in the cross-talk between 3D organization and splicing. In order to address this question, we first assessed the impact of DDX5/17 on splicing by RNA-Seq and tested the contribution of CTCF and Cohesin on DDX5/17-dependant exon inclusion. We observed that the co-depletion of CTCF and Cohesin with DDX5/17 increases the effect of the helicases on the inclusion of some exons. Moreover, our results indicate for the first time that depletion of DDX5/17 deregulates transcriptional termination of many genes. Finally, we selected two exons regulated by both DDX5/17 and CTCF and investigated the three-dimensional organization of their associated genes by Chromosome Conformation Capture (3C) assays. The first exon is located within the NCS1 gene while the second exon has a promoter-proximal position in the PRMT2 gene. Our 3C experiments indicate the presence of a chromatin loop between the NCS1 promoter and its internal DDX5/17- and CTCF-regulated exon. Moreover, our results reveal a physical proximity between the promoter and the terminator region of both genes, and a deregulation of this specific configuration upon DDX5/17 depletion, which could possibly lead to transcriptional readthrough. Finally, stabilizing the promoter-terminator loop using a dCas9-based approach altered the inclusion of the PRMT2 promoter-proximal exon. Altogether, our results support the hypothesis of a mechanistical link between the 3D organization of genes and the regulation of alternative splicing and transcription fidelity
Zaworski, Julie. "Deinococcus geothermalis genome scale structure study to design and engineer heterologous metabolic pathways." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLE031.
Full textDeinococcus geothermalis is a non-model organism of high interest for bio-manufacturing since it shows a extreme resistance and good capacities for fermentation process on different carbon sources. However the engineering tools are limited to finely tuned metabolic pathways for bio-productions. This PhD work aims at contributing to overcome this obstacle through a whole-genome approach to the issue of understanding the genomic organization of D. geothermalis and defined interesting genomic locations. The whole-genome approach is based on the existence of genome-scale patterns that were analyzed in two different ways. A first approach consisted of studying the influence of the genome location on the expression of a reporter cassette. On a library of over 150 strains, the expression is higher near the origin of replication than near the terminus, a common observation. However, other hot spots of expression along the genome additionally appeared with a symmetric distribution about the origin of replication. The second approach consisted of analyzing the genomic patterns under stress through the in-house GREAT:SCAN:patterns software. These patterns interrelate with gene expression regulation and are an interesting key for genome engineering. Testing different stress conditions and considering the matching regulons as described in the literature, it appeared that related stresses share genomic patterns. Moreover these patterns tend to be conserved between distant organisms. These two approaches lead to define interesting genome loci for inserting genes encoding the enzymes of a pathway, with a view to metabolic engineering
Wei, Yichen. "3D structure computation from multiple views /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?COMP%202006%20WEI.
Full textArceneaux, Donald J. "A 3D Printed Polycaprolactone Honeycomb Structure." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10640968.
Full textThe application of sophisticated geometric structures within future host materials for increasing energy absorption and compression strength, while being fabricated from crack-healing materials, is of high interest for many functions. Raw feedstock extrusion and three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology were used to develop precise honeycomb structures through intricate deposition of polycaprolactone (PCL) filament. For standardization purposes during 3D model slicing and print quality consistency, constant wall thickness was used for honeycomb structure fabrication, manipulating only the cellular width to obtain variation of cell size to wall thickness ratios.
The honeycomb structures’ compression behaviors were studied through use of in-plane quasi-static uniaxial compression testing. Multiple cycles of compression loading were applied to the specimens in both transverse and ribbon directions at temperatures of 5 °C, room temperature (i.e. 22 °C), and 40 °C at a speed of 1.27 mm/min (0.05 in/min) per ASTM D6641. The energy absorption efficiencies of the honeycomb structure were calculated based on the compression strengths and behaviors displayed, which were then used to obtain the stepping upward stress theoretically. Using the specified stepping upward stresses, the energy absorption capabilities were found in both the transverse and ribbon directions at different temperatures per unit volume. The ability for “shape recovery” of the structures after each loading cycle was also calculated.
Outcomes from this research displayed exceptional recovery of PCL honeycomb structures after repeated compression loading cycles. Samples with relative density of 0.20 absorbed energies of up to 0.99 J/cm3. Upon removing compression loads, samples were capable of shape recovery up to 80% after the first deformation and up to 72% after the fifth deformation. When PCL honeycomb structures are used to reinforce host materials, they increase energy absorption capabilities while being capable of crack-healing functions with remarkable compressive strength. These properties make PCL advantageous for many industries.
Burt, Andrew Philip. "New 3D measurements of forest structure." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1575534/.
Full textDadon, Daniel Benjamin. "3D chromosome structure and chromatin proteomics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104174.
Full textCataloged from PDF version of thesis. "May 2016."
Includes bibliographical references.
The selective interpretation of the genome through transcription enables the production of every cell type's distinct gene expression program from a common genome. Transcription takes place within, and is controlled by, highly organized three-dimensional (3D) chromosome structures. The first part of the work presented here describes the generation of 3D chromosome regulatory landscape maps of human naive and primed embryonic stem cells. To create these 3D chromosome regulatory landscape maps, genome-wide enhancer and insulator locations were mapped and then placed into a 3D interaction framework formed by cohesin-mediated 3D chromosome structures. Enhancer (H3K27ac) and insulator (CTCF) locations were mapped using ChIP-sequencing, whereas 3D chromosome structures were detected by cohesin-ChIA-PET. 3D chromosome structures connecting insulators (CTCF-CTCF loops) were shown to form topologically associating domains (TADs) and insulated neighborhoods, which were mostly preserved in the transition between naive and primed states. Insulated neighborhoods are critical for proper gene expression, and their disruption leads to the improper regulation of local gene expression. Changes in enhancer-promoter loops occurred within preserved insulated neighborhoods during cell state transition. The CTCF anchors of CTCF-CTCF loops are conserved across species and are frequently mutated in cancer cells. These 3D chromosome regulatory landscapes provide a foundation for the future investigation of the relationship between chromosome structure and gene control in human development and disease. The work presented in the second part focuses on developing an approach called "chromatin proteomic profiling" to identify protein factors associated with various active and repressed portions of the genome marked by specific histone modifications. The histone modifications assayed by chromatin proteomic profiling are associated with genomic regions where specific transcriptional activities occur, thus implicating the identified proteins in these activities. This chromatin proteomic profiling study revealed a catalog of known, implicated, and novel proteins associated with these functionally characterized genomic regions.
by Daniel Benjamin Dadon.
Ph. D.
Dinda, Stephen B. "Predicting RNA Mutation Using 3D Structure." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1321280932.
Full textLema, Amado Rafael. "Comprehensive study of 3D chromatin structure." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672188.
Full textLIVESU, MARCO. "Understanding the Structure of 3D Shapes." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266500.
Full textBen, Kahla Alia (1973. "Contribution au développement de méthodes biomathématique et bioinformatique pour l'analyse de la structure des génomes." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX11007.
Full textDavid, Gabriel. "Structure et dynamique du cytoplasme auto-organisé : exemple par la ségrégation du génome bactérien." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS098.
Full textCellular organisms appear organized. Bacteria use membraneless compartments to confine chemical reactions in space and time. There is a general paradigm of intracellular space self-organization that distinguishes between self-assembly, molecular structures assembled by passive phase transition mechanisms, and dissipative structures, generated for example by reaction-diffusion processes. If self-assemblies correspond to the evolution towards thermodynamic equilibrium, dissipative structures are manifestations of an out-of-equilibrium energy cost. We illustrate this paradigm by studying the segregation of bacterial genome, in this case the F-plasmid segregation of Escherichia coli, based on the ParABS partition system. Segregation is a crucial step in the bacterial cell cycle since it ensures the transmission of genetic information in daughter bacteria before division.The ParABS system consists of a parS centromeric sequence; a ParB protein which is able to bind to DNA, specifically on the parS sequence and not specifically elsewhere; and a ParA ATPase protein than can bind to DNA. Interactions between ParB proteins on DNA and specific adsorption on the parS sequence lead to the formation of a three-dimensional focus called the ParBS complex located around the parS sequence. Interactions between ParA and ParB proteins lead to the positioning of this complex at the center of the cell cytoplasm. After replication, two ParBS complexes exist and are segregated by the action of ParA proteins at positions 1/4 and 3/4 of the intracellular space.We first seek to explain the formation of ParBS complexes by a passive phase separation mechanism between high- and low-density states of ParB proteins in space. We construct two statistical physics models using tools borrowed from the physics of phase transitions. Our second approach rigorously defines all the elements of the biological system consisting of the interacting DNA-polymer and ParB proteins and allows us to formulate a first-order phase transition existence criterion that is verified by the DNA. We can draw the phase diagrams of this transition. These two models allow us to argue that the physiological thermodynamic regime of this biological system is a regime of metastable coexistence in ParB proteins on DNA. The parS sequence plays the role of a defect or nucleation seed. We use a third approach to explain the relationship between the three-dimensional and DNA distributions of ParB proteins around the parS sequence.We try to explain the fluorescence recovery curves from photobleaching experiments on ParBS complexes. We construct an in silico photobleaching method, i.e. we reproduce these recovery curves from a phenomenological equation solved numerically. We then develop a system of equations that describe the evolution of proteins on DNA from the previous statistical physical approach to produce an in silico photobleaching taking into account that ParBS complexes are the result of phase separation. We show that a pure passive system does not allow photobleaching experiments because of the Ostwald maturation undergone by the complexes. We correct this approach by including ParA proteins and their biochemical cycle in our simulations. We show that the interactions between ParA and ParB proteins and the hydrolysis of ATP allows the survival of several ParBS complexes thanks to an inversion mechanism of Ostwald's ripening. This fundamental approach explains the positioning of ParBS complexes during segregation
Lacasa, Michel. "Le virus herpétique du poisson-chat : structure et clonage du génome, transcription in vivo." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066233.
Full textRaheja, Jagdish Lal. "Recognition of 3D settlement structure for generalization." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=974167223.
Full textNordström, Rickard. "3DPOPS : From carbohydrate sequence to 3D structure." Thesis, University of Skövde, Department of Computer Science, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-713.
Full textIn this project a web-based system called 3DPOPS have been designed, developed and implemented. The system creates initial 3D structures of oligosaccharides according to user input data and is intended to be integrated with an automatized 3D prediction system for saccharides. The web interface uses a novel approach with a dynamically updated graphical representation of the input carbohydrate. The interface is embedded in a web page as a Java applet. Both expert and novice users needs are met by informative messages, a familiar concept and a dynamically updated graphical user interface in which only valid input can be created.
A set of test sequences was collected from the CarbBank database. An initial structure to each sequence could be created. All contained the information necessary to serve as starting points in a conformation search carried out by a 3D prediction system for carbohydrates.
Wall, Mostyn Leonard Thomas. "3D seismic analysis of the Silverpit structure." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2008. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55061/.
Full textSun, Lawrence (Lawrence J. ). "Inference of 3D structure of diploid chromosomes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/119570.
Full textThis electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 61-62).
The spatial organization of DNA in the cell nucleus plays an important role for gene regulation, DNA replication, and genomic integrity. Through the development of chromosome capture experiments (such as 3C, 4C, Hi-C) it is now possible to obtain the contact frequencies of the DNA at the whole-genome level. In this thesis, we study the problem of reconstructing the 3D organization of the genome from whole-genome contact frequencies. A standard approach is to transform the contact frequencies into noisy distance measurements and then apply semidefinite programming (SDP) formulations to obtain the 3D configurations. However, neglected in such reconstructions is the fact that most eukaryotes including humans are diploid and therefore contain two (from the available data) indistinguishable copies of each genomic locus. Due to this, the standard approach performs very poorly on diploid organisms. We prove that the 3D organization of the DNA is not identifiable from exclusively chromosome capture data for diploid organisms. In fact, there are infinitely many solutions even in the noise-free setting. We then discuss various additional biologically relevant constraints (including distances between neighboring genomic loci and to the nucleus center or higher-order interactions). Under these conditions we prove there are finitely many solutions and conjecture we in fact have identifiability. Finally, we provide SDP formulations for computing the 3D embedding of the DNA with these additional constraints and show that we can recover the true 3D embedding with high accuracy even under noise.
by Lawrence Sun.
M. Eng.
Clift, Louis G. "Robotic 3D reconstruction utilising structure from motion." Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/20734/.
Full textStombaugh, Jesse. "Predicting the Structure of RNA 3D Motifs." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1225391806.
Full textXue, Boyu. "3D Printed Lattice Structure for Driveline Applications." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299270.
Full textGitterstrukturer har fått mycket uppmärksamhet som cellulära material under de senaste åren på grund av deras enastående egenskaper, t.ex. hög hållfasthet i förhållande till vikt, värmeöverföring, energiabsorption och förmåga att förbättra buller-, vibrations- och bullerskador (NVH-beteende). Denna typ av struktur har fått ett uppsving av tekniken för additiv tillverkning (AM), som kan tillverka geometrier i praktiskt taget vilken form som helst. På grund av ekonomiska och miljömässiga krav används lättviktsdesign i allt större utsträckning inom bilindustrin och byggnadsutrustning. NVH-egenskaperna är en viktig fråga för anläggningsutrustning. De konventionella konstruktionernas NVH-beteende bestäms dock huvudsakligen av massan, vilket innebär att tystnad ofta kräver tunga system, vilket leder till ökad energiförbrukning och större utsläpp. Miljötrenderna och den ekonomiska konkurrens som följer av detta har därför begränsat de traditionella (tunga) lösningarna för att förbättra NVH-egenskaperna och gjort lättviktsdesignen svårare. Nya lösningar är nödvändiga för att lösa svårigheten och utmaningen med att kombinera NVH- och lättviktskrav. I den här forskningen genomfördes topologioptimering på en komponent för en ny ledad transportörtransmission (NAHT) för att balansera lättvikts- och NVH-beteende. Den topologioptimerade 3D-modellen fylldes med en icke-homogen gitterstruktur med optimal gittertäthet via storleksoptimering. Gitterstrukturoptimering är en typ av topologioptimering, och det är termen för att beskriva dessa förfaranden. För att tillverka den komplicerade gitterstrukturen krävs additiv tillverkning (eller 3D-utskrift) (efter topologi- och gitterstrukturoptimering). De nya modellerna analyserades med hjälp av finita elementmetoden (FEM), och resultaten av analysen jämfördes med resultaten av de ursprungliga modellerna. Efter jämförelsen erhölls positiva resultat, vilket visar att optimering av topologi och gitterstruktur kan tillämpas vid utformning av komponenter för byggutrustning. Enligt resultaten kan optimering av gitterstrukturen skapa en tillförlitlig lättviktsdesign med bra NVH-beteende. Dessutom har gitterstrukturens organisering och layout en betydande inverkan på den totala prestandan.
Sabir, Kenneth Spencer. "Visual Analytics Of 3D Macro Molecular Structure." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18860.
Full textGignac, Isabelle. "Protéomique structurale de Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum; structure et fonction d'une protéine classifiée préservée dans le génome." Thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/21738/21738.pdf.
Full textCornu, François. "Etude de la structure primaire de l'oncogène c-kit." Paris 5, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA05P001.
Full textBulteau, Laurent. "Ordres et désordres dans l'algorithmique du génome." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00906929.
Full textPulicani, Sylvain. "Lien entre les réarrangements chromosomiques et la structure de la chromatine chez la Drosophile." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS105/document.
Full textDifferent species have different genome organization. Whether it be the karyotype or gene order, these differences are seen even with relatively close species like Human and Mouse. This is caused by the chromosomal rearrangement. Infererence of rearrangement scenarios that transform one present-day species into another can give insight into evolutionary states, the ancestral genome being one of the intermediates of the true scenario.The chromosomal rearrangements are violent biological events for the cell. Indeed, numerous mechanisms are present to stop the cell cycle when the genome sequence is altered. Moreover, rearrangements can be the source of aberrant phenotypes, which are probably unfavorable for the carrier. With all that, it seams reasonable to assume the rearrangement scenarios are parsimonious.However, it is accepted that this criterion alone is not sufficient to efficiently build the evolutionary history of the genomes. Indeed, for whatever model we choose, the number of scenario is exponential in the number of rearrangements. Another biological constraint is needed. The spatial structure of the chromatin could be an essential missing criterion. It has been shown in vitro that when a double-stranded break of the DNA is non-homologously repaired, the strand used for repairing is close in space to the breakpoint. Our hypothesis is that the closer the breakpoints are in space, the more probable they are to participate in a rearrangement. This hold on genomics analysis of somatic cells, and between species. Let's name that hypothesis the locality hypothesis.We proposed a method to use the structural information in order to prioritize the rearrangements scenarios. The Hi-C data were the structural information that allowed us to apply our method to scenarios between D. melanogaster and D. yakuba.This results led us to ask whether the chromatin structure could evolve by itself. Then, it could be used as a phylogenetic mark. This idea is related to previous results showing the conservation of topological domains between species.This question seams to be new, and could open a new line of investigation. If the chromatin structure holds a phylogenetical signal, it becomes possible to ask ourselves about the mechanisms that occur during the selection, or if it is possible for the ancestral state to be inferred. Then, it could even be possible to compare the evolution of the sequence with the one of the chromatin structure.Thus, we defined a distance between genome structures, based on the comparison of contacts between orthologous loci. We applied this distance to a set of six species, including the Human, the Mouse and four Drosophila. This result confirms the presence of a phylogenetic signal in the spatial structure of the genomes. They also showed that we're in need for efficient methods to compare contacts data between species
Reinharz, Vladimir. "Towards 3D structure prediction of large RNA molecules: an integer programming framework to insert local 3D motifs in secondary structure." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114361.
Full textUn objectif principal de l'analyse fonctionnelle et prédictive de l'ARN est d'obtenir sa structure tridimensionnel à partir de sa séquence. Pour résoudre ce problème, plusieurs méthodes ont été développées durant les dernières années, telles la décomposition cyclique, l'assemblage de fragments et la simulation de dynamiques moléculaire. Cependant, leurs capacacités prédictives restent limitées. Nous avons mis au point un nouvel outil, RNA-MoIP, permettant d'incorporer l'information des motifs locaux nouvellement accessibles dans des bases de données pour la prédiction de structures d'ARN. Nous montrons que notre approche (i) améliore la prédiction des paire de bases canoniques (ii) identifie la meilleure structure secondaire dans un ensemble de sous-optimaux et (iii) prédit des structures 3D précises pour de large molécules d'ARN.
Gouilloud, Évelyne. "Structure et expression d'un gène d'ARN de transfert tyrosine isolé dans le génome de X. Laevis." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112271.
Full textFidjestøl, Svein. "Effective Quantification of the Paper Surface 3D Structure." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-9208.
Full textThis thesis covers the topic of image processing in relation to the segmentation and analysis of pores protruding the surface in the three dimensional surface structure of paper. The successful analysis of pores is related to a greater goal of relating such an analysis to the perceived quality of the surface of a paper sample. The first part of the thesis gives an introduction to the context of image processing in relation to paper research. Also, an overview of the image processing framework used for image processing plugin development, ImageJ, is provided, together with the current status of ImageJ plugins for surface characterization. The second part of the thesis gives an overview of an envisioned future paper quality assessment system. The quality assesment system described consists of six phases, three of which are treated in this thesis. These are the Image Processing phase, the Modeling phase, and the Measurement phase. The Image Processing phase is further divided into three subphases. These are the Error Correction subphase, the Pore Extraction subphase, and the Segmentation phase. Together with the description of the phases of the system, techniques are presented that are relevant to the phase currently being described. The third part of the thesis covers the development of new plugins for surface characterization within the ImageJ framework. Examples are given and evaluated to show the usage and results of each plugin, and each plugin is related to a specific part of the quality assesment system. Also, a tutorial covering use of several plugins in sequence is presented. The parts of the system receiving the most attention in relation to plugin development are segmentation and modeling.
Chu, Chen. "Design synthesis for morphing 3D meso-scale structure." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34676.
Full textAndÅ, Hiroshi. "Dynamic reconstruction and integration of 3D structure information." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12360.
Full textPicart, Picolo Ariadna. "L'importance du nucléole et des gènes d'ARN ribosomique 45S dans l'organisation 3D et la stabilité du génome chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Perpignan, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PERP0025/document.
Full textThe nucleolus is the site of ribosome biogenesis, which begins with the transcription of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. However, the nucleolus is also involved in other cellular processes, such as the 3D genome organization. Thus, genomic regions called NADs for Nucleolus-Associated chromatin Domains, have been identified in animal and plant cells. These regions are mostly heterochromatic and the associated genes tend to be poorly transcribed. One of the objectives of my thesis was to study the involvement of the nucleolus in the 3D genome organization and the transcriptional regulation of genes transcribed by RNA Polymerase II in Arabidopsis thaliana. In addition, only a fraction of rRNA gene copies participates in the process of ribosome biogenesis. In a second time, I studied the role of the inactive rRNA gene copies. We show that in their absence, there is no major changes in the nucleolus function. However, these copies contribute to genome stability. Indeed, in their absence, up to several hundred of kilobases long duplication events accumulate, resulting in the duplication and the differential expression of hundreds of genes. Finally, the impact of these structural changes on the plant biology are discussed
Lepers, Sandra. "Etude de la diversité génétique et de la structure du génome des vanilliers cultivés en Polynésie française." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112319.
Full textVanilla was introduced in French Polynesia during the nineteenth century and has been propagated using vegetative reproduction, however today tahitian vanilla plants are different from vanilla plants supposed to have been introduced (Vanilla planifolia G. Jacskon, Vanilla pompona Schiede). With the French polynesian project to renew the tahitian vanilla production and with the implementation of an «Appellation d'origine Vanille de Tahiti» a marketing and quality control project, the tahitian vanilla origin has to be investigated. It is necessary to determine whether observed morphological diversity is related to genetic diversity and to elucidate processes which have lead to this diversity. These points are also necessary to further vanilla plant breeding. Historical reports and comparisons of ITS and AFLP markers between Vanilla species suggest that tahitian vanilla Vanilla tahitensis J. W. Moore is of hybrid origin and that its maternal parent is Vanilla planifolia. The second parent has not been found but seems to be closely related to the Vanilla odorata Presl. Species. As for its maternaI parent, and despite its hybrid origin, Vanilla tahitensis exhibits cytogenetical abnormalities: strong aneuploidy and progressive partial endoreduplication. However the pollen grain observations indicate a return to euploid chromosome number, indicating a complex regulation process. Flow cytometry and chromosome counts revealed three ploidy levels among the different morphotypes collected in traditional plantations: diploid ('Tahiti', 'Rea rea', 'Parahurahu', 'Oviri'), triploid ('sterile') and tetraploid ('Haapape', 'Tahiti long'). Comparing AFLP markers between tahitian vanilla accessions and the genetic linkage map of the most widely cultivated type 'Tahiti' suggest that all diploid types result from autopollination of the 'Tahiti' type. The second most cultivated type 'Haapape', which is tetraploid, should result from endoreduplication of the 'Tahiti' type and the other tetraploid types, and may result from autopollination of 'Haapape'. These results will allow the begining of a tahitian vanilla breeding program, while providing information to establish the protection of tahitian vanilla varieties. These results will permit a short-term and a mean-term assistance to tahitian growers in the sustainable development of vanilla
Jubier-Maurin, Véronique. "Structure et évolution de la famille L1 de longues séquences répétées dispersées du génome de la souris." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20167.
Full textHashemi, Beni Leila. "Development of a 3D Kinetic Data Structure adapted for a 3D Spatial Dynamic Field Simulation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26532/26532.pdf.
Full textGeographic information systems (GIS) are widely used for representation, management and analysis of spatial data in many disciplines including geosciences, agriculture, forestry, metrology and oceanography etc. In particular, geoscientists have increasingly used these tools for data integration and management purposes in many environmental applications ranging from water resources management to global warming study. Beyond these capabilities, geoscientists need to model and simulate 3D dynamic spatial fields and readily integrate those results with other relevant spatial information in order to have a better understating of the environment. However, GIS are very limited for modeling and simulation of spatial fields which are mostly three dimensional and dynamic. These limitations are mainly related to the existing GIS spatial data structures which are 2D and static and are not designed to address the 3D and dynamic aspects of continuous fields. Hence, the main objective of this research work is to improve the current GIS capabilities for modeling and simulation of 3D spatial dynamic fields by development of a 3D kinetic data structure. Based on our literature review, 3D dynamic Delaunay tetrahedralization (DT) and its dual, 3D Voronoi diagram (VD), have many interesting potentials for handling the 3D and dynamic nature of those kind of phenomena. However, because of the special configurations of datasets in geosciences applications, the DT of such data is often inadequate for numerical integration and simulation of dynamic field. For example, in a hydrogeological simulation, the data form highly irregular set of points aligned in vertical direction and very sparse horizontally which may result in very large, small or thin tessellation elements. The size and shape of tessellation elements have an important impact on the accuracy of the results of the simulation of a field as well as the related computational costs. Therefore, in the first step of the research work, we develop an adaptive refinement method based on 3D dynamic Delaunay data structure, and construct a 3D adaptive tessellation for the representation and simulation of a dynamic field. This tessellation is conformed to represent the complexity of fields, considering the discontinuities and the shape and size criteria. In order to deal with the dynamic behavior of 3D spatial fields in a moving framework within GIS, in the second step, we extend 3D dynamic VD to 3D kinetic VD in the sense of being capable of keeping update the 3D spatial tessellation during a dynamic simulation process. Then, we show how such a spatial data structure can support moving elements within the tessellation and their interactions. The proposed kinetic data structure provides an elegant way for the management of the connectivity changes between moving elements within the tessellation. In addition, the problems resulting from using a fixed time step, such as overshoots and undetected collisions, are addressed by providing very flexible mechanisms to detect and manage different changes (events) in the spatial tessellation by 3D DT. Finally, we study the potentials of the kinetic 3D spatial data structure for the simulation of a dynamic field in 3D space. For this purpose, we describe in detail different steps for the adaption of this data structure from its discretization for a 3D continuous field to its numerical integration based on an event driven method, and show how the tessellation moves and the topology, connectivity, and physical parameters of the tessellation cells are locally updated following any event in the tessellation. For the validation of the proposed spatial data structure itself and its potentials for the simulation of a dynamic field, three case studies are presented in the thesis. According to our observations during the simulation process, the data structure is maintained and the 3D spatial information is managed adequately. Furthermore, the results obtained from the experimentations are very satisfactory and are comparable with results obtained from other existing methods for the simulation of the same dynamic field. Finally, some of the limitations of the proposed approach related to the development of the 3D kinetic data structure itself and its adaptation for the representation and simulation of a 3D dynamic spatial field are discussed and some solutions are suggested for the improvement of the proposed approach.