Books on the topic 'Structural causal models'
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1
Linear causal modeling with structural equations. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2009.
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J, Thomas J. The links between structural adjustment and poverty: Causal or remedial? [Santiago, Chile]: PREALC, 1993.
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Leonovich, Sergey, Evgeniy Shalyy, Elena Polonina, Elena Sadovskaya, Lev Kim, and Valentin Dorkin. Durability of port reinforced concrete structures (Far East and Sakhalin). ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1816638.
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Section I of the monograph is devoted to an urgent problem - forecasting the durability of port reinforced concrete structures, the destruction of which is associated with corrosion of steel reinforcement caused by chloride aggression and carbonation of concrete. The analysis of models for calculating the service life of structures and experimental data is carried out, the life cycles for the main degradation processes in concrete and reinforcement, the periods of initiation and propagation of corrosion are considered, the influence of environmental factors (temperature, humidity) and the quality of concrete (In/C, cement consumption, diffusion coefficient) on the kinetics of chloride penetration and the movement of the carbonation front is taken into account. Probabilistic models of basic variables are considered, the limiting states of port reinforced concrete structures for the durability of reinforced concrete structures based on the reliability coefficient for service life are formulated.
Sections II and III describe modern methods of restoration and restoration of reinforced concrete port structures subjected to corrosion destruction using nanofibrobeton. The concept of multilevel reinforcement has been implemented. Methods of experimental fracture mechanics were used to evaluate the joint work of exploited concrete and reinforcement nanofibre concrete.
It is intended for scientific and engineering staff of universities, research and design organizations.
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Varlamov, Oleg. Mivar databases and rules. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1508665.
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The multidimensional open epistemological active network MOGAN is the basis for the transition to a qualitatively new level of creating logical artificial intelligence. Mivar databases and rules became the foundation for the creation of MOGAN. The results of the analysis and generalization of data representation structures of various data models are presented: from relational to "Entity — Relationship" (ER-model). On the basis of this generalization, a new model of data and rules is created: the mivar information space "Thing-Property-Relation". The logic-computational processing of data in this new model of data and rules is shown, which has linear computational complexity relative to the number of rules. MOGAN is a development of Rule - Based Systems and allows you to quickly and easily design algorithms and work with logical reasoning in the "If..., Then..." format. An example of creating a mivar expert system for solving problems in the model area "Geometry"is given. Mivar databases and rules can be used to model cause-and-effect relationships in different subject areas and to create knowledge bases of new-generation applied artificial intelligence systems and real-time mivar expert systems with the transition to"Big Knowledge".
The textbook in the field of training "Computer Science and Computer Engineering" is intended for students, bachelors, undergraduates, postgraduates studying artificial intelligence methods used in information processing and management systems, as well as for users and specialists who create mivar knowledge models, expert systems, automated control systems and decision support systems.
Keywords: cybernetics, artificial intelligence, mivar, mivar networks, databases, data models, expert system, intelligent systems, multidimensional open epistemological active network, MOGAN, MIPRA, KESMI, Wi!Mi, Razumator, knowledge bases, knowledge graphs, knowledge networks, Big knowledge, products, logical inference, decision support systems, decision-making systems, autonomous robots, recommendation systems, universal knowledge tools, expert system designers, logical artificial intelligence.
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Kravchenko, Igor', Maksim Glinskiy, Sergey Karcev, Viktor Korneev, and Diana Abdumuminova. Resource-saving plasma technology in the repair of processing equipment. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1083289.
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In the monograph methodological bases of selection of method of coating, design of technological processes of hardening and recovery of the wearing surfaces of parts using a systems engineering analysis and information support technologist. The mathematical model of plasma spraying of materials with different thermal conductivity and methods criteria for evaluation of technical and technological opportunities of a plasma coating method. Describes the methods and results of experimental studies, the analysis of the conditions and causes of loss of efficiency of processing equipment APK. The proposed scientific and methodical approach to the justification of expediency of the recovery and strengthening of the working bodies and parts expensive imported technological equipment. The proposed mathematical model describing the physical processes in plasma coating for various applications. The structure of the algorithm for solving the task of hardening and recovery of worn parts plasma methods on the basis of the integrated CAE system.
This monograph is intended for employees of scientific research institutions, specialists of machine-building production and enterprises of technical service, as well as teachers, postgraduates and students of agricultural engineering areas of training.
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Sang-in, Chŏn, ed. Hanʼguk hyŏndaesa: Chinsil kwa haesŏk. Kyŏnggi-do Pʻaju-si: Nanam Chʻulpʻan, 2005.
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Shimizu, Shohei. Semiparametric Structural Equation Models for Causal Discovery. Springer, 2021.
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Shimizu, Shohei. Semiparametric Structural Equation Models for Causal Discovery. Springer London, Limited, 2017.
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Bollen, Kenneth A., Sophia Rabe‐Hesketh, and Anders Skrondal. Structural Equation Models. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0018.
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This article explains the use of factor analysis types of models to develop measures of latent concepts which were then combined with causal models of the underlying latent concepts. In particular, it offers an overview of the classic structural equation models (SEMs) when the latent and observed variables are continuous. Then it looks at more recent developments that include categorical, count, and other noncontinuous variables as well as multilevel structural equation models. The model specification, assumptions, and notation are covered. This is followed by addressing implied moments, identification, estimation, model fit, and respecification. The penetration of SEMs has been high in disciplines such as sociology, psychology, educational testing, and marketing, but lower in economics and political science despite the large potential number of applications. Today, SEMs have begun to enter the statistical literature and to re-enter biostatistics, though often under the name ‘latent variable models’ or ‘graphical models’.
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Coseru, Christian. Consciousness and Causal Emergence. Edited by Jonardon Ganeri. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314621.013.24.
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In challenging the physicalist conception of consciousness advanced by Cārvāka materialists such as Bṛhaspati, the Buddhist philosopher Śāntarakṣita addresses a series of key issues about the nature of causality and the basis of cognition. This chapter considers whether causal accounts of generation for material bodies are adequate in explaining how conscious awareness comes to have the structural features and phenomenal properties that it does. Arguments against reductive physicalism, it is claimed, can benefit from an understanding of the structure of phenomenal consciousness that does not eschew causal-explanatory reasoning. Against causal models that rely on the concept of potentiality, the Buddhist principle of “dependent arising” underscores a dynamic conception of efficient causality, which allows for elements defined primarily in terms of their capacity for sentience and agency to be causally efficacious.
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Jansson, Lina. When are Structural Equation Models Apt? Causation versus Grounding. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777946.003.0013.
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While much about the notion of ground in contemporary metaphysics is contested, there is large agreement that ground is closely connected to a certain kind of explanation. Recently, Jonathan Schaffer and Alastair Wilson have argued that ground is a relation that is very closely related to causation and that grounding explanations should be given an account in broadly interventionist terms through the use of structural equations and directed graphs. Such an approach offers the potential benefit of a largely unified framework for explanations with different relations, or different species of the same relation, backing different types of explanation. However, this chapter argues that this benefit cannot be realized since there are crucial differences between causal explanations and grounding explanations in how we can evaluate the aptness of the models in question.
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Hoyle, Rick H. Applications of structural equation modelling in clinical and health psychology research. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198527565.003.0020.
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This chapter discusses applications of structural equation modelling (SEM, or causal modelling) in clinical and health psychology research. It outlines path diagrams, measurement models, structural models, the inclusion of latent variables, validity (factorial and construct), and measurement invariance. Structural hypotheses are also explored, along with caveats for the use of SEM.
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Lagnado, David A., and Tobias Gerstenberg. Causation in Legal and Moral Reasoning. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.30.
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Causation looms large in legal and moral reasoning. People construct causal models of the social and physical world to understand what has happened, how and why, and to allocate responsibility and blame. This chapter explores people’s common-sense notion of causation, and shows how it underpins moral and legal judgments. As a guiding framework it uses the causal model framework (Pearl, 2000) rooted in structural models and counterfactuals, and shows how it can resolve many of the problems that beset standard but-for analyses. It argues that legal concepts of causation are closely related to everyday causal reasoning, and both are tailored to the practical concerns of responsibility attribution. Causal models are also critical when people evaluate evidence, both in terms of the stories they tell to make sense of evidence, and the methods they use to assess its credibility and reliability.
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Rottman, Benjamin Margolin. The Acquisition and Use of Causal Structure Knowledge. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.10.
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This chapter provides an introduction to how humans learn and reason about multiple causal relations connected together in a causal structure. The first half of the chapter focuses on how people learn causal structures. The main topics involve learning from observations versus interventions, learning temporal versus atemporal causal structures, and learning the parameters of a causal structure including individual cause-effect strengths and how multiple causes combine to produce an effect. The second half of the chapter focuses on how individuals reason about the causal structure, such as making predictions about one variable given knowledge about other variables, once the structure has been learned. Some of the most important topics involve reasoning about observations versus interventions, how well people reason compared to normative models, and whether causal structure beliefs bias reasoning. In both sections the author highlights open empirical and theoretical questions.
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Woodward, James. Causation in Science. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.8.
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This article discusses some philosophical theories of causation and their application to several areas of science. Topics addressed include regularity, counterfactual, and causal process theories of causation; the causal interpretation of structural equation models and directed graphs; independence assumptions in causal reasoning; and the role of causal concepts in physics. In connection with this last topic, this article focuses on the relationship between causal asymmetries, the time-reversal invariance of most fundamental physical laws, and the significance of differences among varieties of differential equations (e.g., hyperbolic versus nonhyperbolic) in causal interpretation. It concludes with some remarks about “grounding” special science causal generalizations in physics.
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Woodward, James. Causation in Science. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.8_update_001.
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This article discusses some philosophical theories of causation and their application to several areas of science. Topics addressed include regularity, counterfactual, and causal process theories of causation; the causal interpretation of structural equation models and directed graphs; independence assumptions in causal reasoning; and the role of causal concepts in physics. In connection with this last topic, this article focuses on the relationship between causal asymmetries, the time-reversal invariance of most fundamental physical laws, and the significance of differences among varieties of differential equations (e.g., hyperbolic versus nonhyperbolic) in causal interpretation. It concludes with some remarks about “grounding” special science causal generalizations in physics.
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Beebee, Helen, Christopher Hitchcock, and Huw Price, eds. Making a Difference. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746911.001.0001.
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Making a Difference presents fifteen original essays on causation and counterfactuals by philosophers and political theorists. Collectively, they represent the state of the art on these topics. The essays in this volume are inspired by the work of the late Australian philosopher Peter Menzies (1953–2015), who himself made a very great difference to our contemporary understanding of these matters. Topics covered include: the semantics of counterfactuals, agency theories of causation, the context-sensitivity of causal claims, structural equation models, mechanisms, mental causation, the causal exclusion argument, and free will. Contributors: Helen Beebee, Thomas Blanchard, David Braddon-Mitchell, Rachael Briggs, Nancy Cartwright, Christopher Hitchcock, Christian List, Cei Maslen, Peter Menzies, Daniel Nolan, Philip Pettit, Huw Price, Jonathan Schaffer, Brad Weslake, James Woodward.
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N, Glymour Clark, ed. Discovering causal structure: Artificial intelligence, philosophy of science, and statistical modeling. Orlando: Academic Press, 1987.
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N, Glymour Clark, ed. Discovering causal structure: Artificial intelligence, philosophy of science, and statistical modeling. Orlando: Academic Press, 1987.
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Clark, Glymour, ed. Discovering causal structure: Artificial intelligence, philosophy of science, and statistical modelling. Orlando: Academic Press, 1987.
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Le Pelley, Mike E., Oren Griffiths, and Tom Beesley. Associative Accounts of Causal Cognition. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.2.
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Humans are clearly sensitive to causal structures—we can describe and understand causal mechanisms and make predictions based on them. But this chapter asks: Is causal learning always causal? Or might seemingly causal behavior sometimes be based on associations that merely encode the information that two events “go together,” not that one causes the other? This associative view supposes that people often (mis)interpret associations as supporting the existence of a causal relationship between events; they make the everyday mistake of confusing correlation with causation. To assess the validity of this view, one must move away from considering specific implementations of associative models and instead focus on the general principle embodied by the associative approach—that the rules governing learning are general-purpose, and so do not differentiate between situations involving cause–effect relationships and those involving signaling relationships that are non-causal.
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Meder, Björn, and Ralf Mayrhofer. Diagnostic Reasoning. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.23.
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This chapter discusses diagnostic reasoning from the perspective of causal inference. The computational framework that provides the foundation for the analyses—probabilistic inference over graphical causal structures—can be used to implement different models that share the assumption that diagnostic inferences are guided and constrained by causal considerations. This approach has provided many critical insights, with respect to both normative and empirical issues. For instance, taking into account uncertainty about causal structures can entail diagnostic judgments that do not reflect the empirical conditional probability of cause given effect in the data, the classic, purely statistical norm. The chapter first discusses elemental diagnostic inference from a single effect to a single cause, then examines more complex diagnostic inferences involving multiple causes and effects, and concludes with information acquisition in diagnostic reasoning, discussing different ways of quantifying the diagnostic value of information and how people decide which information is diagnostically relevant.
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Rogowski, Jon C., and Betsy Sinclair. Causal Inference in Political Networks. Edited by Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery, and Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.6.
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Though scholars have developed an increasingly rich set of research findings regarding the structure of political networks, identifying causal associations between these networks and political outcomes of interest presents a variety of challenges. Addressing these challenges is especially important given the prominence of networks in theories of individual and collective behavior. This chapter uses the framework of the Neyman-Rubin causal model (potential outcomes framework) to discuss challenges to identification researchers face when studying how networks affect political outcomes. It then describes a set of strategies researchers can employ to address these challenges, including suggestions for best practices in the context of both observational and experimental research designs.
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Kendler, Kenneth S. Introduction to “Validity and the causal structure of a disorder”. Edited by Kenneth S. Kendler and Josef Parnas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796022.003.0031.
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This chapter presents an introduction to validity and the causal structure of a disorder; as further discussed in the following chapter. It outlines the critique of validation in modern psychiatric nosology; but highlights the importance of gradual processes of iteration.
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Lipton, Peter. Causation and Explanation. Edited by Helen Beebee, Christopher Hitchcock, and Peter Menzies. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279739.003.0030.
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In its simplest form, a causal model of explanation maintains that to explain some phenomenon is to give some information about its causes. This prompts four questions that will structure the discussion to follow. The first is whether all explanations are causal. The second is whether all causes are explanatory. The answer to both of these questions turns out to be negative, and seeing why this is so helps to clarify the relationship between causation and explanation. The third question is itself a request for an explanation: Why do causes explain, when they do? Why, for example, do causes explain their effects but effects not explain their causes? Finally, the article considers how explanation can illuminate the process of causal inference.
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Hagmayer, York, and Philip Fernbach. Causality in Decision-Making. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.27.
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Although causality is rarely discussed in texts on decision-making, decisions often depend on causal knowledge and causal reasoning. This chapter reviews what is known about how people integrate causal considerations into their choice processes. It first introduces causal decision theory, a normative theory of choice based on the idea that rational decision-making requires considering the causal structure underlying a decision problem. It then provides an overview of empirical studies that explore how causal assumptions influence choice and test predictions derived from causal decision theory. Next it reviews three descriptive theories that integrate causal thinking into decision-making, each in a different way: the causal model theory of choice, the story model of decision-making, and attribution theory. It discusses commonalities and differences between the theories and the role of causality in other decision-making theories. It concludes by noting challenges that lie ahead for research on the role of causal reasoning in decision-making.
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Whitehouse, Harvey, and Brian McQuinn. Divergent Modes of Religiosity and Armed Struggle. Edited by Michael Jerryson, Mark Juergensmeyer, and Margo Kitts. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199759996.013.0039.
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This chapter investigates one of the most powerful mechanisms by which groups may be formed, inspired, and coordinated—ritual—which may be defined as normative behavior with an irretrievably opaque causal structure. The divergent modes of religiosity (DMR) theory is applied to armed groups engaged in civil conflicts, some of which explicitly incorporate “religious” traditions while others vehemently repudiate supernatural beliefs of any kind. It is argued that the DMR theory can be extended to explain recurrent features of ritual traditions which lack many or all beliefs typically marked “religious.” Unlike many religions, rebel groups tend to display the predictions of only one mode, although this may be an effect of small sample size. It is believed that the DMR theory can possibly clarify broad patterns in intergroup violence and the dynamics of contemporary civil wars.
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Egan, Frances. Function-Theoretic Explanation and the Search for Neural Mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199685509.003.0007.
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A common kind of explanation in cognitive science might be called function-theoretic: with some target cognitive capacity in view, the theorist hypothesizes that the system computes a well-defined function (in the mathematical sense) and explains how computing this function contributes to the exercise of the cognitive capacity. Recently, proponents of the so-called “new mechanist” approach in philosophy of science have argued that a model of a cognitive capacity is explanatory only to the extent that it reveals the causal structure of the mechanism underlying the capacity. If they are right, then a cognitive model that resists a transparent mapping to known neural mechanisms—as many function-theoretic models do—fails to be explanatory. I argue that a function-theoretic characterization of a cognitive capacity can be genuinely explanatory even absent an account of how the capacity is realized in neural hardware.
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Newlands, Samuel. Elusive Individuals. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817260.003.0007.
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Spinoza’s conceptualist strategy was introduced to show how one and the same individual can be structured by a diversity of attributes, causal structures, dependence relations, modal profiles, and essences. But what are these individuals like, that they can consistently support all this diversity? The answer proves increasingly elusive, as argued in chapter six. After looking at Spinoza’s limited interest in the nature of individuals, it is argued that Spinoza introduces a conceptual condition on the composition and persistence conditions for individuals. This has widespread implications for Spinoza’s account of individual finite modes, and it re-raises an old worry about whether Spinoza was an acosmicist. Even worse, Spinoza’s account of finite individuals, when combined with the results of the previous chapters, threatens to undermine the conceptualist gambit he introduced to secure them in the first place. This is diagnosed and discussed in the concluding section.
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Nacher, Mathieu. Using pathogen interactions: challenges and opportunities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0010.
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The germ theory of disease, mostly based on single causal pathogenesis, has improved life expectancy and changed human life. Distilling general guidelines on a new generation of public health interventions that acknowledge and use ecology and evolution to reduce the burden of disease remains difficult. Interactions are numerous; their consequences vary, depending on the context, making forecasting difficult. “Last-mile” problems are pervasive, with implementation problems keeping medical knowledge from reaching those most in need. Much of the avoidable burden of infectious disease results from lack of access to modern prevention and treatment methods, from the lack of health structures in poor countries. This chapter concerns major causes of death and disability and suggests that if used strategically, this knowledge could alleviate the burden of infectious diseases. Understanding pathogen-pathogen interactions (e.g., gastrointestinal nematodes and malaria, schistosomiasis and malaria and Wolbachia and filariae) may open opportunities for public health gains.
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Croasmun, Matthew. Emergence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190277987.003.0003.
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Emergence theory in philosophy of science is introduced, first in modest terms of the emergent properties exhibited by complex wholes that are not exhibited by their constituent parts. Then, emergence is treated as a trans-ordinal theory that stakes out a middle ground between reductionism and dualism. The tension between supervenience and downward causation is described as the generative dialectic of emergence. The coherence of downward causation is debated and ultimately affirmed on account of the prevalence of downward causation in the sorts of accounts produced by fields like systems biology. Racism is treated as a case study of the sorts of causal feedback loops generated by complex causal structures that operate at multiple levels of hierarchy.
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Ashworth, Scott, Christopher R. Berry, and Ethan Bueno de Mesquita. Theory and Credibility. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691213828.001.0001.
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The credibility revolution, with its emphasis on empirical methods for causal inference, has led to concerns among scholars that the canonical questions about politics and society are being neglected because they are no longer deemed answerable. This book stakes out an opposing view—presenting a new vision of how, working together, the credibility revolution and formal theory can advance social scientific inquiry. The book covers the conceptual foundations and practicalities of both model building and research design, providing a new framework to link theory and empirics. Drawing on diverse examples from political science, it presents a typology of the rich set of interactions that are possible between theory and empirics. This typology opens up new ways for scholars to make progress on substantive questions and enables researchers from disparate traditions to gain a deeper appreciation for each other's work and why it matters. The book shows theorists how to create models that are genuinely useful to empirical inquiry, and helps empiricists better understand how to structure their research in ways that speak to theoretically meaningful questions.
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Gipps, Richard G. T. Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, George Graham, John Z. Sadler, Giovanni Stanghellini, and Tim Thornton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0072.
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Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) theorists propose that disturbances in cognition underlie and maintain much emotional disturbance. Accordingly the cognitive addition to behavioral therapy typically consists in collaboratively noticing, restructuring, de-fusing from, and challenging these cognitions by the therapist and the patient. With the right group of problems, patients, and therapists, the practice of CBT is well known to possess therapeutic efficacy. This chapter, however, primarily considers the theory rather than the therapy of CBT; in particular it looks at the central significance it gives tocognitionin healthy and disturbed emotional function. It suggests that if "cognition" is used to mean merely ourbelief and thought, then CBT theory provides an implausible model of much emotional distress. If, on the other hand, "cognition" refers to the processing ofmeaning, then CBT risks losing its distinctiveness from all therapies other than the most blandly behavioral. The chapter also suggests: (a) that the appearance, in CBT's causal models of psychopathology, of what seem to be distinct causal processes and multiple discrete intervention sites may owe more to the formalism of the theory than to the structure of the well or troubled mind; (b) that CBT theorists sometimes unhelpfully assimilate the having of thoughts to episodes of thinking; (c) that CBT models may sometimes overemphasize the significance of belief and thought in psychopathology because they have unhelpfully theorized meaning as belonging more properly to these, rather than to emotional, functions; (d) that CBT approaches can also misconstrue the nature and value of acknowledgement and self-knowledge-thereby underplaying the value of some of the CBT therapist's own interventions. The theoretical and clinical implications of these critiques is discussed-such as that there are reasons to doubt that CBT always works, when it does, in the manner it tends to describe for itself.
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Bentham, James R. The genetics of congenital heart disease. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, José Luis de la Pompa, David Sedmera, Cristina Basso, and Deborah Henderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0022.
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Congenital heart disease (CHD) is defined as a structural cardiac malformation resulting from an abnormality of development; 8% of CHD is inherited in a Mendelian fashion and 12% results from chromosomal imbalance. Recurrence risk and new research suggest that even the remaining 80% of patients without an identifiable familial or syndromic basis for disease may have an identifiable genetic cause. The potential to understand these mechanisms is increasing with the advent of new sequencing techniques which have identified multiple or single rare variants and/or copy number variants clustering in cardiac developmental genes as well as common variants that may also contribute to disease, for example by altering metabolic pathways. Work in model organisms such as mouse and zebrafish has been pivotal in identifying CHD candidate genes. Future challenges involve translating the discoveries made in mouse models to human CHD genetics and manipulating potentially protective pathways to prevent disease.
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Marmodoro, Anna. Forms and Structure in Plato's Metaphysics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197577158.001.0001.
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This book investigates the thought of two of the most influential philosophers of antiquity, Plato and his predecessor Anaxagoras, with respect to their metaphysical accounts of objects and properties. It introduces a fresh perspective on these two thinkers’ ideas, displaying the debt of Plato’s theory to Anaxagoras’s, and principally arguing that their core metaphysical concept is overlap; overlap between properties and things in the world. Initially Plato endorses Anaxagoras’s model of constitutional overlap, and subsequently develops qualitative overlap. Overlap is the crux to our understanding of Plato’s theory of participation of objects in Forms; of his account of relatives without relations; of the role of Forms as causes; of the transcendent normativity of Forms; of the metaphysics of necessity; and of the role of the Great Kinds and of the paradeigma in the development of Plato’s thought. This book shows Plato as ground-breaking in the history of metaphysics, in different ways from those acknowledged so far, and with respect to more metaphysical questions than had been hitherto appreciated; for example, Plato’s treatment of structure as a property of things, and his introduction of the first ever account of metaphysical emergence. In addition to these results, the book makes Anaxagoras’s and Plato’s systems philosophically accessible to us, today’s philosophers, by applying conceptual tools from analytic metaphysics to the study of ancient metaphysics. In this way, the book brings Anaxagoras’s and Plato’s ideas to bear on todays’ philosophical discussions and opens up new venues of research for current philosophical discussions.
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Sullivan, Ceri. Shakespeare and the Play Scripts of Private Prayer. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198857310.001.0001.
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Early modern private prayer shows skill in narration and drama. In manuals and sermons on how to pray, collections of model prayers, scholarly treatises about biblical petitions, and popular tracts about life crises prompting calls to God, prayer is valued as a powerful agent of change. Model prayers create stories about people in distinct ranks and jobs, with concrete details about real-life situations. These characters may act in play-lets, or appear in the middle of difficulties, or voice a suite of petitions from all sides of a conflict. Thinking of early modern private prayers as dramatic dialogues rather than as lyric monologues raises the question of whether play-going and praying were mutually reinforcing practices. Could dramatists deploying prayer on stage rely on having audience members who were already expert at making up roles for themselves in prayer, and who expected their petitions to have the power to intervene in major events? Does prayer’s focus on cause and effect structure the historiography of Shakespeare’s history plays: 2 and 3 Henry VI, Richard III, Richard II, Henry V, and Henry VIII?
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Lange, Joachim, and Henrik Uterwedde, eds. Frankreich und Deutschland. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748904885.
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This volume offers a comprehensive comparison of the growth models, economic problems and economic policy perspectives of France and Germany. In particular, the articles it contains highlight the different structural economic developments in the two countries and address questions of competitiveness and Germany’s high external surpluses as well as the structural reforms in France under President Macron. At the same time, the different economic policy views of the two countries are highlighted, which are also reflected in their positions on the reform and further development of the European Economic and Monetary Union. The book thus provides a guide to understanding the current controversies between the two countries and their causes. It shows the limits of Franco–German cooperation, but also explores opportunities for compromises and joint European initiatives. With contributions by Martin Hallet, Birgit Honé, Prof. Dr. Christian Kastrop, Dr. Rémi Lallement, Dr. Joachim Lange, Frédéric Petit, Dr. Michael Thöne, Prof. Dr. Henrik Uterwedde, Prof. Dr. Henrik Torsten Windels
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Auty, Richard M., and Haydn I. Furlonge. The Rent Curse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828860.001.0001.
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This book analyses the political economy of economic development using two stylized facts models of rent-driven growth. The models show that: (i) the resource curse is a variant of a wider rent curse that can be driven by geopolitical rent (foreign aid), labour rent (worker remittances), or regulatory rent (government manipulation of relative prices); (ii) the rent curse is caused by policy failure and is avoidable; (iii) the global incidence of the rent curse varies over time, which reflects development policy fashions; and (iv) the intensity of the rent curse also varies with rent linkages. Rent cycling theory posits that low rent incentivizes the elite to grow the economy to become wealthy, whereas high rent encourages siphoning rent for immediate enrichment at the expense of sustainable and diversified economic growth. The contrasting incentives trigger divergent policies and structural change. Low rent motivates the efficient allocation of inputs in line with the economy’s comparative advantage in labour-intensive exports, which drives: structural change; rapid egalitarian economic growth; and incremental democratization. High rent, however, elicits contests to capture rent for immediate enrichment so the economy absorbs rent too quickly. The economy experiences Dutch disease effects that expand a subsidized urban sector whose rent demands outstrip supply, resulting in a staple trap and a protracted growth collapse. The economy fails to diversify competitively and depends for growth on expanding rent rather than on competitive diversification that boosts productivity. The book uses the models to explain why many developing countries in Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Gulf followed a staple trap trajectory and draws on East Asia and South Asia for reform.
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Watzl, Sebastian. Is Attention a Non-Propositional Attitude? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198732570.003.0012.
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The first part of this chapter argues that many forms of attention and attention-entailing mental episodes, such as looking at something, watching something, listening to something, or tactually feeling something, are paradigmatic examples of non-propositional intentional episodes. In addition, attention cannot be reduced to any other (propositional or non-propositional) mental episodes. But is attention a non-propositional attitude? The second part of the chapter argues that it is not. In order to account for attention and its apparently non-propositional character we should reject a certain atomistic model of our mental life and move towards a more holistic conception. I question the assumption that a subject’s mental life should be thought of as a causally connected collection of mental attitudes. This “building-block” model of the mind does not fit the case of attention. Instead, a subject’s mental life can be partitioned along many, equally appropriate dimensions. In a slogan: mentality has priority structure, in addition to attitudinal structure.
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Beckfield, Jason. Scientific Challenges to Engaging Political Sociology and Social Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190492472.003.0003.
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Social epidemiology demonstrates clearly that social structure has profound consequences for the distribution of health, illness, and death, but it remains the case that political-sociological variables tend to be imprecisely incorporated into social epidemiological models. If the preceding chapters suggest how researchers could make a start on such incorporation, this chapter highlights the challenges to doing so in a convincing manner. Given the push from ecosocial, fundamental-cause, and social-determinants theories of disease distribution for concepts and measures for investigating politics and policies, the macroscope of political sociology holds great promise for generating new questions, new answers, and even new accountability for the generation of health inequity.
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Lagiou, Pagona, Dimitrios Trichopoulos, and Hans-Olov Adami. Concepts in Cancer Epidemiology and Etiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0006.
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This chapter reviews central concepts in epidemiology, which apply also to cancer epidemiology. It examines cohort and case-control studies, with reference also to studies of genetic epidemiology, it considers the impact of chance and systematic errors, and it traces the process of causal reasoning. It attempts to convey that the sometimes esoteric theory of modern epidemiology can be condensed to a few central issues, namely (1) how to quantify and understand the impact of chance; (2) how to best harvest information on exposures and outcomes from a source population by using a cohort design, a case–control design, or variants thereof; (3) how to achieve valid results by minimizing the impact of confounding and bias, and; (4) how to address the central issue of causality in a structured way. A glossary at the end of the chapter provides a summary of definitions.
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Bacior, Stanisław. Optymalizacja wiejskich układów gruntowych – badania eksperymentalne. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-37-3.
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Rural areas are subject to constant structural, spatial and economic transformations. The main purpose of this monograph was to present a new concept of shaping of rural land arrangement that takes into account the land value. The presented optimization methodology of shaping of the rural areas has a general range of application, not being limited by time or place. of the location of the consolidation object. The only condition for its use is the availability of a specific set of output data enabling the necessary calculations for the implementation of consolidation works. The described method has been successfully applied to the research object of the Mściowojów village, in a registry area located in the Dolnośląkie voivodeship, in the Jaworski district, providing with the assumed effects. In order to meet the research objectives, the shaping of rural land arrangement was conducted according to five models. The original arrangement of existing land division in a given village is considered as the 1st model. The 2nd model uses a rather accurate description of the locations of the lands in the village. To define this feature the location of farm parcels had to be determined. This model is the most accurate, but also the most labor-intensive of all. In the 3rd model, a fundamental simplification of the land arrangement was adopted, limiting the distance matrix to its measurement to the entry points from the settlements into the complexes. This simplification means that the location of parcels in the complex does not affect the average distance to the land in the whole village. On the basis of simplifications applied in the 3rd model allowing a significant reduction of the distance matrix the 4th model which uses a linear programming to minimize the distance to a parcel was developed. Introducing into the linear model an additional condition that eliminates distance growth in farms in relation to the initial state was important for the research. This was implemented in the 5th model and had a positive impact on the obtained results. The 6th model was developed by including the landowners' wants into the 5th model. These had to be taken into account so that the research/the new land arrangement did not cause complaints. The wants could not be fully included due to their inherently contradictory nature. The wants for having the parcel in a given arrangement was replaced with a guarantee of division, after which landowner receives no smaller share than the prior one. As demonstrated in the work, the solutions of the developed models allowed obtaining land arrangements close to the optimal in terms of distance to land and the shape of parcels and farms with regard to land specifics. The presented results allow to draw a conclusion that the methods and analyses applied in the research can have a wide range of application in shaping of rural land arrangement. Developing the most socially accepted optimization of parcel division in the process of land consolidation is important due to the actual needs for the implementation of the rural land arrangement research. This may also have influence on better use of the EU's financial resources for the consolidation of agricultural lands.
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Duman, Ronald S. Neurotrophic Mechanisms of Depression. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0027.
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Early theories of depression and treatment response were centered on the monoamine neurotransmitters, but more recent work has focused on functional and structural synaptic plasticity and the role of neurotrophic factors, particularly brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Neurotrophic factors regulate all aspects of neuronal function, including adaptive plasticity, synapse formation, and neuronal survival. Chronic stress and depression cause reductions in levels of BDNF and other key factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), in cortical regions that contribute to atrophy and loss of neurons observed in depressed patients and rodent stress models. In contrast, these neurotrophic factors are upregulated by chronic administration of typical antidepressants and are required for antidepressant responses. Moreover, fast acting, highly efficacious antidepressant agents such as ketamine rapidly increase BDNF release and synapse formation, paving the way for a new generation of medications for the treatment of depression.
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Asai, H. Theoretical Study of THz Emission from HTS Cuprate. Edited by A. V. Narlikar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198738169.013.9.
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This article examines the THz emission from high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cuprates in the mesoscopic state using the intrinsic Josephson junction model. Cuprate superconductors are high-temperature superconductors that exhibit exotic electromagnetic properties. One of the remarkable features of HTS cuprates is high anisotropy due to their layered structures. Almost all HTS cuprates are composed of stacks of CuO2 layers and blocking layers which supply charge carriers to the CuO2 layers. The crystal structures of the HTS cuprates naturally form Josephson junctions known as intrinsic Josephson junctions (IJJs). This article first describes the basic theory of IJJ and the mechanism of THz emission before discussing the effect of temperature inhomogeneity on the emission properties. It then introduces a novel IJJ-based THz emitter that utilizes laser heating. Theoretical results show that the THz emission is caused by the strong excitation of transverse Josephson plasma waves in IJJs under a direct current bias.
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Eid, Cherrelle, Rudi Hakvoort, and Martin de Jong. Global Trends in the Political Economy of Smart Grids. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0017.
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The global transition towards sustainable, secure, and affordable electricity supply is driving changes in the consumption, production, and transportation of electricity. This chapter provides an overview of three main causes of political–economic tensions with smart grids in the United States, Europe, and China, namely industry structure, regulatory models, and the impact of energy policy. In all cases, the developments are motivated by the possible improvements in reliability and affordability yielded by smart grids, while sustainability of the electricity sector is not a central motivation. A holistic smart grid vision would open up possibilities for better integration of distributed energy resources. The authors recommend that smart grid investments should remain outside of the regulatory framework for utilities and distribution service operators in order to allow for such developments.
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Link, Bruce G., Jo C. Phelan, and Greer Sullivan. Mental and Physical Health Consequences of the Stigma Associated with Mental Illnesses. Edited by Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.26.
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People with mental illnesses experience physical illness and premature mortality at much higher rates compared to people without such illnesses. This chapter proposes that the stigma of mental illness comprises an important set of causes of this physical health disparity. It draws on classical and modified labeling theory from sociology for insights and propositions as to why mental illness stigma might affect physical health. The chapter proposes that the stigma of mental illness might affect not only the future experience of mental illness but also a broad range of physical illnesses, thereby contributing to the substantial physical health disparity that people with mental illnesses experience. The chapter develops a conceptual model that places at its center stigma processes including structural, interpersonal, social psychological, and internalized processes. Stigma processes at these levels induce stress and reduce resources, which in turn compromise physical health to produce large physical health disparities.
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Mauk, Marlene. Citizen Support for Democratic and Autocratic Regimes. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854852.001.0001.
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The book takes a political-culture perspective on the struggle between democracy and autocracy by examining how these regimes fare in the eyes of their citizens. Taking a globally comparative approach, it studies both the levels as well as the individual- and system-level sources of political support in democracies and autocracies worldwide. The book develops an explanatory model of regime support which includes both individual- and system-level determinants and specifies not only the general causal mechanisms and pathways through which these determinants affect regime support but also spells out how these effects might vary between the two types of regimes. It empirically tests its propositions using multi-level structural equation modeling and a comprehensive dataset that combines recent public-opinion data from six cross-national survey projects with aggregate data from various sources for more than one hundred democracies and autocracies. It finds that both the levels and individual-level sources of regime support are the same in democracies and autocracies, but that the way in which system-level context factors affect regime support differs between the two types of regimes. The results enhance our understanding of what determines citizen support for fundamentally different regimes, help assessing the present and future stability of democracies and autocracies, and provide clear policy implications to those interested in strengthening support for democracy and/or fostering democratic change in autocracies.
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Zucker, Robert A., and Sandra A. Brown, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Adolescent Substance Abuse. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199735662.001.0001.
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This Handbook explores the origins, development, and course of substance use as it emerges and unfolds in adolescence. Given the large causal network involved in adolescent substance use and abuse as well as its powerful impact, both at the time of use and in terms of the long term outcomes and complications of use, the domains covered by this volume range from infancy to adulthood, and from molecular genetics to social policy. The book is organized into eight sections, beginning with a review of the conceptual framework. It explains why a developmental framework is essential in understanding the adolescent period and goes on to discuss the epidemiology of substance use and abuse. It then examines the similarities and differences among the different drugs of abuse, namely: nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, prescription drugs, and other illicit drugs. The remaining sections deal with etiology and course in the context of adolescent development; the correlation between developmental tasks and adolescent substance abuse; clinical symptomatology and comorbidity; and the different assessment and intervention methods that have been developed to address the problem of adolescent alcohol and other drug abuse. These interventions include targeted prevention approaches, family-based treatments, twelve-step approaches, and inpatient and outpatient models. The book concludes with a chapter that analyzes the multi-level structure of public policy for the prevention of alcohol, tobacco, and drug problems among the youth.
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Cheng, Ning, Susan A. Masino, and Jong M. Rho. Metabolic Therapy for Autism Spectrum Disorder and Comorbidities. Edited by Jong M. Rho. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0014.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heretogenous developmental disorder characterized by deficits in sociability and communication and by repetitive and/or restrictive behaviors. Currently, only comorbid manifestations can be alleviated (such as seizures and sleep disturbance) not core behavioral symptoms. Recent studies have increasingly implicated mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause of ASD. Mitochondria play an integral role in many cellular functions and are susceptible to many pathophysiological insults. Derangements in mitochondrial structure and function provide a scientific rationale for experimental therapeutics. Meanwhile, the high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) has been shown to enhance mitochondrial function through a multiplicity of mechanisms. Reviewed herein is clinical and basic laboratory evidence for the use of metabolism-based therapies such as the KD in the treatment of ASD, as well as emerging comorbid models of epilepsy and autism. Future research directions aimed at validating such therapeutic approaches and identifying novel mechanistic targets are discussed.
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Newsom, Carol A. The Spirit within Me. Edited by John J. Collins. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300208689.001.0001.
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This book examines changing models of the self in ancient Israel and Second Temple Judaism. Although all humans possess certain neurophysiological structures and processes that underlie the sense of “self,” significant cultural variation exists in the ways in which personal experience of the self and the social significance of the self are construed. Many of the assumptions about the self and its agency identifiable during the period of the monarchy persisted into later periods. But strikingly new ways of representing self and agency begin to occur in the Persian and Hellenistic periods, including novel ways of representing inner conflict, introspection, and concern about moral agency. While the causes and motives for these changes were complex and plural, one major factor was the cultural attempt to come to grips with the collective trauma of the destruction of Judah by the Babylonians in 586 and the Exile. The destruction was generally seen as a catastrophic failure of moral agency, and many of the subsequent innovations in models of self and agency began as attempts to reground the possibility of reliable agency. In a variety of creative ways agency was displaced from the person to God, who then transformed the person. What began as a response to trauma, however, seems to have taken on other functions. The changing assumptions about self and agency permitted the development of new and powerful forms of spiritual intimacy with God that are attested particularly in prayers and liturgical poetry.