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Zimmermann, Daniel. "Cohesion Policy as a Driver to Promote Good Governance in the EU Member States." Central and Eastern European eDem and eGov Days 341 (March 17, 2022): 397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/ocg.v341.29.
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The quality of public institutions has a major impact on the social and economic development within the EU member states. Regions with high government effectiveness, low corruption and highquality public services tend to have higher outcomes in economic performance and social inclusion. In case of EU cohesion policy funding, the Seventh Cohesion Report published by the European Commission in 2017 demonstrates that regions with weak institutions have difficulties in absorbing regional development influences effectively and using the European structural funds properly in order to promote growth. The European Commission has recently set out several initiatives to strengthen good governance and administrative capacity building to improve the management of the European structural funds. This paper will scrutinize whether the cohesion policy implies proper instruments to promote good governance.
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Hannigan, Kevin. "National policy, European structural funds and sustainable tourism: The case of Ireland." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2, no. 4 (January 1994): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669589409510695.
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De Iaco, Luigi. "Fondi strutturali per il ciclo di programmazione 2007-2013: analisi critica della ripartizione delle risorse finanziarie tra le Regioni dei Paesi membri." RIVISTA DI ECONOMIA E STATISTICA DEL TERRITORIO, no. 1 (April 2009): 62–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rest2009-001004.
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- The recent European Commission's implementing regulation for the Structural and Cohesion Funds 2007-2013 establishes criteria for defining the Regions eligible for funding from the Structural Funds. Moreover it identifies the objectives to be reached during the programming period. The general objectives of the Structural policies consist in speeding up the convergence of the least-developed Member States and regions by improving conditions for growth and employment through higher quality investments in physical and human capital, innovation, environment and administrative efficiency. However, the indicators used to identify regions for funding mainly refer to GDP and population. Methods and Results The analysis uses a simulation model based on Regions of Member States financial allocation model. The results show that using indicators more coherent with the European Commission objectives would lead to a different funds allocation. Conclusions This paper tries to highlight the inconsistency of this process and, through the identification and use of alternative indicators, proposes some simulations in order to present a different and more coherent scenario of financial allocation of Structural Funds.
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Popescu, Felix-Angel. "THE IMPACT OF STRUCTURAL AND COHESION FUNDS ON THE ECONOMY OF BIHOR COUNTY DURING 2007-2013 PROGRAMMING PERIOD." Oradea Journal of Business and Economics 3, Special (May 2018): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991ojbe046.
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The author uses TIATOOL model simulations, in order to reveal the potential impact generated by the Romanian Operational Programs 2007-2013 funded projects in Bihor county, on a set of 34 socio-economic indicators, for which individual intensities and weights were estimated by the author, based on the actual numbers of projects, their scope and the amounts of money absorbed by project beneficiaries. The readers should not expect a high impact of Structural and Cohesion funds on the economy of Bihor county, on short term, because these funds, like the rest of community funds, have a very pronounced redistributive role, which means that the dimension of the necessary expenditures for the implementation of projects counterbalances its revenues dimension, the amortization of such investments being made on long term. The novelty of such research is the fact that the Community authorities (in this case the European Commission) investigate the impact of Community funds only at policy level (cohesion, regional development and employment, territorial cooperation) and only in a comparative spectrum between national and regional figures, and the Romanian authorities (the Ministry of European Funds, the Operational Programs Managing Authorities) carry out impact assessments only at national and regional level.
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Tömmel, I. "The EU and the Regions; Towards a Three-Tier System or New Modes of Regulation?" Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 15, no. 4 (December 1997): 413–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c150413.
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During the last decade, the regions have emerged as ‘new actors’ in European decisionmaking and policy implementation. The new role assumed by regional governments and authorities in the European Union (EU) system has emerged neither by itself nor by global moves towards decentralization, but has been actively triggered by the European Commission. Particularly through its strategy of policymaking in the framework of the Structural Funds, regions and other decentralized actors have been stimulated to play a more active and independent role. For this purpose, the Commission, constrained by a lack of extensive formal powers and competences, has made wide use of informal or underformalized processes and procedures of decisionmaking and policy implementation. These strategies are analyzed with the author's aim of highlighting the most important innovations resulting from the recent reforms of the Structural Funds. The response of the regions to the policy framework set out by the Commission is highlighted through selected examples. On the basis of empirical material, conclusions are drawn with regard to the future development of the EU system as a whole. It is argued that this system will not so much evolve into a fully fledged three-tier system, but rather will be characterized by new modes of regulation which, in the long run, will transform traditional state intervention at all government levels, and by new modes of exercising power which are based on the skillful pooling and sharing of the power resources of many divergent actors, both public and private.
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McCabe, Conor. "Apple and Ireland, 1980–2020." Radical History Review 2022, no. 143 (May 1, 2022): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-9566160.
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Abstract This article places the recent tax case concerning Apple Inc., Ireland, and the European Commission within its historical framework to reveal the very particular structural dynamics that exist between the Irish state and transnational capital. It proposes that these dynamics result not entirely from an industrial strategy adopted in the 1950s but instead from a deeper neocolonial economic relationship, itself part of a comprador capitalist system that is firmly embedded in key public and private institutions of the Irish state and socially reproduced through them. An understanding of this comprador dynamic and its ideological framework is essential to understanding why the Irish state protects tax avoidance above the interests of wider Irish society.
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McLeod-Kilmurray, Heather. "13 Stichting Greenpeace and Environmental Public Interest Standing before the Community Judicature: Some lessons from the Federal Court of Canada." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 1 (1998): 269–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802821124.
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On April 2,1998, three years after the ruling of the Court of First Instance, the European Court of Justice issued its appeal decision in the Stichting Greenpeace case. The Court of First Instance had denied locus standi under Article 230(4) (Article 173(4)) of the EC Treaty to Greenpeace, two local environmental groups and a series of individual applicants to challenge the decision of the European Commission to continue providing Community structural funds under the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) to Spain to build two power stations in the Canary Islands.
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McLeod-Kilmurray, Heather. "Stichting Greenpeace and Environmental Public Interest Standing before the Community Judicature: Some lessons from the Federal Court of Canada." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 1 (1998): 269–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000001178.
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On April 2,1998, three years after the ruling of the Court of First Instance, the European Court of Justice issued its appeal decision in the Stichting Greenpeace case. The Court of First Instance had denied locus standi under Article 230(4) (Article 173(4)) of the EC Treaty to Greenpeace, two local environmental groups and a series of individual applicants to challenge the decision of the European Commission to continue providing Community structural funds under the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) to Spain to build two power stations in the Canary Islands.
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Song, Yann-huei. "The Common Fisheries Policy of the European Union: Restructuring of the Fishing Fleet and the Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 13, no. 4 (1998): 537–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180898x00346.
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AbstractThis article is a study of the EU's Common Fisheries Policy, focusing in particular on the restructuring of the European fishing fleet and the EU's structural fund aid made available to the fisheries sector to help deal with the problem of over-capacity. Four generations of MultiAnnual Guidance Programmes (MAGPs) for the fishing fleet have been adopted, which cover the period between 1983 and 2001, to deal with the problem of "too many fishing boats chasing too few fish" in the EU's maritime waters. By the end of 1996, only the UK and the Netherlands failed to meet their fleet-cutting target in terms of tonnage. Although the percentage of the structural funds provided by the EU to its Member States has been relatively small, the funds made available under the Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance (FIFG) has been used by the European Commission to compel certain Member States to meet the EU's fleet-cutting plan under MAGP.
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Bostan, Ionel, Andrei-Alexandru Moroşan, Cristian-Valentin Hapenciuc, Pavel Stanciu, and Iulian Condratov. "Are Structural Funds a Real Solution for Regional Development in the European Union? A Study on the Northeast Region of Romania." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 6 (May 24, 2022): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15060232.
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Economic development has been a major priority for the European Commission, with significant amounts of Structural and Cohesion Funds being allocated in this direction. With the enlargements of the Union in 2004, 2007 and 2013, the Regional Development Policy faced a new challenge, with the disparity between new members and the community average being a notable one. The literature is divided with respect to the impact generated by funds allocated through the Regional Development Policy, as some authors claim the existence of positive effects, others identify conditional positive effects and other authors identify only negative effects and say that the whole support system needs to be rethought. This research presents an empirical approach to the issue of the effectiveness of the European Community’s support system for business environments. An analysis is performed at the microeconomic level in order to quantify observable effects at the level of the SMEs that have benefited from non-reimbursable financial aid. The data obtained indicate that Structural and Cohesion Funds for business environments have a significant effect in the medium and long terms, contributing to the achievement of the general objective of the Regional Development Policy (reducing economic disparities between EU member states).
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Stan, Mari-Isabella, and Simona-Elena Cojocaru. "An analysis of the absorption rate of EU funded social projects at macro-regional level." Technium Social Sciences Journal 36 (October 8, 2022): 466–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v36i1.7551.
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The current European context is still characterized by the disparities between the Member States, economic and social cohesion being one of the priorities of the European Union, which is found among the key objectives of European and national policies. The Structural Funds are the most important economic policy measure adopted by the European Commission, and their management, which represents an opportunity for socio-economic development, is the responsibility of all Member States. In the national context, the responsibility for a sustainable local development must be placed on the community, one of the most effective tools for achieving the community’s development being social programs, implemented through social projects. The aim of this paper is to carry out an analysis of the projects contracted under the Human Capital Operational Programme, Priority Axis 4 - Social inclusion and combating poverty, for the 2014-2020 programming period, at the level of Romania's development regions. For our country, the European Structural Funds are the main source of funding of the operational programmes which facilitate the socio-economic development at national, regional and local level, based on the premise that the development of social projects can lead to improved living conditions for the citizens of local communities.
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Marin, Florian, and Laurentiu Ionut Petre. "The Influence of the Main Endogenous Variables on the Absorption of European Structural and Investment Funds." International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 9, no. 1 (January 2020): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.2020010103.
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The absorption of structural and investment funds is a constant concern on the part of both the European Commission and the Member States. The absorption process is a complex one, with the Member States recording different performances in terms of absorption, these being based on their management systems. The article addresses the relationship between the effective absorption and the influence of the main endogenous variables at the level of the management system, respectively the pre-financing, the value of the payments to the beneficiaries, and the current absorption. The variables analyzed concerned the Cohesion Policy for the programming period 2014 - 2020 and respectively the period 30.03.2018 - 01.11.2019. Using an econometric model of multiple linear regression type, an influence of 0.58 units in the case of current absorption, 0.26 units in the case of payments to beneficiaries, and 0.19 units in the case of pre-financing were highlighted.
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Lewandowska, Anna, Yuriy Bilan, and Grzegorz Mentel. "The Impact of Financial Innovation Investment Support on SME Competitiveness." Journal of Competitiveness 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 92–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.7441/joc.2021.03.06.
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This article examines financial support (especially EU Structural Funds as the main tool of cohesion policy) for investments as a lever for the development of SME innovativeness in Poland. The European Commission strongly stresses the importance of their cohesion policy and support for SMEs. European enterprises have suffered significantly from the credit crunch, and the situation could worsen as banks engage in restructuring to eliminate impaired assets from their balance sheets. Supporting SMEs and promoting entrepreneurship is essential for economic development and competitiveness, especially in less developed regions. The main aim of this study is to establish the impact of financial support for investments, especially from EU Structural Funds, on SME competitiveness in Poland. We have analyzed empirically the data drawn from CATI carried out among 805 firms. We have learned how SMEs assess the financial support from different sources along with the resulting impact on the competitiveness of SMEs. The main statistical test for relationships and dependencies was the chi-square independence test and Cramer’s V. The results of our research show that SMEs have not used financial support efficiently. Moreover, micro-enterprises were shown to be the least effective after receiving financial support from EU funds. This support often has a demand-driven effect, but it does not improve firm competitiveness.
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Magone, José M. "The Dissension over the Logic of European Cohesion Policy. The Core-Periphery Divide and the Impact on European Integration." Europa XXI 38 (2020): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/eu21.2020.38.6.
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This article seeks to trace the growing dissension over the logic of European cohesion policy. Two perspectives are fighting for dominance, the European and the national. Only the European Commission and the European Parliament are actively promoting the European logic, which has gained ground over time through the overarching strategization (or Lisbonization) of European policies. In contrast, the memberstates subscribe to a national logic concerning European cohesion policy. This outlook is particularly notable among the ‘friends of cohesion policy’, a group that includes the southern, central, and eastern European countries. The funding allocated through the EU is applied in individual national markets, not in the single European market. In this regard, the concept of European cohesion policy to adjust national markets towards the European level has been sidelined by the national logic. This contribution attempts to reconstruct the dispute over the purpose of European cohesion policy since the reform of structural funds in 1988, focusing primarily on the latest rounds of negotiations over the multiannual financial framework (in which cohesion policy funds are a central issue) and the emerging conflict between the core and the periphery in the political economy of the European Union. If the European logic regarding the single European market’s construction does not prevail, European integration will stagnate or even reverse, and national compartmentalization of cohesion policy may become the dominant spatial model in Europe.
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Moreno, Rosina. "EU Cohesion Policy Performance: Measures and Regional Variation." Investigaciones Regionales - Journal of Regional Reserach 46 (April 8, 2020): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.38191/iirr-jorr.20.002.
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The main objective of this paper is to describe the performance of the EU Cohesion Policy in terms of EU funds effectiveness. The effectiveness in the absorption of funds is a permanent challenge for EU member states, and therefore, the analysis of the absorption capacity is needed in its different spheres: its scope, its determinants and its effects. The present paper deals with the first one, the scope of the absorption of EU resources and focus on an aspect that has been widely forgotten so far: the regional variation in the absorption of the structural funds. Based on EU regional aggregate data on funds commitment and absorption provided by the European Commission for the Operating Program 2007-2013 at the NUTS2 level, we observe thatfull absorption was more the exception than the rule, with an important regional variation. In addition, we offer a discussion on how lack of timely available regional data on EU fund payments hinders the analysis of the effectiveness of the regional absorption of the funds.
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Nabilou, Hossein. "Can the Plight of the European Banking Structural Reforms be a Blessing in Disguise?" European Business Organization Law Review 22, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 241–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40804-021-00206-2.
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AbstractOne of the problems perceived to be at the heart of the global financial crisis was an amalgamation of various commercial and investment banking activities under one entity, as well as the interconnectedness of the banking entities with other financial institutions, investment funds, and the shadow banking system. This paper focuses on various measures that aim to structurally separate the banking entities and their core functions from riskier financial activities such as (proprietary) trading or investments in alternative investment funds. Although banking structural reforms in the EU, the UK, and the US have taken different forms, their common denominator is the separation of core banking functions from certain trading or securities market activities. Having reviewed the arguments for and against banking structural reforms and their varieties in major jurisdictions, including the EU, UK, US, France, and Germany, the paper argues that a more nuanced approach to introducing such measures at the EU level is warranted. Given the different market structures across the Atlantic and the lack of conclusive evidence of the beneficial impact of banking structural reforms, the paper concludes that the withdrawal of the banking structural reforms proposal by the European Commission has been a prudent move. It seems that in the absence of concrete evidence, experimenting with structural reforms at the Member-State level would be less costly and would provide for opportunities for learning from smaller experiments that could pave the way for a more optimal approach to banking structural reforms at the European level in the future.
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Staunton, Ciara. "The regulation of stem cell research in Ireland: From the Commission on Assisted Human Reproduction to the Assisted Human Reproduction Bill 2017." Medical Law International 18, no. 1 (March 2018): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968533218764543.
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In 2005, Ireland’s Commission on Assisted Human Reproduction (CAHR) published a comprehensive report on the regulation of assisted reproduction and associated technologies. Yet since that report, successive Irish governments have failed to bring forth any legislation on this matter. This legislative inaction has resulted in a situation whereby the embryo in vivo has the right to life under the Irish Constitution, but embryos in vitro have no protection in law. Irish policymakers have also endorsed and funded embryonic stem cell research (ESCR) at a European level but continue to prevent researchers in Ireland from accessing any public funds for this research. The publication in October 2017 of the General Scheme of the Assisted Human Reproduction Bill 2017 is thus a welcome development. However, further reading of the Bill reveals that it is restrictive in nature and is likely to stifle research in Ireland. This article will discuss the legal, ethical and scientific developments that have occurred since the CAHR report and the impact, if any, they have had on the development of this Bill. It will critically reflect on provisions of the Bill as they relate to ESCR and make a number of suggestions for reform.
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Holúbek, Ivan, Marián Tóth, Tomáš Rábek, and Johana Jakabovičová. "Financing climate change in the conditions of the Slovak agricultural sector." SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021): 02021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219202021.
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Research background: Globalization is a powerful engine of structural changes in national, regional and global economies. Except for positive economic effects, globalization also has negative effects. One of them is the deterioration of the global environmental situation and the ongoing global climate change. Purpose of the article: The paper focuses on the current global financing trends to mitigate the effects of climate change. Generally financial funds come from international, national and regional actors. Governments have a range of funding mechanisms and resources at their disposal. Within the EU, these are the Structural Funds, investment funds and the financing from European Investment Bank. At the national level, it is financial assistance from state budgets and local government budgets. Methods: The paper provides literature review of the possibilities of financing climate change at the national and international level and, using analysis and synthesis, points to future trends and sources of financing climate change. We also analyse the proposal of Common agricultural policy 2021-2027 and effects on Slovak agriculture. European Commission wants member states to use up to 40% of the budget for environmental goods and climate change. Slovakia might have problems to spend the allocation due to the fact, that most of the money will be voluntary schemes. Farmers will have the option to participate. Findings & Value added: Agriculture is seriously exposed to the adverse effects of climate change as agricultural activities are directly depending on climate conditions. The article analyses in detail the possibilities and sources of financing adaptation measures in the Slovak agricultural sector.
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Pontrandolfi, Piergiuseppe, and Priscilla Sofia Dastoli. "Comparing Impact Evaluation Evidence of EU and Local Development Policies with New Urban Agenda Themes: The Agri Valley Case in Basilicata (Italy)." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 20, 2021): 9376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169376.
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The European Union’s Cohesion Policy is the most important structural policy in terms of financial commitment, geographical size and time frame, aimed at redistributing wealth between regions and countries, to stimulate growth in areas whose development is lagging behind. The reach of the investments prompted the EU Commission to promote an impact evaluation of the European Structural Funds (SF); however, the impact evaluation of EU programs is almost neglected in the Italian regions. This paper is based on the results developed within the RI.P.R.O.VA.RE project and is aimed at defining an impact evaluation of EU SF and other regional funds, based on evidence derived from the analysis of a specific case study in the Agri Valley area (Basilicata, Italy). To develop the impact evaluation process, the euro amounts of all the individual policies organized according to the themes of the New Urban Agenda (NUA), the impact indicators and the trend for the municipalities are considered together, in order to obtain an overall trend for the entire case study area. An important result is achieved above all in the methodological approach to impact evaluation: the municipal territorial scale is taken into account; the maps illustrate the use of resources; regardless of the type of funding source since there is a comparison between the priority axes of the funds with the NUA issues; and indicators are developed with open data available at a national level. This experiment makes it possible to detect that, even in the face of significant investments, some substantial aspects that are part of the policy objectives remain unchanged or even worsen.
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Nicolaides, Phedon. "State Aid Modernization: Institutions for Enforcement of State Aid Rules." World Competition 35, Issue 3 (September 1, 2012): 457–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2012033.
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The European Commission has embarked on a reform of State aid rules. One of the objectives of this reform is better application of State aid rules in the Member States. This article examines how the problem of incorrect application of State aid rules can be solved. If their application can be improved, the Commission is willing to expand the scope of the General Block Exemption Regulation so that fewer measures are notified for approval. This would result in considerable savings in administrative costs. The article proposes a system of institutional certification similar to those that exist in other policy areas such as the common agricultural policy and structural funds. A fundamental component of such certification is the establishment of transparent institutional procedures to cover all types of funding, not only those that may contain State aid. It will then be easier for competitors to identify and challenge non-notified aid or aid that is incorrectly applied.
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Lucey, Donnacha Seán. "Power, politics and poor relief during the Irish Land War, 1879–82." Irish Historical Studies 37, no. 148 (November 2011): 584–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400003230.
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Between 1879 and 1882, large amounts of relief were dispensed in Ireland by a range of state, private, clerical and political organisations and agencies. According to Cormac Ó Gráda, £800,000 in private charity and up to £2.4 million in government aid was expended in an attempt to alleviate the extreme distress of the period. That expenditure was greater than the £1.2 million in rent reductions secured by the 275,525 tenants who entered the courts of the Land Commission in 1881, factors that are seen as central to the deflation of the Land War. In the historiography of the period, the distribution of this relief is usually only mentioned in passing: R. V. Comerford and R. F. Foster have outlined the high politics of private charities such as the Duchess of Marlborough and Mansion House Funds. The administration of relief at local level has also received limited attention, and much of this scholarship concentrates on structural causes of poverty and the effectiveness of various measures adopted.
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Kapros, Seraphim, Konstantinos Panou, and Dimitrios A. Tsamboulas. "Multicriteria Approach to the Evaluation of Intermodal Freight Villages." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1906, no. 1 (January 2005): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190600107.
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An integrated methodological process was developed to evaluate the expected effect of freight villages. Because the criteria differ as do their measurement units, multicriteria analysis is proposed. The process required an in-depth analysis of the decision-making process for creating a freight village, the operations and the actors involved, and the most recent best practices. The methodology identifies a set of decision criteria, including environmental quality; contributions to local, regional, and national economies; attractiveness for private financing; contribution to land use changes; and complementarity with other policy plans. In addition, the methodology defines the most appropriate corresponding indicators. The identification of stakeholder categories and decision criteria provides added value to the proposed methodological process. The importance of European transport policies on freight villages and terminals development could mean that the process would be the main contributor in developing a pan-European decision tool to assess such investments, especially if private and public funds were involved. The pilot application is an evaluation of investment in a freight village development in northern Greece. The location was selected because it is at the crossroads of important road and rail axes of trans-European transport networks and the interest expressed by the European Commission and Greek private investors.
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Okhoshin, Oleg. "AFTERMATH OF BREXIT FOR WALES." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 24, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran62021104111.
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After withdrawal of the UK from the EU its Celtic regions (Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales) faced a deterioration in the conditions for their socio-economic development and began to demand from B. Johnson to revise the principles of interaction between central government and local authorities in favor of expanding devolution. In Wales, separatist tendencies have not reached the same magnitude as in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Nevertheless, an acute confrontation arose at the intergovernmental level – the M. Drakeford’s Labour government protests against B. Johnson’s regional policy. The most acute contradictions arose against the background of the application of the UK Internal Market Act 2020 and the inability of the British government to compensate the region for the loss of subsidies from the EU structural funds after Brexit. To put pressure on the central government, Labour Party in Wales organized a special commission in October 2021 to consider separating the region from the United Kingdom and transferring additional powers to the local authority. This fact indicates the growth of a deep systemic crisis in the country, which makes the regions doubt the ability of the central government to effectively use its instruments to cope with the consequences of Brexit and the coronavirus pandemic.
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STEFANIAK, JOANNA. "COHESION POLICY SUPPORT FOR ENTERPRISES." sj-economics scientific journal 26, no. 3 (November 30, 2017): 395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v26i3.183.
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Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) are the cornerstone of the EU economy, but they face difficulties in accessing financing for their activities, especially investments. The European Commission strives to improve the competitiveness of the European Union and its regions. Therefore it is pursuing cohesion policy, which is now the EU's primary investment policy. Enterprise support has always been among aims of financing by the Structural Funds, but in the period of 2014-2020 it has been highlighted under a separate thematic objective “Enhancing the competitiveness of SME” with the largest funding of all themes. Business support is also included in other thematic regional policy objectives. The purpose of this article is to analyse the financing of business activities, especially for SMEs, within the framework of the EU cohesion policy. After analysing the EU documents and statistics, it can be argued that the opportunities for business support, especially for SMEs, are large and, in effective use, contributes to the mobilization of additional national public and private resources. Therefore this type of enterprises support should contribute to improving the competitiveness European enterprises as well as of the whole European Union and its regions.
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Surma, Barbara, Nicoletta Rosati, Stefano Menon, M. Teresa Fuertes, Margaret Farren, and Fiona Maguire. "Kitchen Lab for Kids: A Programme for Shaping STEM Skills in Preschool." Edukacja Elementarna w Teorii i Praktyce 14, no. 4(54) (January 29, 2020): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/eetp.2019.1454.05.
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The authors of the article: “Kitchen Lab for Kids – a Programme for Shaping STEM Skills in Preschool” have presented the assumptions of the project financed from the European Funds within the Programme “Erasmus+ Action 2. School education – strategic partnerships for school education” (KA 201). The objective of five research teams from Italy, Ireland, Spain and Poland, is promoting the international exchange of the best practices and experiences in selecting active learning at the level of early childhood education and care (ECEC), as well as stimulating and encouraging teachers to find new, modern and interactive teaching methods, especially in the scope of STEM education. In the first part of the article the authors analysed the EU documents being the basis for the project actions. Also, they emphasized the meaning of improving the quality of teaching young children. In the further part of the article, they presented the methodological assumptions of the project and expected intellectual results.Article prepared within the frame of Erasmus+ Project “Kitchen Lab for Kids,” grant number 2018-1-PL01-KA201-050857.The article prepared with financial support of EU Erasmus+ programme. The European Commission’s support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents, which reflect the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
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Landabaso, Mikel. "Guest editorial on research and innovation strategies for smart specialisation in Europe." European Journal of Innovation Management 17, no. 4 (October 7, 2014): 378–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejim-08-2014-0093.
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Purpose – This Special Issue of the European Journal of Innovation Management sheds new light on the burning issue of Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialisation (RIS3), both in terms of their policy formulation and their practical implementation in the field. This new policy approach refers to the process of priority setting in national and regional research and innovation strategies in order to build “place-based” competitive advantages and help regions and countries develop an innovation-driven economic transformation agenda. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This is an important topic both in the current debate about a new industrial policy for Europe and as a policy option for a successful crisis exit strategy led by public investments in the real economy. Moreover, smart specialisation is promoted by the European Commission as an ex ante conditionality for all regions in Europe to receive European Structural and Investment Funds in the field of innovation. Thus, it has become a pre-requisite for accessing fresh funds for investing in badly needed innovation-driven productivity growth throughout the European Union (EU). Findings – The six papers in this Special Issue are the fruit of ground-breaking research and policy testing by nearly 20 leading academics and policy makers throughout the EU. They explore the early smart specialisation concept and its further developments, examine the methodological tools at its disposal and advance specific policy proposals and governance considerations based on actual experimentation in the field. Originality/value – All these make the present Special Issue of the European Journal of Innovation Management an important research milestone. This Special Issue is the fruit of a call towards the European academic and research community to help shaping and advancing the smart specialisation concept and thus contribute to better position regions and countries in the global economy through innovation-driven policies.
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Lewandowski, Krzysztof. "UE REGIONAL POLICY IN THE PROGRAMMING PERIOD 2014-2020 : CHALLENGES AND PROBLEMS." sj-economics scientific journal 9 (December 30, 2011): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v9i.469.
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The regional Policy belongs to the most important activity areas of the European Union and absorbs an Essentials part of its budget. That is why the future shape of this policy gives way to controversies and emotion between the heads of state, European functionaries and citizens. The political and institutional frames of this policy have been established through the signing of the Treaty of Lisbon (December 2009), creation of the new European Commission (February 2010) and acceptance of the new longterm strategy: Europe 2020 (March - June 2010). The meetings and talks concerning the amount of EU budget resources in the next programming period and the allocation of these resources between various priorities and states will begin shortly. This paper indicates the problems, which are connected with the regional policy in the current programming period, as well as a forecast concerning the choice of cohesion states and regions based on status quo basis. It means, that it was assumed, that no wide ranging changes will be implemented in EU regional policy and the amount of structural funds for its financing will not be reduced. Finally, the proposals for the reform of the regional policy have been presented.
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Mike, Károly, and Gábor Balás. "Measuring for Absorption: How the Institutionalisation of EU Cohesion Policy Influences the Use of Performance Indicators in Hungary." NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 125–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nispa-2015-0012.
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Abstract We investigate the performance measurement of the implementing agencies of EU Structural Funds in Hungary. Following the advice of Thiel and Leeuw (2002), we focus on the incentives created by the institutional environment of these agencies. The core of this environment is a double principal-agent relationship between the European Commission (EC), the national government and the Managing Authority. We investigate its institutional features and the resulting organisational incentives for Managing Authorities in Hungary. Relying on programme evaluations, we explore how these incentives actually affected the design and use of performance measurement by Authorities in two policy fields: active labour-market policy and higher education. We find that external incentives to focus on absorption and formal compliance created bias against integrating performance measurement into the policy process and tackling problems of performance risk and non-measurability.
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Bánáti, Diána. "Food Safety in EU Higher Education." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 27 (November 15, 2007): 188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/27/3124.
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Under the aegis of the Lisbon Strategy, special attention is paid to education and areas left untouched by the European integration process. Human capital and research inputs were identified as major driving forces for long-term development. The European Union is keen on meeting its target of boosting research spending to 3% of GDP by 2010. In order to contribute towards his goal, the European Commission has set aside an amountwhich is double the budget of the 7th Framework Programme. Accordingly, preferences were given to research and development projects encouraging competitiveness in the food industry and other initiatives, such as the European Technology Platforms. Major obstacles to innovation in Hungary are: lack of funds, weakness of research network, poor structural relations. Better utilization of our comparative advantages should be targeted in order to have the Hungarian food industry become a driving force sector. This is to be promoted by the newly transformed foodengineer training (as a result of the Bologna Declaration) which can adapt better to the changing requirements of the labour market. Food science and related research could become determining factors for the food economy by setting up accredited training systems and enhancing food safety education and training in Hungary.
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Kolliopoulos, Athanasios. "Drafting national recovery plans and stakeholder involvement: an opportunity for strengthening EU legitimacy?" Region & Periphery 13, no. 13 (July 13, 2022): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/rp.30755.
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The Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) is at the heart of Next Generation EU, Europe’s plan to tackle the economic fallout of the pandemic crisis. To obtain this support, national plans outlining structural reforms to be implemented by member states are to be submitted for assessment by the European Commission before being approved by the European Council. Accordingly, to effectively implement the structural reforms to be financed by the RRF, national governments and their constituents must show ownership over the process. While it should be in everyone’s interest to disburse recovery funds as soon as possible so as to reach a strong recovery effect, it is equally important to ensure enough time for public consultations with the relevant stakeholders and a successful reflection of input from the stakeholders in the national plans. However, drafting national recovery plans proved a laborious exercise, bringing back concerns over the EU democratic deficit. Consequently, a crucial question concerns whether the pandemic crisis is a proper opportunity to bridge the legitimacy gap of the EU, which has widened in the era of the EU’s economic crisis. In an attempt to answer this question, this paper provides an overview of the overall involvement of stakeholders in drafting national recovery and resilience plans based on information gathered from several official reports.
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Visković, Josip, and Martina Udovičić. "Awareness Of Smes On The Eu Funds Financing Possibilities: The Case Of Split-Dalmatia County." KnE Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (March 19, 2017): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kss.v1i2.666.
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<p class="AbstractText">Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are considered to be the engine of the European economy. In EU SMEs make up more than 99% of all companies and provide around 75 million jobs. They are a key source of job creation and stimulation of entrepreneurial spirit and innovation and are therefore essential for fostering competitiveness and maintaining employment in the EU. Yet SMEs often have problems in raising funds to finance fixed investments and inventory and working capital. SMEs mostly use internal sources while the most important external sources of SMEs are bank loans, which are not easily accessible. Hence, one of the priorities of the European Commission is stimulating SMEs through EU funds and programs in order to enable SMEs development and finally to contribute to economic growth. SMEs sector also dominates the economic structure of Croatian economy and they have similar financing problems. However, Croatia in period 2014 – 2020 have at disposal a total amount of 10.676 billion of euros from European structural and investment funds, of which 8.397 billion are aimed for cohesion policy objectives and 470 million euros are aimed for the development and competitiveness of SMEs. Besides, EU programs COSME and HORIZON 2020 are intended to provide direct support to SMEs and to create a favorable environment for their development. However, even though the number of successful project applications for small and medium-sized enterprises in the total share of Croatian project applications is relatively high, fund absorption has not reached satisfactory levels. Using the sample of Split-Dalmatia County’s SMEs, this study finds out reasons for low absorption capacity from SMEs point of view: SMEs are interested in funds from European Union, but are not sufficiently familiar with their availability i.e. funds at their disposal, especially programs COSME and HORIZON 2020; SMEs state that they know how to apply for EU funds but considered the procedure as complicated and demanding regarding documentation, and that the needed knowledge and know-how for proposal is beyond their scope; SMEs are not satisfied with the cooperation with state institutions, especially Ministry of Regional Development and EU funds and Croatian Chamber of Economy. We point out four main conclusions: (1) SMEs are not enough aware of EU financing possibilities; (2) additional promotion of EU programs directly to SMEs is required; (3) additional education of SMEs regarding project proposal and documentation is needed and (4) more proactive policy of state institutions and cooperation with local authorities is expected. Finally, greater awareness and professional help might be a key in strengthening the SMEs, whose entrepreneurial spirit and innovation process is a prerequisite for economic growth and development.</p>
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Skorik, Ksenia. "Structural transformations of the EU industrial sector." Economy and forecasting 2020, no. 3 (December 29, 2020): 97–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2020.03.97.
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The issue of industrial policy and industrial problems is one of the most controversial in the European academic community. Even today, we see a lack of theoretical basis for decision-making on industrial policy issues. The main purpose of the publication is to assess the contribution of industry to the socio-economic development of the EU and its member states, as well as to the dynamic structural changes that took place during 2000-2019. To achieve the article's goal, the author uses such indicators as the share of the industrial sector in the generation of gross value added, employment, labor productivity, and exports/imports. The article reveals a general trend to increase in the share of the services sector in the generation of gross value added for the EU-28 and to decrease in the share of the industrial sector. It is established that industry remains an important sector for the EU economy, and for the EU-28, it provides almost 20% of gross value added and more than 70% of total exports, and accounts for about 15% of the employed population. For each of the EU countries, the socio-economic contribution of industry is different - for Central and Eastern Europe, it is more important in the generation of gross value added and employment than for the EU founder countries of the euro area (the EU-15 group). It is found that labor productivity in the EU-15 is higher than in other countries. Growing labor productivity is typical for Denmark, the Netherlands, Ireland, Sweden, and Great Britain, while lower productivity - for such CEE countries as Bulgaria, Romania, Lithuania, and Latvia. At the same time, growth rates of all industrial indicators in the latter countries is much higher than in the EU-15. The author considers the new EU industrial policy and various problems of the industrial sector in the EU. The study was carried out on the statistical basis of the European Commission using the methodology of Polish scientists of the Warsaw School of Economics to study the new industrial policy (Krzysztof Falkowski, Adam A. Ambroziak 2015).
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Skorik, Ksenia. "Structural transformations of the EU industrial sector." Ekonomìka ì prognozuvannâ 2020, no. 3 (September 29, 2020): 115–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/eip2020.03.115.
Full textAbstract:
The issue of industrial policy and industrial problems is one of the most controversial in the European academic community. Even today, we see a lack of theoretical basis for decision-making on industrial policy issues. The main purpose of the publication is to assess the contribution of industry to the socio-economic development of the EU and its member states, as well as to the dynamic structural changes that took place during 2000-2019. To achieve the article’s goal, the author uses such indicators as the share of the industrial sector in the generation of gross value added, employment, labor productivity, and exports/imports. The article reveals a general trend to increase in the share of the services sector in the generation of gross value added for the EU-28 and to decrease in the share of the industrial sector. It is established that industry remains an important sector for the EU economy, and for the EU-28, it provides almost 20% of gross value added and more than 70% of total exports, and accounts for about 15% of the employed population. For each of the EU countries, the socio-economic contribution of industry is different - for Central and Eastern Europe, it is more important in the generation of gross value added and employment than for the EU founder countries of the euro area (the EU-15 group). It is found that labor productivity in the EU-15 is higher than in other countries. Growing labor productivity is typical for Denmark, the Netherlands, Ireland, Sweden, and Great Britain, while lower productivity - for such CEE countries as Bulgaria, Romania, Lithuania, and Latvia. At the same time, growth rates of all industrial indicators in the latter countries is much higher than in the EU-15. The author considers the new EU industrial policy and various problems of the industrial sector in the EU. The study was carried out on the statistical basis of the European Commission using the methodology of Polish scientists of the Warsaw School of Economics to study the new industrial policy (Krzysztof Falkowski, Adam A. Ambroziak 2015).
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Svendsen, Gert Tinggaard, and Urs Steiner Brandt. "Achieving Economic Growth in the EU Through Lobbyism." Journal of Contemporary European Research 5, no. 3 (November 6, 2009): 415–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v5i3.135.
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At Lisbon in 2000, the European Union (EU) set itself a new strategic goal, namely to become the world’s leading economy and to enhance social cohesion across the union, all within a decade. It is argued in this article that one fundamental barrier to the fulfilment of this dream is the fact that power is centralised in the Commission rather than the Parliament. The basic idea upon which our theoretical model is predicated is that a political system that centralises power lowers the cost of rent-seeking and therefore leads to a more economically harmful redistribution, as reflected in the annual EU budget. Here, the two main redistribution policies, (1) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and (2) the Structural Funds, consume more than four fifths of the total annual EU budget. Thus, if the EU is to achieve its strategic goal, a strong cure is needed to reduce redistribution and encourage more free trade. The simple cure for this ‘EU disease’ would be to strengthen the decision-making power of the Parliament at the expense of the Commission. In this way, power would be spread out between the democratically elected members of the Parliament rather than being concentrated with a few bureaucrats. Such constitutional change and decentralisation of power would increase the costs of lobbyism in particular and thereby reduce distortions of policy outcomes, clearing the road for free-trade policies and economic growth in the new millennium.
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Timerman, Dumitru, and Mihai Deju. "METHODOLOGIC ELEMENTS NECESSARY IN MAKING FORECASTS FOR REGIONAL." STUDIES AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES. ECONOMICS EDITION, no. 13 (December 17, 2008): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.29358/sceco.v0i13.31.
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Regional picture appear two Romanians: a richer, which includes the Bucharest-Ilfov, West and Center and a poor, other regions. Among the most competitive districts are Ilfov (8. 553 euro per capita), Timiş (7. 931 euro per capita), Braşov (7. 108 euro per capita), Arad (6. 675 euro per capita), Cluj (6. 561 euro per capita), Constanta (6. 368 euro per capita), and among the poorest - Botosani (2. 745 euro per capita) and Vaslui (2. 930 euro per capita). According to a report by the National Prognosis Commission (CNP), while Bucharest-Ilfov region will have a GDP per capita of 11. 694 euros next year, the Northeast will remain poverty pole, 3. 826 euro per capita. Economists argue that, if not reduce disparities, mainly through public investment, we could assist in disruption of important social and economic environment. Lowering differences would include the maintenance of close growth rates of GDP / capita, and these important gaps. Economic analysts draw attention to the dangers which may arise due to different levels of development. Develop forecasts in territorial - at regional or county-is a necessary and useful approach in the perspective of Romania in the European Union. From this point of the assessment of regional economic disparities and the potential development of each area provides an important support kinesiology orientation and use with maximum efficiency of the structural funds and cohesion funds that Romania will benefit by integrating. Regional forecasts provide information on possible future development, with employment in the global data of the national economy as a whole.
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KINGAH, STEPHEN. "THE REVISED COTONOU AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND THE AFRICAN, CARIBBEAN AND PACIFIC STATES: INNOVATIONS ON SECURITY, POLITICAL DIALOGUE, TRANSPARENCY, MONEY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY." Journal of African Law 50, no. 1 (April 2006): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855306000064.
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The revised version of the Cotonou Agreement that sanctions relations between the European Community (EC) and African, Caribbean and Pacific States (ACP) has been endorsed for a further five years. The new agreement contains a chronicle of changes that are significant. This research comment identifies a number of issues where novel provisions have been introduced into the text of the first agreement signed on 23 June, 2000. The new text contains innovations that relate to security, political dialogue, transparency, money and social responsibility. The security clauses include an express commitment by the partners to combat terrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, as well as mercenary activities. In addition, adherence to the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court is explicitly encouraged. Changes regarding political dialogue and transparency pertain to the increase in the time allotted for political consultation in the event of a serious case of violation of the articles proscribing political excesses and gross financial impropriety. In terms of development money, the list of potential beneficiaries has been widened. However, the net effect of the preceding statement may be obviated by the extensive oversight the EC Commission now has to control the use of funds. Provisions relating to structural reforms have been tempered to reflect the special needs of post-disaster stricken least developed countries. The latter reforms are equally in consonance with the partners' increasing consciousness of the fact that structural adjustment cannot be decoupled from social responsibility. In general terms, the revised Cotonou Agreement strengthens the power asymmetries in the relations.
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Meinel, Florian. "Die Steuerung des Verwaltungshandelns durch Haushaltsrecht und Haushaltskontrolle in der Europäischen Union." Die Verwaltung 51, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 153–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/verw.51.2.153.
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Zusammenfassung Das europäische Haushaltsrecht zeichnet sich im Vergleich mit dem deutschen durch eine Reihe von Besonderheiten aus: Es ist in seiner heutigen Gestalt ein sehr junges, im Grunde erst im Zuge der Prodi-Kinnock-Reformen 1999–2002 entstandenes Recht. Es kennt die für das deutsche Haushaltsrecht charakteristische Trennung von Innenrecht und Außenrecht nicht und ist deswegen selbst materielles Verwaltungsrecht der Leistungsverwaltung der Union. Soweit es um die Verwendung von Unionsmitteln geht, erfüllt es zugleich Funktionen eines Aufsichtsrechts der Kommission außerhalb des Vertragsverletzungsverfahrens. Schließlich werden im europäischen Haushaltsrecht in exemplarischer Weise die ökonomischen, sozialen, territorialen und politischen Asymmetrien der Union verarbeitet, kurz: das Verhältnis von Zentrum und Peripherie im Verwaltungsverbund. Im Mittelpunkt des Beitrags steht die Frage nach der gegenwärtigen Leistungsfähigkeit und der Zukunft des Modells der Gemeinsamen Mittelverwaltung nach Art. 59 EHO und der VO 1303/2013, nach dessen Grundidee den Mitgliedstaaten die dezentrale Finanzierungskompetenz übertragen wird, die Kommission aber die politische Haushaltsverantwortung behält und dafür über eine Reihe von Kontroll-, Aufsichts-, Mitsteuerungs- und Sanktionsbefugnissen verfügt. Dieses Modell ist aber inzwischen in einer schweren institutionellen Krise: Dem Haushaltsrecht sind in den letzten anderthalb Jahrzehnten sowohl im Recht der Struktur- und Investitionsfonds als auch beispielsweise bei der Finanzierung der Migrations- und Grenzsicherungspolitik politische Aufgaben zugefallen, die das unpolitisch-administrative Vollzugsmodell grundsätzlich in Frage stellen. Eine deswegen an sich folgerichtige, stärkere direkte haushaltsrechtliche Steuerung durch die Kommission wird jedoch durch den gegenwärtigen Rechtszustand strukturell unterlaufen. Die immer stärkere Mobilisierung der Kontrollschiene führt zu nichtintendierten Effekten. Der Beitrag diskutiert schließlich Auswege aus der gegenwärtigen Situation und zeigt die politischen Perspektiven einer Reform des europäischen Haushaltsrechts auf. Summary EU budget law is different in many respects: Its present scope and structure are key achievements of the institutional reforms initiated by the Prodi Commission under Neil Kinnock after the fall of the Santer Commission in 1999. Moreover, EU budget law is not limited to the internal procedures of public revenues and expenditures. It provides the substantive law of the administration of EU funds itself and hence serves as a „a constitutional framework for Community administration of the kind that has not existed hitherto“ (Paul Craig). As the Commission has no hard powers of oversight other than infringement proceedings, budget law also is an instrument of controlling the implementation of EU law by the Member States. Not least, budget law is confronted with the economic, social, territorial, and political inequalities with the European Union like no other area of EU law. Against this backdrop, the Article discusses the institutional capacity of the model of „shared administration“ as stipulated by Article 59 of the Financial Regulation (No. 966/2012) and fleshed out by the Common Provisions Regulation (No. 1303/2013). This model is based on a separation of administrative powers and political responsibility: While the Member States control the disbursement of EU funds on the local level, the political responsibility stays with the Commission (Article 317 TFEU), who in exchange has a set of instruments to control, supervise, and coordinate national administrations—and to sanction violations of EU law by applying financial corrections. EU budget law, however, is dealing with a major institutional crisis of shared administration. Over the last decades, the budget is confronted with intense political conflicts both on the traditional field of the structural and investment funds and, for instance, in the area of migration and border control policies. Conflicts of this kind challenge the administrative model of implementing the EU budget. The excessive use of controlling instruments and financial sanctions by the Commission has resulted in unintended consequences. And yet, the present state of EU budget law does not allow for a more openly political spending power of the Commission. The Article also discusses various reform scenarios under the next Multiannual Financial Framework (2021–2027).
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Strezhneva, M. V. "Differentiated Regional (Dis)Integration Post Brexit." MGIMO Review of International Relations 15, no. 3 (July 7, 2022): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2022-3-84-39-60.
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Exit of Britain from the European Union resuscitated academic discussions on the topic of the certainty value for the unfolding of disintegrative trends in the united Europe. Nevertheless, no general perception has emerged yet of how Brexit is likely to influence the organizational prospects and viability of the European integration grouping. In most cases the conceptualizations do not escape the presentation of dichotomy between integration and disintegration as two ultimo states in international relations. In fact, these are two processes, more complexly co-related. Each of them can include a wide array of structural arrangements, some differentiation dynamism, different levels of centralization in separate domains, as well as certain (variable) numbers of participants in distinct arrangements. In this article the meaning of Brexit as a condition of further European (dis)integration is treated, as based on Alexander Bogdanov’s theory of organization. This theory serves to reconsider the established renderings of such key notions, as integration, disintegration and differentiation.The new sight is gained of immune after-effects of prior Europeanization for the political system of the UK. Cases of the Economic and Monetary Union and the Northern Ireland Protocol receive separate treatment. The latter one presents a path-breaking design for differentiated integration with subnational region participation. Yet to realize the potential of the Protocol in full, political will is needed from both London and Brussels.On the most basic level, once this large country left the EU, one could hardly imagine any of its remaining 27 members to head off further progressive development of European integration. At the same time, it has to be acknowledged that, in order to make headway in terms of integration, the EU system, rather than unification and centralization, is in need of intensified differentiation. Meanwhile, the supranational institutions, and the European Commission most notably, remain oriented towards uniform integration as their priority. This can result in lower efficacy of the EU integration policy.
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Moulaert, Frank. "Rediscovering Spatial Inequality in Europe: Building Blocks for an Appropriate ‘Regulationist’ Analytical Framework." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14, no. 2 (April 1996): 155–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d140155.
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Regulation theory is of Marxian inspiration, has been strongly influenced by historical analysis and institutionalism, and can be applied to the study of accumulation in and regulation of societies in all eras, of capitalism. But these features of the theory have not prevented many geographers from applying it primarily to the study of the transition from Fordism to post-Fordism. Moreover, many of them have narrowed the research agenda even more by focusing on the feasibility of fashionable but economistic ‘flex spec prof high-tech’ production models for the development strategies of privileged areas. Research efforts have drifted away from the study of ‘undefended cities and regions’. This evolution is, I believe, all the more deplorable given the creation of the Single European Market, with its permissive social charter and the spatially biased reorganization of the structural funds of the Commission of the European Communities. In this paper a methodological viewpoint is defended which contends that progress in the social sciences can be accomplished only through the confrontation of experience and action-orientated research needs with existing theoretical frameworks capable of leading the research in the right direction. Then, an examination is made of the research needs of agents (policymakers, planners, academics, and so on) involved in action which is orientated towards achieving greater intraspatial and interspatial equality in Europe. The extent to which regulation theory is capable of guiding such research, given the ideological influences as well as theoretical refinements it has undergone, is discussed, and it is concluded that further improvements to regulation theory could make it more appropriate for action-orientated research in socioeconomic geography. This conclusion is illustrated for the application of the analysis of socioeconomic development in depressed areas.
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Fabbri, Emanuele. "Strategic planning and foresight: the case of Smart Specialisation Strategy in Tuscany." foresight 18, no. 5 (September 12, 2016): 491–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/fs-06-2015-0036.
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Purpose Within the theoretical framework of Regional Innovation Systems, the purpose of the paper is to introduce an innovative methodological scheme for strategic planning decisions in public administrations, based on foresight, roadmapping and large participation processes. Design/methodology/approach Starting from the main literature contribution on Regional Innovation Systems, foresight and decision-making processes, an innovative methodology has been elaborated for strategic planning, based on innovation and large participation processes. A practical application is also described with regards to strategic planning in Tuscany (IT) for Smart Specialisation Strategy (S3). Findings On a practitioner perspective, the methodology elaborated addresses strategic planning uncertainties, both when problem setting and in solution finding; a detailed application is provided, easily to be adapted to other regions, and main findings are related to regional innovation governance enforcement. Research limitations/implications Being the Tuscany S3 in the implementation phase, it is not possible to verify the adequacy of alternatives selected. Only mid-term evaluations will allow a deeper insight on the effectiveness of the methodology adopted. Practical implications The methodology represents a useful tool for public administrations in charge of strategic planning and in particular for S3, as an ex ante requirement for European Structural and Investment Funds. The description of the case of Tuscany provides practical hints for the methodology application. Social implications The methodology presents interesting social implications related to the large involvement of stakeholders and quadruple helix within regional strategic planning. Originality/value Within the framework of Regional Innovation Systems, strategic planning decisions are addressed with a scheme based on foresight and large participation processes. European Commission requirements are fully taken into consideration by the methodology. The methodology is easy to be adopted and customised to specific needs of other regions.
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Bevilacqua, Carmelina. "Research and Innovation Transfer in the Field of PPP Applied to Urban Regeneration Actions and Policies." Advanced Engineering Forum 11 (June 2014): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.11.282.
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The European Union has recognized the centrality of community in economic development processes by stressing the role of the cities in delivering smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. The European Commission has recently published a study on how cities use ERDF to make their cities a better place to live and work [. One of the most engaging results of the study is the variable geometry of strategies in place to achieve urban and territorial cohesion through the implementation of integrated approaches. The area-based type of intervention dominates many of the practices, especially those in deprived areas, because of social, economic and environmental factors. Physical regeneration is still a major driver in creating multi-stakeholder cooperation in the integration of policies. There are relatively few cases in which the place-based approach was combined with a people-based approach and even fewer where ERDF and European Social Fund (ESF) cross-funding was developed [2]. Even the urban dimension in the EU cohesion policy is not a new issue, the way in which the Europe 2020 intends to ensure integrated approach in the sustainable urban development is quite new because it entails both thematic concentration and involvement of the community. According to the Commissions proposals, there are several ways to support sustainable urban development with the Structural Funds: Operational programmes, Integrated Territorial Investment (ITI), Community-Led Local Development, financial instruments (like Jessica and Jeremie) by enhancing new forms of Public Private Partnership. The paper reports some interesting findings of the CLUDs project with respect the role of no-profit organization in different forms of Public Private Partnerships used to regenerate urban districts in the Metropolitan Area of Boston. The research funded by IRSES Marie Curie Actions has created an international network of 4 EU universities (Reggio Calabria, Rome, Salford and Helsinki) and 2 US universities (Northeastern University of Boston and San Diego State University) in research and innovation transfer in the field of PPP applied to urban regeneration actions and policies.
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Altay, Asc Prof Dr İclal Kaya, and Shqiprim Ahmeti. "Evaluation of EU Cohesion Policies within the scope of Lisbon and Europe 2020 Strategies." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 10, no. 2 (May 19, 2017): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v10i2.p79-93.
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In order to increase the level of integration and development at the scale of the Union and to raise the conditions of competition on a global scale, EU has announced two basic development strategies within the process: Lisbon Strategy (2000) and the Europe 2020 Strategy (2010). Though the EU 2000-2006 Cohesion Policies corresponding to the 2000-2006 fiscal period and 2007-2013 Cohesion Policy Program that was reformed in comparison to the previous program were prepared within the scope of the Lisbon Strategy, 2014-2020 financial program and Cohesion Policies have been produced within the context of EUROPE 2020 Strategy. During the said process, the objectives and priorities as well as the budgets of the EU structural funds have changed. In March 2000, the European Council meeting in Lisbon set the strategic goal of transforming the EU into ‘the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world’ within a decade. Among the jointly agreed goals to be attained by 2010 were raising investment in research and development to three per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) and increasing the rate of employment within the EU from 61 to 70 per cent of the working-age population (Teasdale, 2012). Based on the interim evaluations of Lisbon Strategy, EU Commission stated that the required specific objectives could not be achieved because the financial crisis and planned reforms could not be implemented. At the same time, the major expansion in 2004 made the existing inter-regional disparities more evident. Published on 2010 by EC, Europe 2020 Strategy (which is considered to be a reviewed and updated Lisbon Strategy) brought in a new expansion in terms of achieving the initial objectives. The strategy in question focuses not only on the economic – social cohesion but also on spatial cohesion. However, the statistics within the process reveal that the economic, social and territorial cohesion could not be achieved at the scale of EU yet, even it has been asserted in a report, which was prepared by the Secretariat of the Conference of Peripheral Maritime Regions (CPMR) in 2015 that besides the disparities between the Member States, disparities between regions within countries increased, as well. Within the scope of this study, it will be discussed how much the cohesion target, given in the founding treaty of EU is reflected on the development strategies; the role and accomplishments of these strategies and funds in achieving that target. While the role and accomplishments of the Europe 2020 Strategy, which is still in effect today, are questioned in terms of ensuring particularly the territorial cohesion, also the importance and the priority granted to urban spaces in order to achieve the objectives of strategies - as well as objectives of the founding agreement – will be discussed. The Method of the Study can be summarized as the literature survey based on the Lisbon and Europe 2020 Strategies of European Commission, the EU Financial Period Programs and observations and critics prepared by a variety of institutions as well as the evaluation of the findings based on statistical datas.
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Volkov, A., A. Gutnick, Y. Kvashnin, V. Olenchenko, and A. Shchedrin. "Experience of Overcoming of Crisis Phenomena in Some EU Countries." World Economy and International Relations, no. 3 (2015): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-3-35-47.
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The article analyses the most recent experience of anti-recessionary policies in several EU member nations, such as UK, Nordic countries (especially Sweden), Ireland, Baltic countries and Greece. As for Great Britain, its government implemented traditional package of anti-crisis measures aimed at support of national financial system and stimulation of economic growth. By 2010 the nation reached relative economic stability and then proceeded into a slow recovery. Still, the crisis highlighted serious risks of ongoing financialization and de-industrialization in the UK. So, the government began to develop a long-term program of modernization and structural reshaping of national economy. Nordic countries also actively used Keynesian-type anti-crisis measures. The most interesting is Swedish case. The nation passed the global financial and economic crisis of 2008-2009 smoother than other EU members due to deep institutional reforms undertaken after the acute crisis of 1991-1993. Then Sweden experienced a deep fall of GDP combined with a crisis of local banks, surge of interest rates and unemployment level, weakening of national currency. This pushed Riksbank to introduce strict measures for limiting the inflation rate, Riksdag – caps for state budget expenditure. State sector of national economy was substantially decreased. These measures proved to have long-term positive implications. In contrast, Ireland that enjoyed an impressive economic growth before 2008 was badly prepared to external shocks. The Irish government’s reactions to financial and economic turmoil were rather spontaneous. The main task was to stabilize the local financial system that suffered from excessive dependency on foreign markets. Only by 2014 Ireland showed signs of economic recovery. Similarly, Baltic countries found themselves to be ill prepared for functioning under economic crisis conditions. Neither national governments nor EU Commission succeeded to propose efficient anti-crisis actions. As a result, population of Baltic nations most heavily suffered from the crisis. In Greece crisis made inevitable substantial revision of national social and economic model, as well as the political parties’ system. Under strong pressures from the EU Greece at last started to implement long-needed reforms in such spheres as budget planning, labor legislation, social insurance, healthcare and education. Acknowledgments. The article has been supported by a grant of the Russian Humanitarian Scientific Foundation. Project № 14-07-00047a “European Union as a Testing Site of New Anti-Crisis Technologies under Conditions of Globalization”.
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Wieczorkowska, Grażyna, and Katarzyna Kowalczyk. "Ensuring Sustainable Evaluation: How to Improve Quality of Evaluating Grant Proposals?" Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 2842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052842.
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The principle of sustainable development is an obligation placed on all entities involved in the implementation and delivery of the structural funds made available not only by the European Commission but also by grant donors from all over the world. For this reason, when applying for a grant, proposals need to demonstrate the positive or neutral impact of the project on sustainable development. To be able to select projects that will ensure sustainability, we need to ensure the effective evaluation of the proposals. The process of their evaluation should be objective, unbiased and transparent. However, current processes have several limitations. The process by which grants are awarded and proposals evaluated has come under increasing scrutiny, with a particular focus on the selection of reviewers, fallibility of their assessments, the randomness of assessments and the low level of common agreement. In our studies, we demonstrated how some of those limitations may be overcome. Our topic of interest is the work of reviewers/experts who evaluate scientific grant proposals. We analyse data coming from two prominent scientific national grant foundations, which differ in terms of expert’s selection procedure. We discuss the problems associated with both procedures (rating style of the reviewers, lack of calibration and serial position effect) and present potential solutions to prevent them. We conclude that, to increase the unbiasedness and fairness of the evaluation process, reviewers’ work should be analysed. We also suggest that, within a certain panel, all grant proposals should be evaluated by the same set of reviewers, which would help to eliminate the distorting influence of the selection of a very severe or very lenient expert. Such effective assessment and moderation of the process would help ensure the quality and sustainability of evaluations.
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Mantino, Francesco, Giovanna De Fano, and Gianluca Asaro. "Analysing the Policy Delivery System and Effects on Territorial Disparities in Italy: The Mechanisms of Territorial Targeting in the EU Rural Development Programmes 2014–2020." Land 11, no. 11 (October 23, 2022): 1883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11111883.
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This study aims to answer the following research questions: (a) to what extent do EU rural development supports for investments address territorial differences of rural areas, especially concerning the differences between rich and intensive areas, on one hand, and marginal and peripheral rural areas on the other hand; (b) how does present governance and the delivery system of measures supporting rural investments contribute to the financial support of marginal and peripheral rural areas? To respond to these questions, the research examined 747 calls for tender in all Italian regions related to 16 types of investment measures and a global amount of EUR 6,7 billion Euros and 49,410 representative projects approved in 17 Italian regions during the period 2014–2020. Delivery mechanisms included the rules that have been set up to define recipient eligibility and selection criteria of the rural development programmes. The distributive effects of RDP investment support measures appear evidently uneven, especially in agricultural and agro-industrial competitiveness measures, which are mainly allocated in already dynamic and strongly competitive areas. Delivery mechanisms boost disparities when funds are allocated through the “open competition” approach. Instead, the modulation of territorial criteria in the implementation phase can provide effective results in terms of reducing disparities in fund allocation and outreaching the most lagging areas. There are two main novelties of this research: (a) the analysis of territorial criteria in the calls for tenders for investment support, and (b) the effects of these criteria on expenditure distribution at the municipal level (LAU2 in the EU nomenclature). This study has been carried out outside the formal methodological approaches promoted by the European Commission for RDP evaluation and might be considered a complementary approach to evaluation reporting activity. This study might provide two significant contributions to the debate on rural areas. First, a “combined” approach to the definition of rurality (mixing “structural” and “locational” approaches) might provide a better analytical framework in line with the evolution of the literature on rurality. Second, the delivery systems that put more emphasis on territorial targets, as they were presented in this study, might be an essential component of a place-based policy.
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MAZARE, SILVIA. "EUROPEAN FUNDS HELP ROMANIAN AGRICULTURE." World Science, no. 9(61) (December 20, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30122020/7342.
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The EU Structural Funds are managed by the European Commission and are intended to finance structural assistance measures at Community level, with the aim of promoting regions with developmental delays, reconverting areas affected by industrial decline, combating long-term unemployment, employing young people or promoting rural development. The European Union is first and foremost an economic union. The central goal is to improve economic performance, including poverty reduction. Cohesion policy is the basic policy of the Structural Funds and is a key element in achieving the central goal.
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Petríková, Mária. "Implementation of European Union structural and cohesion policy after 2020." Slovak Journal of Public Policy and Public Administration, 2020, 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.34135/sjpppa.070104.
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Structural and cohesion policy is one of the European Union’s main instruments for implementing one of its main principles, and that is solidarity between the more economically developed regions and those which are lagging behind in economic and social terms. Reducing regional disparities in the European Union is achieved through individual instruments, the most important of which are the structural funds. The preparation of legislation and conditions for the new programming period 2021-2027 is currently being intensively negotiated at the level of the European Commission and the Member States. These processes are affected by the fact that the European Union is currently facing many new challenges that affect the setting of priorities as well as the new multiannual financial framework. Cohesion policy is the European Union’s most powerful investment tool and currently accounts for one-third of the EU budget but cuts proposed by the Commission for the years 2021-2017 would reduce its share considerably.Key words: cohesion, European Union, programming period 2021-2027, legislative
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Oke, Ayooluwa, Judith Butler, and Cian O'Neill. "“We Can’t Provide a Quality Service on Shoestrings”: Irish Practitioners Perspectives on the ECCE Scheme (2010)." Qualitative Report, February 9, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2019.3796.
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There is a general disquiet in the Irish Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) sector about the sustainability of initiatives and best practice guidelines in the context of low status, pay and investment. The ECCE Scheme (2010; DCYA, 2018b) provided access to three hours of “free” ECCE for children aged 2.8 years who could continue to avail of the ECCE until they reached 5.6 years old (DCYA, 2018b). Ireland, under the Barcelona Summit (2002), was obliged to provide increased access to ECCE to (European Commission, 2008) to increase women’s participation in the labour market (European Commission, 2008). However, the introduction of the ECCE scheme (2010) contributed to already existing structural and financial challenges in the provision of quality ECCE. To explore parental and practitioners’ experiences of the scheme, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 practitioners and 15 parents. Findings reveal that the scheme seems to have been unsuccessful in supporting practitioners in meeting quality standards, the costs associated with the introduction of the scheme as well as in meeting the needs of working parents for accessible ECCE.
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"European Union’s Fiscal Rules and New Financial Instruments for 2021- 2017: Bulgaria’s Case Study." Bulgarian Journal of International Economics and Politics 1, no. 1 (December 19, 2021): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37075/bjiep.2021.1.03.
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Fiscal policymaking of the Member States aims to follow fiscal rules through the economic cycle that ensure macroeconomic sustainability in the European Union (EU). After the 2008 global crisis, the Stability and Growth Pact introduced the enhanced supranational fiscal rules, setting additional boundaries to fiscal deficits and government debt. The new ceiling on the structural deficit in public finance laws of Member States has served to protect creditworthiness. The COVID-19 pandemic, which led to a temporary suspension of the fiscal rules, clearly indicates that the key challenges are to implement a countercyclical policy during upturns, building buffers for bad days. Under the Next Generation Europe’s initiative the European Commission (EC) will borrow up to €750 billion and distribute it over 2021-2024 to Member States (European Commission, 2020a). Raising funds in the EU budget and repayment of the EC debt may lead to amendments to the design and application of the EU fiscal rules. This paper lays out the objectives of the EU current fiscal framework and its main pillars, discusses how the EC new financial instruments for the period 2021-2027 will be accounted for in the Member States’ fiscal framework, and what are its possible changes and challenges after Covid-19 and Brexit.
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Hoyer, Werner, and Markus Berndt. "Aufbruch in ein neues Kapitel bei der Angleichung der Lebensbedingungen in Europa." Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik 62, no. 1 (January 1, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfwp-2013-0107.
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AbstractAll in all, EU Cohesion policy has been a success. It has facilitated growth and jobs in less developed areas, contributing to their prosperity. However, convergence has slowed down significantly during the crisis. This puts even more pressure on safeguarding that cohesion policy generates optimal results to ensure lasting economic and social cohesion. Room for improvement has been identified. The delivery mechanisms can be improved; its territorial dimension strengthened; and its focus more firmly directed at supporting a resource-efficient economy, research, development and innovation.Even more important, the economic crisis in the EU has underscored the need for creating pan-European institutions, like the banking union, to complete the integration of financial markets. The recent substantial reforms of the EU’s economic architecture are aimed at creating an unprecedented level of integration that will allow private capital to flow more easily and more responsibly to the most productive and growth-enhancing investments in convergence regions. The unleashing of these market forces, combined with a reformed cohesion policy to efficiently address market failures where they exist, carries the potential to initiate a new success story in the convergence of living conditions in the EU.The EIB is committed to play an important role in this effort. It has already integrated the new smart and sustainable orientations of the Structural Funds and will strive to facilitate better alignment between its sector and regional objectives. Expanding and deepening the nature and scope of financial and non-financial instruments developed jointly with the European Commission will further improve the leverage effect of EU funding and help attract private investors.