Journal articles: 'Structural New South Wales Bermagui'

1

Branagan, D. F., and H. Pedram. "The Lapstone structural complex, New South Wales." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 37, no. 1 (March 1990): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099008727902.

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Stubley, M. P. "Structural analysis of the Mystery Bay area, New South Wales." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 36, no. 4 (December 1989): 479–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120098908729505.

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Holford, I. C. R., C. Hird, and R. Lawrie. "Effects of animal effluents on the phosphorus sorption characteristics of soils." Soil Research 35, no. 2 (1997): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s96048.

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Two groups of soils were examined to determine the effects of dairy, pig, or sewage effluent and other materials containing phosphorus (P) on their P sorption characteristics, using the Langmuir equation to estimate values of both sorption capacity and sorption strength. There were 19 soils (0-15 cm) from 6 sites in the Williams River catchment and 3 soils (0-100 cm) from Bermagui, all from coastal New South Wales. Effluent usually decreased P sorption capacities of the Williams River soils, and in 3 soils the capacities were reduced to zero. Sorption strength was reduced substantially by effluent treatment in all soils except one, which had received effluent for only 3 years. Sorption strength, but not necessarily capacity, was also lower after treatment with poultry manure or chicken litter than after treatment with superphosphate only. Where effluent did not decrease sorption capacity there was a substantial increase in total carbon and iron, both of which could increase sorption capacities. After 3 years of effluent treatment of the Bermagui soil, sorption capacities had been reduced in the top 70 cm depth, the extent of the reduction varying from 17% at 0-7 · 5 cm depth to 38% at 40-70 cm depth. Sorption strength was reduced in the top 40 cm depth only. After 12 years of effluent treatment, sorption capacities and strength had also decreased at the deeper sampling depths (to 100 cm), and the average reduction in capacity was about 40%. These results suggest that P leaching will begin well before the total sorption capacity has been saturated. There was a direct and significant correlation between the sorption strength of the untreated soil and the percentage saturation reached before leaching began. Further saturation of the sorption complex appears to be slow after this degree of saturation has been reached, and it seems that P leaching exceeds adsorption during this phase. There was also a negative correlation between sorption strength and KCl-soluble P in all soils, suggesting that soil P solubility and potential saturation are both controlled by this characteristic.

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Maxwell, Ken. "Preservation of Historic Bridges in New South Wales, Australia." Structural Engineering International 13, no. 2 (May 2003): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686603777964829.

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Hart, Barbara F., and Janet Chaseling. "Optimizing Landfill Ground Water Analytes-New South Wales, Australia." Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 23, no. 2 (May 2003): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2003.tb00677.x.

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Fergusson, C. L., A. Bray, and P. Hatherly. "Cenozoic Development of the Lapstone Structural Complex, Sydney Basin, New South Wales." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 58, no. 1 (February 2011): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2011.534505.

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Rickard, M. J., K. G. McQueen, and P. Hayden. "Structural controls on the Cowarra gold deposit near Bredbo, southeastern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 43, no. 2 (April 1996): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099608728248.

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Faiz, M. M., and A. C. Hutton. "COAL SEAM GAS IN THE SOUTHERN SYDNEY BASIN, NEW SOUTH WALES." APPEA Journal 37, no. 1 (1997): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj96025.

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The coal seam gas content of the Late Permian Illawarra Coal Measures ranges from Methane that occurs within the basin was mainly derived as a by-product of coalification. Most of the CO2 was derived from intermittent magmatic activity between the Triassic and the Tertiary. This gas has subsequently migrated, mainly in solution, towards structural highs and accumulated in anticlines and near sealed faults.The total desorbable gas content of the coal seams is mainly related to depth, gas composition and geological structure. At depths

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Moore, John C., and Rex Glencross-Grant. "Characterising native hardwood timber bridges in New South Wales, Australia." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 171, no. 6 (December 2018): 246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jcoma.17.00014.

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Uher, T. E., and M. C. Brand. "Claimants' view of the performance of adjudication in new South Wales." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 15, no. 5 (September 5, 2008): 470–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09699980810902758.

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Ties, P., R. D. Shaw, and G. C. Geary. "THE PETROLEUM PROSPECTIVITY OF THE CLARENCE-MORETON BASIN IN NEW SOUTH WALES." APPEA Journal 25, no. 1 (1985): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj84002.

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The Clarence-Moreton Basin covers an area of some 28 000 km2 in north-eastern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland. The basin is relatively unexplored, with a well density in New South Wales of one per 1600 km2. Since 1980, Endeavour Resources and its co-venturers have pursued an active exploration programme which has resulted in the recognition of significant petroleum potential in the New South Wales portion of the basin.Previous studies indicated that the Upper Triassic to Lower Cretaceous Clarence-Moreton Basin sequence in general, lacked suitable reservoirs and had poor source- rock potential. While exinite rich, oil-prone source rocks were recognised in the Middle Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures, they were considered immature for oil generation. Moreover, during the 1960's the basin acquired a reputation as an area where seismic records were of poor quality.These ideas are now challenged following the results of a new round of exploration which commenced in the New South Wales portion of the basin in 1980. This exploration has involved the acquisition of over 1000 km of multifold seismic data, the reprocessing of some 200 km of existing single fold data, and the drilling of one wildcat well. Over twenty large structural leads have been identified, involving trapping mechanisms ranging from simple drape to antithetic and synthetic fault blocks associated with normal and reverse fault dependent and independent closures.The primary exploration targets in the Clarence- Moreton Basin sequence are Lower Jurassic sediments comprising a thick, porous and permeable sandstone unit in the Bundamba Group, and channel and point-bar sands in the Marburg Formation. Source rocks in these and the underlying Triassic coal measures are gas-prone and lie at maturity levels compatible with gas generation. In contrast, it was established from the results of Shannon 1 that the Walloon Coal Measures are mature for oil generation and this maturity regime is now considered to be applicable to most of the basin in New South Wales.A consideration of reservoir and source rock distribution, together with structural trends across the basin in Petroleum Exploration Licences 258 and 259, has led to the identification of three prospective fairways, two of which involve shallow oil plays. Exploration of these fairways is currently the focus of an ongoing programme of further seismic data acquisition and drilling.

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Beavis, Sara G. "Structural controls on the orientation of erosion gullies in mid-western New South Wales, Australia." Geomorphology 33, no. 1-2 (May 2000): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-555x(99)00110-5.

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Fergusson, Christopher L., and Peter Frikken. "Diapirism and structural thickening in an Early Palaeozoic subduction complex, southeastern New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Structural Geology 25, no. 1 (January 2003): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8141(02)00017-2.

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14

Bartlett, Mark, Deborah Hatcher, and Amanda Johnson. "Total quality management in accredited New South Wales hospitals: A public/private comparison." Australian Health Review 20, no. 4 (1997): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah970049.

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Analysis of data collected in a 1994?95 survey of accredited New South Waleshospitals examined the adoption of key elements of total quality management practicein the public and private sectors. In a number of areas of practice widely consideredto be central to a hospital?s total quality management efforts, there was no statisticallysignificant difference between the two sectors. Where differences existed, total qualitymanagement practices more likely to be adopted by public hospitals were limited intheir scope and likely to be explained by structural peculiarities. In contrast, privatehospitals were more likely to adopt practices more critical to the successfulimplementation of total quality management.

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Senevirathna, S. T. M. L. D., Andrea M. Goncher, and Aaron Hollier. "Assessment of drinking water quality in regional New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 68, no. 8 (November 13, 2019): 708–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2019.103.

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Abstract There is a substantial research gap relating to the quality of drinking water in regional Australia and identifying possible improvements. In particular, the quality of water available in public places (washing and drinking), such as water bubblers installed in regional parks, schools, rest areas and railway stations, is poorly investigated. This paper discusses the primary and secondary water quality of eight water distribution networks in New South Wales (NSW) regional towns. An analysis of a large number of drinking water samples (more than 11,000) identified that maintaining microbial water quality and the required free chlorine level (>0.2 mg/L) are challenging issues for regional water distribution networks. Sixty-three per cent of the samples collected from the water outlets available in public places of a regional town showed free chlorine levels of <0.2 mg/L, and 30% of samples showed positive results for total coliform. All heavy metal levels of the samples were within the safe level. Water temperature was identified as the most problematic secondary water quality parameter in public water bubblers. Stainless steel was the common material used in bubblers where surface temperatures exceeded 50 °C during summer. This study identifies possible design and operational modifications to improve regional drinking water quality and make public water bubblers more usable.

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Cashmore, Aaron W., Devon Indig, Stephen E. Hampton, Desley G. Hegney, and Bin Jalaludin. "Workplace abuse among correctional health professionals in New South Wales, Australia." Australian Health Review 36, no. 2 (2012): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah11043.

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Objective. Studies have found that health workers are at elevated risk of being abused while at work. Little is known, however, about workplace abuse among correctional health professionals. We implemented a cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence, sources and consequences of workplace abuse among correctional health professionals in New South Wales, Australia. Methods. All employees of Justice Health (a statutory health corporation) were invited to complete a self-administered survey, which was delivered via the internet. Among nurses, medical doctors and allied health professionals, 299 usable surveys were returned; a response rate of 42%. Results. In the preceding 3 months, 76% of participants had personally experienced some form of abuse in their workplace, all but one of whom recalled verbal abuse. Only 16% reported physical abuse. Seventy per cent reported feeling safe in their workplace. Patients were identified as the main perpetrators of abuse, followed by fellow health staff. Participants felt that incidents of workplace abuse increased their potential to make errors while providing care to patients and reduced their productivity while at work. Conclusions. Compared with health workers who practise in a community setting, the risk of physical abuse among correctional health professionals appears to be low. What is known about the topic? Health professionals are at a high risk of workplace abuse. Studies have demonstrated that the risk of abuse varies by health profession and the practice environment. There is a paucity of research exploring workplace abuse among correctional health professionals. What does this paper add? A cross-sectional survey found that a relatively small proportion of correctional health professionals in New South Wales had been subjected to physical abuse in their workplace in the preceding 3 months. Verbal abuse, however, was reported by a majority of participants. Although patients were the most commonly reported source of abuse, a worrying level of health worker on health worker abuse (also known as horizontal abuse) was found. What are the implications for practitioners? Preventive strategies should address the temporal, environmental and structural determinants of workplace abuse in correctional and forensic facilities. More research is needed to identify the factors associated with horizontal abuse among correctional health professionals. This would allow the establishment of tailored preventive programs.

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Johnston, A. J., R. Offler, and S. Liu. "Structural fabric evidence for indentation tectonics in the Nambucca Block, southern New England Fold Belt, New South Wales." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 49, no. 2 (April 2002): 407–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0952.2002.00919.x.

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Liang, Zhanming, and Peter F. Howard. "Competencies required by senior health executives in New South Wales, 1990 - 1999." Australian Health Review 34, no. 1 (2010): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah09571.

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It is accepted that health care reforms and restructuring lead to the change of the tasks and competencies required by senior health care managers. This paper examined the major tasks that senior health executives performed and the most essential competencies required in the NSW public health sector in the 1990s following the introduction of major structural reforms. Diverse changes, restructuring and reforms introduced and implemented in different health care sectors led to changes in the tasks performed by health care managers, and consequently changes in the competencies required. What is known about the topic?The literature confirms that health reform affects senior health care managers’ acquisition and demonstration of new skills and knowledge to meet new job demands. What does this paper add?This paper provides a detailed description of the competencies required for senior health care managers in New South Wales in the 1990s after the introduction of the area health management model, the senior executive service and performance agreements. It confirms that restructuring and reform in the health care sector will lead to changes of the tasks performed by health care managers and, consequently, changes in the competencies required. What are the implications for practitioners?The competencies required by health care managers are affected by distinct management levels, diverse health care sectors and different contexts in which health care systems operate. The competencies identified for senior health executives in this study could guide educational programs for senior health managers in the future.

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Mckenzie, DC, TS Abbott, KY Chan, PG Slavich, and DJM Hall. "The nature, distribution and management of sodic soils in New-South-Wales." Soil Research 31, no. 6 (1993): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930839.

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Accurate data on the distribution of the various types of sodic soils in New South Wales are not available. However, general observations suggest that large areas are affected by structural instability as a result of sodicity, particularly on grey clays and red-brown earths of the Murray-Darling Basin. There is a strong need for new sodicity surveys because the production of crops and pasture often is well below potential on these lands. Exchangeable sodium data on their own do not adequately describe sodic soil behaviour, so information is also required about related factors such as electrical conductivity, exchangeable magnesium, clay mineralogy, pH, calcium carbonate content, degree of remoulding, and the frequency of continuous stable macropores. Critical limits for sodicity that are used by soil management advisory services need to be redefined. Considerable research into the reclamation and management of sodic soils has occurred in the irrigation areas and rainfed cropping districts of the Murray-Darling Basin in New South Wales. Mined and by-product gypsum, and to a lesser extent lime, have been shown to greatly improve the physical condition and profitability of production from soils with a dispersive surface. However, the responses to these treatments are less likely to be economical when sodicity is confined to the subsoil. Adequate supplies of gypsum and lime are available in New South Wales, but further research is required to determine economically optimal and environmentally acceptable rates and frequencies of application, particle sizes and chemical compositions for different farming systems that utilize the various types of sodic soil.

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Duckett, S. J. "STATE OF THE HEALTH SERVICE: STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN NEW SOUTH WALES HEALTH ADMINISTRATION - OR SISYPHUS REVISITED." Community Health Studies 7, no. 2 (February 12, 2010): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1983.tb00412.x.

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Catling, P. C., R. J. Burt, and R. I. Forrester. "Models of the distribution and abundance of ground-dwelling mammals in the eucalypt forests of south-eastern New South Wales." Wildlife Research 25, no. 5 (1998): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97112.

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We examined the relationship between ground-dwelling mammals and the environment within 500 000 ha of eucalypt forest in south-eastern New South Wales. Ground-dwelling mammals were surveyed at 368 sites in 13 areas in relation to four habitat variables/factors, seven environmental variables, and two derived variables (‘disturbance’ and ‘prey abundance’). Habitat variables are vegetative variables such as eucalypt community and forest structure that may be altered by man (e.g. logging) or natural disturbances (e.g. wildfire). Environmental variables are climatic or topographic variables such as rainfall or lithology that cannot be altered by man or natural disturbances. Statistical models are presented of the distribution and abundance of ground-dwelling mammals in temperate eucalypt forests. From studies of the prediction of eucalypt species from environmental variables and the distribution of arboreal marsupials it has been possible previously to map the predicted density of arboreal marsupials for a large area of south-eastern New South Wales. It would be difficult to do the same for the ground-dwelling mammals because of the importance of structural variables and the influence of disturbance on structure. However, there appears to be a positive relationship between the abundance of some ground-dwelling mammals and environmental variables such as the lithology nutrient rating. Many past studies of fauna have stratified sampling on broad climatic and terrain variables and not included an adequate proportion of the structural variation, which may remain concealed as a large part of the unexplained variation. This may be the single most important problem facing reliable modelling and prediction of patterns of biodiversity in eucalypt forests.

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Massey, C. "Corridor Health Survey, of the Upper Lachlan Catchment, Central West, New South Wales." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 2 (1998): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am98333.

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A major survey of stream corridor health was undertaken in the upper Lachlan Catchment. The survey provides a benchmark assessment of the riverine environment condition. The following attributes were examined: reach environments, channel habitat, cross-section analysis, bank condition and composition, bed and bar condition, riparian vegetation (presence and structure), aquatic habitat analysis, scenic, recreational and conservation values. This paper outlines some of the prelimin~ results related to the assessment of riverine vegetation in this catchment an area of approximately 35 000 km. The survey found that 77% of the riparian vegetation was highly degraded, 10% in poor condition, 4% moderate and 3% in good condition. Six percent of the upper catchment's riparian vegetation was in pristine condition, mostly confined to tributaries of the Abercrombie River. The average width of the riparian zone in the Upper Lachlan Catchment is 12.2 m. This approximates to one or possibly two mature tree widths (species dependant). Trees are generally confined to the banks of water courses and there is very little diversity, structural or species, in the shrub and ground cover understorey. Some implications for platypus conservation are discussed.

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Zhang, Tong, and Paul J. Burke. "The effect of fuel prices on traffic flows: Evidence from New South Wales." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 141 (November 2020): 502–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.09.025.

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Sodhi, Narvaez, Sara Shirowzhan, and Samad Sepasgozar. "The Impact of Increased Density on Residential Property Values in Sydney, New South Wales." Buildings 11, no. 12 (December 14, 2021): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11120650.

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This paper investigates the impact of high-density development on low-density residential property values in Sydney, New South Wales (NSW). To do so, it conducts a literature review to ascertain the existing knowledge surrounding the study of property valuation and its economic and societal implications. Limitations within academia were identified and addressed as the objectives of this research. Subsequently, the key objective of this research is to “study the sociological factors dictating the attractiveness of low-density (LD) properties within proximity to high-density (HD) local characteristics.” In addressing this objective, research questions explore the interactions of an area’s local characteristics, its residents’ property types and the perceptions surrounding these interactions. This research studies property value through the lens of market perceptions, as the price of land is a basic indicator of the attractiveness, economic value and amenities accessible to a specific site. Through this seminal understanding, the research methodology was formed in which a questionnaire was completed by Sydney residents, providing data for analysis and discussion. The primary research question determines that “low-density residents perceive high-density local characteristics to be attractive”. Through this determination and its associated discussion, this study proposes that ‘if high-density local characteristics are able to be utilised by low-density properties, low-density residents will consider these properties to be more valuable’.

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MAMOUNEY, LOUISA. "SHIFTING USE OF POLICY INSTRUMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS: NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA, 1979–2010." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 16, no. 01 (March 2014): 1450006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333214500069.

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It is generally accepted that choice and use of environmental policy instruments has changed over recent decades, however this has rarely been investigated empirically. A quantitative analysis of 505 policy instruments to address environmental problems between 1979–2010 in New South Wales, Australia, was undertaken to explore this further, in a jurisdiction reasonably typical of advanced economies. The data do show a shift in the use of instrument types, with the most common type of policy instrument being regulation. However, there was no trend away from regulation as a way of delivering policy outcomes, but a relative strengthening in the importance of newer policy instrument types such as strategy, education, incentives and schemes, compared with foundation policy types including regulation and land reservation. Foundation policies dominated the earlier years and provided significant structural elements of the policy system, including setting up organisations, assigning roles and responsibilities and prescribing rules. The political party holding government at the time does not drive the selection of policy instruments. The methods in this paper could be applied in other jurisdictions or to other policy areas.

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Wilkins, Colin, and Mike Quayle. "Structural Control of High-Grade Gold Shoots at the Reward Mine, Hill End, New South Wales, Australia." Economic Geology 116, no. 4 (June 1, 2021): 909–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4807.

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Abstract The Reward mine at Hill End hosts structurally controlled orogenic gold mineralization in moderately S plunging, high-grade gold shoots located at the intersection between a late, steeply W dipping reverse fault zone and E-dipping, bedding-parallel, laminated quartz veins (the Paxton’s vein system). The mineralized bedding-parallel veins are contained within the middle Silurian to Middle Devonian age, turbidite-dominated Hill End trough forming part of the Lachlan orogen in New South Wales. The Hill End trough was deformed in the Middle Devonian (Tabberabberan orogeny), forming tight, N-S–trending, macroscopic D2 folds (Hill End anticline) with S2 slaty cleavage and associated bedding-parallel veins. Structural analysis indicates that the D2 flexural-slip folding mechanism formed bedding-parallel movement zones that contained flexural-slip duplexes, bedding-parallel veins, and saddle reefs in the fold hinges. Bedding-parallel veins are concentrated in weak, narrow shale beds between competent sandstones with dip angles up to 70° indicating that the flexural slip along bedding occurred on unfavorably oriented planes until fold lockup. Gold was precipitated during folding, with fluid-flow concentrated along bedding, as fold limbs rotated, and hosted by bedding-parallel veins and associated structures. However, the gold is sporadically developed, often with subeconomic grades, and is associated with quartz, muscovite, chlorite, carbonates, pyrrhotite, and pyrite. East-west shortening of the Hill End trough resumed during the Late Devonian to early Carboniferous (Kanimblan orogeny), producing a series of steeply W dipping reverse faults that crosscut the eastern limb of the Hill End anticline. Where W-dipping reverse faults intersected major E-dipping bedding-parallel veins, gold (now associated with galena and sphalerite) was precipitated in a network of brittle fractures contained within the veins, forming moderately S plunging, high-grade gold shoots. Only where major bedding-parallel veins were intersected, displaced, and fractured by late W-dipping reverse faults is there a potential for localization of high-grade gold shoots (>10 g/t). A revised structural history for the Hill End area not only explains the location of gold shoots in the Reward mine but allows previous geochemical, dating, and isotope studies to be better understood, with the discordant W-dipping reverse faults likely acting as feeder structures introducing gold-bearing fluids sourced within deeply buried Ordovician volcanic units below the Hill End trough. A comparison is made between gold mineralization, structural style, and timing at Hill End in the eastern Lachlan orogen with the gold deposits of Victoria, in the western Lachlan orogen. Structural styles are similar where gold mineralization is formed during folding and reverse faulting during periods of regional east-west shortening. However, at Hill End, flexural-slip folding-related weakly mineralized bedding-parallel veins are reactivated to a lesser degree once folds lock up (cf. the Bendigo zone deposits in Victoria) due to the earlier effects of fold-related flattening and boudinage. The second stage of gold mineralization was formed by an array of crosscutting, steeply W dipping reverse faults fracturing preexisting bedding-parallel veins that developed high-grade gold shoots. Deformation and gold mineralization in the western Lachlan orogen started in the Late Ordovician to middle Silurian Benambran orogeny and continued with more deposits forming in the Bindian (Early Devonian) and Tabberabberan (late Early-Middle Devonian) orogenies. This differs from the Hill End trough in the eastern Lachlan orogen, where deformation and mineralization started in the Tabberabberan orogeny and culminated with the formation of high-grade gold shoots at Hill End during renewed compression in the early Carboniferous Kanimblan orogeny.

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Middleton, M. J., M. A. Rimmer, and R. J. Williams. "Structural flood mitigation works and estuarine management in New South Wales—Case study of the Macleay River." Coastal Zone Management Journal 13, no. 1 (January 1986): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08920758609361974.

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Burton, G. R. "New structural model to explain geophysical features in northwestern New South Wales: implications for the tectonic framework of the Tasmanides." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 57, no. 1 (February 2010): 23–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120090903416195.

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Haddad, Khaled, and Ataur Rahman. "Regional Flood Estimation in New South Wales Australia Using Generalized Least Squares Quantile Regression." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 16, no. 11 (November 2011): 920–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0000395.

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Odeh, Inakwu O. A., and Alex Onus. "Spatial Analysis of Soil Salinity and Soil Structural Stability in a Semiarid Region of New South Wales, Australia." Environmental Management 42, no. 2 (April 15, 2008): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-008-9100-z.

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McKenzie, DC, and HB So. "Effect of gypsum on vertisols of the Gwydir Valley, New South Wales. 2. Ease of tillage." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 1 (1989): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890063.

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An experiment was carried out to deter- mine the effect of applied gypsum on the ease of tillage in 3 vertisols of the Gwydir Valley, New South Wales. The soils were classified as 'poor' and 'good' on the basis of past dryland wheat yields and structural of their surface aggregates.Where gypsum had been applied 22 months earlier at a rate of 7.5 t ha-1, tractor fuel consumption per centimetre of soil tilled was reduced by as much as 37% (0.85 v. 0.54 L ha-1 cm-1). The effect was most marked on the more sodic clays. The reduction in fuel consumption due to gypsum was associated with instability creased soil water content (0.127 v. 0.224 kg kg-1) and lower soil strength (330 v. 140 kPa).

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Deen, Tara, and Karsten Gohl. "3‐D tomographic seismic inversion of a paleochannel system in central New South Wales, Australia." GEOPHYSICS 67, no. 5 (September 2002): 1364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1512741.

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Buried paleochannels are of significant interest for understanding hydrological mechanisms and their potential as alluvial gold deposits. Seismic tomographic methods are a suitable solution for resolving the vertical and horizontal structure of such features. We assess a method for seismic 3‐D tomographic inversion from refraction arrivals with reflection control over a suspected paleochannel adjacent to the Wyalong gold fields in the Lachlan fold belt of central New South Wales, Australia. A standard multichannel engineering seismic recording and cable–receiver system was used on a 3‐D field geometry of multiple linear arrays. More than 3000 P‐wave first‐arrival traveltime values were inverted using a regularized inversion scheme for which simplified 2‐D models served as initial velocity–depth models for the complete 3‐D inversion. Seismic reflection arrivals provided additional depth estimates to the bedrock and compensated for a lack of refraction phases at that depth. Correlating the 3‐D seismic velocity–depth data with existing drillhole and nonseismic geophysical data resulted in a detailed structural and compositional interpretation of the paleochannel and the incised regolith. The model suggests the presence of a system of deposits from meandering channels overlying a metasedimentary bedrock formation. The general paleodrainage deposit is relatively conductive in electromagnetic surveys, indicating a potential saline storage or transport mechanism.

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Drew, Joseph, Michael A. Kortt, and Brian Dollery. "No Aladdin’s Cave in New South Wales? Local Government Amalgamation, Scale Economies, and Data Envelopment Analysis Specification." Administration & Society 49, no. 10 (April 20, 2015): 1450–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399715581045.

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Local government structural reform programs are often based on the purported benefits of increased scale. We examine this question in relation to the proposed amalgamation program for New South Wales (NSW) by the NSW Independent Local Government Review Panel using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). We find evidence that a significant proportion of municipalities scheduled for amalgamation already exceed optimal scale and that the great majority of “amalgamated” entities will initially exhibit decreasing returns to scale. Our findings thus stand in stark contrast to the Independent Local Government Review Panel (ILGRP) contention that municipal mergers are the optimal approach to capturing economies of scale in NSW local government.

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Dollery, Brian, Warrick Moppett, and Lin Crase. "Spontaneous Structural Reform in Australian Local Government: the case of the Gilgandra Co-operative Model in New South Wales." Australian Geographer 37, no. 3 (November 2006): 395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049180600954807.

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Morgan, Karina, Jerzy Jankowski, and Geoffrey Taylor. "Structural controls on groundwater flow and groundwater salinity in the Spicers Creek catchment, Central West region, New South Wales." Hydrological Processes 20, no. 13 (2006): 2857–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6079.

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Crook, Natasha, Stuart C. Cairns, and Karl Vernes. "Bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) use drainage culverts to cross roads." Australian Mammalogy 35, no. 1 (2013): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am11042.

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Despite drainage culverts being numerous along highways, there is a scarcity of data evaluating their use as roadway underpasses by wildlife, including the bare-nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus), a large marsupial that is involved in substantial numbers of vehicle collisions in New South Wales. Culvert use was measured with camera traps positioned at 19 drainage culverts along an 8-km stretch of ‘Thunderbolt’s Way’ near Nowendoc on the Northern Tableland, north-eastern New South Wales. The estimated probability of the occupancy/use of a culvert by a wombat was 0.46 ± 0.10. Culvert use was related to structural variables (e.g. diameter and length) and both the distance to the next adjacent culvert and to forest cover. This suggests that wombats readily use drainage culverts to cross under roads and that these structures could be modified (e.g. by maintaining proximate forest cover) to increase the likelihood that wombats would use them, thus reducing vehicle collisions and road mortality of wombats.

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Brocque, Andrew F. Le, and Rod T. Buckney. "Multivariate Relationships between Floristic Composition and Stand Structure in Vegetation of Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, New South Wales." Australian Journal of Botany 45, no. 6 (1997): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt95042.

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The relationships between stand structure and floristic composition were examined from data collected from 100 quadrats on two soil types: Hawkesbury sandstone and Narrabeen group soils, occurring within Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, New South Wales. Floristic composition was determined using the frequency of species occurring within nine concentric sub-quadrats of total area 500 m2. Stand structure was determined by a multivariate classification scheme utilising the foliage projective cover of eight strata within each quadrat. The patterns in floristic composition and stand structure were examined through multivariate analyses. Procrustes analysis of non-metric multidimensional scaling ordinations of both the stand structure and composition data showed floristic composition gradients to be well recovered by the structure data. Similar gradients were evident in both vegetation attributes, between and within the two soil types, with the rank order of community types across the ordinations being the same. However, some important differences were evident between the ordinations of floristic composition and stand structure between and within soil types. A number of floristically dissimilar communities exhibited very similar multivariate structural characteristics. In particular, two floristically distinct communities on different soil types were indistinguishable in terms of their structural characteristics. The multivariate analyses suggest a possible convergence of some compositionally distinct communities towards a common structural formation.

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Carlsen, Jack. "Economic Evaluation of Recreation and Tourism in Natural Areas: A Case Study in New South Wales, Australia." Tourism Economics 3, no. 3 (September 1997): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135481669700300302.

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Provision of information for the purposes of evaluating and monitoring recreation and tourism land use is a conceptually difficult task for economists and land managers. A range of techniques has been developed since the pioneering work of Clawson and Knetsch in the 1960s to estimate the market value of recreation and tourism in natural areas. These techniques involve a number of conceptual and practical difficulties when used for environmental auditing and evaluation purposes. This article outlines the process of evaluating recreation and tourism on public lands in order to provide information for an environmental audit of the Upper North East region of New South Wales. The range of market and non-market values associated with tourism and recreation on public lands is based on existing studies of the region. The values of commercial production, recreation and tourism on public lands are compared within a structural model (input–output) of the regional economy.

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Masso, Malcolm, Glenn Robert, Grace McCarthy, and Kathy Eagar. "The Clinical Services Redesign Program in New South Wales: perceptions of senior health managers." Australian Health Review 34, no. 3 (2010): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah08720.

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Objective.This study explores the views of senior managers regarding their experience of participating in the Clinical Services Redesign Program (CSRP) in New South Wales and the impact of that Program. Methods.Semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2007 with 42 senior managers working in the NSW health system. Results.Managers reported being increasingly oriented towards efficiency, achieving results and using data to support decision-making. The increased focus on managing performance was accompanied by concerns about the narrowness of the indicators being used to manage performance and how these are applied. The value placed by interviewees on the use of ‘competition’ as a lever for improving services varied. Leadership was repeatedly identified as important for long-term success and sustainability. No one was confident that the CSRP had yet been sufficiently embedded in day to day practice in order for it to keep going on its own. Conclusion.Our findings are generally consistent with the extensive literature on change management, performance management and leadership. Some cultural change has taken place in terms of observed patterns of behaviour but it is unrealistic to think that CSRP can on its own deliver the desired deeper cultural changes in the values and assumptions underpinning the NSW Health system. There is some evidence of dysfunctional aspects of performance management but no call for the focus on performance or redesign to be abandoned. What is known about the topic?There has been growing interest internationally in the potential of industrial process improvement models (such as business process re-engineering, Six Sigma and Lean Manufacturing) to secure sustained improvements in the efficiency of healthcare services. Such approaches are often accompanied by the implementation of a rigorous performance management system. However, overall results in the healthcare sector have been mixed with outcomes sometimes falling short of stated ambitions. To date, in-depth research into the use of such approaches and systems in Australia has been limited. What does this paper add?This paper reports on research in New South Wales to evaluate one such approach: the 3-year Clinical Services Redesign Program that aims to achieve transformational, sustainable, system-wide change by ‘undertaking deep seated structural and cultural reform of traditional work practices’. The original CSRP business case envisaged a radical – rather than incremental – approach to system change, in keeping with a ‘re-engineering’ ethos. The qualitative findings presented here are based on interviews in 2007 with 42 senior health managers working at different levels of the health system. These interviews explored the experience of participating in the CSRP and elicited views as to the perceived impact of the Program from a managerial perspective. The findings are related to theories of system level change and compared with the emerging evidence-base relating to large-scale improvement strategies in healthcare. What are the implications for practitioners?Managers support the principle of managing performance by setting targets, with concerns primarily about the narrow focus of the selected targets, how the targets are applied locally and the nature of their central monitoring. Targets need to be well defined and measure the processes and outcomes that really matter. The principle of linking performance with service redesign was also supported. However, interviewees did not believe that changing culture to achieve sustainable change could be brought about by a single centrally-led change program. Significantly, leadership was seen as a critical factor in improving performance but needs to be considered within a broad framework (i.e. a system of leadership) that relies on more than just the attributes of individuals. Finally, management development should not be overlooked, or seen as less important than leadership development. Improvement projects frequently fail in implementation and this is as much a management issue as a leadership issue.

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Black, J. A., S. E. Samuels, U. Vandebona, E. Masters, J. C. Trinder, B. Morrison, and R. Tudge. "Road Traffic Noise Prediction Using Object-Oriented and Geographic Information System Technologies." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1601, no. 1 (January 1997): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1601-12.

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It is now some 4 years since the New South Wales Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) interim noise policy was released. The document sets out RTA policies on traffic noise along with guidelines relating to assessment and control. It is perhaps the most extensive document on the topic ever produced by an Australian road authority. The underlying philosophy of the policy is the importance of noise as an issue that must be addressed in all aspects of RTA road planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation programs. Some recent advances in the traffic noise arena are considered. A spatial decision support system is then outlined for road planning that has been developed as part of an Australian Research Council industry collaborative research grant involving RTA and the University of New South Wales. This is built on object-oriented programming and geographic information system technologies and involves a library containing models in eight domains amounting to 33,000 lines of code. The noise estimation procedure included in this system is described together with how it has been adapted and implemented in an object-oriented way. Speculation is made on how the prototype may be integrated into the emerging corporate responsibilities of RTA in the area of communication and consultation.

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Pemberton, J. W., and R. Offler. "Significance of clinopyroxene compositions from the Cudgegong Volcanics and Toolamanang Volcanics: Cudgegong-Mudgee district, NSW, Australia." Mineralogical Magazine 49, no. 353 (September 1985): 591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1985.049.353.14.

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SynopisClinopyroxene phenocrysts and groundmass crystals are relict phases in altered basalt and basaltic andesite lavas, and arenites of the Cudgegong Volcanics and Toolamanang Volcanics, Cudgegong-Mudgee district, New South Wales. Petrography, field relationships and clinopyroxene compositions indicate that basaltic blocks in the latter unit are reworked from the Cudgegong Volcanics. Clinopyroxene phenocrysts show a restricted compositional range and minor Feenrichment from core to rim, features considered indicative of a calc-alkaline parent magma. It is proposed that the Cudgegong Volcanics crystallized under hydrous conditions, at least in the later stages, with rising fO2 resulting in a Fe-Ti oxide crystallizing as a primary phase. The clinopyroxenes are considered to have crystallized at moderate (5–6 kbar) and falling pressures and at minimum temperatures in the range 900 to 1000°C. Coupled substitutions affecting the “other” components in the clinopyroxene structural formula indicate that the ivAl-viFe3+, ivAl-viAl and ivAl-viTi4+ couples are important. The Sofala Volcanics, south of the study area, and the Cudgegong Volcanics are similar in age, petrography and stratigraphic position, and contain relict clinopyroxenes which are chemically similar. This suggests that the units are laterally equivalent and adds further evidence to the proposal that an oceanic island arc system was active in central western New South Wales during the Late Ordovician.

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McPhie, J. "Evolution of a non-resurgent cauldron: the Late Permian Coombadjha Volcanic Complex, northeastern New South Wales, Australia." Geological Magazine 123, no. 3 (May 1986): 257–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800034749.

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AbstractThe Coombadjha Volcanic Complex is the remnant of a Late Permian cauldron. It is part of an extensive sequence of silicic calc-alkaline volcanics that covers the southeastern portion of the New England Orogen in NSW. The Complex is elliptical, measuring 15 × 24 km, and is outlined by a ring pluton and an arcuate fault. Bedding in the volcanic units of the Complex defines a structural basin, with steep inward dips at the monoclinal rim and gentle to horizontal orientations near the centre. An older group of outflow ignimbrites, lavas, breccias and volcaniclastic rocks at least 1500 m thick, is conformably overlain by more than 500 m of texturally homogeneous, crystal-rich, dacitic ignimbrite. Ignimbrites of the older group are the products of several discrete eruptions from separate vents, all of which were situated outside the Coombadjha area. Silicic lava domes with volcaniclastic aprons, and a tuff ring, mark the positions of local vents active on a small scale during intervals between the emplacement of the outflow ignimbrites. No significant subsidence occurred, nor did a caldera exist at this stage. Cauldron subsidence occurred in response to the large magnitude eruption that produced the crystal-rich ignimbrite. The central cauldron block was lowered at least 2000 m by downwarping and fault displacement, and remained largely intact. There is no evidence for resurgent doming of the cauldron after subsidence, although igneous activity continued with intrusion of an adamellite ring pluton along much of the cauldron margin. The crystal-rich ignimbrite and the ring pluton are similar in composition and may have been successive products of a common magma source that sustained this simple, single cauldron cycle.

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Dollery, Brian, Joel Byrnes, and Percy Allan. "Optimal Structural Reform in Australian Local Government: An Empirical Analysis of Economies of Scale by Council Function in New South Wales." Urban Policy and Research 25, no. 4 (December 2007): 473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08111140701540729.

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Hunter, John T. "Interactions between Callitris above-ground biomass, species density and plant form in north-eastern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Botany 61, no. 1 (2013): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt12317.

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Dense Callitris endlicheri (Parl.) F.M.Bailey (black cypress pine) and C. glaucophylla Joy Thomps. & L.A.S.Johnson (white cypress pine) stands are often viewed as problematic and thinning is often encouraged from a biodiversity perspective. In the present investigation, canonical correspondence analyses (CCAs) of 997 survey sites were undertaken within the public and private reserve network that contains a variety of above-ground biomass (AGB) of C. endlicheri and C. glaucophylla (as measured by diameter at breast height (DBH) and dispersion) and the evenness of the species distribution was undertaken. This was done to further dissect the effect of Callitris AGB on species density (richness per quadrat) of native and introduced species and on broad life-form groupings. Other landscape features such as altitude, physiography, drainage and soil depth were also included in analyses. C. endlicheri and C. glaucophylla grow in different biophysical locations in most instances and this was reflected in the results of the study. No level of AGB or clumping of C. endlicheri was found to affect species density of native or introduced taxa or the distribution of life-forms. Increasing AGB of C. glaucophylla had a positive effect on native species density. The species density of introduced taxa was also increased with an increase in C. glaucophylla AGB. The distribution of life-forms was significantly affected by an increase in Callitris AGB with a decrease in trees, shrubby taxa and hemi-parasites, although herbaceous species had a concomitant increase in number. There is no reason to thin dense Callitris stands to increase local species richness. However, because the distribution of life-form types is significantly affected by C. glaucophylla, there is a need to understand what is occurring in species replacements and what landscape mosaic of structural types is required for this species. It is likely that dense stands of Callitris are important, along with a variety of stand densities so as to maintain the highest regional diversity.

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Wang, Alexander, Xiao Hua Wang, and Gang Yang. "The Effects of Wind-Driven Storm Events on Partly Sheltered Estuarine Beaches in Batemans Bay, New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9030314.

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Extreme wind-driven storm events have the potential to erode beach systems. Along the East Coast of Australia, storm events have been responsible for beach erosion in many coast-facing, open beaches. This paper investigates the potential impacts of wind-driven storms on partly sheltered estuarine beaches—a niche found within Batemans Bay, New South Wales (NSW), along the East Coast. It combines beach geomorphological data with meteorological and oceanographic data to evaluate the impacts of large storm events on three partly sheltered estuarine embayed beaches (Cullendulla Beach, Corrigans Beach, and Maloney’s Beach). The results show that while embayed beaches are protected from some storm events, storm impacts may vary with the season due to wind speed and direction changes, the presence of nearby rivers or creeks, and anthropogenic modifications such as dredging and coastline alterations. This study may contribute to the understanding of the erosive impacts of storms and help improve management strategies used to prevent recession, particularly on embayed beaches.

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Arditto, P. A. "AN INTEGRATED GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF A PORTION OF THE OFFSHORE SYDNEY BASIN, NEW SOUTH WALES." APPEA Journal 43, no. 1 (2003): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj02026.

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The study area is within PEP 11, which is more than 200 km in length, covers an area over 8,200 km2 and lies immediately offshore of Sydney, Australia’s largest gas and petroleum market on the east coast of New South Wales. Permit water depths range from 40 m to 200 m. While the onshore Sydney Basin has received episodic interest in petroleum exploration drilling, no deep exploration wells have been drilled offshore.A reappraisal of available data indicates the presence of suitable oil- and wet gas-prone source rocks of the Late Permian coal measure succession and gas-prone source rocks of the middle to early Permian marine outer shelf mudstone successions within PEP 11. Reservoir quality is an issue within the onshore Permian succession and, while adequate reservoir quality exists in the lower Triassic succession, this interval is inferred to be absent over much of PEP 11. Quartz-rich arenites of the Late Permian basal Sydney Subgroup are inferred to be present in the western part of PEP 11 and these may form suitable reservoirs. Seismic mapping indicates the presence of suitable structures for hydrocarbon accumulation within the Permian succession of PEP 11, but evidence points to significant structuring post-dating peak hydrocarbon generation. Uplift and erosion of the order of 4 km (based on onshore vitrinite reflectance studies and offshore seismic truncation geometries) is inferred to have taken place over the NE portion of the study area within PEP 11. Published burial history modelling indicates hydrocarbon generation from the Late Permian coal measures commenced by or before the mid-Triassic and terminated during a mid-Cretaceous compressional uplift prior to the opening of the Tasman Sea.Structural plays identified in the western and southwestern portion of PEP 11 are well positioned to contain Late Permian clean, quartz-rich, fluvial to nearshore marine reservoir facies of the coal measures. These were sourced from the western Tasman Fold Belt. The reservoir facies are also well positioned to receive hydrocarbons expelled from adjacent coal and carbonaceous mudstone source rock facies, but must rely on early trap integrity or re-migrated hydrocarbons and, being relatively shallow, have a risk of biodegradation. Structural closures along the main offshore uplift appear to have been stripped of the Late Permian coal measure succession and must rely on mid-Permian to Early Permian petroleum systems for hydrocarbon generation and accumulation.

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McKenzie, DC, and HB So. "Effect of gypsum on vertisols of the Gwydir Valley, New South Wales. 1. Soil properties and wheat growth." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 1 (1989): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890051.

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The effect of gypsum on the properties and crop productivity of 6 contrasting vertisols of the Gwydir Valley, New South Wales was investigated in 1978 and 1979. These soils are often used for dryland wheat production, although crop growth is generally restricted by their structural instability. In 2 of the soils used in our study, the surface aggregates were sodic and dispersive (poor soils), 2 were relatively stable when wetted (good soils), whilst the other 2 soils had surface aggregates that were intermediate in behaviour (intermediate soils). The effects of added gypsum at 4 rates (0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 t ha-1) on soil water profiles, soil properties and the growth of wheat were monitored over a 2 year period. Dryland wheat grain yields were increased by as much as 230% following the application of gypsum. Benefits were most pronounced on clays with sodic topsoils, a high water-holding capacity and adequate nutrition; plant response to gypsum on nearby soils with non-dispersive surfaces was less pronounced. Yield increases were associated with better seedling establishment, greater tiller production, increased grain weight, and lower incidence of 'Crown Rot' disease. Plant response to gypsum was related to improved water penetration into the soil, allowing greater storage of water in the subsoil, rather than loss via evaporation and possibly runoff. Increases as high as 137% in the soil water storage to a depth of 1.2 m were observed. Crop performance was also strongly influenced by rainfall, time of sowing and weed control. Where nitrogen and, to a lesser extent, phosphorus, were deficient in gypsum-treated soil, they had to be added before the extra soil water could be utilised effectively by wheat. On the lighter textured clays, gypsum appeared to aggravate nitrogen deficiency, apparently because of enhanced leaching.

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Nunn, M. "Book reviewThin bituminous surfacings and desirable road user performance OliverJ. ARRB Transport Research Ltd, New South Wales, 1999, first edition, £40, 26 pp." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport 141, no. 1 (February 2000): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/tran.2000.141.1.57.

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Banks, Robert, Laura Wendling, Kaye Basford, Anthony Ringrose-Voase, and Vera Banks. "Beneficial soil profile differences associated with tropical grass pastures on sodic texture contrast soils in Northern New South Wales." Soil Research 58, no. 2 (2020): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr19140.

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Volunteer native pastures on widespread sodic texture contrast soils in northern New South Wales slopes and plains are known for their limited agricultural production. Fertilised tropical grass pastures on these soils are reported to have much increased pasture production, deeper, more abundant root mass and greater soil profile moisture storage. The subsoil physical differences between native and tropical grass pastures are not well understood. This observational study compared root abundance, soil structure and soil physical parameters (dispersion, bulk density, porosity and pore distribution) in sodic texture contrast soils under native and adjacent, well established and fertilised tropical pastures in a 14-year chronosequence. The physical differences observed may have contributed to improved soil water storage reported by other authors. Fourteen years after establishment, mean root abundance was significantly lower in soils under native pasture and greater in the tropical grass pasture system with 4600 and 8400 m of roots m–3 respectively. Dispersion values were high in native pastures but soils under tropical pastures had to be physically worked to cause dispersion. Bulk density under native pasture was significantly higher than in tropical grass pastures by 0.08 g cm–3 at 0–10 cm and by 0.2 g cm–3 in the upper B horizons. Total soil porosity of topsoils and upper B horizons was consequently lower in native than in tropical grass pasture. Tropical grass pasture upper B horizons had a three-fold greater macroporosity (pores > 30 µm), than under native pastures. This is equivalent to significantly greater potential water flow through stable macropores in dense sodic B horizons in tropical pastures. These findings indicate that pasture system selection and management positively affects deep soil structural properties which promote pasture productivity. The study contributes to a better understanding of mechanisms of published deeper water storage in tropical grass pasture systems on these normally low production soils.

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Scott, B. J., M. R. Fleming, M. K. Conyers, K. Y. Chan, and P. G. Knight. "Lime improves emergence of canola on an acidic, hardsetting soil." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 2 (2003): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01127.

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Much of the agricultural lime applied in southern New South Wales, Australia, is applied to crops of canola (Brassica napus L.), but little is documented on the response of canola to lime. The few documented responses in grain yield of canola to lime application have been ascribed to decreased toxicities of aluminium and manganese. However, there is evidence that lime can have a structural effect on soil. A field experiment was limed in 1982 (0–5 t/ha) and was relimed in 1996 (0–5 t/ha) to give factorial combinations of 5 rates of 'old' (1982) and 6 rates of 'new' (1996) lime. When sown to canola in 1999 there was an increase in density of canola (from 17�to�60�plants/m2) and grain yield (from 1200 to 2700 kg/ha) associated with increasing rates of lime application. The emergence of canola was increased by 15% for each 1 unit increase in soil pHCa. Two subsequent pot experiments, conducted on cores taken from a subset of field plots with different liming histories, showed that lime application increased emergence of canola by about 9% for each 1 unit increase in soil pHCa. In addition, 2 contrasting watering treatments (gentle spraying and rapid flooding) were applied to the pots to either avoid or accentuate any soil structural breakdown. Flooding gave lower emergence compared with spraying (19 and 31%, respectively). Soil strength measurements (penetration resistance and shear strength) conducted on the surface soil (0–1 cm depth) during the second glasshouse experiment showed that lime application and gentle watering (spraying rather than flooding) resulted in lower soil strength. The soil strength measurements were related to emergence of canola. It is proposed that soil structural stability was the major contributor to these observed emergence differences. This is the first evidence in New South Wales of lime affecting plant performance via its influence on soil structure.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Structural New South Wales Bermagui'

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