Journal articles: 'Structural adjustment (Economic policy) Australia'

1

Bell, Stephen. "The Politics of Economic Adjustment: Explaining the Transformation of Industry-State Relationships in Australia." Political Studies 43, no. 1 (March 1995): 22–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1995.tb01698.x.

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Recent theories of the state (pluralism, statism, Marxism and corporatism) are evaluated in terms of their capacity to explain an historic transformation in industry-state relationships in Australia over the last two decades. The explanatory tasks focus on explaining the shift from high protectionism to free trade for manufacturing industry, coupled with an increase in positive industry assistance measures. The paper argues that a suitably tailored Marxist account avoids most of the limitations of the other theories examined. Yet it is stressed that Marxism's strength lies not in explaining policy details but in providing a broad macro-structural theory of the state in capitalist societies. Marxism's explanatory ‘superstructure’, needs to be filled in at the meso-level by other explanatory elements so that the contours and dynamics of policy making below the macro-structural level can be more fully explained. Concepts such as accumulation strategy, political coalitions and policy networks are suggested for this purpose.

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Martin, John. "Supporting Dynamic Economic Adjustment." National Institute Economic Review 250 (November 2019): R15—R21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011925000112.

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Executive SummaryEconomic policymaking in the UK has historically focussed more on the demand side than on the supply side of the economy. Yet it is on the supply side – the way in which an economy adapts to change while growing productive capacity on a sustainable basis – that medium- to long-term economic performance largely depends. There is an urgent need now to rebalance policy by focussing, in particular, on measures to enhance labour-force productivity, including radically enhanced support for training and skills development.This does not involve wholesale structural reform of the economic framework. The UK benefits from having one of the most flexible economies in the OECD, with competitive product markets, relatively low labour costs and historically high employment levels, accompanied by a so-far-successful adoption of an escalating minimum wage. We suggest that in the post-Brexit era politicians would do well to avoid changes in the regulatory regime that would create undue misalignments with EU standards. Nevertheless, the concomitants of the UK's form of flexibility are a dismal performance on productivity and stagnating living standards. Productivity is now actually falling quarter on quarter ten years after the last economic downturn – a position unprecedented in the past 250 years. This problem must be addressed if the UK is to progress towards fulfilling its economic potential.Central to this are both so-called Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs) to provide people who have become unemployed with new skills that help them remain in the workforce, and investments in effective upskilling of mid-career and older workers. ALMPs can help raise average per capita income over time, yet UK spending on this area is well under half the OECD average and a fraction of the sums spent in the more successful Nordic economies, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Australia. The UK's many attempts to develop new training and apprenticeship schemes in recent decades have been dogged by poor quality and a lack of support from employers and labour unions. This needs to change: we propose a concerted effort to raise UK spending on ALMPs to the OECD average, especially for 16–24 year-olds. Improving labour-force mobility – for example by radically improving availability of affordable housing – is also critical. Structural reforms of this kind will require sustained political effort and support.

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Baum, Fran, and Paul Butler. "Health and the New World Order: An International Conference in South Africa and its Implications for Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 3, no. 3 (1997): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py97016.

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In January 1997, 400 delegates from more than 20 countries gathered in Cape Town at an International Conference focusing on the impact of the new world economic order on health and health care. The themes of the conference were: (i) challenges facing Primary Health Care (ii) Health for All - innovative local programs and global strategies (iii) The Global Crisis - economic structural adjustment programs and environmental destruction, and (iv) the World Bank - 'Investing in Health' or prescription for under-development? In this paper some of the proceedings and outcomes from the Conference are described and some of the implications for Australia discussed. The issues include wealth and racism as major public health issues in Australia; Australian Aid funding; how to maintain the principles of primary health care; and the importance of global progressive networks in an era of multi-national companies.

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Seyoum-Tegegn, Emayenesh, and Chris Chan. "What Is Making Vineyard Investment in Northwest Victoria, Australia, Slow to Adjust?" Journal of Wine Economics 8, no. 1 (May 2013): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2013.4.

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AbstractThis paper reports a use of the real-options valuation methodology to analyze wine grape vineyard investment under price and yield uncertainty. Threshold annual rates of revenue per hectare to trigger entry and exit, respectively, were calculated for three different sizes of wine grape vineyards in northwest Victoria, Australia. The modeling identified lower exit and higher entry triggers than would be indicated by a conventional approach that ignores the uncertainty underpinning adaptive investment decisions. Between these triggers is a relatively wide gap of estimated indeterminacy in vineyard investment that highlights the intertwined influence of numerous economic factors—cost structure, economies of scale, market volatility, transaction costs, and sunk and salvaged asset valuation. Drawing on these determinants of vineyard investment and disinvestment, the paper discusses the role of investment incentives in affecting industry transformation and the scope for policy intervention to assist structural adjustment of the wine grape sector. (JEL Classification: C61, G11, I25, Q12)

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Nnadozie, Emmanuel, David E. Sahn, Paul A. Dorosh, and Stephen D. Younger. "Structural Adjustment Reconsidered: Economic Policy and Poverty in Africa." African Studies Review 42, no. 3 (December 1999): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/525288.

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MACKINNON, J. "Structural Adjustment Reconsidered: Economic policy and poverty in Africa." African Affairs 98, no. 391 (April 1, 1999): 265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a008020.

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7

Wood, Geoffrey T. "Structural adjustment reconsidered: Economic policy and poverty in Africa." Journal of Socio-Economics 28, no. 1 (1999): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-5357(99)80119-x.

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Riggs, Gavin. "Structural Adjustment Reconsidered: Economic Policy and Poverty in Africa:." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 78, no. 3 (May 2000): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(99)00158-9.

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9

Loewenson, Rene. "Structural Adjustment and Health Policy in Africa." International Journal of Health Services 23, no. 4 (October 1993): 717–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/wbql-b4jp-k1pp-j7y3.

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World Bank/International Monetary Fund Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) have been introduced in over 40 countries of Africa. This article outlines their economic policy measures and the experience of the countries that have introduced them, in terms of nutrition, health status, and health services. The evidence indicates that SAPs have been associated with increasing food insecurity and undernutrition, rising ill-health, and decreasing access to health care in the two-thirds or more of the population of African countries that already lives below poverty levels. SAPs have also affected health policy, with loss of a proactive health policy framework, a widening gap between the affected communities and policy makers, and the replacement of the underlying principle of equity in and social responsibility for health care by a policy in which health is a marketed commodity and access to health care becomes an individual responsibility. The author argues that there is a deep contradiction between SAPs and policies aimed at building the health of the population. Those in the health sector need to contribute to the development and advocacy of economic policies in which growth is based on human resource development, and to the development of a civic environment in Africa that can ensure the implementation of such policies.

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McGillivray, Mark. "Policy-based lending, structural adjustment and economic growth in Pakistan." Journal of Policy Modeling 25, no. 2 (February 2003): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-8938(02)00207-7.

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Peabody, John W. "Economic reform and health sector policy: Lessons from structural adjustment programs." Social Science & Medicine 43, no. 5 (September 1996): 823–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(96)00127-x.

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GLOMSRØD, SOLVEIG, MARIA DOLORES MONGE, and HAAKON VENNEMO. "Structural adjustment and deforestation in Nicaragua." Environment and Development Economics 4, no. 1 (February 1999): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x99000030.

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This paper investigates the impact of structural adjustment policies on deforestation taking place when the agricultural frontier advances into forest reserves in Nicaragua. A computable general equilibrium model incorporating deforestation by squatters is used for policy simulations. The opportunity cost of migrating to the frontier does not simply depend on wage income opportunity, but also on market prices of basic grain which determine the capacity to consume beyond subsistence food-level given a certain real wage. Reducing public expenditures both conserves forests and enhances economic growth, while showing positive distributional effects. On the other hand, a strong conservation trend following a sales tax increase is driven by increasing poverty in rural areas. Noticeably, there are policies which initially intensify deforestation, but turn out to ease the pressure on forests over time. Rapid economic growth does not ensure less pressure on forest reserves.

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SANDERS, DAVID, and ABDULRAHMAN SAMBO. "AIDS in Africa: the implications of economic recession and structural adjustment." Health Policy and Planning 6, no. 2 (1991): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/6.2.157.

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14

Schatz, Sayre P. "Structural Adjustment in Africa: a Failing Grade So Far." Journal of Modern African Studies 32, no. 4 (December 1994): 679–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00015901.

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The success of World Bank policy has recently been proclaimed in Adjustment in Africa: reforms, results, and the road ahead (New York, published for the World Bank by Oxford University Press, 1994), which maintains that the Bank's macro-economic policies have improved economic performance, and that, in general, the greater the degree of implementation, the better the results. My review of this policy research report is intended to show that the presented data fail to support this claim and even bolster the contrary thesis.

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Chudy, John Paul. "Political management and economic policy reform: an exploration of structural adjustment experience." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 6, no. 4 (March 1994): 542–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-06-04-1994-b003.

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16

Brooks, Kate. "Sustainable development: Social outcomes of structural adjustments in a South Australian fishery." Marine Policy 34, no. 3 (May 2010): 671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2009.12.008.

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17

Koenig, Dolores, and Tiéman Diarra. "The Environmental Effects of Policy Change in the West African Savanna: Resettlement, Structural Adjustment and Conservation in Western Mali." Journal of Political Ecology 5, no. 1 (December 1, 1998): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v5i1.21396.

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This article broadens analytic perspectives on the effects of government interventionsby looking at the interaction of two distinct but simultaneous policy initiatives: involuntary resettlement and structural adjustment. Case study data from the Bafing valley in Mali show that simultaneous implementation of these two initiatives reinforced the economic growth of the zone but increased negative environmental effects.Key Words: Mali, resettlement, structural adjustment, sahel, environmental degradation, economic development, river basin development, privatization, liberalization.

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Chagunda, Chance. "Interrogating the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in Malawi." RBEST Revista Brasileira de Economia Social e do Trabalho 4 (December 22, 2022): e022016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rbest.v4i00.16569.

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This paper interrogates the implementation of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in Malawi, with a focus on its impacts on the livelihoods of the working class and poor people. The SAP was superimposed by the World Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund (IMF), since 1981, to recover an ailing economy through economic austerity measures and to promote sustainable development. This paper critically discusses the key effects of the SAP in the long run, looking in particular at the effects on the unemployment rate, falling real wages, Malawians’ poor living standards and food insecurity. The analysis is based on data from the National Statistical Office for the period 1981 to 2022 and a review of the literature on SAPs in Malawi. The paper argues that the implementation of the SAPs in Malawi has not protected wage labourers and poor people’s livelihoods, but rather it has exacerbated the downward spiral of Malawi’s economy and citizens’ living standards. And it posits that development policy guidelines should not conceal power relations that compound social and economic ills, but should be transparent and targeted to solve economic problems of developing countries, protect the working class, and improve the livelihoods of poor people.

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Boratav, Korkut. "Distributional Dimensions and Macro-Economic Policy Implications of External Liberalisation under Structural Adjustment." Social Scientist 20, no. 1/2 (January 1992): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517537.

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20

Campbell, Bonnie, and Jennifer Clapp. "Guinea's Economic Performance Under Structural Adjustment: Importance of Mining and Agriculture." Journal of Modern African Studies 33, no. 3 (September 1995): 425–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00021194.

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Domestic policy inadequacies have been targeted by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as the main reason for poor economic performance in sub-Saharan Africa generally.1 The structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) sponsored by these international financial institutions (IFIs) over the past decade have sought to rectify such policies. But many countries following their advice have continued to experience economic decline, albeit according to the World Bank, as a result primarily of their failure to properly implement the recommended reforms. It was argued in the late 1980s and early 1990S that governments pursuing strong adjustment programmes, even in the face of inhospitable world economic conditions, still outperformed weak reformers.2 This analysis does not hold with the same weight for all African countries. In the case of Guinea, external factors have been equally important in explaining its economic record under adjustment.

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VAVRUS, FRANCES. "Adjusting Inequality: Education and Structural Adjustment Policies in Tanzania." Harvard Educational Review 75, no. 2 (July 1, 2005): 174–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.75.2.565v0213145413t5.

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International economic forces increasingly affect policy at multiple levels and in multiple domains. The interplay of three levels — international, national, and local — are underresearched in the social and educational policy fields, which includes educational policy studies. In this article, Frances Vavrus employs ethnography to investigate how these interactions play out in a Chagga community in the Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania. She examines how the lives of secondary students in Tanzanian schools are affected by structural adjustment policies, adopted by Tanzania at the advice of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, in three domains: access to schooling, opportunities for employment, and the risk of HIV/AIDS infection. She makes a convincing case for the importance of understanding the local setting in the development of international and national policy, and for investigating the impact policy change in noneducational sectors has on educational realities. Vavrus's research also provides a glimpse into the multiple local consequences of the policy of user fees for school access that were implemented over the last fifteen years in Tanzania and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa. She concludes with a call for the research community to consider the benefits of ethnography in the development and evaluation of policy.

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Rondinelli, Dennis A., and John D. Montgomery. "Managing economic reform: An alternative perspective on structural adjustment policies." Policy Sciences 23, no. 1 (February 1990): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00136993.

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23

Boratav, Korkut, Oktar Türel, and Erinç Yeldan. "Distributional Dynamics in Turkey under “Structural Adjustment” of the 1980s." New Perspectives on Turkey 11 (1994): 43–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600000984.

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The economic and political crisis which Turkey faced during 1977-1980 was resolved by an orthodox stabilization program adopted early in 1980, immediately followed by conventional structural adjustment measures and the military coup realized on September of the same year. The Turkish experience with orthodox stabilization and structural adjustment incorporates a number of specificities and it will be useful to recall them briefly.First of all, the striking element of continuity in basic economic policy orientation which lasted from 1980 up till 1089 without any significant reversals should be emphasized. The personal role of Turgut Özal as Vice Premier in charge of the economy during 1980-1982 under the military governments and Prime Minister during 1984-1991, was a determining factor in this respect. Reversals and hesitations as observed in Latin American experiences due to differences between rival monetarist schools or between populist and right wing political groupings played practically no role for almost ten years in Turkey. The political pressures which resulted in a switch back to populism in 1989 —a theme to be investigated in this paper— marked, in our view, a drastic shift away from the policy model adopted in 1980.

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Pinckney, T. "Book review. Structural adjustment reconsidered: economic policy and poverty in Africa. Sahn, Dorosh, Younger." Journal of African Economics 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jae/9.4.547.

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25

Van Hoa, Tran, Lindsay Turner, and Jo Vu. "Economic impact of Chinese tourism on Australia." Tourism Economics 24, no. 6 (April 23, 2018): 677–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816618769077.

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China’s trade, tourism and limited foreign direct investment (FDI) to Australia have been regarded as playing an important part in Australia’s growth and prosperity in recent years. In spite of the fact that these activities are the three principal growth determinants in modern economic integration theory, growth studies based on this theory’s structural framework, while highly appropriate, have hardly been undertaken. This article proposes to fill the gap by formally developing an endogenous causal model of simultaneous growth and tourism for policy analysis. In this model, trade, FDI and tourism are specified as the main contributing factors to growth. Simultaneously, gravity theory (including growth) and the Ironmonger–Lancaster new consumer demand theory determine tourism, while ‘economic conditionality’ potentially affecting both growth and tourism in the sense of Johansen is recognized and incorporated. The model is then applied to Australian and Chinese data for the important post-Japanese tourist boom period 1992–2015, to provide substantive findings on three questions: the impact of Chinese tourism to Australia, Chinese tourism determination and the effects of Chinese trade and key macroeconomic indicators on Australian economic growth. Significant policy implications are then developed for use by government tourism planners and policymakers.

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Mosolova, Olga. "The Main Characteristics of Australian Economic Policy in the Modern Period." South East Asia Actual problems of Development, no. 4 (53) (2021): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2021-4-4-53-190-200.

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The state of Australian economy is the result of effective economic policy conducting in the country. At present the rates of economic development of Australia is the stable. The steps which realizes the government includes short-term and long-term structural reforms.

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Panukhnyk, Olena. "New Regional Structural Policy of Ukraine in Terms of EU Integration." Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i Prognozy 14, no. 1 (April 22, 2016): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/br.668.

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The EU regional policy mechanisms and one of its components — regional structural policy implementation in Ukraine, based on the theory of modernization — are the subject of different scientific discussions. Using comparative analysis, conditions and factors which determine structural policies of the EU and Ukraine, were outlined. Certain risks (geo-economic, economic, energy, demographic) which are related to the structural deformation and can negatively affect Ukraine integration in the EU were identified. Mechanisms for regional structural policy were estimated and problems of their modernization in Ukraine were determined. The conclusion about the necessity of radical institutional solutions in Ukraine, including the development of selective programs of structural adjustment for regional economies was made in the article.

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Ani, Kelechi Johnmary, and Chigozie Onu. "Effect of monetary policy on economic growth in nigeria in the post structural adjustment programme." Independent Journal of Management & Production 12, no. 8 (December 1, 2021): 2364–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v12i8.1483.

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The study investigated the effect of monetary policy on economic growth during post structural adjustment programmer in Nigeria. It used the expo-facto design. Secondary data for the period of 1985-2015 were utilized. The data were extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin and the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). The linear regression with the application of Ordinary least Squares (OLS) technique was employed to estimate the parameters of the model numerically. Finding revealed that broad money supply had a positive and significant effect on economic growth in Nigeria during post structural adjustment programmer from 1986-2015. Interest rate had a negative and significant effect on economic growth in Nigeria during the same period and inflation rate had a positive and insignificant effect on economic growth in Nigeria at the same time. The study recommended that Central Bank of Nigeria should facilitate the emergence of market based interest rate that would attract both domestic and foreign investments, as well as create jobs, and promote non-oil export, while reviving industries that are currently operational, far below installed capacity. In order to strengthen the financial sector, the Central Bank has to encourage the introduction of more financial instruments that are flexible enough to meet the risk preferences and sophistication of operators in the financial sector.

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Yang, Yifu, Sheng Zhang, Nannan Zhang, Zuhui Wen, Qihao Zhang, Meng Xu, Yingfan Zhang, and Muchuan Niu. "The Dynamic Relationship between China’s Economic Cycle, Government Debt, and Economic Policy." Sustainability 14, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14021029.

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Economic growth is an integral part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 8. We combine 10 economic constraints and build a five-variable (structural vector autoregressive) SVAR model based on China’s time series data of 1978–2017. The empirical results show: (1) The Chinese government adopted different economic policies at different stages of reform and opening up; (2) From the impulse response results, China’s excessively high government debt ratio has begun to inhibit economic growth; (3) In terms of policy selection and coordination, the Chinese government mostly adopts a “discretion” adjustment strategy. In most cases, the fiscal and monetary policies were in the same direction, and the “double expansionary” and “double contractionary” policy coordination may become mainstream; (4) The results of variance decomposition showed that both fiscal and monetary policies can effectively regulate economic growth at the present stage, and the contribution rates of exogenous shocks to the prediction variance of economic growth rate were about 25%.

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Noyoo, Ndangwa. "Structural adjustment programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1980s and 1990s." RBEST Revista Brasileira de Economia Social e do Trabalho 4 (November 20, 2022): e022012. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rbest.v4i00.16536.

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The paper discusses the World Bank’s and International Monetary Fund’s Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) in Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1980s and 1990s. Most countries in this region did not demonstrate autonomy in regard to national economic management and public policy processes, but acquiesced to the economic austerity prescriptions of the international financial institution, which were supposed to have resuscitated their economies. The paper seeks to provide some insights pertaining to how multilateral financial agencies engaged national governments, not as partners in a contractual relationship, but as servile actors. This situation was not mutually beneficial to both parties as interventions in local economies through financial injections had not resulted in easier repayment of loans by Sub-Saharan African governments. However, conditionalities tied to loans resulted in the erosion of social policies and social rights in Sub-Saharan Africa in the said period. Instead of shoring up economies of the countries in the region, SAPs had helped to weaken or even implode them. SAPs also eroded the social policy gains which were attained in the decade of independence in this region. The paper’s main contention is that Sub-Saharan African countries should bolster their institutions, policy-making mechanisms, and not make the same mistakes they did during that period, if they want to develop and be prosperous this century.

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Woodward, Susan L. "Orthodoxy and solidarity: competing claims and international adjustment in Yugoslavia." International Organization 40, no. 2 (1986): 505–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027223.

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Yugoslav policies of domestic adjustment to world economic changes during 1973–85 are the result of two sets of constraints imposed by the strategy of the ruling communist party for retaining its power:(1) an open international strategy for economic growth and national autonomy, chosen in the 1940s, that includes extensive use of foreign capital resources, and (2) the coalition of competing political and economic interests gathered within the party, which has been maintained by granting autonomy to producers, limits on the economic role of the state, and successive devolution of financial and administrative authority. The first imposes external budget constraints, the terms of which are defined by foreign creditors and supported by domestic economic liberals; the second imposes domestic political constraints that narrow the policy alternatives, limit their effective implementation, and require compromises that encourage further borrowing and political reform. The policy result is central party determination of policy orientation; macroeconomic stabilization policies that have continually given priority to maintaining the external balance and that combine orthodox deflation with administrative controls; periodic alternation in structural adjustment policies between a developmental, redistributive emphasis and an exportoriented, liberal, market emphasis, depending on the external constraints; and political and institutional flexibility in response to each policy shift and in order to maintain political order.

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Yongding, Yu. "China’s Economic Growth, Global Economic Crisis and China’s Policy Responses (The Quaid-i-Azam Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 47, no. 4I (December 1, 2008): 337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i4ipp.337-355.

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As a result of opening and reform, China has maintained an annual average growth rate of 9.8 percent for nearly three decades. China’s growth is based on high savings and high investment. Its export promotion policy has also played a very important role in promoting economic growth. However, as a result of China’s growth pattern characterised by investmentdriven and export promotion, the Chinese economy also has been suffering from serious structural imbalances. Its high and ever-rising investment rate has created overheat and overcapacity in tandem. Its high dependency on external market makes its economy vulnerable to external shocks. The global financial crisis has hit the economy seriously and exposed the structural weakness of the economy. The dramatic fall of external demand led to dramatic slowdown of the economy. The Chinese government responded to the slowdown of the economy swiftly and forcefully. A four trillion Renmibi stimulus package and expansionary monetary policy have successfully stabilised the economy. However, the stimulate policy has worsened structural problems. China’s structure problems include high external dependency, high investment rate, deterioration of environment, widening income gap between different social group and between rural and urban areas, insufficiency in the provision of social goods and so on. Due to its strong fiscal position, there should be no problem with China to achieve a growth rate of 8 percent. At the same time, the Chinese government should be able to tackle its structural problems successfully so as to ensure the sustainability of China’s economic growth. JEL classification: G01, E44, E65 Keywords: Growth, Global Financial Crisis, Stimulus Package, Structural Adjustment

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Bengali, Kaiser, and Qazi Masood Ahmed. "Stabilisation Policy vs. Growth-oriented Policy: Implication for the Pakistan Economy." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 4II (December 1, 2001): 453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i4iipp.453-466.

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Pakistan has initiated a comprehensive reforms efforts aiming at tracking the economy on a higher and sustainable economic growth, reduce level of poverty, reducing unemployment, raising their level of standard of living. These objective were to be achieved through a programme that would build on the macro-economic stability which encompasses structural reforms, trade liberalisation, privatisation, fiscal reforms and financial sector. This paper makes one of the early attempt to analyse the Pakistan stabilisation experiences. In Pakistan the stabilisation programme was started in 1988-89. In this paper we mainly examine the fiscal and monetary policy package since 1988 when the Pakistan committed to a set of conditionalities under the Structural Adjustment Programme of the IMF. The fundamental question that has risen was the relative efficacy of stabilisation oriented versus growth oriented policies on development and welfare. Admittedly, stabilisation and growth are not mutually exclusive and any policy package has to incorporate both the elements. However, the manner in which the policy has been implemented in Pakistan has tended to pursue stabilisation at the expense of growth.

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Griffin, Keith. "The management of structural adjustment and macroeconomic reform in Vietnam." Human Systems Management 17, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-1998-17105.

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Vietnam has been remarkably successful in managing structural adjustment and macroeconomic reform. As a result, it has achieved very rapid economic growth during the present decade without, apparently, a substantial increase in inequality. All sectors of the economy have grown rapidly and yet there has been dramatic structural change. This growth and structural change, according to official data, have occurred despite a relatively low rate of investment. Our analysis suggests, however, that savings and investment have been understated, that actual output is higher than the national accounts data indicate and that growth is even faster than the official figures suggest. These results are a consequence of the nature and sequencing of the policy reforms that were introduced from the 1980s onwards.

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Akhtar, Naeem. "C. H. Hanumantha Rao and Hans Linnemann (eds). Economic Reforms and Poverty Alleviation in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1996. 271 pages. Hardbound, Indian Rs 350.00; paperback, Indian Rs 195.00." Pakistan Development Review 36, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v36i3pp.300-303.

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The book under review is an edited collection of eight papers presented at a seminar on “Structural Adjustment and Poverty in India: Policy and Research Issues”, and is Volume 17 in the Indo-Dutch studies on Development Alternatives. The book evaluates the impact of economic reforms on poverty alleviation in India. In the “Introduction”, the editors describe the main theme of the book and propose some policy measures for poverty alleviation in the light of the findings of the papers included in the book. The paper, “Structural Adjustment in India—What about Poverty Alleviation?”, by Pieter A. van Stuijvenberg, evaluates the impact of India’s Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) on the poor and suggests some policy corrections to mitigate the adverse effects of this adjustment on the poor. He observes an improvement in the balance-of-payments position and foreign exchange reserves without a simultaneous fall in gross domestic product under the SAP. His major concerns are the large size and composition of fiscal deficits (dominated by revenue deficits). The large size of fiscal deficits, according to van Stuijvenberg, drive up real interest rates and endanger investment-led growth. He observes that social indicators of the social safety net, employment, and rural development programmes have not improved much due to expenditure cuts on rural infrastructural investments. He suggests a reduction in the size and composition of the public sector, elimination of all explicit and implicit subsidies, and discouraging rent-seeking behaviour for a successful implementation of economic reforms.

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Brett, E. A. "Rebuilding Organisation Capacity in Uganda Under the National Resistance Movement." Journal of Modern African Studies 32, no. 1 (March 1994): 53–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00012544.

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Eight years of reconciliation, policy reform, and economic recovery have now followed 20 years of dictatorship, corruption, civil war, and economic decline in Uganda. This stems from the interaction between a government which has created a benign environment for development, and donors who have provided generous support conditional on compliance with a standard package of structural adjustment policies involving changes in macro-economic management. These include the removal of price distortions on foreign exchange, capital, and essential commodities, improved fiscal and financial discipline, the reduction of marketing monopolies and state controls, and civil service reform. Government has set up participatory political structures at national and local levels, restored law and order, and taken many of the unpopular decisions required to enforce the changes demanded by adjustment policy.

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Bose, Pablo S. "Book Review: Structural adjustment: the SAPRI report: the policy roots of economic crisis, poverty and inequality." Progress in Development Studies 6, no. 2 (April 2006): 182–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146499340600600212.

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Gómez-Valenzuela, Víctor. "STI policies in the Dominican Republic: the influence of economic rationales from a context-development perspective." Science and Public Policy 47, no. 3 (May 5, 2020): 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scaa019.

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Abstract This article examines the influence of different economic rationales in the Dominican Republic’s science, technology, and innovation (STI) policies from a context-development perspective. For this purpose, four STI policy frameworks are reviewed: the National Competitiveness Plan; the Strategic Plan of Science, Technology, and Innovation; the Ten-year Plan of Higher Education; and the National Development Strategy 2030. Three cycles of STI policies are covered: the industrialization and import substitution cycle; the structural adjustment cycle; and the post-structural adjustment cycle. Five economic rationales are considered: neoclassical, Schumpeterian growth, neo-Marshallian, systemic–institutional, and evolutionary thought. Based on the results, three rationales prevail a systemic–institutional approach; a neo-Marshallian perspective; and a Schumpeterian growth approach. These rationales may refer to the country’s challenges to spur its potential for economic growth and development.

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WONGLIMPIYARAT, JARUNEE, and RACHANEE TRIPIPATKUL. "THE SCHUMPETERIAN STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT OF THE BANKING INDUSTRY: A POST FINANCIAL CRISIS ANALYSIS." International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 02, no. 01 (March 2005): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219877005000368.

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This paper discusses the economic growth and technological change of the Thai banking industry in relation to a post financial crisis, based on Schumpeter's economic development theory. It is argued that the structural changes of the Thai banking industry reflect Schumpeter's gales of creative destruction. The circumstance in which Thailand has to let the ailing banks and financial institutions go bankrupt and renew the process of growth through mergers and acquisitions represents an adjustment phase of an economy undergoing technological change. Using Porter's Competitive Forces Model, this paper aims to understand banks' pursuit of strategies to survive and increase competitiveness under the financial liberalization policies. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for the Thai banking industry to manage innovations under a competitive pressure after the financial crisis.

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Elkjær, Mads Andreas. "What Drives Unequal Policy Responsiveness? Assessing the Role of Informational Asymmetries in Economic Policy-Making." Comparative Political Studies 53, no. 14 (May 4, 2020): 2213–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414020912282.

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Recent scholarship on inequality and political representation argues that economic elites are dominating democratic policy-making, yet it struggles to explain the underlying mechanisms. This article proposes that unequal responsiveness reflects asymmetries in information about fiscal policy across income classes, as opposed to being a structural bias inherent in capitalist democracy. I test the argument in a pathway case study of economic policy-making in Denmark, using a new data set that combines preference and spending data spanning 18 spending domains between 1985 and 2017. I find that governments that pursue standard macroeconomic policies coincidentally respond more strongly to the preferences of the affluent, owing to a closer adjustment of preferences to the state of the economy among citizens in upper income groups. These findings have important democratic and theoretical implications, as they suggest that unequal responsiveness may not reflect substantive misrepresentation of majority interests, but rather differences in information levels across groups.

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Bark, Rosalind, Mac Kirby, Jeffery D. Connor, and Neville D. Crossman. "Water allocation reform to meet environmental uses while sustaining irrigation: a case study of the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia." Water Policy 16, no. 4 (March 19, 2014): 739–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.128.

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Governments are developing policy to reallocate water to environmental uses in many of the world's major river basins developed for irrigation. These policies can place considerable pressure on the irrigation sector to adjust, and may be perceived to conflict with food security and rural development goals. This paper reviews the literature examining opportunities to reduce irrigation district and third party externalities associated with rapid adjustment to water reallocation, with emphasis on recent water reform in the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB), Australia. We focus on opportunities to improve joint environmental and regional economic outcomes, by targeting and sequencing policy instruments operating at different scales.

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Rollo, Jim. "In or Out: The Choice for Britain." Journal of Public Policy 22, no. 2 (September 2002): 217–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x02005081.

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The choice facing British government about maintaining the status quo for sterling or joining the euro is a choice between long-term policy regimes. Short-term considerations such as the relative position of business cycles or the current level of the sterling-euro exchange rate have a bearing on the adjustment costs and the timing of entry. The article therefore examines the EMU framework versus the British framework for monetary policy; the performance of economic policy in Britain and in Euroland, and especially Germany as Euroland's main precursor; the relevance to the adjustment costs of membership to the Maastricht criteria and the Chancellor of the Exchequer's five economic tests for joining the euro; and whether or not Britain can qualify for joining EMU. The analysis is broadened to include supporting policies for monetary policy, especially fiscal, labour market and other structural policies where relevant.

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Hindle, Don, Lito Acuin, and MAdz Valera. "Health insurance in the Philippines:bold policies and socio-economic realities." Australian Health Review 24, no. 2 (2001): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah010096.

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In 1995, the Philippines government legislated to create an income-rated and predominantly employment-baseduniversal health insurance program over a 15-year period. The program was intended to provide more and betterhealth care than was available through a combination of existing insurance schemes that covered less than half of thepopulation, and partially subsidised services provided by government facilities and funded from general taxation.The legislation was well intentioned, and the program has some skilful and imaginative staff. However, there aresignificant barriers to success including low average and widely dispersed incomes, improving but still unsatisfactoryhealth status, weak government health care services, and the sometimes negative impact of for-profit agencies.We review progress to date and conclude that, although membership numbers and benefit rates have increased, accessis still inadequate and copayments are high. We argue that strong and innovative steps are needed if the Program'sgoals are to be realised. In particular, we suggest that the focus should be on more formal and explicit rationing thattakes account of cost per quality-adjusted life-year; and radical adjustment of financial incentives for care providersincluding capitation and per case payment based on costed clinical pathways for high-volume case types. Finally, wecomment briefly on lessons that might be learned by both The Philippines and Australia.

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Ali, Khadija. "Gender Exploitation: from Structural Adjustment Policies to Poverty Reduction Strategies." Pakistan Development Review 42, no. 4II (December 1, 2003): 669–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v42i4iipp.669-694.

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The aim of this paper is to review the existing empirical research concerning women’s exploitation as a result of policy measures imposed by the World Bank and the IMF, particularly under Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs). The central argument here is that SAPs have not been successful in achieving their basic objectives of ‘adjusting’ the economies instead, these policies have created severe social problems for the human beings, particularly for the poor and middle-income groups, in the countries where they (SAPs) have been implemented [Beneria and Feldman (1992); Cornia, Jolly and Stewart (1987); Floro (1995); Messkoub (1996) Moser (1989)]. Among these groups, although all members have to mobilise their efforts to support households so as to cope with the economic crisis, women have to bear an unequal share of this burden [Agrawal (1992); Ali (2000); Beneria (1992, 1995); Cagatay (1995); Chant (1991); Elson (1991, 1992a); Feldman (1992); Floro (1995); Reilly and Gorden (1995); McFarren (1992); Moser (1992); Perez-Aleman (1992); Sahn and Haddad (1991); Safa and Antrobus (1992); Stewart (1992); Trip (1992)].

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Natraj, V. K. "India’s Development Policy: Highlighting Landmarks." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 21, no. 1 (May 2009): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x09002100102.

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India’s development policy shows at one and the same time many important continuities and some significant changes. Perhaps the most noticed break from the past is the adoption of the Structural Adjustment Programme in 1991 which opened up the economy to global influence and also made economic policy much more market-friendly than at any earlier point of time. However, as we shall attempt to show even this epochal event has roots in the past. It would not be altogether correct to assert that the adoption of SAP referred to generally as the commencement of economic reforms was a sudden event which was almost wholly caused by a crisis in the economy, in particular on the foreign exchange front. The aim of the discussion here is to situate India’s development strategy in a historical perspective with a view to identifying the principal landmarks and also that it has followed an evolutionary trajectory.

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Smith, Cameron. "‘Authoritarian neoliberalism’ and the Australian border-industrial complex." Competition & Change 23, no. 2 (October 15, 2018): 192–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024529418807074.

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What functions do the securitization and the militarization of the border serve under ‘authoritarian neoliberalism’ in Australia? Having pursued the policy of mandatory detention of all undocumented migrants since 1992, the Australian government has also increasingly sought to outsource, privatize, and offshore the construction and operation of its immigration detention facilities, whilst simultaneously engaging in increasingly authoritarian interventions via the militarization of border control. This article seeks to problematize these developments by constructing an emergent cartography of the various links between the ongoing processes of neoliberal structural adjustment, and the intensification of the policing and punitive apparatuses of the Australian border-industrial complex. Accordingly, using theoretical insights gleaned from emergent work on ‘authoritarian neoliberalism’ and from race critical theory as a cue, I outline in this article three functions of the border within punitive approaches to immigration control under neoliberal structural adjustment in Australia: first, as an apparatus of ongoing colonial power; second, as a technology of racial differentiation through its functioning as a ‘filter’ that privileges certain migrant bodies over others, and as an ‘insulator’ against popular dissent; third, as a site of profit and accumulation for transnational capital.

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Postuła, Marta, and Jacek Tomkiewicz. "Consequences of Fiscal Adjustment and Public Finance Management. The Costs of Limiting the Fiscal Imbalance in Eurozone Countries." Central European Journal of Public Policy 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cejpp-2019-0001.

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Abstract This article focuses on the effects of corrections to the budgetary policy in eurozone economies. The goal of the text is to check if advancement in implementing modern tools of public management is helpful in the time of fiscal adjustment. We assume that the most important role of a performance approach in conducting fiscal policy is the ability of government to implement active policy meant as structural changes in the composition of public expenditures. In the case of the need to cut general levels of public spending, public sector managers who have knowledge of performance effects of public policies should be able to conduct fiscal adjustment in such a way as to minimise negative outcomes of spending correction on society. The structure of the text is as follows. First, we present some insights on the economic effects of fiscal adjustment. Then, we discuss the concept of performance management presented in the theory and policy agendas of international institutions such as the European Union or the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). Finally, we present the result of an empirical exercise that is designed to combine the level of advancement in implementing performance budgeting (PB) and the social cost of fiscal adjustment in eurozone economies. The most important finding of the research is that PB tools seem to have very limited usefulness in a time of fiscal adjustment. There is no statistical evidence that countries advanced in utilisation of PB tools conduct more active fiscal policy – approach of cutting all expenditures across the border by given percentage rather than looking at priorities and social outcomes of fiscal adjustment dominates in all cases.

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Pociovalisteanu, Diana-Mihaela. "The Labor Market in Romania – Between Structural Reform and Current Adjustment." Equilibrium 6, no. 3 (September 30, 2011): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil2011.023.

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The economic and political changes generated by the reforms after 1990 have had consequences on the labour resources. In such context, there have been several structural and functional changes on various segments of the labor market. However, the instability at the level of this market can be also seen as a result of the impact of the global crisis on Romania’s economy. The negative demographic tendencies had direct consequences on the labor market, such as the lowering of the percentage of employed population following the small birth rate, high general and infant mortality rate, the deterioration of the population’s biological potential of, the decreased life expectancy rate, ageing population, especially in the rural environment, a high rural-urban migration as a result of the necessity for survival, as well as the intensification of the qualified workforce migration from our country. The purpose of this paper is to highlight some policy measure to counter the disfunctions existing on the labor market in our country.

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Graybeal, N. Lynn, and Louis A. Picard. "Internal Capacity and Overload in Guinea and Niger." Journal of Modern African Studies 29, no. 2 (June 1991): 275–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00002755.

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Many African states have been operating under tight structural-adjustment restrictions for close to ten years. The policies of the International Monetary Fund make heavy demands on public-sector capability and political leadership, particularly as regards pricing and trade practices, banking and finance, economic monitoring and data analysis, macro and sectoral planning, as well as policy formulation, initiation, and implementation. The aim is to create a very strong private sector operating under market conditions, and an effective, though not necessarily large, public sector committed to rational, strategic economic growth. For many African régimes there also will be increasing motivation towards both decentralisation and pluralism. In short, the post-structural adjustment state, rather than withering away, needs to be selectively strengthened and to have an increasingly sophisticated capacity to manage development activities at both the national and local levels.1

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Sadovaya, E., and I. Tsapenko. "Imperatives of Social Policy in Times of Crisis." World Economy and International Relations 60, no. 2 (2016): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-2-98-112.

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The crisis affecting Russia provokes risks of rising unemployment, reducing real incomes, growing poverty, worsening demographic situation and other negative social trends. It accentuates acute structural problems challenging future human development, threatening with social and economic degradation of Russia. Workforce employment structure by economic activity and occupation lacks economic efficiency and social reasonability. Poor state of labor protection results in high incidence of work accidents. Obsolete labor regulations prevent the employment adjustment to reindustrialization shocks. Huge and unfair gaps in workers remuneration by economic activity, region and occupation cause high income inequality. Low level of remuneration in many economic activities, including those contributing to modernization of economy, leads to high working poverty and low attractiveness of innovative sectors to workers. Persistent low fertility, high mortality and low life-spam engender unsupportable demographic development and risks of restarting depopulation. Uncontrolled immigration of unqualified workforce from developing Asian countries is a source of growing social, ethno-cultural and political tensions. There are risks of growing emigration and turning flows of adaptive migrants away from Russia to EU. Structural and institutional reforms are to be realized to counteract these problems and risks and overcome crisis. Such measures are to get over the unjustified unbalances in employment and remuneration distribution, to form new competences and professional attitudes and raise stability of demographic development, supply of labor resources and boost their productivity. These changes may create social premises for transition to economic growth of new quality based on frontier technologies, wide innovations and high human development. At the same time high-tech economy development poses challenges of high unemployment, and labor market policies are to maintain balance between the needs of conserving stable employment and realizing economic transformations. Solution of many acute national problems should be based of complex approach, supposing package type of measures and simultaneity of social and economic reforms.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Structural adjustment (Economic policy) Australia'

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