Books on the topic 'Structural Regularity'
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1
Kaveh, Ali. Optimal Analysis of Structures by Concepts of Symmetry and Regularity. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2013.
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Kim, Sang-hyun, and Thomas Koberda. Structure and Regularity of Group Actions on One-Manifolds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89006-3.
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Kaveh, Ali. Optimal Analysis of Structures by Concepts of Symmetry and Regularity. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1565-7.
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Kaveh, A. Optimal Analysis of Structures by Concepts of Symmetry and Regularity. Springer Wien, 2015.
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Kaveh, Ali. Optimal Analysis of Structures by Concepts of Symmetry and Regularity. Springer, 2013.
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Kaveh, Ali. Optimal Analysis of Structures by Concepts of Symmetry and Regularity. Springer, 2013.
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Long, Megan Kaes. Hearing Homophony. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851903.001.0001.
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This book examines a repertoire of homophonic vernacular partsongs composed around the turn of the seventeenth century, and considers how these partsongs exploit rhythm, meter, phrase structure, and form to craft harmonic trajectories. Giovanni Giacomo Gastoldi, Thomas Morley, Hans Leo Hassler, and their contemporaries engineered a particular kind of centricity that is distinctively tonal: they strategically deployed dominant harmonies at regular periodicities and in combination with poetic, phrase structural, and formal cues, thereby creating expectation for tonic harmonies. Homophony provided an ideal venue for these experiments: spurred by an increasing demand for comprehensible texts, composers of partsongs developed rigid text-setting procedures that promoted both metrical regularity and consistent phrase rhythm. This rhythmic consistency had a ripple effect: it encouraged composers to design symmetrical phrase structures and to build comprehensible, repetitive, and predictable formal structures. Thus, homophonic partsongs create and exploit trajectories from dominants to tonics on multiple scales, from cadence to sub-phrase to phrase to form. Ultimately, this book argues for a model of tonality—and of tonality’s history—that centers not pitch, but rhythm and meter. Metrically oriented harmonic trajectories encourage tonal expectation. And we can locate these trajectories in a variety of repertoires, including those that we traditionally understand as “modal.”
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Kim, Sang-Hyun, and Thomas Koberda. Structure and Regularity of Group Actions on One-Manifolds. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.
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9
Kim, Sang-Hyun, and Thomas Koberda. Structure and Regularity of Group Actions on One-Manifolds. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.
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10
Woodward, James. Causation in Science. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.8.
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This article discusses some philosophical theories of causation and their application to several areas of science. Topics addressed include regularity, counterfactual, and causal process theories of causation; the causal interpretation of structural equation models and directed graphs; independence assumptions in causal reasoning; and the role of causal concepts in physics. In connection with this last topic, this article focuses on the relationship between causal asymmetries, the time-reversal invariance of most fundamental physical laws, and the significance of differences among varieties of differential equations (e.g., hyperbolic versus nonhyperbolic) in causal interpretation. It concludes with some remarks about “grounding” special science causal generalizations in physics.
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Woodward, James. Causation in Science. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.8_update_001.
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This article discusses some philosophical theories of causation and their application to several areas of science. Topics addressed include regularity, counterfactual, and causal process theories of causation; the causal interpretation of structural equation models and directed graphs; independence assumptions in causal reasoning; and the role of causal concepts in physics. In connection with this last topic, this article focuses on the relationship between causal asymmetries, the time-reversal invariance of most fundamental physical laws, and the significance of differences among varieties of differential equations (e.g., hyperbolic versus nonhyperbolic) in causal interpretation. It concludes with some remarks about “grounding” special science causal generalizations in physics.
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Friz, Peter K., and Martin Hairer. Course on Rough Paths: With an Introduction to Regularity Structures. Springer, 2014.
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Course on Rough Paths: With an Introduction to Regularity Structures. Springer London, Limited, 2014.
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Buzan, Barry, and George Lawson. The English School: History and Primary Institutions as Empirical IR Theory? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.298.
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How does the English School work as part of Empirical International Relations (IR) theory? The English School depends heavily on historical accounts, and this article makes the case that history and theory should be seen as co-constitutive rather than as separate enterprises. Empirical IR theorists need to think about their own relationship to this question and clarify what “historical sensitivity” means to them. The English School offers both distinctive taxonomies for understanding the structure of international society, and an empirically constructed historical approach to identifying the primary institutions that define international society. If Empirical IR is open to historical-interpretive accounts, then its links to the English School are in part strong, because English School structural accounts would qualify; they are, in other ways, weak because the normative theory part of the English School would not qualify. Lying behind this judgement is a deeper issue: if Empirical IR theory confines itself to regularity-deterministic causal accounts, then there can be no links to English School work. Undertaking English School insights will help open up a wider view of Empirical IR theory.
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Friz, Peter K., and Martin Hairer. A Course on Rough Paths: With an Introduction to Regularity Structures. Springer, 2020.
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Friz, Peter K., and Martin Hairer. A Course on Rough Paths: With an Introduction to Regularity Structures. Springer, 2014.
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17
Boyle, Katherine. The zooarchaeology of complexity and specialization during the Upper Palaeolithic in Western Europe. Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.2.
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Over the last twenty years attempts have been made to determine the nature of Upper Palaeolithic hunting specialization. This chapter traces assemblage structural ‘specialization’, where faunal assemblages are dominated by a single species, vs ‘diversity’, in which all recorded species are well represented, between 45,000 and 10,000 bp (Châtelperronian to Azilian), and demonstrates regularity in the archaeozoological record. It moves away from the assumption that assemblages with at least 90% of bones attributable to a single species result from specialized hunting strategies, and seeks explanations for patterns of diversification. The study also deals with the Late Glacial Maximum with its narrowing resource base and the Magdalenian of southwest France, when specialized reindeer hunting is traditionally considered of paramount importance. The chapter uses measures of diversity and evenness to quantify variation observed through time, highlighting a peak in single-species exploitation during the Middle Upper Palaeolithic. Finally, interpretations are offered for future consideration.
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Isett, Philip. Structure of the Book. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174822.003.0002.
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This chapter provides an overview of the book's structure. Section 3 deals with the error terms which need to be controlled, whereas Part III explains some notation of the book and presents a basic construction of the correction. The goal is to clarify how the scheme can be used to construct Hölder continuous weak solutions—continuous in space and time—to the incompressible Euler equations that fail to conserve energy. Part IV shows how to iterate the construction of Part III to obtain continuous solutions to the Euler equations. It then discusses the concept of frequency energy levels, along with the Main Lemma. It also highlights some additional difficulties which arise as one approaches the optimal regularity and illustrates how these difficulties can be overcome. Parts V–VII verify all the estimates needed for the proof of the Main Lemma.
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Creaser, John. Milton and the Resources of the Line. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192864253.001.0001.
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Abstract Whereas prose is written in sentences, poetry is written in lines, lines that may or may not coincide with the syntax of the sentence. Lines add an aural and visual mode of punctuation through bringing some degree of pause and sense of weight at the line-turn. So lineation, the division of poetry into lines, opens a repertoire of possibilities to the poet. Notably, it encourages an enhanced concentration on meaning, rhythm, and sound. It makes metrical patterns possible, with interactions between regularity and deviation; or the presence or absence of structural rhyme; or the multiple variations of the line-turn, whether in harmony with syntax or overflowing in ways either more or less conspicuous. This book develops ways for exploring the expressive resources of the verse line through concentration on the greatest of English poets, John Milton. Topics examined include: the interaction of strictness and freedom in the rhythms of Milton’s line and paragraph; the interfusion of diverse prosodies in a single poem; approaches to free verse; rhyme in the earlier lyric verse and modes of near-rhyme in the later blank verse; the diverse modes of onomatopoeia; and the complex interweavings of prosody and ideology in this very political poet. The great themes and issues and characters of Milton’s innovative and always controversial poetry are perceived afresh, being approached intimately through the rich possibilities of the line. The insights of the approach will illuminate the reading of any poetry.
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Yust, Jason. Hypermeter. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696481.003.0007.
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Hypermeter has different meanings for different theorists, and the concept, properly rhythmic, has been often co-opted to represent tonal structure. In this chapter a set of criteria for hypermetrical analysis in the form of high-level rhythmic structure is defined that involves regularity as an essential element but does not require strict regularity. The network representation of rhythmic structure is compared to William Rothstein’s measure-counting representation, and attendant concepts like deletion and extension are translated into networks. Important hypermetrical effects such as deletion, elision, and hypermetrical transition are discussed with regard to their typical formal roles in Haydn’s symphonies, and illustrated with examples from several of these. Haydn typically places hypermetrical transitions at the beginnings of subordinate themes even in the absence of medial caesuras. These therefore help to distinguish transition and subordinate theme functions even in instances of what Hepokoski and Darcy call “continuous expositions.”
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Henderson, Andrea. Invariant Forms. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809982.003.0006.
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In the later nineteenth century formal regularity was regarded as the hallmark of mathematical and scientific inquiry as well as the burgeoning “social sciences” and the arts—all presumed to be governed by formal “laws.” But insofar as formal regularity was seen to characterize natural and civil law, it allowed for an equivocation between them, such that formal laws might be understood to be not an abstraction from but an imposition on content. Thus conceived, form and content could actually be at odds, and this would have important implications for the arts. In the context of linguistic and literary study, the structures of languages and literatures were often allied with formal law while individual words were perceived as rich in meaning but wayward. Max Müller’s philology, Coventry Patmore’s prosody and poetry, and Christina Rossetti’s poetry all present form and content as being in tension, locked in a struggle for domination.
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Glanville, Peter John. Words, roots, and patterns. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792734.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 establishes the semantic makeup of word meaning in general, dividing it into semantic structure and conceptual content. It familiarizes the reader with roots and patterns in Arabic morphology, investigating the semantic abstractions discernable in sets of words that share a root, in addition to the semantic structure shared by words formed in the same pattern. The chapter introduces the notion of shape-invariant morphology, arriving at an approach to Arabic morphology in which some derivation is rule-based, with operations being carried out directly on base words, whereas another type of derivation involves root extraction from a source word. Word patterns are created when a morphological operation is carried out on a base word with some regularity. Once the pattern exists, a variety of base words can be mapped to it by root extraction, creating a uniform output regardless of the shape of the input word.
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Bassene, Mamadou, and Ken Safir. Theory and Description. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256340.003.0012.
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Jóola-Eegimaa, an endangered Atlantic (Niger-Congo) language, has a rich agglutinative morphology resulting in complex words that often permit multiple readings. The regularity and limitations of these ambiguities suggests they are generated by a speaker’s systematic knowledge. Preserving that knowledge demands not simply cataloguing outward forms but also understanding the organizing principles that permit using that knowledge creatively. Investigation of Eegimaa verb stem structure shows that the superficial linear order of stem affixes, seemingly not compositionally transparent, arises from syntactic movement of sub-stem morphemes in a way that preserves the underlying structure necessary for compositional interpretation. Under this analysis a copy of complex v movement is left behind and has the right contents to predict patterns of possible and impossible verb reduplication. Such research can reveal how general features of the language faculty interact with specific lexical properties of morphemes to predict the order and interpretation of verb stem morphology.
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Ben, McFarlane. The Law of Proprietary Estoppel. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198814870.001.0001.
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This book provides a comprehensive and practically structured resource on the doctrine of proprietary estoppel. It offers answers to a number of difficult problems arising in recent litigation and guidance on managing proprietary estoppel cases. Relevant authorities are set out in an accessible format addressing issues that arise in practice, such as ‘reasonable reliance’, ‘unconscionable conduct’, and ‘satisfying the equity’. The long-standing doctrine of proprietary estoppel has come to prominence in recent years—it is regularly discussed by courts at all levels and is frequently pleaded by litigants wishing to show that they have informally acquired an interest in land. There is also much debate regarding the relationship between proprietary estoppel and other doctrines, such as constructive trusts and unjust enrichment. A problem faced by anyone seeking to make, or respond to, a proprietary estoppel claim is that the law is to be found almost entirely in cases. This second edition provides a clear structure with which to understand the law. It draws together all of the relevant scholarship on proprietary estoppel and makes reference to useful cases from outside the jurisdiction of England and Wales to aid understanding of the law and related doctrines.
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Nobre, Anna C. (Kia), and Gustavo Rohenkohl. Time for the Fourth Dimension in Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.036.
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This chapter takes attention into the fourth dimension by considering research that explores how predictive information in the temporal structure of events can contribute to optimizing perception. The authors review behavioural and neural findings from three lines of investigation in which the temporal regularity and predictability of events are manipulated through rhythms, hazard functions, and cues. The findings highlight the fundamental role temporal expectations play in shaping several aspects of performance, from early perceptual analysis to motor preparation. They also reveal modulation of neural activity by temporal expectations all across the brain. General principles of how temporal expectations are generated and bias information processing are still emerging. The picture so far suggests that there may be multiple sources of temporal expectation, which can bias multiple stages of stimulus analysis depending on the stages of information processing that are critical for task performance. Neural oscillations are likely to provide an important medium through which the anticipated timing of events can regulate neuronal excitability.
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Danckaerts, Marina, and David Coghill. Children and adolescents. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0032.
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ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that is underrecognized and underdiagnosed in many parts of the world but overdiagnosed in others. As there are presently no biological tests or markers available to support the diagnostic process, the cornerstone of case identification remains the clinical interview and assessment. Evidence suggests that a structured approach to assessment can foster good clinical practice and facilitate building a treatment plan that can be adequately monitored over time. Whilst there are several evidence-based clinical guidelines that describe the assessment process, these are not used in routine clinical practice as regularly as they should. This chapter describes the elements of a structured approach to assessment, including commentary on recognition, the clinical interview, observation, school information, questionnaires, diagnostic formulation, and cognitive and somatic examination. Special attention is needed to assess comorbidities and with special populations such as those in preschool and with intellectual impairments.
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Lombardo, Robert M. The Outfit as a Complex Organization. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037306.003.0008.
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This chapter focuses on the Chicago Outfit as a complex criminal organization, with particular emphasis on its hierarchical structure, chain of command, and division of labor. After describing the formal structure of the Chicago Outfit and its criminal activities, the chapter shows that people who are connected to organized crime are, in fact, part of the organizational structure. It then considers the people with whom the Outfit is regularly in contact and suggest that they, too, are an integral part of the organization. It also looks at the positions within the criminal organization and the public that the Outfit serves. Accounts of the activities of the Outfit suggest that positions exist for bosses, members, and associates, who are said to be “connected.” The chapter argues that the Chicago Outfit has an organized public, made up of gamblers, thieves, and “wannabes” (people who want to be associated with the Outfit), that has provided a ready source of participants for organized criminal activities as well as recruits for the group itself.
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Sharfstein, Joshua M. Crisis Management. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697211.003.0007.
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A useful management approach for responding to crises is the incident command system. Developed in the 1970s to coordinate efforts at the scenes of fires and other disasters, incident command is now the standard management structure recommended for a broad range of disasters by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Key attributes of incident command include clear leadership, specified roles, and management by objective. Once an agency has developed the ability to activate an incident command or a modified version of incident command, it is worth using it regularly—including to better manage everyday public health challenges. Doing so builds the muscles of an organization in such areas as mobilizing resources, public communications, and decision-making under pressure.
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Fuhse, Jan. Social Networks of Meaning and Communication. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190275433.001.0001.
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Social structures can be fruitfully studied as networks of social relationships. These should not be conceptualized, and examined, as stable, acultural patterns of ties. Building on relational sociology around Harrison White, the book examines the interplay of social networks and meaning. Social relationships consist of dynamic bundles of expectations about the behavior between particular actors. These expectations come out of the process of communication, and they make for the regularity and predictability of communication, reducing its inherent uncertainty. Like all social structures, relationships and networks are made of expectations that guide social processes, but that continuously change as the result of these processes. Building on Niklas Luhmann, the events in networks can fruitfully be conceptualized as communication, the processing of meaning between actors (rather than emanating from them). Communication draws on a variety of cultural forms to define and negotiate the relationships between actors: relationship frames like “love” and “friendship” prescribe the kinds of interaction appropriate for types of tie; social categories like ethnicity and gender guide the interaction within and between categories of actors; and collective and corporate actors form on the basis of cultural models like “company,” “bureaucracy,” “street gang,” or “social movement.” Such cultural models are diffused in systems of education and in the mass media, but they also institutionalize in communication, with existing patterns of interaction and relationships serving as models for others. Social groups are semi-institutionalized social patterns, with a strong social boundary separating their members from the social environment.
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Burns, Tom, and Mike Firn. Depression, anxiety, and situational disorders. Edited by Tom Burns and Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0018.
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Outreach workers, even if mainly concerned with severe psychoses, must regularly deal with depression, anxiety, and situational disorders. This chapter summarizes the practical approaches to these problems. In depression, the value of general support, regular structured assessments, and the use of CBT are proposed. The overlap of situational depression with bipolar depression is explored. CBT is equally indicated with anxiety disorders, but outreach workers can have a particular role in graded exposure. The judicious use of medication should not be overlooked. The two situational disorders described are post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and bereavement. The chapter ends with a brief review of what used to be loosely called ‘neurotic disorders’ such as OCD and eating disorders. The successful care of psychotic individuals is often dependent on close attention to these more general problems.
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Gugerty, Mary Kay, and Dean Karlan. Un Kilo de Ayuda. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199366088.003.0013.
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This case explores two common challenges facing organizations around the world: how to collect the right amount of data, and how to credibly use outcome data collected during program monitoring. Health promoters at Un Kilo de Ayuda (UKA) in Mexico use regularly collected health data on more than 50,000 children to structure their work, track their progress, and identify at-risk children in time to treat health problems. In this case, readers will assess the tradeoffs between actionability and responsibility that UKA faces in determining how much data to collect. They will also examine the challenges of monitoring data on a program’s outcomes instead of outputs, particularly when it comes to asserting a program’s impact on those outcomes. Finally, readers will propose ways to generate credible data on one of the organization’s programs when plans for an impact evaluation fall through.
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VanCour, Shawn. Making Radio Time. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190497118.003.0002.
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This chapter analyzes strategies of program arrangement developed to manage sonic flows and listener attention, the industrial exigencies shaping them, and means by which they became taken-for-granted aspects of modern experience. Regulatory mandates for live programming positioned radio as a new studio art that would supply its own content, a system of private competition favored continuous streaming of regularly scheduled programming to attract and hold listener attention, and conflicting mandates for varied but unified programming were resolved by dividing the broadcast day into a series of larger programming blocks. Consolidated on the production side through internal record-keeping mechanisms such as the program log, these scheduling strategies were communicated to listeners through on-air announcements and newspaper listings that helped to naturalize their emerging structures of broadcast flow and facilitate a larger commodification of sound central to the success of modern audio media.
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Pieth, Mark. Extractive Industries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190458331.003.0010.
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This chapter focuses on extractive industries, which are among the business sectors most exposed to corruption. Typically, they are dependent on licenses by government agencies, frequently in states with little income other than royalties from mining or from the oil industry. Often these states are located in the global South with weak government structures. It is a common feature in these states that a small elite rapidly become extraordinarily rich, while the population at large remains in deep poverty. Oil and mining companies, traders, and the finance industries may not actually be in the driving seat, but they very frequently go along and participate in the organized plunder. They are regularly fully aware that the funds they pay to officials are going to be stolen. Sometimes they actively engage in bribery to secure drilling or mining licenses. Other players, like traders, indirectly profit of the systemic graft by elites.
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Phillips, J. R. S. The Earl of Pembroke and his Retainers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198223597.003.0010.
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This chapter examines the structure and development of Aymer de Valence's retinue. Although certainly smaller than that of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, the Earl of Pembroke's retinue was probably typical of those of the leading magnates of the period. Much of the evidence for the composition and size of Pembroke's retinue survives in the form of protection lists for those retainers who accompanied him on campaigns, royal diplomatic missions, or private visits abroad. The chapter shows that the size of Pembroke's retinue fluctuated throughout his career and looks at some of the men with whom he had made indentures, including Thomas and Maurice de Berkeley, John Darcy, and an unidentified knight known only as Sir John. It also considers the reasons for the presence of individuals in Pembroke's retinue and suggests that his men regularly shared in the patronage that was available from the Crown.
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Coticchia, Fabrizio. Italy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0006.
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Since the end of the bipolar era, Italy has regularly undertaken military interventions around the world, with an average of 8,000 units employed abroad in the twenty-first century. Moreover, Italy is one of the principal contributors to the UN operations. The end of the cold war represented a turning point for Italian defence, allowing for greater military dynamism. Several reforms have been approved, while public opinion changed its view regarding the armed forces. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive perspective of the process of transformation that occurred in post-cold-war Italian defence, looking at the evolution of national strategies, military doctrines, and the structure of forces. After a brief literature review, the study highlights the process of transformation of Italian defeshnce policy since 1989. Through primary and secondary sources, the chapter illustrates the main changes that occurred, the never-ending cold-war legacies, and key challenges.
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Uffmann, Christian. World Englishes and Phonological Theory. Edited by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.32.
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The relationship between phonological theory and World Englishes is generally characterized by a mutual lack of interest. This chapter argues for a greater engagement of both fields with each other, looking at constraint-based theories of phonology, especially Optimality Theory (OT), as a case in point. Contact varieties of English provide strong evidence for synchronically active constraints, as it is substrate or L1 constraints that are regularly transferred to the contact variety, not rules. Additionally, contact varieties that have properties that are in some way ‘in between’ the substrate and superstrate systems provide evidence for constraint hierarchies or implicational relationships between constraints, illustrated here primarily with examples from syllable structure. Conversely, for a scholar working on the description of World Englishes, OT can offer an explanation of where the patterns found in a contact variety come from, namely from the transfer of substrate constraint rankings (and subsequent gradual constraint demotion).
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Strevens, Michael. Scientific Sharing, Communism, and the Social Contract. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680534.003.0001.
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Research programs regularly compete to achieve the same goal, such as the discovery of the structure of DNA or the construction of a TEA laser. The more the competing programs share information, the faster the goal is likely to be reached, to society’s benefit. But the “priority rule”—the scientific norm according to which the first program to reach the goal in question must receive all the credit for the achievement—provides a powerful disincentive for programs to share information. How, then, is the clash between social and individual interest resolved in scientific practice? This chapter investigates what Robert Merton called science’s “communist” norm, which mandates universal sharing of knowledge, and uses mathematical models of discovery to argue that a communist regime may be on the whole advantageous and fair to all parties, and so might be implemented by a social contract that all scientists would be willing to sign.
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Liston, Noelle Molé. The Truth Society. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750786.001.0001.
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This book seeks to understand how a period of Italian political spectacle, which regularly blurred fact and fiction, has shaped how people understand truth, mass-mediated information, scientific knowledge, and forms of governance. The book scrutinizes Italy's late-twentieth-century political culture, particularly the impact of the former prime minister and media mogul Silvio Berlusconi. By doing so, the book examines how this truth-bending political era made science, logic, and rationality into ideas that needed saving. With the prevalence of fake news and our seeming lack of shared reality in the “post-truth” world, many people struggle to figure out where this new normal came from. The book argues that seemingly disparate events and practices that have unfolded in Italy are historical reactions to mediatized political forms and particular, cultivated ways of knowing. Politics, then, is always sutured to how knowledge is structured, circulated, and processed. This book offers Italy as a case study for understanding the remaking of politics in an era of disinformation.
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Kimball, Charles. The War on Terror and Its Effects on American Muslims. Edited by Jane I. Smith and Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199862634.013.018.
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This chapter presents an overview of both the negative and positive effects on American Muslims since the declaration of the post 9/11 “war on terror.” Negative effects are examined in conjunction with the USA Patriot Act and increased US government surveillance programs aimed at Muslims as well as the distinct manifestations of the growing dread or fear of Islam and Muslims known as “Islamophobia.” Several organizations regularly monitor and provide current information documenting hate speech and hate crimes directed at Muslims, including those involving the Ground Zero Mosque and other controversies. The chapter concludes with numerous constructive responses to the negative images and stereotypes fueled by extremists claiming inspiration from Islam. In addition to structured forms of interfaith dialogue and cooperation, such as “A Common Word,” American Muslims have pursued multiple forms of educational initiatives ranging from presentations in churches and public statements denouncing violence to the publication of books and articles.
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Núñez, Rafael, and Tyler Marghetis. Cognitive Linguistics and the Concept(s) of Number. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.023.
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What is a ‘number,’ as studied within numerical cognition? The term is highly polysemous, and can refer to numerals, numerosity, and a diverse collection of mathematical objects, from natural numbers to infinitesimals. However, numerical cognition has focused primarily on prototypical counting numbers (PCNs) – numbers used regularly to count small collections of objects. Even these simple numbers are far more complex than apparent pre-conditions for numerical abilities like subitizing and approximate discrimination of large numerosity, which we share with other animals. We argue that the leap to number concepts proper relies, in part, on two embodied, domain-general cognitive mechanisms: conceptual metaphor and fictive motion. These mechanisms were first investigated within cognitive linguistics, a subdiscipline of cognitive science, but are now thought to subserve cognition more generally. We review the proposal that these mechanisms structure numerical cognition – including PCNs, but also the positive integers and arithmetic – and survey the supporting empirical evidence.
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Mentz, Steve, ed. A Cultural History of the Sea in the Early Modern Age. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474207256.
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For the first time during the Early Modern period, ships regularly traveled between and among all of basins that comprise the World Ocean. During this period European mariners ventured into new waters, where they encountered new trading partners, new environments, and new opportunities. In the Caribbean and Atlantic coast of the Americas, European mariners sought everything from pearls to gold to codfish, and in pursuing these resources they fractured Indigenous communities. Entering into the ancient monsoon routes of the Indian Ocean brought European ships in touch with the powerful states and maritime cultures of East Africa and Asia. Converging on the vast Pacific basin both from the Americas and from Asia brought these mariners into contact with ancient cultures, dangerous passages, and newly global trade routes. During this period of globalization and cultural encounters, the ocean provided a means of transportation, a site of environmental hostility, and a poetic metaphor for both connection and alienation. In material and cultural ways, the global sea-routes traveled during this period laid down structures of global exchange and conflict that the world still follows today.
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Johnson, Andrew. If I Give My Soul. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190238988.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Prisons and jails in Rio de Janeiro are violent and crowded; they are governed by narco-gangs and are also intensely religious spaces. Rio's penal institutions reflect the social world of the poor neighborhoods where most of the inmates lived before their arrests. They are places where the state has a weak presence and residents organize around nonstate entities, primarily gangs like the Comando Vermelho or the Pentecostal churches. Inside of prison Pentecostal inmates form churches that resemble the gangs in organization and leadership structure. The gangs allow the churches to function autonomously, even allowing inmates to renounce their gang affiliation and join the churches as long as their religious commitments are deemed genuine. To gather data on the incarcerated Pentecostal groups, I spent two weeks living inside a prison in Brazil and then collected ethnographic data by regularly visiting one prison and one jail in Rio de Janeiro over a year to observe church activities and interview inmates, guards, and the Pentecostal volunteers visiting from outside churches. This book is a lived religion study of prison Pentecostalism, and I emphasized the rituals and embodied daily practice of the faith. From the data collected, I argue that the ganglike structure of the churches and the rigorous and visible practice of the faith enable the churches to thrive in prison. The churches provide protection, which makes them an attractive option to inmates whose lives may be at risk, but more important the churches allow members the opportunity to live moral and dignified lives in the midst of horrendous circumstances.
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Bradley, Curtis A., ed. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Foreign Relations Law. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190653330.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book ambitiously seeks to lay the groundwork for a new field of study and teaching known as “comparative foreign relations law.” Comparative foreign relations law compares and contrasts how nations, and also supranational entities such as the European Union, structure their decisions about matters such as entering into and exiting from international agreements, engaging with international institutions, and using military force, as well as how they incorporate treaties and customary international law into their domestic legal systems. The book consists of forty-six chapters, written by leading authors from around the world. Some of the chapters are empirically focused, others are theoretical, and still others contain in-depth case studies. In addition to being an invaluable resource for scholars working in this area, the book should be of interest to lawyers, judges, and law students. Foreign relations law issues are addressed regularly by lawyers working in foreign ministries, and globalization has meant that domestic judges, too, increasingly are confronted by them. In addition, private lawyers who work on matters that extend beyond their home countries often are required to navigate issues of foreign relations law. An increasing number of law school courses in comparative foreign relations law are also now being developed, making this volume an important resource for students as well.
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Hitlin, Steven, and Sarah K. Harkness. Unequal Foundations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465407.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book offers a novel theory and an original use of cross-cultural data to argue that the level of economic inequality in a society is reflected in the emotional experience of its members. People living in societies with greater equality experience more positive, binding emotions on a regular basis, while people living in unequal societies, like the United States, are significantly more likely to regularly experience negative, sanctioning moral emotions. We develop the idea that morality operates at both the societal and individual levels, and develop the thesis that individual moral emotions represent the distal structure of society. We bridge a number of areas in social science, including morality, inequality, social psychology, and the study of emotions. A good deal of work explains how being economically advantaged (or not) contributes to individual tastes, beliefs, values, and choices. Very little work links the extent of the advantages within a society to individual outcomes. We suggest that being advantaged in a relatively equal society leads to different experiences and shared cultures than being advantaged in a highly unequal society. We offer a novel use of established data from a tool drawn from the well-established Affect Control Theory tradition to demonstrate empirical support for our theory. As such, we go beyond previous work by showing data that supports our theory using a method that is designed for cross-cultural comparative research. We aim for this book to stimulate future work via different tools to test our theoretical argument.
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Galvin, Rachel. News of War. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623920.001.0001.
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Drawing on original archival research, providing detailed, socio-historically attentive readings, and featuring new translations, this book offers a compelling model of comparative, transnational poetics scholarship. It charts a cross-cultural dilemma from the Spanish Civil War through World War II: how to write a war poem that acknowledges the civilian’s distance from war. Civilian witnessing is problematic within an epistemic framework that deems physical experience of combat a necessary warrant for knowledge of war. Acknowledging this dilemma spurred noncombatant poets writing in English, Spanish, and French to draw on both journalistic structures and classical rhetoric in their wartime writing. Galvin examines the work of W. H. Auden, César Vallejo, Wallace Stevens, Raymond Queneau, Marianne Moore, and Gertrude Stein, who regularly wrote prose for periodicals in addition to poems inspired by press coverage of war. These poets developed what Galvin calls meta-rhetoric, or self-reflexive rhetorical tropes and schemes that reveal their own mechanisms. She argues that meta-rhetoric’s self-scrutiny and self-interference constitute a significant civilian poetics. By spotlighting the speaker’s distance from war and the problem of receiving war news via print journalism, such strategies make manifest problems of literary and moral authority. Ultimately, Galvin shows that the apparent impediment of limited access to firsthand experience actually proved highly generative for civilian poetics. An epilogue argues that U.S.-based noncombatant poets in the twenty-first century write about war using similar strategies, even as they cite and ironize poetry of the 1930s and 1940s.
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Thurston, Anne, ed. A Matter of Trust. University of London, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14296/1220.9781912250356.
Full textAbstract:
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals initiative has the potential to set the direction for a future world that works for everyone. Approved by 193 United Nations member countries in September 2016 to help guide global and national development policies in the period to 2030, the 17 goals build on the successes of the Millennium Development Goals, but also include new priority areas, such as climate change, economic inequality, innovation, sustainable consumption, peace and justice. Assessed against common agreed targets and indicators, the goals should facilitate inter-governmental cooperation and the development of regional and even global development strategies. However, each goal presents considerable challenges in terms of collecting and analysing relevant data and producing the statistics needed to measure progress. Most governments in lower resourced countries simply do not yet have the systems and controls in place to produce high quality, reliable data and statistics, and it is questionable whether the quality and integrity of the available information is adequate to support meaningful decisions and set direction for the future. There are substantial implications: where progress cannot be measured accurately because of inadequate or flawed statistics, the result can be misguided decisions, doubts about achievement of the goals and significant wasted resources. Getting statistics ‘right’ depends upon the quality and integrity of the data used to produce them and on the quality of the processes for collecting, manipulating and analysing the data. Without a documentary records as evidence of how the data were gathered and analysed or how statistics were produced and disseminated, it is not possible to confirm that the statistics are complete, accurate and relevant. Various global organisations do recognise the importance of high quality data and statistics for measuring the SDG indicators reliably, but there has been little attention to the role of records in providing the evidence needed to trust the data and statistics. There is, moreover, a lack of awareness that digital information simply will not survive without policies and procedures to manage and preserve it through time. As a result, digital data, statistics and records are being lost regularly on a large scale, particularly in lower resource countries, where the structures needed to protect and preserve them are not yet in place. This book explores, through a series of case studies, the substantial challenges for assembling reliable data and statistics to address pressing development challenges, particularly in Africa. Hopefully, by highlighting the enormous potential value of creating and using high quality data, statistics and records as an interconnected resource and describing how this can be achieved, the book will contribute to defining meaningful and realistic global and national development policies in the critical period to 2030.