Journal articles on the topic 'Structural analysis, calc-alkaline magmatism'
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1
Belenitskaya, G. A. "On the participation of natural salts in alkaline magmatism. Article 3. Genetic aspects of the model of salt-alkaline interactions." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 21, no. 2 (April 26, 2021): 172–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2021-21-2-172-197.
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Research subject. An analysis of regional and global geological material characterizing the spatio-temporal relationships between alkaline magmatic and saline complexes allowed the author to propose and justify a new geological-genetic model of alkaline magmatism. This model considers saline complexes, located along the paths of the upward movement of deep magmas, as additional sources of alkaline and volatile components.Materials and methods. Three articles are devoted to the discussion and justification of this model. Two articles were devoted to geological aspects of the problem. The prerequisites and signs of the participation of ancient saline complexes in alkaline magmatism were characterized. It was shown that the presence of saline rocks in the deep zones of the earth's crust along the paths of the upward movement of deep magma flows is a geologically natural and common phenomenon. Natural alkaline-salt associations (spatio-temporal combinations of alkaline and salt objects) were indicated; their tectonic types were distinguished. A global overview of their different-age analogues (neo- and paleogeodynamic) was given.Results and discussion. The collected data made it possible to evaluate older (than magmas) salt-bearing complexes (deeply buried in the substrate) as a possible important and active participant in the ontogenesis of alkaline complexes, to give a positive assessment of the geological aspects of the “magma halocontamination” model and salt-magmatic interactions; to formulate the main geological-genetic provisions of this model.Conclusion. This article focuses on the discussion of the genetic aspects of the proposed model with an assessment of the probable role and significance of various halophilic components in the formation of alkaline magmas and their features. For this purpose, the similarity features in the spatial and quantitative distribution of halophilic and foydaphilic components in salt and alkaline rocks are considered; the probable role of various halophilic components in the formation of alkaline specialization of magmas, in the emergence of a rich set of unusual features of alkaline rocks (material, structural, morphological, etc.) is discussed. The probability of participation of the complex of paragenic (non-salt) members of the halophilic community (dolomites, anhydrites, black shales and associated ore components) in the interaction with hot magma is estimated. A comparative analysis of some basic provisions of the model under consideration with other geological-genetic models of alkaline petrogenesis is performed. The advantages of this model and its predictive capabilities are evaluated. A number of ideas have been proposed by the author for the first time, thus requiring further elucidation.
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Lebedev, V. A., G. T. Vashakidze, A. V. Parfenov, and A. I. Yakushev. "The origin of adakite-like magmas in the modern continental ollision zone: evidence from pliocene dacitic volcanism of the Akhalkalaki lava plateau (Javakheti highland, Lesser Kaucasus)." Петрология 27, no. 3 (May 19, 2019): 327–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-5903273327-351.
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The paper reports the isotope-geochronological and petrological-geochemical studies of the Pliocene moderately-acid volcanism of the Akhalkalaki Plateau in the central part of the Lesser Caucasus (Javakheti highland, Georgia). K-Ar dating showed that young dacitic lavas and pyroclastic rocks were formed in the Mid-Pliocene (3.28 ± 0.10 Ma) in relation with the explosive–effusive eruptions of small composite volcanic cones and formation of minor extrusive domes confined mainly to the eastern margin of the region. Isotope-geochronological data in the combination with results of structural drilling indicate that the considered short-term pulse of the volcanic activity occurred during a short gap between two phases of the Pliocene–Early Pleistocene mafic magmatism widespread within the Akhalkalaki plateau. The studied Pliocene dacites were erupted at the post-collisional stage of the evolution of the Lesser Caucasus, but bear petrological-geochemical affinity of adakitic series. They are characterized by the steady presence of amphibole phenocrysts, the elevated contents of Sr, Ba, LILE and the lowered contents of Y, Nb, Ta, and HREE, and have depleted Sr isotopic composition (87Sr/86Sr < 0.7045). Analysis of petrogenetic models earlier proposed to explain the generation of adakite-like magmas in the modern collision zones showed that the origin of the Pliocene dacitic lavas of the Akhlkalaki plateau is best described by the crystallization differentiation of watersaturated calc-alkaline basaltic melts with removal of common mafic rock-forming minerals (first of all, amphibole and pyroxene) and accessory phases (apatite, titanite, Ti-magnetite) as cumulus minerals. Crustal assimilation of evolved magmas only insignificantly contributed to the petrogenesis of the dacites.
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Slaman, L. R., S. M. Barr, C. E. White, and D. van Rooyen. "Age and tectonic setting of granitoid plutons in the Chéticamp belt, western Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 54, no. 1 (January 2017): 88–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2016-0073.
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Geological mapping in the Chéticamp granitoid belt in combination with petrographic and geochemical studies and U–Pb (zircon) dating by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry have resulted in major reinterpretation of the geology in the western part of the Ganderian Aspy terrane of Cape Breton Island. Nine new U–Pb (zircon) ages show that the former “Chéticamp pluton” consists of 10 separate plutons of five different ages: late Neoproterozoic (ca. 567 Ma), Cambrian–Ordovician (490–482 Ma), Ordovician–Silurian (442–440 Ma), mid-Silurian (ca. 428 Ma), and late Devonian (366 Ma). The three late Neoproterozoic granodioritic to monzogranitic plutons are older than the adjacent metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks of the Jumping Brook Metamorphic Suite, whereas the tonalitic to quartz dioritic Cambrian–Ordovician plutons intruded those metamorphic rocks. Petrographic characteristics and approximately 100 whole-rock chemical analyses show that with the exception of the mid-Silurian Grand Falaise alkali-feldspar granite, which has A-type within-plate characteristics, the plutonic units have calc-alkaline affinity and were emplaced in a volcanic-arc tectonic setting. These results are evidence that fragments of a long history of episodic subduction-related magmatism and terrane collision are preserved in this small part of Ganderia. Eight new Sm–Nd isotopic analyses are consistent with the Ganderian affinity of the Chéticamp plutonic belt. The ca. 490–482 Ma plutons are the first direct evidence in Cape Breton Island for the Penobscottian event recognized in the Exploits Subzone of central Newfoundland and in New Brunswick. However, the structural relationship of the Chéticamp plutonic belt to the rest of the Aspy and Bras d’Or terranes remains enigmatic, as is the apparent absence of effects of Devonian deformation and metamorphism in the older plutonic units.
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Baluev, A. S., Yu V. Brusilovsky, and A. N. Ivanenko. "The crustal structure of Onega-Kandalaksha paleorift identified by complex analysis of the anomalous magnetic field of the White Sea." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 9, no. 4 (December 9, 2018): 1293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2018-9-4-0396.
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Geological and geophysical studies recently conducted in the White Sea and the adjacent territory have provided new data on the deep structure of this region. Our study aims to conduct complex analysis of the anomalous magnetic field and the geological and geophysical data on the Onega-Kandalaksha paleorift located in the White Sea basin and the adjacent southeastern land area, and to develop a model showing its deep structure. The basis for analysing the magnetic field is the anomalous magnetic field (AMF) map constructed by the authors using the magnetic survey data consolidated by the Marine Arctic Geological Expedition (MAGE) in 2003–2008 and supplemented by the survey data of the Institute of Oceanology RAS in 2001–2004. The parameters of the magnetically active layer are estimated by the independent complementary methods of quantitative interpretation developed by the Laboratory of Geophysical Fields, P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS. This article describes a model showing the structure and formation of the magnetically active layer of the White Sea paleorift. Our study shows that the magnetically active layer of the paleorift system has a complex structure reflecting all the main stages in the evolution of tectonic activity in the White Sea region, from the Middle and Late Riphean to the last glaciation of the Quaternary period. The model includes three structural layers, each corresponding to a certain stage. The bottom structural layer is the base of the magnetically active layer, which reflects the continental rifting stage in the evolution of the White Sea mobile belt in the Middle and Late Riphean. The middle structural layer reflects the Middle Paleozoic (Late Devonian) stage of rifting reactivation, which is characterized by alkaline-ultrabasic magmatism and represented by swarms of alkaline dykes and diatremes, including kimberlite pipes. The top structural layer reflecting a high-frequency component of the AMF is related to the highly magnetic sources of anomalies located in the upper part of this structural layer. The characteristics of the top structural layer suggest that it formed in the Late Pleistocene – Holocene and developed during the final stage the tectonic activation of this region. The deep crustal structure of the White Sea basin is specified in our model showing the magnetically active layer for the low-frequency component of the AMF. In the southeastern part of the basin, magmatism products of the basic (Riphean – Vendian) and alkaline-ultrabasic (Middle Paleozoic) composition are abundant in the crust and provide for a strong magnetic source of anomalies, the lower edges of which are traced at the depths to 30 km. This probably reflects the most active plume-lithospheric interaction. Wedging and uplifting of the magnetically active layer northwestward along the Onega-Kandalaksha rift is related to the White Sea (Belomorsky) deep fault. This fault is a long-lived conduit that channels magma from the central portion of the plume, as evidenced by the igneous bodies of the basic composition in the basement and central parts of the sedimentary wedge in the Kandalaksha graben. The complex analysis of the AMF in the White Sea region suggests the presence of morphologically different igneous bodies in the upper crust in the study region.
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Kalashnyk, G. A. "Results of geological and geophysical research on the Subotska structure of Ingulskiy megablock of the Ukrainian shield." Мінеральні ресурси України, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31996/mru.2020.4.4-12.
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The article presents the results of diamond prospecting studies in the Subotska structure of the Inhulskyi megablock of Ukrainian Shield. For the results, it is indicated that the Subotska structure is mimicked by crater rocks and in some cases by manifestations of the vent facies with signs of kimberlitic-lamproitic magmatism. The typical local features of manifestations of explosive structures from maar volcanism in Subotska area are determined. The article presents the results of petrographic and mineralogical study of the core material from exploratory wells on the Subotska structure, the results of study of material composition of the clay fraction, X-ray diffraction analysis of the pellet fraction. Data of the X-ray structural analysis of the pellet fraction of samples taken from the core material from exploratory wells on the Subotska structure indicates the obvious mechanical sum, the head folder of such is calciferous montmorilonite, and also saponite, nontronite, hydromica and kaolinit. The availability of the nontronite and saponite is confirmed by the results of electronic-microscopic reports. Also the article presents the results of studying the secondary lithochemical halos of Cr, Ni, Mg, Co, Ti, V, Fe, covering the geochemical spectrum inherent in alkaline-ultrabasic rocks and their weathering crust. These halos are combined with negative gravitational anomalies associated with the explosive structures in the Subotska area. The structural control of the great part of the detected geochemical anomalies, geochemical halos are determined. According to the degree of manifestation of the complex of criteria five potential diamond-prospective structures are discovered on the Subotska area. There were developed recommendations for further research on the Subotska area.
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Goodenough, K. M., B. N. Young, and I. Parsons. "The minor intrusions of Assynt, NW Scotland: early development of magmatism along the Caledonian Front." Mineralogical Magazine 68, no. 4 (August 2004): 541–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461046840207.
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AbstractThe Assynt Culmination of the Moine Thrust Belt, in the northwest Scottish Highlands, contains a variety of Caledonian alkaline and calc-alkaline intrusions that are mostly of Silurian age. These include a significant but little-studied suite of dykes and sills, the Northwest Highlands Minor Intrusion Suite. We describe the structural relationships of these minor intrusions and suggest a classification into seven swarms. The majority of the minor intrusions can be shown to pre-date movement in the Moine Thrust Belt, but some appear to have been intruded during the period of thrusting. A complex history of magmatism is thus recorded within this part of the Moine Thrust Belt. New geochemical data provide evidence of a subduction-related component in the mantle source of the minor intrusions.
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Fyson, W. K., and H. Helmstaedt. "Structural patterns and tectonic evolution of supracrustal domains in the Archean Slave Province, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e88-032.
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A new plate-tectonic model accounts for lithological relations and regional structural patterns in late Archean supracrustal domains of the Slave Province. Multiple dykes and pillowed mafic flows, most common in the western part of the province, suggest sea-floor spreading. The mafic volcanics, lying in narrow homoclinal belts stratigraphically below more extensive turbidites, are viewed as megaxenolithic remnants of oceanic crust preserved on the periphery of granitoid plutons and blocks of sialic crust. Closure of an oceanic basin was marked by emplacement of the granitoid plutons and coeval felsic volcanics, the latter predominating over mafic volcanics in northeastern domains. The felsic calc-alkaline magmas may have risen from a shallow-dipping subduction zone. Westerly verging folds, westerly convex fold arcs, and inclinations of later foliations, particularly in lower level rocks of higher metamorphic grade, are in accord with underthrusting to the east. The zone of underthrusting shifted progressively westward, and calc-alkaline magmatism swept across the western part of the province. Plutons followed crustal fracture systems, some of which were inherited from initial rifts, producing a rectilinear zigzag pattern of contacts between plutons, and mafic volcanics. The fracture systems and rising plutons redirected stresses, resulting in distinctive sets of regional and local foliations that reflect crustal compression only indirectly related to the sense of subduction.
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Widana, Kurnia Setiawan, and Bambang Priadi. "Karakteristik Unsur Jejak Dalam Diskriminasi Magmatisme Granitoid Pulau Bangka." EKSPLORIUM 36, no. 1 (May 30, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/eksplorium.2015.36.1.2766.
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Geologi Pulau Bangka disusun oleh variasi granit sebagai Granitoid Klabat yang tersebar di berbagai lokasi. Unsur jejak dapat diaplikasikan dalam diskriminasi magmatisme dalam pembentukan granitoid tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui karakteristik granitoid yang tersebar di Pulau Bangka berdasarkan geokimia unsur jejak untuk diaplikasikan dalam mempelajari magmatisme, sumber dan situasi tektoniknya.Metode analisis geokimia yang diaplikasikan dengan menggunakan Analisis Aktivasi Neutron (AAN) dan portableX-Ray Fluorescence (pXRF) untuk analisis kualitatif dan kuantitatif pada 27 sampel dari Granitoid Klabat di Pulau Bangka.Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan Granitoid Bangka Utara (Belinyu) dan Bangka Tengah sebagai percampuran kerak-mantel dengan afinitas Calc-Alkaline, karakteristik Tipe I sedangkan Granitoid Bangka Selatan dan Barat asal kerak dengan afinitas High-KCalc-Alkaline sebagai Tipe S. Diharapkan diskrimasi magmatisme granitoid bermanfaat dalam memberikan panduan eksplorasi bahan galian nuklir di Pulau Bangka. Geology of Bangka Island consists by variation of granite as Klabat Granitoid scattered in various locations. Trace elements can be applied in magmatism discrimination of granitoid.The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics Bangka Island granitoid based on trace element geochemistry to be applied in the study of magmatism, source and tectonic situation. Geochemical analyses method used are the Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) and portableX-Ray Fluorescence (pXRF) for qualitative and quantitative analyses on 27 samples of Klabat granitoid on Bangka Island. This study concluded granitoid East Bangka (Belinyu) and Central Bangka as crust-mantle mixing with affinityCalc-Alkaline, characteristic of I Type while South and West Bangka granitoid crust origin with affinity high K Calc-Alkaline as S Type. Expectedmagmatismdiscrimination ofgranitoidhelpfulin providingradioactive mineral explorationguidein BangkaIsland.
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Percival, J. A., V. McNicoll, and A. H. Bailes. "Strike-slip juxtaposition of ca. 2.72 Ga juvenile arc and >2.98 Ga continent margin sequences and its implications for Archean terrane accretion, western Superior Province, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 895–927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e06-039.
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The North Caribou terrane of the western Superior Province attained continental thickness (~35 km) by 2997 Ma. It records a subsequent 300 million years history of continental fragmentation, arc magmatism, and terrane accretion. At Lake Winnipeg the ~2978 Ma Lewis–Storey quartzite–komatiite–iron formation assemblage marks Mesoarchean breakup. Unlike the relatively continuous 2980–2735 Ma stratigraphic record of the Red Lake and Birch–Uchi greenstone belts to the east, little of this interval is recorded at Lake Winnipeg. Rather, two belts of younger, juvenile rocks are tectonically juxtaposed: the Black Island assemblage of isotopically depleted, 2723 Ma basalt, and calc-alkaline andesite; and Rice Lake greenstone belt of basalt, calc-alkaline andesite, and dacite (2731–2729 Ma). Collectively these terranes represent a short-lived island-arc–back-arc system that docked with the southwestern North Caribou margin along a northwest-trending, dextral, transpressive, D1 suture. This zone is marked by the highly deformed coarse clastic Guano Island sequence (<2728 Ma) that contains detritus of North Caribou affinity and is interpreted as a strike-slip basin deposit. Younger clastic sequences, including the Hole River (<2708 Ma), San Antonio (<2705 Ma), and English River (<2704 Ma) assemblages, occur in east–west belts that may have been deposited during the terminal collision (D2, D3) between the North Caribou terrane and continental crust of the Winnipeg River terrane to the south. Several terrane docking events within a framework of north-dipping subduction and continental arc magmatism appear necessary to explain structural and stratigraphic relationships in the 2735–2700 Ma interval.
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Xu, Nan, Cai-lai Wu, Yuan-Hong Gao, Min Lei, Kun Zheng, and Dong Gao. "Tectonic evolution of the South Altyn, NW China: constraints by geochemical, zircon U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopic analysis of the Palaeozoic granitic plutons in the Mangya area." Geological Magazine 157, no. 7 (May 14, 2020): 1121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756820000126.
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AbstractThe South Altyn Orogenic Belt (SAOB) is one of the most important orogenic belts in NW China, consisting of the South Altyn Continental Block and the Apa–Mangya Ophiolitic Mélange Belt. However, its Palaeozoic tectonic evolution is still controversial. Here, we present petrological, geochemical, zircon U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopic data for the Mangya plutons with the aim of establishing the Palaeozoic tectonic evolution. We divide the Early Palaeozoic magmatism in the Apa–Mangya Ophiolitic Mélange Belt into four episodes and propose a plate tectonic model for the formation of these rocks. During 511–494 Ma, the South Altyn Ocean (SAO) was in a spreading stage, and some shoshonite series, I-type granitic rocks were generated. From 484 to 458 Ma, the oceanic crust of the SAO subducted northward, accompanied by large-scale magmatic events resulting in the generation of vast high-K calc-alkaline series, I-type granitic rocks. During 450–433 Ma, the SAO closed, and break-off of the subducted oceanic slab occurred, with the generation of some high-K calc-alkaline series, I–S transitional type granites. The SAOB was in post-orogenic extensional environment from 419 to 404 Ma, and many A-type granites were generated.
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Cui, Yao, and J. K. Russell. "Magmatic origins of calc-alkaline intrusions from the Coast Plutonic Complex, southwestern British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 1643–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e95-131.
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Major element, trace element, and rare earth element data are presented for Permian to Tertiary calc-alkaline plutonic and volcanic rocks along a transect across the southern Coast Plutonic Complex from Vancouver to Anderson Lake. Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous plutons are divided into two compositional suites based on mineralogy: (1) the hornblende intrusive suite (tonalite, quartz diorite, diorite, and gabbro) characterized by abundant modal hornblende and little or no K-feldspar, and (2) the K-feldspar intrusive suite (mainly granite and granodiorite) containing significant modal K-feldspar and less hornblende. Compositions of hornblende intrusive suite rocks are effectively portrayed on Pearce element-ratio diagrams utilizing axes X1 = [0.8571 Si−0.1429(Fe + Mg) + 1.2857 Ca + 1.8574 K]/Zr and Y1 = 1.1428 Ti + Al + Fe + Mg + Ca + 1.5714 Na + 0.4762 P]/Zr, because the diagram accounts for the stoichiometry of PI ± Hbl ± Bt ± Ep ± Ttn + Ap. Rocks from the K-feldspar intrusive suite are studied on diagrams using the element-ratio pair X2 = [2 Ti + Al + 3.3333 P]/Zr and Y2 = [2 Ca + Na + K]/Zr, which creates a linear trend of compositional variations controlled by the phases PI ± Kfs ± Bt ± Ttn + Ap. Mean intercepts of model trends on the element-ratio diagrams suggest differences among plutons that relate to source-region processes. For example, samples belonging to the hornblende intrusive suite represent a minimum of six batches of magma. Mean intercept values for plutons west of the Owl Lake–Harrison fault zone are significantly higher than those situated east of this structural break. These systematic differences allude to fundamental differences in the nature of Mesozoic magmatism in Wrangellia (and Harrison) terrane compared with that in Cadwallader, Bridge River, and Methow terranes, and probably in the Intermontane superterrane east of the structural break.
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Korovin, Dmitriy Dmitrievich. "Geochemical features of the devonian plutonic rocks of the Reftinsky massif (Middle Urals)." NEWS of the Ural State Mining University 1, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2022-1-13-21.
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This article examines the Devonian plutonic rocks of two massifs – Khomutinsky and Yuzhno-Khomutinsky, which are located in the western part of the Reftinsky massif. The rocks of the Khomutinsky and Yuzhno-Khomutinsky massifs are divided into gabbroid and granitoid associations. Their chemical composition, the content of pertrogenic, rare and trace elements were studied. Based on the data obtained, the rocks were assigned to the calc-alkaline series, according to the ratio of sodium and potassium, they are rocks with a sodium type of alkalinity. The peculiarity of the studied formations lies in the differences in the nature of alkalinity, thus the rocks of the gabbroid association in terms of the K2 O content are transitional from low to moderate potassium varieties, and the rocks of the granitoid association are characterized by a sufficiently high potassium content and correspond to the high potassium calc-alkaline series. Comparative analysis with basalts and granites of island arcs allows us to conclude that the Khomutinsky and YuzhnoKhomutinsky massifs were formed in an island arc geodynamic setting. Relevance. The geochemical features of the rocks of the Devonian intrusions in the Eastern zone of the Middle Urals have been studied very poorly to date, which makes it difficult to restore the geodynamic conditions of their formation and compare the processes of magmatism in the East of the Middle Urals with other regions of the mobile belt. The data presented in the work will make it possible to fill the existing gap to some extent and thereby help to clarify the patterns of magmatism evolution and the history of the formation of the Urals. The purpose of the work. Study of the contents of petrogenic, rare and trace elements of the Khomutinsky and Yuzhno-Khomutinsky massifs. Comparison of the geochemical features of the rocks of these intrusions with similar formations formed in island-arc geodynamic conditions. Research methodology. The chemical composition of rocks was studied by the X-ray fluorescence method, which was performed on a multichannel spectrometer SRM-35 with the determination of losses on ignition by the gravimetric method and the determination of the content of ferrous iron by the titrimetric method. Analysis of the content of rare and trace elements in rocks was carried out on inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers ELAN 9000 and NexION 300S. Analytical data are presented in the form of discrimination diagrams. Results. The rocks of the Khomutinsky and Yuzhno-Khomutinsky massifs are divided into gabbroid and granitoid associations. Based on the obtained geochemical data, the rocks were assigned to the calc-alkaline series. According to the ratio of sodium and potassium, they are rocks with a sodium type of alkalinity. It is shown that the rocks of the gabbroid and granitoid associations differ in the character of alkalinity. The former in terms of K2O content are transitional from low to moderate potassium varieties, the latter are characterized by a fairly high content of potassium and correspond to the high potassium calc-alkaline series. Conclusion. Comparison of the studied rocks in terms of geochemical features with basalts and granites of island arcs allows us to conclude that the Khomutinsky and Yuzhno-Khomutinsky massifs were formed in an island-arc geodynamic setting.
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Muhtar, M. N., Chang-Zhi Wu, M. Santosh, Ru-Xiong Lei, Lian-Xing Gu, Si-Meng Wang, and Kai Gan. "Late Paleozoic tectonic transition from subduction to post-collisional extension in Eastern Tianshan, Central Asian Orogenic Belt." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 7-8 (December 23, 2019): 1756–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35432.1.
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Abstract Late Paleozoic large-scale transcurrent tectonics and synkinematic intrusions are prominent features in the Eastern Tianshan segment of the southwestern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. However, the spatial and temporal relationship between synkinematic intrusions and crustal-scale shear zones remains unclear. Here we report petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology of the Qiziltag pluton associated with the Kanggur-Huangshan Shear Zone (KHSZ) with a view to characterize the spatial and temporal relationship between synkinematic intrusions and large-scale transcurrent shearing. Field relations and zircon U-Pb ages indicate that the Qiziltag pluton was formed through two stages of magmatism, with earlier stage granitoids (gneissic biotite granite: 288.9 ± 1.9 Ma, biotite monzogranite: 291.5 ± 1.7 Ma, K-feldspar granite: 287.9 ± 3.1 Ma), and later stage bimodal intrusions (biotite quartz monzonite: 278.5 ± 1.8 Ma, gabbro: 278.1 ± 2.3 Ma). The earlier stage granitoids are high-K calc-alkaline, enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large ion lithophile elements (LILEs; e.g., Rb, Th, and U), and depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs; e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti). Combined with their depleted isotopic compositions (εNd(t) = +6.29 to +7.48) and juvenile model ages (TDM2 = 450–610 Ma), we infer that the granitoids were derived from juvenile lower crust in a post-collisional tectonic transition (from compression to extension). The structural and temporal features indicate that the earlier stage (ca. 290 Ma) granitoids formed prior to the regional large-scale dextral strike slip. The later stage bimodal intrusions are dominated by biotite quartz monzonite as the felsic member and gabbro as the mafic component. The biotite quartz monzonite is high-K calc-alkaline with enriched LREEs and LILEs (e.g., Rb, Th, and U), and depleted HFSEs (e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti), whereas the gabbro is subalkalic with depleted LREEs and HFSEs (e.g., Nb and Ta), resembling normal mid-ocean ridge basalt features. The bimodal intrusions show similar isotopic compositions (εNd(t) = +6.41 to +6.72 and εHf(t) = +9.55 to + 13.85 for biotite quartz monzonite; εNd(t) = +9.13 to +9.69 and εHf(t) = +4.80 to +14.07 for gabbro). These features suggest that the later stage (ca. 280 Ma) bimodal intrusions were derived from partial melting of depleted mantle and anatectic melting of lower crust materials induced by synchronous underplating of basaltic magma in a post-collisional extension. The structural features of the bimodal intrusions indicate that the later stage (ca. 280 Ma) magmatism was coeval with the development of the KHSZ. In conjunction with spatial and temporal evolution of magmatism and sedimentary records of Eastern Tianshan, we infer that transition between the northward closure of the North Tianshan Ocean and subsequent collision between the Central Tianshan Massif and the Qoltag Arc belt occurred at ca. 300 Ma.
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MacLachlan, Kate, and Greg Dunning. "U-Pb ages and tectono-magmatic evolution of Middle Ordovician volcanic rocks of the Wild Bight Group, Newfoundland Appalachians." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 35, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 998–1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e98-050.
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The Wild Bight Group and spatially associated South Lake Igneous Complex form one of the Ordovician oceanic terranes of the central mobile belt of the Newfoundland Appalachians. An integrated study of these rocks, involving detailed mapping, geochemistry, Sm-Nd isotopic analyses and U-Pb geochronology, has shown that there are two temporally and genetically distinct volcanic sequences within the Wild Bight Group. The younger sequence comprises a lower volcanic succession associated with coarse volcaniclastic rocks and an upper volcanic succession interbedded with argillite, chert, and minor greywacke. The lower volcanic succession has calc-alkaline affinties, and isotopic evidence for minor crustal contamination. It is interpreted to represent a volcanic arc formed in proximity to the Gondwanan margin, above an east-dipping subduction zone. The age of this volcanic sequence is confined to 472 ± 3 Ma by felsic tuffs which occur stratigraphically above and below it. The upper volcanic unit has predominantly enriched tholeiitic to alkaline geochemical characteristics with isotopic signatures indicative of little or no crustal contamination, and is interpreted to represent arc rifting. The age of this sequence was determined indirectly by dating two geochemically related gabbro sills (472+2-9 Ma and 471 ± 4 Ma). This work shows that despite different lithologies and stratigraphic and structural relationships between Early and Middle Ordovician sequences in the northern and southern Exploits Subzone, they have undergone essentially the same tectono-magmatic events. The age constraints on the magmatic events in the Wild Bight Group provide evidence for the timing of "obduction" of Early Ordovician oceanic sequences and the reversal of subduction polarity along the Gondwanan margin, suggested by previous workers.
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Kuzmenkova, O. F., A. G. Laptsevich, and A. A. Nosova. "The upper devonian magmatic complexes of the South-East Belarus." Doklady of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 64, no. 5 (November 5, 2020): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8323-2020-64-5-599-608.
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For the first time, the authors determined lateral-temporal series of magmatic complexes of the Late Frasnian-Early Famennian Pripyat-Dnieper Magmatic Area according to the results of petrological and geochemical study of rocks of the Pripyat-Dnieper Magmatic Area (north-western part of the Pripyat-Dnieper-Donetsk Magmatic Province) in the southwest of the East European Platform using the principles of structural-material analysis and taking into account previous studies. The series consists of four complexes, formed during stages of magmatic activity, separated by time intervals: Zhlobin Complex (Rechitsa Time, the beginning of the Late Frasnian), Uvarovichi complex (Late Voronezh Time, the middle of the Late Frasnian), Pripyat Complex (Skolodin (Skolodin-Chernin?) Time, the end of the Late Frasnian) and Loev complex (Yelets (Yelets- Petrikov?) Time, Early Famennian). The rocks of the Zhlobin Complex belong to the alkaline-ultramafic (carbonatite-kimberlite-nephelinite) formation; Uvarovichi Complex - to the alkaline-mafic formation (basaltoids and phonolites); Pripyat Complex - to the alkaline-mafic-salic formation (trachyandesites); Loev Complex - to the alkaline-ultramafic (nepheline) formation.
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BOZKURT, ERDİN, JOHN A. WINCHESTER, MUHARREM SATıR, QUENTIN G. CROWLEY, and CHRISTIAN J. OTTLEY. "The Almacık mafic-ultramafic complex: exhumed Sakarya subcrustal mantle adjacent to the İstanbul Zone, NW Turkey." Geological Magazine 150, no. 2 (October 22, 2012): 254–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756812000556.
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AbstractThe Almacık Mountains in northwestern Turkey expose an upper-amphibolite-facies complex consisting of alternating ultramafic (harzburgitic and websteritic) and mafic (metagabbroic) rock types. In the eastern part of this complex are island arc meta-tholeiites and transitional to calc-alkaline metabasites that are chemically quite similar to those of the Permo-Triassic Çele mafic complex north of Bolu, and this suggests an equivalence. However, much of the section exposes structurally deeper and chemically different mafic and ultramafic rocks, which have no equivalent in the Çele mafic complex, and isotopic dating has suggested that these rocks also formed during the Permian period and underwent Triassic and Jurassic metamorphism. Furthermore, sparse inherited ages, unlike those from İstanbul Zone granitoids, suggest a link with North African-derived Armorican-type basement (and hence the Sakarya Zone), rather than Amazonia-derived Avalonian basement. Alternating mafic and ultramafic rocks suggest structural repetition, supported by the exposure of discrete high-strain zones or poorly exposed shattered rock west of each outcrop of ultramafic rocks. The high grade of metamorphism, and the absence of either extrusive lavas or sheeted dyke rocks, suggests that the Almacık complex was not an ophiolite, but formed instead as subcontinental lower crust and subjacent mantle. Dominantly calc-alkaline geochemistry suggests that it formed the basement to an active continental margin bounding the north side of the Sakarya Continent, with S-dipping subduction of Palaeotethys. The Almacık complex was uplifted as a late result of compression against the southern margin of the İstanbul Zone in the Jurassic period. Lack of coeval high-grade metamorphism in the İstanbul Zone indicates that the latter was overthrust southwards over the Sakarya margin, and that there was therefore a change of subduction polarity in the Triassic period. The evidence further casts doubt on the existence of a Mesozoic Intra-Pontide Ocean in northwestern Turkey and suggests that the latest Permian magmatism, with subsequent Triassic and Jurassic metamorphism, was instead related to the closure of the Palaeotethyan Ocean.
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Hamdy Ahmed Mohamed, AWAD, ALI Ibrahim Abu El-Leil, NASTAVKIN Aleksey Valer’evich, TOLBA Abdellah Sadek, ABDEL GHANI Mostafa Kamel, HASSAN Musab Awad Ahmed, GHONEIM Mohamed Mahmoud Fathy, and GAWAD Ahmed El Sayed Abde. "Geological and Tectonic Setting of Andesitic Rock in Central Eastern Desert, Egypt." NEWS of the Ural State Mining University, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2021-2-7-15.
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Objective. The current study aims to detect the geologic features, geochemical characteristics and tectonic setting of the investigated rock using field observations and geochemical analyses. Research methods. This work contains both field work (Collection samples and drawing of a new geological map) and laboratory work (preparation of thin sections for petrographic studies by polarizing microscope), X-ray Fluorescence analysis (XRF) in Institute of Biology, Southern Federal University and Mass-Spectrometer with Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICPMS) at the central Laboratory of Russian Geological Institute. Result. Investigated andesitic rock belongs to Dokhan volcanic that located in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt a long Qena-Safaga Road. It is considered as one of the most important shear zones in Eastern Desert that includes distinctive rocks and economic mineral deposits. The investigated rock belongs to late to post tectonic magmatism of the East African Orogeny (EAO). Petrographically: Dokhan volcanic is represented by andesite according to petrographical studies. It consists of plagioclase, quartz, in addition to mafic minerals. Geochemically, the investigated andesite samples plotted in calk-alkaline nature. Conclusion. Tectonically, andesite samples fall in arc lava and continental fields. They are enriched in Ba, Sr, Rb, K, Nb and Ce with marked depletion in the most HFSEs like those of island arc calc-alkaline series.
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Johnson, Susan C., Leslie R. Fyffe, Malcolm J. McLeod, and Gregory R. Dunning. "U–Pb ages, geochemistry, and tectonomagmatic history of the Cambro-Ordovician Annidale Group: a remnant of the Penobscot arc system in southern New Brunswick?1This article is one of a series of papers published in this CJES Special Issue: In honour of Ward Neale on the theme of Appalachian and Grenvillian geology." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 49, no. 1 (January 2012): 166–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e11-031.
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The Penobscot arc system of the northeastern Appalachians is an Early Cambrian to early Tremadocian (ca. 514–485 Ma) ensialic to ensimatic arc–back-arc complex that developed along the margin of the peri-Gondwanan microcontinent Ganderia. Remnants of this Paleozoic arc system are best preserved in the Exploits Subzone of central Newfoundland. Correlative rocks in southern New Brunswick are thought to occur in the ca. 514 Ma Mosquito Lake Road Formation of the Ellsworth Group and ca. 497–493 Ma Annidale Group; however in the past, the work that has been conducted on the latter has been of a preliminary nature. New data bearing on the age and tectonic setting of the Annidale Group provides more conclusive evidence for this correlation. The Annidale Group contains subalkaline, tholeiitic to transitional, basalts to basaltic andesites, picritic tuffs and calc-alkaline to tholeiitic felsic dome complexes that have geochemical signatures consistent with suprasubduction zone magmatism that was likely generated in a back-arc basin. New U–Pb ages establish that the Late Cambrian to Early Tremadocian Annidale Group and adjacent ca. 541 Ma volcanic rocks of the Belleisle Bay Group in the New River belt were affected by a period of younger magmatism ranging in age from ca. 479–467 Ma. This provides important constraints on the timing of tectonism in the area. A ca. 479 Ma age for the Stewarton Gabbro that stitches the faulted contact between the Annidale and Belleisle Bay groups, demonstrates that structural interleaving and juxtaposition occurred during early Tremadocian time, which closely coincides with the timing of obduction of Penobscottian back-arc ophiolites onto the Ganderian margin in Newfoundland.
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Kilias, Ad, A. Vamvaka, G. Falalakis, A. Sfeikos, E. Papadimitriou, Ch Gkarlaouni, and B. Karakostas. "The Mesohellenic trough and the Thrace Basin. Two Tertiary molassic Basins in Hellenides: do they really correlate?" Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 2 (January 24, 2017): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11082.
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Based on lithostratigraphic and structural data, as well as geological mapping, the mollasic Thrace Basin (ThB) in NE Greece (including the Paleogene deposits of the Axios Basin) was compared with the Mesohellenic Trough (MHT) in NW Greece. Both basins are characterized by a thick sedimentary sequence of molassic-type strata (3-5km thickness) of Tertiary age, overlain unconformably by Miocene- Pliocene and Quaternary deposits. Molassic sedimentation started almost simultaneously in both areas during the Mid-Upper Eocene but it finished in different time, in the Mid-Upper Miocene for the MHT and the Upper Oligocene for the ThB, respectively. Sedimentation in ThB was also linked with an important calc-alkaline and locally shoshonitic magmatism of Eocene-Oligocene age. We interpreted the MHT as a polyhistory strike-slip and piggy-back basin, above westward-emplacing ophiolites and Pelagonian units on the cold Hellenic accretionary prism. In contrast to MHT, the ThB evolved as a Paleogene supra-detachment basin above the strongly extended during the Eocene-Oligocene Hellenic Hinterland. The syn-depositional magmatic products, linked possibly with subduction processes in Pindos or Axios ocean(s). In any case, MHT and ThB are related to inferred oblique convergence of the Apulia plate and the internal Hellenic units.
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Macdonald, Ray, and Douglas J. Fettes. "The tectonomagmatic evolution of Scotland." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 97, no. 3 (September 2006): 213–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300001450.
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ABSTRACTScotland has a magmatic record covering much of the period 3100–50 Ma. In this review, we pull together information on Scotland's igneous rocks into a continuous story, showing how magmatic activity has contributed to the country's structural development and assessing whether the effects of older magmatic events can be recognised in later episodes.The oldest igneous rocks are part of supracrustal sequences within the Lewisian Gneiss Complex, formed when Scotland was part of the supercontinent Kenorland. The supracrustal rocks were intruded between 3100 and 2800 Ma by granodiorites and tonalites, which were metamorphosed and deformed in a major tectonothermal event between 2700 and 2500 Ma. The break-up of Kenorland (2400–2200 Ma) was marked by the intrusion of mafic dyke swarms of tholeiitic affinity. The convergence of continental masses to form the supercontinent Columbia resulted, at ∼1900 Ma, in a series of subduction-related volcanic rocks and gabbro–anorthosite masses. Subsequent continent–continent collision formed a series of granite–pegmatite sheets at ∼1855 Ma and ∼1675 Ma and reworked much of the earlier rocks in the amphibolite facies. Columbia was breaking up by 1200 Ma, an event marked by remnants of basaltic magmatism in the NW of the country. Re-assembly of the continental fragments to form the supercontinent Rodinia resulted in the Grenville Orogeny, which in Scotland was marked by basement reworking but no confirmed magmatic activity. Early attempts to split Rodinia produced a rift-related, bimodal, mafic–felsic sequence in the Moine Supergroup of the Northern Highlands, at least some of the mafic rocks having mid-ocean ridge basalt affinities. Crustal thickening during a disputed orogenic event, the Knoydartian, may have caused regional migmatisation. The final break-up of Rodinia occurred in Scotland at ∼600 Ma, when very extensive tholeiitic magmatism characterised the later parts of the Dalradian Supergroup, while a series of granites intruded the Moine and Dalradian successions.Ordovician and Silurian times saw the closure of the Iapetus Ocean and the convergence of Laurentia, Avalonia and Baltica. The collision of a major arc system with Laurentia caused the Grampian event (480–465 Ma) of the Caledonian Orogeny, marked by ophiolite obduction, the generation of (largely) anatectic granites, volcanism in the Midland Valley and Southern Uplands, and intrusion of a major gabbro–granite suite in the NE. The late-Caledonian events (435–420 Ma) were largely post-collisional and were marked by the emplacement of alkaline igneous intrusions in the NW, calc-alkaline granitic intrusions over much of the country, widespread volcanic activity and regional dyke swarms. Laurentia, Avalonia and Baltica amalgamated to form the supercontinent Laurussia. Magmatic activity recommenced at 350 Ma, when intra-plate alkaline magmatism affected much of southern Scotland, in particular, through into Permian times. The alkaline magmatism was interrupted at ∼295 Ma by a short-lived event in which tholeiitic magmas were intruded as sills and dykes in a swarm ∼200 km wide. In the early Palaeogene, lithospheric attenuation related to proto-North Atlantic formation and the splitting of Pangaea was complemented by the arrival of the Iceland mantle plume. Huge volumes of mafic magma were emplaced as lava fields, central complexes and regional swarms, locally increasing crustal thickness by 30%
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El-Desoky, Hatem M., Andongma W. Tende, Ahmed M. Abdel-Rahman, Antoaneta Ene, Hamdy A. Awad, Wael Fahmy, Hamada El-Awny, and Hesham M. H. Zakaly. "Hydrothermal Alteration Mapping Using Landsat 8 and ASTER Data and Geochemical Characteristics of Precambrian Rocks in the Egyptian Shield: A Case Study from Abu Ghalaga, Southeastern Desert, Egypt." Remote Sensing 14, no. 14 (July 18, 2022): 3456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14143456.
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This study evaluates the geological attributes of rocks within the Abu Ghalaga area using spatial, geochemical, and petrographic approaches. ASTER and Landsat imagery processed using band ratio and principal component analysis were used to map hydrothermal alterations, while a regional tectonic evaluation was based on automated extraction of lineaments from a digital elevation model. Geochemical and petrographic analyses were then employed for discrete scale evaluation of alteration patterns of rocks across the study location. Based on satellite image processing, alteration patterns across the study area are widespread, while evidence from lineament analysis suggests a dominant NW–SE tectonic trend accompanied by a less dominant ENE–WSW direction. The different rock units exposed in the studied district are arranged chronologically from oldest to youngest as arc metavolcanic group (basalt and rhyolite), arc metagabbro–diorite, gneissose granite (granodiorite and tonalite), and dykes (aplite and felsite). Various types of igneous and metamorphic rocks have propylitic, phyllic, and argillic zones. Geochemical data indicate that the studied rocks are classified into granite, granodiorite, gabbroic diorite, and gabbro. Geochemically, the rocks have a sub-alkaline magma type. The granodiorite–tonalite is derived from the calc–alkaline magma nature, while gabbro and diorite samples exhibit tholeiitic to calc–alkaline affinity. The tectonic setting of the studied rocks trends toward volcanic arc granite (VAG). Based on petrographic, geochemical, and remote analyses, sericitization, chloritization, epidotization, kaolinitization, carbonatization, and silicification are the main alteration types present in the study area. As a result of lineaments analysis, the existing fractures and structural planes form valid flow paths for mineral-bearing hydrothermal solutions.
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Nogueira, Bruna Karine Correa, Paulo Sergio de Sousa Gorayeb, Elton Luiz Dantas, Rafael Estumano Leal, and Marco Antonio Galarza. "Rhyacian evolution of the eastern São Luís Craton: petrography, geochemistry and geochronology of the Rosário Suite." Brazilian Journal of Geology 47, no. 2 (April 2017): 275–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-4889201720160114.
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ABSTRACT: The São Luís Cráton comprises an area between northeast Pará state and northwest Maranhão that exposes Paleoproterozoic granitic suites and meta-volcanosedimentary sequences. In the east of this geotectonic unit, about 70 km south of São Luís, there is a portion of the São Luís Craton, represented by the intrusive Rosario Suite (RS). This work is focused on rocks of this suite, including petrographic, lithochemical and geochronological studies to understand the crustal evolution of these granitoid rocks. The rock spectrum varies from tonalitic to granodioritic, quartz dioritic and granitic compositions, and there are partial structural and mineralogical changes related to deformation along transcurrent shear zones. The geochemical studies show granitic metaluminous compositions of the calc-alkaline series with I-type affinity typical of magmatic arc. Rare earth elements show marked fractionation and slight Eu positive or negative anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.82 to 1.1). Zircon U-Pb data provided consistent ages of 2165 ± 7 Ma, 2170 ± 7 Ma, 2170 ± 7 Ma, 2161 ± 4 Ma and 2175 ± 8 Ma, dating emplacement of these granitoids as Paleoproterozoic (Rhyacian). Sm-Nd isotopic data provided model ages (TDM) of 2.21 to 2.31 Ga with positive values of εNd +1.9 to +3.2 (t = 2.17 Ga), indicating predominantly Rhyacian crustal sources for the parental magmas, similar to those ones found in other areas of the São Luís Craton. The data, integrated with published geological and geochronological information, indicate the occurrence of an important continental crust formation event in this area. The Paleoproterozoic evolution between 2.17 and 2.15 Ga is related to the Transamazonian orogeny. The granitoids of the Rosario Suite represent the main phase of continental arc magmatism that has continuity in other parts of the São Luís Craton and can be correlated with Rhyacian accretionary magmatism in the northwestern portion of the Amazonian Craton that amalgamated Archean terrains during the Transamazonian orogeny.
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Petterson, M. G. "The plutonic crust of Kohistan and volcanic crust of Kohistan–Ladakh, north Pakistan/India: lessons learned for deep and shallow arc processes." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 483, no. 1 (July 30, 2018): 123–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp483.4.
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AbstractThe Kohistan–Ladakh terrane, northern Pakistan/India, offers a unique insight into whole-arc processes. This research review presents summaries of fundamental crustal genesis and evolution models. Earlier work focused on arc sequence definition. Later work focused on holistic petrogenesis. A new model emerges of an unusually thick (c. 55 km) arc with a c. 30 km-thick batholith. Volatile-rich, hornblende ± garnet ± sediment assimilation-controlled magmatism is predominant. The thick batholith has a complementary mafic–ultramafic residue. Kohistan crustal SiO2 contents are estimated at >56%. The new-Kohistan, silicic-crust model contrasts with previous lower SiO2 estimates (c. 51% SiO2 crust) and modern arcs that imply <35 km crustal thicknesses and arc batholith thicknesses of c. 7 km. A synthetic overview of Kohistan–Ladakh volcanic rocks presents a model of an older, cleaved/deformed Cretaceous volcanic system at least 800 km across strike. The Jaglot–Chalt–Dras–Shyok volcanics exhibit predominant tholeiitic-calc-alkaline signatures, with a range of arc-related facies/tectonic settings. A younger, post-collisional, Tertiary silicic volcanic system (the Shamran–Dir–Dras-2–Khardung volcanics) lie unconformably upon Cretaceous basement, and erupted within an intra-continental tectonic setting. Kohistan–Ladakh tectonic model controversies remain. In essence, isotope-focused researchers prefer later (Tertiary) collisions, whilst structural field-geology-orientated researchers prefer an older (Cretaceous) age for the Northern/Shyok Suture.
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Kamali, Amin Allah, Mohsen Moayyed, Nasir Amel, Fadaeian Mohammad, Marco Brenna, Benoit M. Saumur, and José Francisco Santos. "Mineralogy, mineral chemistry and thermobarometry of post-mineralization dykes of the Sungun Cu–Mo porphyry deposit (Northwest Iran)." Open Geosciences 12, no. 1 (September 23, 2020): 764–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0009.
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AbstractThe Sungun copper–molybdenum porphyry deposit is located in the north of Varzaghan, northwestern Iran. The Sungun quartz-monzonite is the oldest mineralized intrusive body in the region and was emplaced during the Early Miocene. Eight categories of the late and unmineralized dykes, which include quartz diorite, gabbrodiorite, diorite, dacite, microdiorite and lamprophyre (LAM), intrude the ore deposit. The main mineral phases in the dykes include plagioclase, amphibole and biotite, with minor quartz and apatite and secondary chlorite, epidote, muscovite and sericite. The composition of plagioclase in the quartz diorite dykes (DK1a, DK1b and DK1c) varies from albite-oligoclase to andesine and oligoclase to andesine; in the diorite, it varies from andesine to labradorite; in the LAM, from albite to oligoclase; and in the microdiorite (MDI), it occurs as albite. Amphibole compositions are consistent with classification as hornblende or calcic amphibole. Based on their AlIV value (less than 1.5), amphibole compositions are consistent with an active continental margin affinity. The average percentage of pistacite (Ps) in epidotes formed from alteration of plagioclase and ferromagnesian minerals is 27–23% and 25–30%, respectively. Thermobarometric studies based on amphibole and biotite indicate approximate dyke crystallization temperature of 850–750℃, pressure of 231–336 MPa and high fO2 (>nickel-nickel-oxide buffer). The range of mineral compositions in the postmineralization dyke suite is consistent with a genetic relationship with the subduction of the Neotethys oceanic crust beneath the continental crust of the northwest part of the Central Iranian Structural Zone. Despite the change from calc-alkaline to alkaline magmatism, the dykes are likely related to the late stages of magmatic activity in the subduction system that also generated the porphyry deposit.
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Martinez, Amancay, Adrian Gallardo, Laura Giambiagi, and Laura Tobares. "The Choiyoi Group in the Cordón del Plata range, western Argentina: structure, petrography and geochemistry." Earth Sciences Research Journal 24, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v24n2.79515.
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The Choiyoi Group from the Permo-Triassic, is one of the most conspicuous volcano-sedimentary suites of southern South America, considered critical to understand the geological evolution of the western margins of Gondwana. In this regard, petrography, geochemistry, and structural data were examined to better elucidate the physical character and emplacement conditions of the unit in the Cordon del Plata range, within the Frontal Cordillera of Mendoza, Argentina. The site is representative of the magmatism and deformation through different Andean cycles. Results of the study indicate three lithological facies of increasing acidity upwards. Mafic units consist of basalts, andesite and andesitic breccias at the base of the sequence. Felsic rocks such as rhyodacites, granites and welded tuffs are predominant above. The fault zone of La Polcura – La Manga is the most prominent structural feature in the region, which presumably controlled the emplacement of breccias and ignimbrites within the middle and upper members. These compositional variations suggest a magma evolution from subduction to a rifting environment after the San Rafael orogeny in the Late Palaeozoic. In this line, the Lower Choiyoi was observed to overlie the San Rafael structures indicating thus, that compression ceased before the volcanic extrusion. Geochemistry data indicate that mafic rocks are mostly high-potassium, calc-alkaline volcanics derived from the mantle wedge above the subduction zone. In contrast, the felsic rocks range from high-potassium rhyolites to shoshonites, typically depleted in Eu. This indicate partial melting of a lithospheric mantle in an average to thin crust.
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Bergman, Stefan, and Pär Weihed. "Chapter 3 Archean (>2.6 Ga) and Paleoproterozoic (2.5–1.8 Ga), pre- and syn-orogenic magmatism, sedimentation and mineralization in the Norrbotten and Överkalix lithotectonic units, Svecokarelian orogen." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 50, no. 1 (2020): 27–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m50-2016-29.
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AbstractTwo lithotectonic units (the Norrbotten and Överkalix units) occur inside the Paleoproterozoic (2.0–1.8 Ga) Svecokarelian orogen in northernmost Sweden. Archean (2.8–2.6 Ga and possibly older) basement, affected by a relict Neoarchean tectonometamorphic event, and early Paleoproterozoic (2.5–2.0 Ga) cover rocks constitute the pre-orogenic components in the orogen that are unique in Sweden. Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks, predominantly felsic volcanic rocks, and both spatially and temporally linked intrusive rock suites, deposited and emplaced at 1.9–1.8 Ga, form the syn-orogenic component. These magmatic suites evolved from magnesian and calc-alkaline to alkali–calcic compositions to ferroan and alkali–calcic varieties in a subduction-related tectonic setting. Apatite–Fe oxide, including the world's two largest underground Fe ore mines (Kiruna and Malmberget), skarn-related Fe oxide, base metal sulphide, and epigenetic Cu–Au and Au deposits occur in the Norrbotten lithotectonic unit. Low- to medium-pressure and variable temperature metamorphic conditions and polyphase Svecokarelian ductile deformation prevailed. The general northwesterly or north-northeasterly structural grain is controlled by ductile shear zones. The Paleotectonic evolution after the Neoarchean involved three stages: (1) intracratonic rifting prior to 2.0 Ga; (2) tectonic juxtaposition of the lithotectonic units during crustal shortening prior to 1.89 Ga; and (3) accretionary tectonic evolution along an active continental margin at 1.9–1.8 Ga.
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Mills, Andrea, and Hamish Sandeman. "Lithostratigraphy and lithogeochemistry of Ediacaran alkaline basaltic rocks of the Musgravetown Group, Bonavista Peninsula, northeastern Newfoundland, Canada: an extensional volcanogenic basin in the type-Avalon terrane." Atlantic Geology 57 (August 5, 2021): 207–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2021.010.
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Volcanic rocks of the Ediacaran Musgravetown Group on Bonavista Peninsula, Avalon terrane, Newfoundland, include basal ca. 600 Ma calc-alkaline basalt succeeded by continental tholeiite and alkaline rhyolite of the ca. 592 Ma Plate Cove volcanic belt (Bull Arm Formation), indicating a change from subduction-related to extensionrelated tectonic regimes during that interval. Alkalic basalts on northeastern (Dam Pond area) and southwestern (British Harbour area) Bonavista Peninsula occur below and above, respectively, the ca. 580 Ma glacial Trinity facies. Dam Pond basalt occurs in a structural dome intercalated with and flanked by fine-grained, siliciclastic deposits (Big Head Formation) overlain by Trinity facies. The British Harbour basalt occurs above the Trinity facies, in an upward- coarsening sandstone sequence (Rocky Harbour Formation) overlain by red beds of the Crown Hill Formation (uppermost Musgravetown Group). The Rocky Harbour and Big Head formations are likely stratigraphically interfingered proximal and distal deposits, respectively, derived from erosion of the Bull Arm Formation and older Avalonian assemblages.The Big Head basalts have lower SiO2, Zr, FeOT, P2O5, TiO2 and higher Mg#, Cr, V, Co and Ni contents, and are therefore more primitive than the more FeOT-, TiO2-, and P2O5-rich British Harbour basalts. Large-ionlithophile and rare-earth-element concentrations and ratios indicate that both suites originated from low degree partial melts of deep, weakly garnet-bearing, undepleted asthenospheric peridotite sources, with magma conduits likely focused along regional extensional faults. The protracted and episodic extension-related volcanic activity is consistent with a geodynamic setting that evolved from a mature arc into extensional basins with slowly waning magmatism, possibly involving slab rollback and delamination followed by magmatic underplating. The duration and variation of both volcanism and sedimentation indicate that the Musgravetown Group should be elevated to a Supergroup in order to facilitate future correlation of its constituent parts with other Avalonian basins.
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Ge, Mao-Hui, Jin-Jiang Zhang, Long Li, and Kai Liu. "Ages and geochemistry of Early Jurassic granitoids in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges, NE China: Petrogenesis and tectonic implications." Lithosphere 11, no. 6 (November 4, 2019): 804–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/l1099.1.
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Abstract Early Jurassic granitoids are widespread in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges, providing excellent targets to understand the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic tectonic framework and evolution of Northeast China, especially the Jiamusi block and its related structural belts. In this paper, we present new geochronological, geochemical, and isotopic data from the granitoids in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges to constrain the early Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Mudanjiang Ocean between the Jiamusi and Songnen blocks. Our results show that the granitic intrusions in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges are mainly composed of syenogranite, monzogranite, granodiorite, and tonalite, which have crystallization ages from 196 to 181 Ma. Their geochemical features indicate that these Jurassic intrusions are all high-K calc-alkaline I-type granites with metaluminous to weakly peraluminous compositions. These granitoids are characterized by enrichments in large ion lithophile elements (e.g., Ba, Th, U) and light rare earth elements and depletions in high field strength elements (e.g., Nb and Ta) and heavy rare earth elements, which are typical for continental arc–type granites. The sources of these granitoids were likely derived from juvenile Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic crustal materials (e.g., metabasaltic rocks). Integrated with data from regional coeval magmatism, metamorphism, metallogeny, and structure, our new data suggest that the granitoids in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges were probably formed in an active continental margin setting, which fits well in our previous model of Early Jurassic westward subduction of the Mudanjiang Ocean between the Jiamusi and Songnen blocks.
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Filippi, Marco, Davide Zanoni, Guido Gosso, Jean-Marc Lardeaux, Chrystèle Verati, and Maria Iole Spalla. "Structure of lamprophyres: a discriminant marker for Variscan and Alpine tectonics in the Argentera-Mercantour Massif, Maritime Alps." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 190 (2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2019014.
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Structural and microstructural analyses are carried out in two sites of the Argentera-Mercantour Massif, Valscura and Val du Haut Boréon, where swarms of lamprophyres intruded into Variscan migmatites and early Permian granitoids. Efforts aim at defining the structural relationships between lamprophyres and country rocks, and at constraining the structural and metamorphic evolution the dykes record. Mesoscale structural data are synthesised in geologic maps originally surveyed at 1/10 000 scale, supported by form-surface maps at 1/100 scale. The lamprophyres are magnesian, calc-alkalic to alkali-calcic, and metaluminous; they emplaced at very shallow crustal levels intersecting three generations of ductile structures in the host migmatites (D1, D2, D3). Epidote- and actinolite-bearing mineral assemblages result from late-intrusive hydrothermal circulation that has not affected the host rocks. Mylonitic shear zones of Alpine age (D4) are continuous through migmatites, granites, and lamprophyres: in these latter, they are supported by albite, actinolite, biotite, chlorite, epidote, phengite, and titanite. This detailed multi-scale structural analysis, coupled with major and trace elements geochemistry, highlights two main results: i) the lamprophyres, which post-date both the late- to post-collisional “high-Mg” and the “low-Mg” granitoids, reflect the last magmatic event in the Argentera-Mercantour Massif related to the Permian-Triassic lithospheric thinning; ii) the metamorphic assemblages that support the Alpine shear zones in the lamprophyres are consistent with the transition between the greenschist and amphibolite facies conditions.
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Syafitri, A., I. G. B. E. Sucipta, A. N. Arifa, A. Saepuloh, and S. Widiyantoro. "Tectonic Setting of Mount Agung, Bali: Insight From Petrology and Geochemistry Analysis." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1047, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1047/1/012005.
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Abstract One of the longest arcs in the world originated from the complexity of subduction zones is the Sunda Arc that covers 80% of Indonesia's active volcanoes, from the Andaman, Sumatra, Java, and the Lesser Sunda Islands. Previous research in magmatism in Sunda Arc has conceded that the continental crust is in the west and becomes progressively oceanic towards the east. However, recent research has suggested that continental basement is more widespread than previously thought. Therefore, this study aims to re-evaluate the tectonic setting of Mount Agung, Bali, part of the Lesser Sunda Islands. Based on the results of published geochemistry data analysis and our petrological and/or mineralogical data, we found that Mount Agung was influenced by three cogenetic magmas and can be divided into 4 eruption periods, i.e., pre- 3200±60 BP, 3200±60 – 1870±40 BP, 1870±40 – 1040±50 BP, and post-1040±50 BP. These calc-alkaline magmas were derived from partial melting caused by the subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate within the Eurasian Plate. It produced basalt to dacite rocks with SiO2 varying between 51 and 63 wt%. As seen from the spider diagram, Rb, Ba, Th, K, and La – Sm contents are enriched, while Eu – Lu experienced depletion. In addition, the Nb content shows a negative anomaly, which is a characteristic of volcanic products from convergent plate boundaries. Based on the ratio of Zr to Zr/Y, it introduces that Mount Agung is affected by continental arcs. La/Sm to Th/Nb diagram reveals that in the older period (pre-1040±50 BP), the magma differentiation process is subduction-related enrichment, while in the younger period (post-1040±50 BP), there may be a slight influence from the presence of crustal contamination. Thus, these analyses presume that Bali Island has a continental basement (micro-continent basement), which may become the eastern end boundary of Sundaland.
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Barnes, Calvin G., and Melanie A. Barnes. "The western Hayfork terrane: Remnants of the Middle Jurassic arc in the Klamath Mountain province, California and Oregon." Geosphere 16, no. 4 (June 30, 2020): 1058–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02229.1.
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Abstract Arc magmatism was widespread in the Cordillera of North America during Middle Jurassic time. The predominant representative of this arc magmatism in the Klamath Mountain province is the western Hayfork terrane (WHT). This terrane is primarily metasedimentary, consisting mainly of crystal-lithic arenite, argillitic sediments and lahar deposits, rare lavas, and sparse quartz-rich arenite. Because lavas are rare, petrologic study using bulk-rock compositions is restricted to analysis of cobbles in lahar deposits. Moreover, the WHT underwent greenschist-facies regional metamorphism with consequent modification of bulk-rock compositions. However, many of the sandstones preserve igneous clinopyroxene and calcic amphibole, which were phenocrysts in the original volcanic rocks. Major- and trace-element compositions of the magmatic pyroxene and amphibole permit reconstruction of the range of rock types eroded from the arc, specifically scant basalt, volumetrically dominant basaltic andesite and andesite, and smaller but significant amounts of dacite and rhyodacite. Eruptive temperatures reached ∼1180 °C and may have been as low as ∼800 °C on the basis of pyroxene and amphibole thermometry, with most eruptive temperatures >1000 °C. On the basis of augite compositions, WHT magmatism is divided into two suites. One features high-Mg augite with high abundances of Cr and Sr, high Sr/Y and Nd/Yb values, and low Y and heavy rare-earth elements (REE). These compositions are typical of high-Mg andesite and dacite suites in which garnet is a residual mineral, most probably in a metasomatized upper mantle setting. The other suite contains augite with lower Sr, Sr/Y, and Nd/Yb; these features are typical of normal calc-alkaline magmas. Augite from a coeval pluton emplaced inboard of the western Hayfork outcrop belt is similar to augite from the low-Sr group of WHT samples. In contrast, augite from the Ironside Mountain pluton, previously considered the plutonic equivalent of WHT sediments, is Fe-rich, with low Cr and Sr and relatively high Zr and REE. Previous suggestions that the Ironside Mountain pluton is correlative with the WHT are not supported by these data. The magmatic diversity of the WHT is typical of the modern Aleutian and Cascade arcs, among others, and could reflect subduction of relatively young oceanic lithosphere or fragmentation of the subduction slab. Although we favor the former setting, present data cannot rule out the latter. The presence of scant quartz-rich sedimentary rocks within the predominantly volcanogenic WHT is consistent with deposition as a sedimentary apron associated with a west-facing magmatic arc with late-stage input from cratonal sources. The results of this study indicate that detailed petrographic study of arc-derived sedimentary rocks, including major- and trace-element analysis of preserved magmatic phases, yields information about magmatic affinities, processes, and temperatures.
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SOWERBUTTS, ALISON. "Sedimentation and volcanism linked to multiphase rifting in an Oligo-Miocene intra-arc basin, Anglona, Sardinia." Geological Magazine 137, no. 4 (July 2000): 395–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800004246.
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Three extensional phases can be recognized in the northern, Anglona area of the Oligo-Miocene Sardinian Rift during a fifteen million year period which spanned Corsica–Sardinia continental microplate separation and Western Mediterranean back-arc basin opening. In response to this multiphase rifting, a complex facies architecture involving clastic, carbonate and volcanic rocks developed. Integrated onshore facies and structural analysis, dating and offshore seismic data are here used to reconstruct the tectono-stratigraphic history of the Anglona area. Initial late Oligocene extension created a half-graben geometry with syn-rift clastic deposits shed locally from fault-bounded highs, passing laterally to lacustrine marlstones. Calc-alkaline volcanic activity subsequently predominated as volcanic centres developed along one half-graben bounding fault. Voluminous pyroclastic and epiclastic material was supplied to the adjacent half-graben accommodation space and was deposited in marginal to marine conditions. Second-phase mid-Aquitanian–early Burdigalian extensional faulting, recognized from localized clastic syn-rift stratal wedges, truncated and subdivided the half-graben. The syn-rift sediments were sealed by a regionally correlated ignimbrite that in turn was offset by late second-phase faulting. Third-phase extensional fault movement which reactivated the original fault trend then occurred. A perched lake developed in the resultant topography coeval with the progressive marine transgression of lower areas. As sea-level rose during mid-Burdigalian times, reefal carbonates and grainstones developed on fault-block highs whilst calcarenites and marlstones were deposited in hangingwall locations. Initial extension was coeval with the formation of the Sardinian proto-rift and the initiation of the Western Mediterranean basin. Second-phase faulting occurred as the Corsica–Sardinia microplate rotated to its present position during Western Mediterranean back-arc basin spreading. Final extension can be correlated to a second major extension phase along the Oligo-Miocene Sardinian Rift following back-arc basin opening, as extension was transferred towards the fore-arc. In Anglona, the main influence of multiphase tectonism was on rift topography, providing accommodation space and localized uplifted source areas. Varying relative sea-level mainly controlled the broad types of facies belts that developed. Contemporaneous calc-alkaline volcanism played a major role in the supply of basin filling material and in changing the topography locally.
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Unger, Gabriel, Robert Zimmermann, and Richard Gloaguen. "3D Modeling of the Epembe (Namibia) Nb-Ta-P-(LREE) Carbonatite Deposit: New Insights into Geometry Related to Rare Metal Enrichment." Minerals 8, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8120600.
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Geological 3D modeling delivers essential information on the distribution of enrichment zones and structures in (complex) mineral deposits and fosters a better guidance to subsequent exploration stages. The Paleoproterozoic Epembe carbonatite complex showcases the close relation between enrichment of specific elements (Nb, Ta, P, Total Rare Earth Element (TREE) + Y) and shear zones by structural modeling combined with geochemical interpolation. Three-dimensional fault surfaces based on structural field observations, geological maps, cross-sections, and drillhole data are visualized. The model shows a complex, dextral transpressive fault system. Three-dimensional interpolation of geochemical data demonstrates enrichment of Nb, Ta, P, and TREE + Y in small, isolated, lens-shaped, high-grade zones in close spatial distance to faults. Based on various indicators (e.g., oscillating variograms, monazite rims around the apatite) and field evidence, we see evidence for enrichment during hydrothermal (re-)mobilization rather than due to magmatic differentiation related to the formation of the alkaline system. This is further supported by geostatistical analysis of the three-dimensional distribution of Nb, Ta, P, and Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE) with respect to discrete shear zones.
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Guimaraes, Suze Nei P., and Valiya M. Hamza. "Thermomagnetic Features of Crust in Southern Parts of the Structural Provinces of Tocantins and São Francisco, Brazil." ISRN Geophysics 2013 (March 27, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/382382.
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In the present work we report results of a regional scale investigation of the thermal and magnetic characteristics of the crust in the southern sector of the geologic provinces of Tocantins and São Francisco, Brazil. Updated compilations of aeromagnetic and geothermal data sets were employed for this purpose. Use of such techniques as vertical derivative, analytic signal, and Euler deconvolution in analysis of aeromagnetic data has allowed precise locations of the sources of magnetic anomalies and determination of their respective depths. The anomalies in the Tocantins province are considered as arising from variations in the magnetic susceptibilities and remnant magnetizations of alkaline magmatic intrusions of the Tertiary period. The lateral dimensions of the bodies are less than 10 km, and these are found to occur at shallow depths of less than 20 km. On the other hand, the anomalies in the cratonic areas are related to contrasts in magnetic properties of bodies situated at depths greater than 20 km and have spatial dimensions of more than 50 km. Analysis of geothermal data reveals that the cratonic area is characterized by geothermal gradients and heat flow values lower when compared with those of the Tocantins province.
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Pereira, Rogério Silvestre, Reinhardt Adolfo Fuck, Osvaldo Soares França, and Anival Antônio Leite. "Evidence of young, proximal and primary (YPP) diamond source occurring in alluviums in the Santo Antônio do Bonito, Santo Inácio and Douradinho rivers in Coromandel region, Minas Gerais." Brazilian Journal of Geology 47, no. 3 (September 2017): 383–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-4889201720170047.
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ABSTRACT: Magmatism associated with the Alto Paranaíba structural high comprises kimberlites, kamafugites, and alkaline complexes, forming an approximately 400 x 150 km NW-SE belt in the southern São Francisco Craton. Dating of some intrusions reveals ages between 120 and 75 Ma. Chemical analyses of garnet recovered in alluvium from traditional diamond digging areas indicate peridotitic garnet windows in Três Ranchos and Coromandel. Six hundred and eighty (680) diamonds acquired or recovered during mineral exploration in the digging areas of Romaria, Estrela do Sul, Três Ranchos and Coromandel show unique characteristics, certain populations indicating young, proximal and primary sources (YPP). Analyses of 201 stones from Santo Antônio do Bonito, Santo Inácio and Douradinho rivers alluvium, Coromandel, present no evidence of transport, characterizing a proximal source. Within these river basins, exposures of the Late Cretaceous Capacete Formation basal conglomerate contain mainly small rounded and/or angular quartzite pebbles and of basic and ultrabasic rocks, as well as kimberlite minerals (garnet, ilmenite, spinel, sometimes diamond). A magnetotelluric profile between the Paraná and Sanfranciscana basins shows that the thick underlying lithosphere in the Coromandel region coincides with the peridotitic garnet window and with a diamond population displaying proximal source characteristics. Diamond-bearing kimberlite intrusions occur in different areas of Alto Paranaíba.
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Grace, Rashmi LB, Kevin R. Chamberlain, B. Ronald Frost, and Carol D. Frost. "Tectonic histories of the Paleo- to Mesoarchean Sacawee block and Neoarchean Oregon Trail structural belt of the south-central Wyoming Province." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 1445–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e06-083.
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The Sacawee block is a narrow belt of Paleo- to Mesoarchean crust that extends for ~70 km across the northern Granite Mountains. It is composed of the ~3.3 Ga Sacawee orthogneiss, additional calc-alkalic and tonalitic orthogneisses, and the ~2.86 Ga Barlow Gap Group. The Sacawee block basement is characterized by negative εNd values and Paleoarchean Nd crustal residence model ages. A broad east–west-trending zone of Neoarchean high strain, which is part of the Oregon Trail structural belt, transects the Sacawee block and was studied at two locations, the Beulah Belle Lake area and West Sage Hen Rocks. U–Pb analyses of magmatic zircon from a sheared amphibolite within the high-strain zone of the Beulah Belle Lake area constrain the age of the Neoarchean deformation to be later than 2688 ± 5 Ma. At West Sage Hen Rocks, metamorphic zircons in a sheared amphibolite provide a direct date on the shear zone of 2649 ± 2.8 Ma. These data, combined with similar ages of deformation from two other shear zones, are interpreted to suggest that the Neoarchean Oregon Trail structural belt is a pervasive feature of the Sacawee block and may represent a deformation front related to accretion. Multiple east–west-trending shear zones within the Sacawee block are evidence for tectonic modification of the crust between ~2.65 and 2.63 Ga and horizontal convergence analogous to modern plate tectonics processes. The Sacawee block is either a rare exposure of ancient basement typical of that which originally underlay much of the Wyoming Province or it is an exotic block that was accreted to the core of the Wyoming Province in Neoarchean time.
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H., Findlay R. "Geometry, kinematics and regional significance of faulting and related lamprophyric intrusion in the mineralised zone at the Pu Sam Cap complex, Northwest Vietnam." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 4 (September 18, 2018): 320–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/4/13102.
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The alkali volcanics and intrusive rocks, dated at around 35-33Ma, are cut by mineralised northeast and east trending faults showing predominant evidence for strike-slip. Mineralisation includes haematite-Au-Cu and is accompanied by iron-rich alteration of the volcanic rocks. Detailed assessment of the geometry of the fault system at Pu Sam Cap suggests that the faults formed as a Riedel shear system during left-lateral slip within the Song Hong-Song Chay shear zone and the numerous contemporaneous northwest trending faults to the south; the northeast trending faults are interpreted as dextral “book-end’’ faults between major northwest trending faults enclosing the Pu Sam Cap massif. As mineralisation is hosted within these faults and is also associated with lamprohyric dykes it confirms a thermal event younger than the alkaline volcanics and syenitic intrusives at Pu Sam Cap, suggesting a hidden, young porphyry system. The age of faulting, and thus the maximum age for this young intrusive event, is attributed to the 23-21Ma period of late-stage left-lateral strike-slip motion across northwest Vietnam.ReferencesAnczkiewicz R., Viola G., Muntener O., Thrirlwall M., Quong N.Q., 2007. Structure and shearing conditions in the Day Nui Con Voi massif: implications for the evolution of the Red River Fault. Tectonics 26: TC2002.Cao Shunyun, Liu Junlai, Leis B., Zhao Chunquiang 2010. New zircon U/Pb geochronology of the post-kinematic granitic plutons in Diancang Shan Massif along the Ailao-Shan-Red River Shear Zone and its geological implications. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 84, 1474-1487.Chung S.-L., Lee T., Lo C., et al., 1997. Intraplate extension prior to continental extrusion along the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone.Geology, 25, 311-314.Cloos H., 1928. Experimentezurinnern Tektonik. Zentralblatt fur Mineralogie und Palaeontologie, 1928, 609-621.Findlay R.H., Phan Trong Trinh 1997. The structural setting of the Song Ma region, Vietnam, and the Indochina-South China plate boundary problem. Gondwana Research, 1, 11-33.Jolivet L., Beysasac O., Goffe B., Avigad D., Leprevrier C., Maluski H., Ta Trong Thang, 2001. Oligo-Miocene midcrustal subhorizontal shear in Indochina. Tectonics, 20, 46-57.Khuong The Hung 2010. The complex tectonic events and their influence on formation of mineral deposits in northwest Vietnam. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Science and Technology, Cracow, 167p.Leloup P.H., N. Arnau, R. Lacassin, J.R. Kienast, T.M. Harrison, P.T. Trinh, A. Replumaz and P. Tapponnier, 2001. New constraints on the structure, thermochronology and timing of the Ailao Shan - Red river shear zone, SE Asia, J. G. R., 106, 6657-6671.Leloup PH.., R. Lacassin, P. Tapponnier, U. Scharer, Zhong Dalai, Liu Xaohan, Zhangshan, Ji Shaocheng and PT.Trinh, 1995. The Ailao Shan - Red river shear zone (Yunnan, China), Tertiary transform boundary of Indochina, Tectonophysics, 251, 3-84. Leprevier C., Maluski H., Nguyen Van Vuong, Roques D., Axente V., Rangin C., 1996. Indosinian NW-trending shear zones within the Truong Son belt, Vietnam: 40Ar-39Ar Triassic ages and Cretaceous to Cenozoic overprints. Tectonophysics, 283, 105-107.Lien-Sheng Zhang, Scharer U. 1999. Age and origin of magmatism along the Cenozoic Red River shear belt, China. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 134, 67-85.Nagy E.A., Scharer U., Minh N.T., 2000. Oligo-Miocene granitic magmatismin central Vietnam and implications for continental deformation in Indochina. Terra Nova, 12, 67-76.Nguyen Thi Bich Thuy, 2016. Isotop dating U-Pb Zircon of Syenit Formation, Pu Sam Cap. Journal of Geology, A Serie, 356, 30-36. (In Vietnamese).Pei-Long Wang, Ching-Hua Lo, Tung-Yi Lee, Sun-ling Chun, Ching-Yan Lan, Nguyen Trong Yem 1998. Thermochronological evidence for the movement of the Ailo Shan-Red River shear zone, a perspective from Vietnam. Geology, 26, 887-890.Phan Trong Trinh, Nguyen Trong Yem, Herve L.P., Tapponnier P., 1994. Late Cenozoic stress fields in North Vietnam from microtectonic measurements. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Seismotectonics and Seismic Hazard in Southeast Asia. Geological Survey of SR Vietnam, Hanoi, 182-186.Riedel W., 1929. Zur Mechanikgreologischer Brucherscheinungen. Zentralblatt fur Mineralogie und Palaeontologie, Abhandlung B, 354-368.Scharer U., Tapponnier P., Lacassin R., Leloup P.H., Dalai Z., Shaosheng J., 1990. Intraplate tectonics in Asia: a precise age for large-scale Miocene movement along the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone, China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 97, 65-77.Scharer U., Zhang L.S., Tapponnier P., 1994. Duration of strike-slip movements in large shear zones: the Red River belt, China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 126, 379-397.Searle M.P., 2006. Role of the Red River Shear zone, Yunnan and Vietnam, in the continental extrusion of SE Asia. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 163, 1025-1036.Searle M.P., Meng-Wan Yeh, Te-Hsien Lin, Sun-Lin Chung, 2010. Structural constraints on the timing of left-lateral shear along the Red River shear zone in the Ailao Shan and Diancang Shan Ranges, Yunnan, SW China. Geosphere, 6, 316-338.Tapponnier P., Lacassin R., Leloup H., Scharer U., Zhong Dalai, Wu Hawei, Liu Ziaohan, Ji Shaocheng, Zhang Lianshang, Zong Jiayou, 1990. The Ailao Shan/ Red River metamorphic belt: Tertiary left-lateral shear between Indochina and south China. Nature, 342, 431-437.Tchalenko J.S., 1970. Similarities between shear zones of different magnitudes. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 81, 1625-1640.Viola G., Anczkiewicz R. 2009. Exhumation history of the Red River shear zone in northern Vietnam: new insights from zircon and apatite fission-track analysis. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 33, 78-90.Yang Yiseng, Hong Qun, Hu Huan-ting, Hieu Pham Trung, Nguyen Thi Bich Thuy, Chen Fu-kun, 2013. Geochemical characteristics and genesis of the Cenozoic porphyry in the Laizhou area, northwestern Vietnam. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 29(3), 899-911. (In Chinese with English abstract, full English version through Google Translate).
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Sevigny, J. H., and R. R. Parrish. "Age and origin of Late Jurassic and Paleocene granitoids, Nelson Batholith, southern British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no. 12 (December 1, 1993): 2305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-200.
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In the Middle Jurassic Nelson Batholith, southern British Columbia, young 40Ar/39Ar ages (i.e., 50–60 Ma) and distorted isobaric surfaces in the batholith suggest the possibility of Paleocene granitic plutonism. We present the results of a study undertaken to evaluate this possibility. Geochemical criteria successfully distinguish a suite of granitoids within the Nelson Batholith that differ from Nelson granites of similar SiO2 content. The granitoid suite is composed of 71.6–75.7 wt.% SiO2 leucocratic biotite granite and quartz monzonite with strong enrichments in alkaline, alkaline earth, and rare earth elements. Nd and Pb isotopic compositions suggest that biotite granite and quartz monzonite are not related. Biotite granite yields a U–Pb age of 158.9 ± 0.6 Ma (concordant zircons). Quartz monzonite crystallized at 61 ± 1 Ma, based on interpretation of titanite and zircon analyses. Zircons from this sample lie along a line from 61 to 160 Ma and demonstrate the presence of Middle Jurassic inheritance. Based on its petrographic and isotopic similarity to other Middle Jurassic plutons in the Nelson Batholith – Valhalla Complex area, we include the 159 Ma biotite granite with the Jurassic plutonic suite. This result demonstrates that magmatism in southern British Columbia was active at least until the early Late Jurassic (Oxfordian). The Paleocene (61 Ma) quartz monzonite that intrudes the southern Nelson Batholith is the structurally highest occurrence of "Ladybird" granite yet documented in southern British Columbia. Comparison of new and published geochemical and isotopic data for Paleocene granitoids throughout the southern Omineca Belt, British Columbia, suggests that these granitoids were not derived from a single, old crustal source.
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Smillie, Robert W. "Suite subdivision and petrological evolution of granitoids from the Taylor Valley and Ferrar Glacier region, south Victoria Land." Antarctic Science 4, no. 1 (March 1992): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102092000130.
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Detailed geological mapping and geochemical analysis of early Palaeozoic granitoid plutons and dykes from the Taylor Valley and Ferrar Glacier region in south Victoria Land reveal two distinct suites. This suite subdivision-approach is a departure from previous lithology-based schemes and can be applied elsewhere in south Victoria Land. The older calc-alkaline Dry Valleys 1 suite is dominated by the compositionally variable Bonney Pluton, a flow-foliated concordant pluton with an inferred length of over 100 km. Plutons of this suite are elongate in a NW-SE direction and appear to have been subjected to major structural control during their emplacement. The younger alkali-calcic Dry Valleys 2 suite comprises discordant plutons and numerous dyke swarms with complex age relationships. Field characteristics of this suite indicate that it was passively emplaced into fractures at higher levels in the crust than the Dry Valleys 1 suite. Whole-rock geochemistry confirms this suite subdivision based on field relationships and indicates that the two suites were derived from different parent magmas by fractional crystallization. The Dry Valleys 1 suite resembles Cordilleran I-type granitoids and is inferred to be derived from partial melting of the upper mantle and/or lower crust above an ancient subduction zone. The Dry Valleys 2 suite resembles Caledonian I-type granitoids and may have resulted from a later episode of crustal extension.
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Kos'ko, M., and E. Korago. "Review of geology of the New Siberian Islands between the Laptev and the East Siberian Seas, North East Russia." Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series 4 (September 17, 2009): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/smsps-4-45-2009.
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Abstract. The New Siberian Islands comprise De Long Islands, Anjou Islands, and Lyakhov Islands. Early Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments and igneous rocks are known on the De Long Islands. Cambrian slate, siltstone, mudstone and silicified limestone occur on Bennett Island. Ordovician volcanogenic turbidites, lavas, and small intrusions of andesite-basalt, basalt, dolerite, and porphyritic diorite were mapped on Henrietta Island. The igneous rocks are of calc-alkaline island arc series. The Ordovician age of the sequence was defined radiometrically. Early Paleozoic strata were faulted and folded presumably in the Caledonian time. Early Cretaceous sandstone and mudstone are known on Bennett Island. They are overlain by a 106–124 Ma basalt unit. Cenozoic volcanics are widespread on the De Long Islands. Zhokhov Island is an eroded stratovolcano. The volcanics are mostly of picrite-olivine type and limburgite. Radiometric dating indicates Miocene to Recent ages for Cenozoic volcanism. On the Anjou islands Lower-Middle Paleozoic strata consist of carbonates, siliciclastics, and clay. A Northwest-southeast syn-sedimentary facies zonation has been reconstructed. Upper Paleozoic strata are marine carbonate, clay and siliciclastic facies. Mudstone and clay predominate in the Triassic to Upper Jurassic section. Aptian-Albian coal bearing deposits uconformably overlap lower strata indicating Early Cretaceous tectonism. Upper Cretaceous units are mostly clay and siltstone with brown coal strata resting on Early Cretaceous weathered rhyolite. Cenozoic marine and nonmarine silisiclastics and clay rest upon the older units with a transgressive unconformity including a weathering profile in the older rocks. Manifestations of Paleozoic and Triassic mafic and Cretaceous acidic magmatism are also found on these islands. The pre-Cretaceous structure of the Anjou islands is of a block and fold type Late Cimmerian in age followed by faulting in Cenozoic time. The Lyakhov islands are located at the western end of the Late Cimmerian South Anyui suture. Sequences of variable age, composition, and structural styles are known on the Lyakhov Islands. These include an ancient metamorphic sequence, Late Paleozoic ophiolitic sequence, Late Mesozoic turbidite sequence, Cretaceous granites, and Cenozoic sediments. Fold and thrust imbricate structures have been mapped on southern Bol'shoi Lyakhov Island. North-northwestern vergent thrusts transect the Island and project offshore. Open folds of Jurassic–Early Cretaceous strata are characteristic of Stolbovoi and Malyi Lyakhov islands. Geology of the New Siberian Islands supports the concept of a circum Arctic Phanerozoic fold belt. The belt is comprised of Caledonian, Ellesmerian, Early Cimmerian and Late Cimmerian fold systems, manifested in many places on the mainland and on islands around the Arctic Ocean. Knowledge of the geology of the New Siberian Islands has been used to interpret anomalous gravity and magnetic field maps and Multi Channel Seismic (MCS) lines. Two distinguishing structural stages are universally recognized within the offshore sedimentary cover which correlate with the onshore geology of the New Siberian Islands. Dating of the upper structural stage and constituent seismic units is based on structural and stratigraphic relationships between Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic units in the archipelago. The Laptev Sea–western East Siberian Sea seismostratigraphic model for the upper structural stage has much in common with the seismostratigraphic model in the American Chukchi Sea.
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Vassileff, Ljuben, and Girgina Stanisheva-Vassileva. "Petrochemical and geodynamic correlation of the porphyry-copper systems in the Eurasian copper belt: the segment Romania – Pakistan." Geologica Balcanica 21, no. 3 (June 30, 1991): 3.—33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.21.3.3.
Full textAbstract:
The porphyry-copper systems are represented by ore-bearing magmatic complexes which to a greater or lesser extent are the host rocks of mineralization, and the processes involved in the differential formation of intrusive and subvolcanic bodies are similar to those leading to the release and concentration of useful components during some of the subsequent postmagmatic processes. Producers of porphyry-copper ore are mostly the intermediate and slightly acid rocks, the majority showing some tendency towards increased potassic alkalinity. The magmatic systems involved usually manifest several pulses of different compositions and/or fabric grouped into larger and more complex intrusive centres, sometimes called "batholiths". Copper, however, concentrates in separate, small and relatively late magmatic differentiates of increased acidity. Porphy.ry-copper mineralizations are characteristic of magmatic systems of homodromous evolution during subduction. Porphyry-copper deposits associated with the bimodal basalt-rhyolite magmatism of the epicontinental riftogenesis or with MORB are not known. In the Eurasian copper belt, the porphyry-copper systems are typically associated with massive and disseminated copper (polymetallic) - pyrite (±Au) mineralizations in propylites and secondary quartzites and with copper-gold (±Ag) base-metal veins and skarns. All three types are closely associated in space forming, along with the productive volcano-intrusive centres, an integral polygenic and polyfacial ore-magmatic system. The segment discussed in this study includes 65 deposits located exclusively within the Eurasian Plate active margin and associated with the formation of mature magmatic arcs during the period from the Upper Cretaceous till the Neogene inclusive. The most typical feature of the geodynamic setting is that a number of small continental blocks (micro-continents) have been also involved in the process of ocean (Neotethys) closing accompanying the collision of the major lithospheric plates (the Afro-Arabian and Eurasian ones). These blocks probably broke off the Afro-Arabian Plate and migrated to the north where they stuck to the Eurasian Plate southern margin forming an accretionary collage. The formation of porphyry-copper systems in the magmatic arcs is exclusively a post-accretion process at advanced subduction and collision. An especially characteristic feature is the localization of the largest and best defined deposits inside the accreted exotic blocks. Deposits formed in the back-arc thrust zone of the Eurasian Plate active margin are comparatively less widespread. In Romania, the porphyry-copper systems formed during the Upper Cretaceous and the Neogene are located in a block collage traced back, rather guestionably, to the Gondwana. The porpltyry-copper systems in East Serbia occur in a similar setting. As to the Tertiary deposits in North Macedonia, Krusha Mountain and Halkidiki Peninsula, they definitely belong to the Serbo-Macedonian accreted terrane. On the territory of Bulgaria, the majority of the Upper Cretaceous porphyry-copper deposits are lo;atd in the Central Srednogorie, Sakar Strandja and East-Thracia terranes. Separate deposits are situated (possibly as parts of allochthons) in the Balkaoid's thrust-nappe – back-arc belt. In Turkey (Strandja Mt.), a group of complex copper-molybdenum-tungsten porphyry deposits are located not far away from the Bulgarian ones, again in the East Thracia terrane. Anotller, less conspicuous group of Upper Cretaceous (and m1y be even younger) age is located in the active southern margin of the Eurasian Plate. Further east, all porphyry-copper deposits of the USSR, Iran and Pakistan occur in accreted exotic terranes including those of Lesser Caucasus, Northwest Iran, Central Iran and Hilmend. Local petrochemical correlation is based on the K2O+Na2O/SiO2 diagram on which fields of porphyrycopper deposits from the Circum-Pacific metallogenic belt and from the Caribbean have been plotted prior to analysis. Compared to these plots, the porphyry-copper systems in the Eurasian belt show analogous acidity of magmatism. Alkalinity is variable but generally the Eurasian (Alpine, Mediterranean) belt as compared to the Pacific one is characterized by a pronounced potassic alkilinity (high·potassic calc-alkaline series). This is consistent with the overall Mediterranean petrochemistry. Outside it, e.g. further east in Pakistan, the ore-bearing magmatic complexes are of normal calc-alkaline character. A general petrochemical correlation shows that compared to the Pacific belt the porphyry-copper systems in the Romania-Pakistan segment of the Eurasian copper belt are formed in a mixed geodynamic setting involving both continental and island arcs. It is suggested that the present-day mixing of geodynamic settings is a secondary phenomenon caused by Late Alpine collision processes which have deformed the primary tectonic features and have pushed to the north many of the magmatic arcs involved.
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Sokół, Krzysztof, Adrian A. Finch, William Hutchison, Jonathan Cloutier, Anouk M. Borst, and Madeleine C. S. Humphreys. "Quantifying metasomatic high-field-strength and rare-earth element transport from alkaline magmas." Geology 50, no. 3 (December 3, 2021): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g49471.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Alkaline igneous rocks host many global high-field-strength element (HFSE) and rare-earth element (REE) deposits. While HFSEs are commonly assumed to be immobile in hydrothermal systems, transport by late-stage hydrothermal fluids associated with alkaline magmas is reported. However, the magnitude of the flux and the conditions are poorly constrained and yet essential to understanding the formation of REE-HFSE ores. We examined the alteration of country rocks (“fenitization”) accompanying the emplacement of a syenite magma at Illerfissalik in Greenland, through analysis of changes in rock chemistry, mineralogy, and texture. Our novel geochemical maps show a 400-m-wide intrusion aureole, within which we observed typically tenfold increases in the concentrations of many elements, including HFSEs. Textures suggest both pervasive and structurally hosted fluid flow, with initial reaction occurring with the protolith's quartz cement, leading to increased permeability and enhancing chemical interaction with a mixed Ca-K-Na fenitizing fluid. We estimated the HFSE masses transferred from the syenite to the fenite by this fluid and found ~43 Mt of REEs were mobilized (~12% of the syenite-fenite system total rare-earth-oxide [TREO] budget), a mass comparable to the tonnages of some of the world's largest HFSE resources. We argue that fenite can yield crucial information about the tipping points in magma evolution because retention and/or loss of volatile-bonded alkali and HFSEs are key factors in the development of magmatic zirconosilicate-hosted HFSE ores (e.g., Kringlerne, at Ilímaussaq), or the formation of the syenite-hosted Nb-Ta-REE (Motzfeldt-type) roof-zone deposits.
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Joseph, A. T., A. Vatuva, and J. Indongo. "77Namibian Journal forResearch, Science andTechnologyVol 2, December2020NJRST 2 (2020): 77-89 Geological Mapping and Major Elements Characterization of the Tschaukaib Granitic Suite, South West Namibia." Namibian Journal for Research, Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (December 11, 2020): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54421/njrst.v2i1.21.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTOngoing studies in the Namaqua Sector, situated in the Namaqua-Natal Metamorphic Province (NNMP), have been vital in understanding the geological activities that occurred during the Rodinia supercontinent assembly. These geological activities are usually key to discovering new mineral raw materials. The Tschaukaib Granitic Suite, which is believed to be part of the Gordonia Thrust Stack (GTS) of the Kakamas Domain, crops out within Tschaukaib Mountains and was characterized in this study on the basis of surface mapping, petrographic and major element geochemistry. Three types of granites were identified, namely: granodiorite, quartz monzonite and granite with SiO2 content ranging from 64.9 wt % to 69.8 wt %. Whole rock geochemistry further shows that they are calc-alkaline, alkali-calcic, ferroan, peraluminous (Al2O3 > K2O + Na2O + CaO) and have >1 % Cross, Iddings, Pirsson and Washington (CIPW) corundum. The geochemical characteristics indicates that the granitoids were emplaced during the continental collision and are formed from partial melting of recycled crustal material which took place during the Rodinia supercontinent. The geochemistry shows a conspicuous fractional crystallization signature. Geological mapping and structural analysis of the Tschaukaib Granitic Suite area shows a NW-SE and E-W trending regional foliation in the Tschaukaib Augen Gneiss (quartz monzonite) which corresponds to the main D2 Namaqua metamorphic event. Several shear zones were mapped and are consistent to the Pofadder Shear Zone which runs in the NW-SE and E-W directions, parallel to the study area. Petrographic analysis of the granitoids has identified mineral assemblages which shows that the granitoids have undergone high strain and alterations, however, it is not clear which Namaqua deformation episode brought about these features.
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Yang, Fan, Jinggui Sun, Yan Wang, Junyu Fu, Fuchao Na, Zhiyong Fan, and Zhizhong Hu. "Geology, Geochronology and Geochemistry of Weilasituo Sn-Polymetallic Deposit in Inner Mongolia, China." Minerals 9, no. 2 (February 12, 2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9020104.
Full textAbstract:
The recently discovered Weilasituo Sn-polymetallic deposit in the Great Xing’an Range is an ultralarge porphyry-type deposit. The mineralization is closely associated with an Early Cretaceous quartz porphyry. Analysis of quartz porphyry samples, including zircon U-Pb dating and Hf isotopies, geochemical and molybdenite Re-Os isotopic testing, reveals a zircon U-Pb age of 138.6 ± 1.1 Ma and a molybdenite Re-Os isotopic age of 135 ± 7 Ma, suggesting the concurrence of the petrogenetic and metallogenic processes. The quartz porphyry has high concentrations of SiO2 (71.57 wt %–78.60 wt %), Al2O3 (12.69 wt %–16.32 wt %), and K2O + Na2O (8.85 wt %–10.44 wt %) and A/CNK ratios from 0.94–1.21, is mainly peraluminous, high-K calc-alkaline I-type granite and is relatively rich in LILEs (large ion lithophile elements, e.g., Th, Rb, U and K) and HFSEs (high field strength elements, e.g., Hf and Zr) and relatively poor in Sr, Ba, P, Ti and Nb. The zircon εHf(t) values range from 1.90 to 6.90, indicating that the magma source materials were mainly derived from the juvenile lower crust and experienced mixing with mantle materials. Given the regional structural evolution history, we conclude that the ore-forming magma originated from lower crust that had thickened and delaminated is the result of the subduction of the Paleo–Pacific Ocean. Following delamination, the lower crustal material entered the underlying mantle, where it was partially melted and reacted with mantle during ascent. The deposit formed at a time of transition from post-orogenic compression to extension following the subduction of the Paleo–Pacific Ocean.
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Lalonde, A. E., D. G. Rancourt, and G. Y. Chao. "Fe-bearing trioctahedral micas from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Québec, Canada." Mineralogical Magazine 60, no. 400 (June 1996): 447–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.400.06.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWe document the occurrence of Fe-bearing trioctahedral micas in the Poudrette quarry in the Mont Saint-Hilaire alkaline intrusion, characterize them by microprobe analysis, Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and optical measurements, describe their mineral chemistry, and discuss their petrological significance. In the nepheline and sodalite syenite, biotite and annite occur as coarse crystals characterized by low Al content (typically 2 atoms per formula unit, a.f.u.), high Mn content (typically 0.2 to 0.8 a.f.u.) and variable Fe/(Fe+Mg) values from 0.61 to 0.97. In the gabbro, biotite is less Fe-rich, has lower Mn content and high Ti content. Phlogopite is found as small metamorphic crystals in marble xenoliths within the syenite and siderophyllite occurs as large crystals in a metasomatized albitite dyke. Fe3+/Fetot values extend from 0.079 in the siderophyllite to 0.282 in a high-Fe3+ annite. All of the micas except for the phlogopite have high contents of (Fe3+)iv (∼0.13 to 0.45 a.f.u.) despite the high availability of Al in the rocks. We suggest that the high (Fe3+)iv amounts are caused by the high Mn abundance via a local structural mechanism. The great variety of mica encountered at Mont Saint-Hilaire reflects the highly heterogeneous conditions that prevailed during magmatic and postmagmatic crystallization in this intrusion.
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Careddu, Nicola, and Silvana Maria Grillo. "“Trachytes” from Sardinia: Geoheritage and Current Use." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (July 6, 2019): 3706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133706.
Full textAbstract:
Sardinia was affected by an intense igneous activity which generated calc-alkaline products during the Oligo-Miocene period. The volcanic substance shows large variations, ranging from pyroclastic flow deposits, lava flows and domes. By composition, the deposits are all primarily dacites and rhyolites, with subordinate andesites and very scarce basalts. The rhyolite lavas show porphyritic and ash-flow tuffs. Ignimbrite structures are found in the dacitic domes and rhyolitic lavas. These rocks—commercially known as “Trachytes of Sardinia”—used to be quarried in all historical provinces, mainly in the central part of the island to be used as ornamental and building stone. They continue to be commonly used nowadays, but their use dates back to the prehistoric age. They are easily found in many nuraghi, “domus de janas”, holy wells, Roman works (mosaics, paving, roads, bridges), many churches built in Sardinia and practically in all kinds of structural elements in public and private buildings, such as walls, houses, and bridges. Contrary to the granitoid rocks, whose appearance is largely influenced by the mineralogical composition, the aesthetic feature of volcanic rocks is rather affected by the widest range of colors, structure and texture, i.e., shape, size and distribution of mineral components, porphyric index, etc. “Trachyte” is quarried opencast with the “single low step” method, with descending development, with prevalent use of double-disc sawing machines. Whenever the stone deposit allows higher steps, the chain cutting machine, in combination with diamond wire, becomes the preferred extraction solution. This study aims to at look Sardinian “trachytes” from a geoheritage perspective. After a geological-petrographic framework, the paper discusses the historical uses of “trachyte” in Sardinia. The current state of the art of “trachyte” quarrying, processing and usage in the Island is also described. An analysis of the “trachyte” production has been carried out. Finally, a consideration about how to enhance geotourism in the area is suggested.
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Le Carlier De Veslud, Christian, Paul Alexandre, Michel Cuney, Gilles Ruffet, Alain Cheilletz, and Denis Virlogeux. "40 Ar/39Ar thermochronology and thermal evolution of Meso-Variscan granitoids of the Charroux-Civray plutonic complex (Seuil du Poitou)." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 175, no. 2 (March 1, 2004): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/175.2.147.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The eastern part of the “Seuil du Poitou” area had been selected by the French National radioactive waste management agency (ANDRA) as a potential site for building an underground laboratory in granitic rocks. 17 cored bore holes, completed by petrographical, geochemical [Cuney et al., 2001], geophysical [Virlogeux et al., 1999] and structural [Gros and Genter, 1999] studies, have provided a detailed knowledge of the Charroux-Civray complex, hidden under a Jurassic sedimentary cover. Three main types of magmas were distinguished : medium-K calk-alkaline, high-K calk-alkaline and peraluminous. The first two types are largely predominant and belong to the “Limousin Tonalitic line” (LTL) [Peiffer, 1985 ; 1986]. They were emplaced between 356 ± 5 Ma to 349 ± 5 Ma from U-Pb dating of zircon [Bertrand et al., 2001], at a depth of 14 ± 2 km [Freiberger et al., 2001]. This work aims to reconstruct the thermochronological evolution of the Charroux-Civray complex from 40Ar/39Ar dating of biotite and amphibole, combined with available U/Pb ages [Bertrand et al., 2001] and thermo-barometric data derived from mineral paragenesis and fluid inclusions [Freiberger et al., 2001]. This reconstruction may provide interesting constraints on a stage not well understood in the evolution of the French Massif Central : the emplacement of the LTL granitoids. The datings were performed on alteration-free, single grain of biotite and amphibole from the main petrologic types, according to the procedure described by Ruffet et al. [1991] and [1995]. The closure temperatures of the isotopic systems have been assumed to be 300 ± 30 oC for biotites, 500 ± 50 oC for amphiboles, and 850 ± 50 oC for zircons [Villa, 1998 ; McDougall and Harrison, 1999]. Six samples were dated : two tonalites (samples 112 and 212t), a monzogranite (sample 106), a monzogabbro-diorite (sample 115), a monzodiorite (sample 104), and a granodiorite (sample 105). Some of the analyses have been performed twice to test the reproducibility of the 40Ar/39Ar measurements. The 14 age spectra obtained may be divided into four groups : plateau ages, which provide robust ages for the amphiboles of samples 104, 106, 112, and biotites from samples 106, 115 and 212t ; pseudo-plateaux ages : three biotites (samples 104, 105 and 112) display spectrum shapes that could be interpreted as resulting from 39Ar recoil, related to an incipient chloritisation [Ruffet et al., 1991 ; McDougall and Harrison, 1999]. The most reliable ages are therefore close to the apparent ages given by the high temperature steps ; 40Ar* excess, as suggested by the spectrum shape of the amphibole from sample 212t [McDougall and Harrison, 1999]. The preferred age is defined with 83 % of released gas, and has been confirmed by a duplicate analysis ; a meaningless spectrum has been obtained on the amphiboles from sample 115. A duplicate analysis provided an approximate age of 347 ± 1 Ma, calculated on a relatively flat segment of the age spectrum. These results show that : (1) the closure of the isotopic system of the amphiboles occurred at approximately the same time over the entire complex (about 348 Ma) ; (2) the closure of the isotopic system of the biotites occurred slightly after the closure of the amphiboles, but spread over a larger time interval (350–343 Ma), (3) all the samples display high temperature gradients between 500 and 300 oC (> 40 oC.my-1). These results are in good agreement with mineralogical and fluid inclusion thermo-barometric data [Freiberger et al., 2001]. Two scénarios may be invoked to explain such high temperature gradients : a fast exhumation episode (several mm/y) during the 350–340 Ma period. This model is not acceptable because it is incompatible with pre- and post-intrusion conditions constrained by thermo-barometric data ; a fast thermal equilibration of the complex with surrounding rocks at the end of a succession of nearly-synchronous emplacement of calk-alkaline intrusions. First-order numerical models were used to simulate the thermal equilibration of the intrusive bodies with surrounding rocks, assuming a purely conductive heat regime [Carslaw and Jaeger, 1959]. These models show that according to the size of intrusions, the thermal equilibrium with surrounding rocks is reached in less than 5 to 10 m.y. The calculated temperature gradients derived from these models are compatible with those deduced from 40Ar/39Ar ages. These data confirm the existence of a major calk-alkaline magmatic event on the Seuil du Poitou, at about 355–350 Ma, which would be synchronous with the emplacement of the large peraluminous Guéret-type granodiorites in the northern Limousin. The 40Ar/39Ar biotite ages indicate that a regional temperature of 250–300 oC was reached at ca. 340 Ma at a depth of about 9 km.
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Montheil, Leny, Mélody Philippon, Jean-Jacques Cornée, Marcelle BouDagher-Fadel, Douwe J. J. van Hinsbergen, Pierre Camps, Marco Maffione, et al. "Geological architecture and history of the Antigua volcano and carbonate platform: Was there an Oligo−Miocene lull in Lesser Antilles arc magmatism?" GSA Bulletin, October 19, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b36465.1.
Full textAbstract:
Since the acceptance of plate tectonics, the presence of calc-alkaline magmatic rocks has been recognized as evidence of subduction. But under specific geodynamic circumstances, subduction may occur without generating magmas. Here, we investigate the Cenozoic northern Lesser Antilles arc where, from sparsely exposed magmatic records, Eocene−Oligocene and Pliocene magmatic flare-ups and a Miocene lull were postulated. Nevertheless, most of the arc is submarine, so it is challenging to discern lulls and flare-ups from sampling bias. We review the magmatic evidence exposed onshore in the Lesser Antilles and investigate in detail the island of Antigua, which exposes an Eocene to Miocene volcanic sequence and platform carbonate series that coincide with the postulated lull. By combining lithostratigraphic analysis, structural mapping, 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, and biostratigraphy, we refine the magmatic history of the island and date the arrest of extensive arc magmatism at 35 Ma, with minor activity until 27 Ma. No magmatic products are interleaved with the platform sequence until the latest Oligocene, which confirms a lull in northern Lesser Antilles arc magmatism that may have lasted ca. 20 Ma. Flare-up of magmatic activity contributed to crustal thickening and land emersion, whereas magmatic lulls and related thermal cooling induced subsidence/submersion. Thus, we propose that the paleo-(bio)-geographical evolution of the eastern Caribbean region has been partly controlled by magmatic activity. Fault kinematic analysis, along with anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, suggest that, at the island scale, magmatic arrest is not associated with a change in stress field during the Oligocene. We speculate that slab flattening triggered by progressive curvature played a role in the temporal shutdown of the northern Lesser Antilles arc.
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Kordi, Abdollah, Afshin Ashja-Ardalan, Seyed-Jamal Sheikhzakariayi, and Nasser Ashrafi. "PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF INTRUSIVE ROCKS FROM THE SOUTH OF NAQADEH, WEST AZERBAIJAN, IRAN." Gênero & Direito 8, no. 3 (August 30, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.2179-7137.2019v8n3.47743.
Full textAbstract:
The intrusive rocks of Naqadeh are features of Laramide magmatism in the Sanandaj–Sirjan zone. According to petrographic studies, the composition of intrusions consist of acidic, intermediate, and basic rocks. including syenogranites, monzogranite, granodiorites, quartz diorites, quartz monzonites, quartz monzonite, quartz syenite, and olivine gabbro—in order of abundance. Minerals forming intrusive rocks include alkali feldspar (orthoclase and microcline), quartz, plagioclase (andesine to anorthite), amphibole (magnesiohornblende to tschermakite hornblende), pyroxene (diopside), olivine (hyalosiderite to hortonlite), apatite, titanite, zircon, muscovite, and opaque minerals. The chemical analysis of the granitoids revealed their potassium-rich calc-alkaline nature, falling within the meta-alumin to per-alumin range in terms of alumin saturation. Tectonomagmatic diagrams for the studied rocks suggest that they are compatible with granitoids of the continental-subduction zone. Primitive-mantle- and chondrite-normalized spider diagrams indicated no depletion in any elements, exhibiting a negative overall slope which is consistent with subduction patterns (negative Ta, Ti, Zr anomalies, and positive K anomaly). Overall, a review of field observations, mineralogy, geochemistry, and diagrams illustrating the sources of granites showed that the intrusive rocks in the study region are, in fact, I-type granite and that the magmatism is a result of the subduction of the oceanic crust, Neotethys, under the Iranian continental crust.
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Chen, Guohui, and Alastair H. F. Robertson. "Early Miocene calc-alkaline felsic tuffs within deep-marine turbidites in the Kyrenia Range, north Cyprus, with a possible post-collisional eruptive centre in western Anatolia." Geological Magazine, February 9, 2021, 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756820001399.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Felsic tuff as a direct fallout deposit is known from one small area in the Kyrenia Range, north Cyprus, within deep-sea terrigenous turbidites. Nearby tuffaceous siltstones contain compositionally similar felsic volcanic rocks (c. 5–10%), mixed with terrigenous material. Sedimentary evidence indicates that the fallout tuff was variable reworked locally, whereas the tuffaceous siltstones are interpreted as turbidites mixed with terrigenous material derived from Anatolia. U–Pb dating of zircons that were extracted from a sample of relatively homogeneous tuff yielded a dominant age of 16.64 ± 0.12 Ma (Burdigalian). Zircon trace-element analysis indicates predominant derivation from within-plate-type felsic magma. Whole-rock chemical analysis of the tuffaceous sediments as a whole is compatible with a felsic arc source, similar to the post-collisional magmatism within Anatolia. Regional comparisons suggest that the nearest volcanism of similar age and composition is located c. 500 km away, within the Kırka area (Eskişehir region) of the Western Anatolia Volcanic Province. Evidence of tephra dispersal in the western Mediterranean region and climatic modelling suggests E-wards prevailing winds and therefore tephra transport over southern Anatolia and adjacent areas during early Miocene time. The north Cyprus tuffs could represent powerful Minoan (Plinian)-type eruptions in western Anatolia, coupled with SE-wards tephra transport during and soon after the onset of post-collisional magmatism.