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Academic literature on the topic 'Structural adjustment (Economic policy) Australia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Structural adjustment (Economic policy) Australia"

1

Bell, Stephen. "The Politics of Economic Adjustment: Explaining the Transformation of Industry-State Relationships in Australia." Political Studies 43, no. 1 (March 1995): 22–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1995.tb01698.x.

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Recent theories of the state (pluralism, statism, Marxism and corporatism) are evaluated in terms of their capacity to explain an historic transformation in industry-state relationships in Australia over the last two decades. The explanatory tasks focus on explaining the shift from high protectionism to free trade for manufacturing industry, coupled with an increase in positive industry assistance measures. The paper argues that a suitably tailored Marxist account avoids most of the limitations of the other theories examined. Yet it is stressed that Marxism's strength lies not in explaining policy details but in providing a broad macro-structural theory of the state in capitalist societies. Marxism's explanatory ‘superstructure’, needs to be filled in at the meso-level by other explanatory elements so that the contours and dynamics of policy making below the macro-structural level can be more fully explained. Concepts such as accumulation strategy, political coalitions and policy networks are suggested for this purpose.

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Martin, John. "Supporting Dynamic Economic Adjustment." National Institute Economic Review 250 (November 2019): R15—R21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011925000112.

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Executive SummaryEconomic policymaking in the UK has historically focussed more on the demand side than on the supply side of the economy. Yet it is on the supply side – the way in which an economy adapts to change while growing productive capacity on a sustainable basis – that medium- to long-term economic performance largely depends. There is an urgent need now to rebalance policy by focussing, in particular, on measures to enhance labour-force productivity, including radically enhanced support for training and skills development.This does not involve wholesale structural reform of the economic framework. The UK benefits from having one of the most flexible economies in the OECD, with competitive product markets, relatively low labour costs and historically high employment levels, accompanied by a so-far-successful adoption of an escalating minimum wage. We suggest that in the post-Brexit era politicians would do well to avoid changes in the regulatory regime that would create undue misalignments with EU standards. Nevertheless, the concomitants of the UK's form of flexibility are a dismal performance on productivity and stagnating living standards. Productivity is now actually falling quarter on quarter ten years after the last economic downturn – a position unprecedented in the past 250 years. This problem must be addressed if the UK is to progress towards fulfilling its economic potential.Central to this are both so-called Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs) to provide people who have become unemployed with new skills that help them remain in the workforce, and investments in effective upskilling of mid-career and older workers. ALMPs can help raise average per capita income over time, yet UK spending on this area is well under half the OECD average and a fraction of the sums spent in the more successful Nordic economies, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Australia. The UK's many attempts to develop new training and apprenticeship schemes in recent decades have been dogged by poor quality and a lack of support from employers and labour unions. This needs to change: we propose a concerted effort to raise UK spending on ALMPs to the OECD average, especially for 16–24 year-olds. Improving labour-force mobility – for example by radically improving availability of affordable housing – is also critical. Structural reforms of this kind will require sustained political effort and support.

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Baum, Fran, and Paul Butler. "Health and the New World Order: An International Conference in South Africa and its Implications for Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 3, no. 3 (1997): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py97016.

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In January 1997, 400 delegates from more than 20 countries gathered in Cape Town at an International Conference focusing on the impact of the new world economic order on health and health care. The themes of the conference were: (i) challenges facing Primary Health Care (ii) Health for All - innovative local programs and global strategies (iii) The Global Crisis - economic structural adjustment programs and environmental destruction, and (iv) the World Bank - 'Investing in Health' or prescription for under-development? In this paper some of the proceedings and outcomes from the Conference are described and some of the implications for Australia discussed. The issues include wealth and racism as major public health issues in Australia; Australian Aid funding; how to maintain the principles of primary health care; and the importance of global progressive networks in an era of multi-national companies.

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Seyoum-Tegegn, Emayenesh, and Chris Chan. "What Is Making Vineyard Investment in Northwest Victoria, Australia, Slow to Adjust?" Journal of Wine Economics 8, no. 1 (May 2013): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2013.4.

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AbstractThis paper reports a use of the real-options valuation methodology to analyze wine grape vineyard investment under price and yield uncertainty. Threshold annual rates of revenue per hectare to trigger entry and exit, respectively, were calculated for three different sizes of wine grape vineyards in northwest Victoria, Australia. The modeling identified lower exit and higher entry triggers than would be indicated by a conventional approach that ignores the uncertainty underpinning adaptive investment decisions. Between these triggers is a relatively wide gap of estimated indeterminacy in vineyard investment that highlights the intertwined influence of numerous economic factors—cost structure, economies of scale, market volatility, transaction costs, and sunk and salvaged asset valuation. Drawing on these determinants of vineyard investment and disinvestment, the paper discusses the role of investment incentives in affecting industry transformation and the scope for policy intervention to assist structural adjustment of the wine grape sector. (JEL Classification: C61, G11, I25, Q12)

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Nnadozie, Emmanuel, David E. Sahn, Paul A. Dorosh, and Stephen D. Younger. "Structural Adjustment Reconsidered: Economic Policy and Poverty in Africa." African Studies Review 42, no. 3 (December 1999): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/525288.

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MACKINNON, J. "Structural Adjustment Reconsidered: Economic policy and poverty in Africa." African Affairs 98, no. 391 (April 1, 1999): 265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a008020.

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Wood, Geoffrey T. "Structural adjustment reconsidered: Economic policy and poverty in Africa." Journal of Socio-Economics 28, no. 1 (1999): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-5357(99)80119-x.

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Riggs, Gavin. "Structural Adjustment Reconsidered: Economic Policy and Poverty in Africa:." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 78, no. 3 (May 2000): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(99)00158-9.

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Loewenson, Rene. "Structural Adjustment and Health Policy in Africa." International Journal of Health Services 23, no. 4 (October 1993): 717–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/wbql-b4jp-k1pp-j7y3.

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World Bank/International Monetary Fund Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) have been introduced in over 40 countries of Africa. This article outlines their economic policy measures and the experience of the countries that have introduced them, in terms of nutrition, health status, and health services. The evidence indicates that SAPs have been associated with increasing food insecurity and undernutrition, rising ill-health, and decreasing access to health care in the two-thirds or more of the population of African countries that already lives below poverty levels. SAPs have also affected health policy, with loss of a proactive health policy framework, a widening gap between the affected communities and policy makers, and the replacement of the underlying principle of equity in and social responsibility for health care by a policy in which health is a marketed commodity and access to health care becomes an individual responsibility. The author argues that there is a deep contradiction between SAPs and policies aimed at building the health of the population. Those in the health sector need to contribute to the development and advocacy of economic policies in which growth is based on human resource development, and to the development of a civic environment in Africa that can ensure the implementation of such policies.

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McGillivray, Mark. "Policy-based lending, structural adjustment and economic growth in Pakistan." Journal of Policy Modeling 25, no. 2 (February 2003): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-8938(02)00207-7.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Structural adjustment (Economic policy) Australia"

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Sakr, Khaled. "The Dutch Disease and structural adjustment in Egypt (1974-1992)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387988.

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Peng, Zhaoyang. "External shocks and structural adjustment in the post-reform Chinese economy--the case of the 1986 oil price fall /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09php3983.pdf.

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Pirzadeh, Ali. "The impact of adjustment program in Romania /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10315.

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Monasterios, Perez Karin. "Structural adjustment and the collapse of the Bolivian model of accumulation." Ottawa, 1994.

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5

Straub, Stefan. "Staatliche Eingriffe bei Strukturkrisen eine allokationspolitische Systematisierung am Beispiel der Schwerindustrie in den Transformationsländern in Mittelosteuropa /." Aachen : Shaker, 2001. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/48267694.html.

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Nielson, Daniel L. "The development shift : the political economy of policy adjustment and institutional reform /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9835383.

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7

Berolsky, Nuno Goncalo. "An evaluation of IMF structural adjustment programmes : lessons for South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002668.

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The mixed results of International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes in less developed countries are a major motivation for this research. Explanations must be advanced as to what may inhibit the success of such programmes. South Africa has often found itself in a precarious position- with a deteriorating balance of payments, a position similar to other countries that have accepted IMF loans. Furthermore, South Africa undertook an IMF loan in 1993. Financial support from the IMF incorporates structural adjustment programmes. These may include measures such as tighter monetary policy, reduction in the budget deficit, exchange rate devaluation and ceilings on domestic credit with increased interest rates (Ferguson, 1988). These policies illustrate the principle of ‘conditionality,’ whereby access to further loans is conditional on certain criteria being met, such as reduced budget deficits and inflation rates. The principle of conditionality has met with a great deal of criticism. Bacha (1987) and Dell (1982) argue that these aggregate demand-reducing conditions more often than not stagnate domestic economies, worsening the balance of payment and result in programme breakdowns. Essentially, they refer to the IMF conditions as ‘unrealistic.’ The IMF denies this, arguing that shortfalls are mainly due to a lack of political commitment to carry out its conditions (Winters, 1994). This issue of conditionality will be examined in detail, using three specific case studies. The aim of this study is to examine the characteristics of Brazil, Mexico and Zambia to see whether or not the IMF programmes were successful. Guidelines will be established for South African policy from these case studies. South Africa is trying to adjust to the competitiveness of the international economy. At the same time, the need for reconstruction and development exerts increasing pressures on the balance of payments. Guidelines are established for a successful economic adjustment for South Africa. The research concludes that South Africa is certainly in line for a successful transformation. The rigidities are not as extensive as has been the case in Brazil and Zambia. Institutionally, South Africa is sound. However there are still challenges in this area, such as export diversification and economic stability to attract foreign investment.

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Heredia-Zubieta, Carlos Antonio. "The Mexican crisis : the neoliberal model of structural adjustment on trial, 1982-1985." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65334.

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Kušić, Siniša. "Privatisierung im Transformationsprozess das Beispiel der Republik Kroatien /." Wiesbaden : Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag, 2001. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/47767866.html.

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Chan, Ka-kan Erico. "Changes in Cathay Pacific Airways : facing the challenge of the 21st century /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21129034.

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Books on the topic "Structural adjustment (Economic policy) Australia"

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Jayasuriya, Kanishka. Australian structural adjustment: International markets and politics. Nathan, Qld: Centre for the Study of Australia-Asia Relations, Division of Asian and International Studies, Griffith University, 1992.

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Pusey, Michael. The experience of middle Australia: The dark side of economic reform. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

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1971-, Wilson Shaun, ed. The experience of middle Australia: The dark side of economic reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

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1946-, Campbell Bonnie K., and Loxley John, eds. Structural adjustment in Africa. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989.

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1946-, Campbell Bonnie K., and Loxley John, eds. Structural adjustment in Africa. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1989.

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6

Lee, Robert Alexander. Structural adjustment in Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe: F.K. Chung, 2000.

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Tanzania. Wizara ya Mipango na Uchumi. Structural adjustment programme for Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: The Ministry, 1986.

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Tanzania. Wizara ya Mipango na Uchumi. Structural adjustment programme for Tanzania. Daar es Salaam: Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs, 1985.

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9

Obadan, Michael I. Whither structural adjustment in Nigeria? Ibadan, Nigeria: National Centre for Economic Management and Administration, 1993.

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10

Larsson, Karl-Anders. Structural adjustment, aid & development. Stockholm: SIDA, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Structural adjustment (Economic policy) Australia"

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Jansen, Karel. "Structural Adjustment and Economic Recovery: A Comparative Analysis of Economic Policy." In External Finance and Adjustment, 365–96. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25905-2_12.

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Nikić, Gorazd. "Structural Adjustment and Exchange Rate Policy in Yugoslavia." In Economic Development and World Debt, 297–307. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20044-3_23.

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Greenaway, David, and Chris Milner. "Structural Adjustment Lending: Timing, Sequencing and Economic Effects." In Trade and Industrial Policy in Developing Countries, 226–42. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22782-2_13.

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Ruben, Ruerd. "Economic Policy and the Environment: Structural Adjustment and Prospects for Sustainable Natural Resource Management in Central America." In Towards Sustainable Development in Central America and the Caribbean, 140–60. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230502123_7.

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Shen, Jianfei, Jingjie Li, and Yidan Chen. "A Comparative Study of Economic Policies Based on Green Energy Transformation." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde210285.

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Faced with increasingly serious climate and environmental problems, the green transformation of the energy structure is imminent. Energy development is related to a country’s economic lifeline, and the level of energy green transition is a key factor in determining the degree of low-carbon economic development. As an important way to internalize the externalities of environmental behavior, the degree of perfection of economic policies has a direct impact on the energy transition process. As an important means to promote the adjustment of energy structure, economic policies can internalize the positive or negative externalities of corporate environmental behaviors, and play an unparalleled role in the process of promoting the green transformation of energy. This article takes Germany, France, Japan, and Australia as the research objects of the four countries with relatively advanced energy transition economic policy systems, and fully analyzes the above-mentioned countries’ practices in fiscal and taxation policies, green finance, and market systems, and combines China’s energy transition economic policies. Implementation status, and corresponding suggestions for the construction of China’s energy transition policy system.

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"LOMÉ, POLICY DIALOGUE AND STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT." In Europe and Economic Reform in Africa, 104–31. Routledge, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203983768-14.

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Ocampo, José Antonio, and Camilo Tovar. "Colombia: Structural Adjustment, Macroeconomics and Equity." In External Liberalization, Economic Performance and Social Policy, 99–142. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195145465.003.0004.

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Patnaik, Prabhat, and C. P. Chandrasekhar. "India: dirigisme, structural adjustment, and the radical alternative." In Globalization and Progressive Economic Policy, 67–91. Cambridge University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511599095.004.

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"An Instrument of Global Economic Policy." In Structural Adjustment, the Environment and Sustainable Development, 35–56. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315066295-10.

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"CHAPTER ONE. International Influence on Economic Policy: Debt, Stabilization, and Structural Reform." In The Politics of Economic Adjustment, 41–88. Princeton University Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780691188034-005.

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Conference papers on the topic "Structural adjustment (Economic policy) Australia"

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Fatima Hajizada, Fatima Hajizada. "SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE AMERICAN VERSION OF THE BRITISH LANGUAGE." In THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC – PRACTICAL VIRTUAL CONFERENCE IN MODERN & SOCIAL SCIENCES: NEW DIMENSIONS, APPROACHES AND CHALLENGES. IRETC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/mssndac-01-10.

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English is one of the most spoken languages in the world. A global language communication is inherent in him. This language is also distinguished by a significant diversity of dialects and speech. It appeared in the early Middle Ages as the spoken language of the Anglo-Saxons. The formation of the British Empire and its expansion led to the widespread English language in Asia, Africa, North America and Australia. As a result, the Metropolitan language became the main communication language in the English colonies, and after independence it became State (USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand) and official (India, Nigeria, Singapore). Being one of the 6 Official Languages of the UN, it is studied as a foreign language in educational institutions of many countries in the modern time [1, 2, s. 12-14]. Despite the dozens of varieties of English, the American (American English) version, which appeared on the territory of the United States, is one of the most widespread. More than 80 per cent of the population in this country knows the American version of the British language as its native language. Although the American version of the British language is not defined as the official language in the US Federal Constitution, it acts with features and standards reinforced in the lexical sphere, the media and the education system. The growing political and economic power of the United States after World War II also had a significant impact on the expansion of the American version of the British language [3]. Currently, this language version has become one of the main topics of scientific research in the field of linguistics, philology and other similar spheres. It should also be emphasized that the American version of the British language paved the way for the creation of thousands of words and expressions, took its place in the general language of English and the world lexicon. “Okay”, “teenager”, “hitchhike”, “landslide” and other words can be shown in this row. The impact of differences in the life and life of colonists in the United States and Great Britain on this language was not significant either. The role of Nature, Climate, Environment and lifestyle should also be appreciated here. There is no officially confirmed language accent in the United States. However, most speakers of national media and, first of all, the CNN channel use the dialect “general American accent”. Here, the main accent of “mid Pppemestern” has been guided. It should also be noted that this accent is inherent in a very small part of the U.S. population, especially in Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois. But now all Americans easily understand and speak about it. As for the current state of the American version of the British language, we can say that there are some hypotheses in this area. A number of researchers perceive it as an independent language, others-as an English variant. The founder of American spelling, American and British lexicographer, linguist Noah Pondebster treats him as an independent language. He also tried to justify this in his work “the American Dictionary of English” written in 1828 [4]. This position was expressed by a Scottish-born English philologist, one of the authors of the “American English Dictionary”Sir Alexander Craigie, American linguist Raven ioor McDavid Jr. and others also confirm [5]. The second is the American linguist Leonard Bloomfield, one of the creators of the descriptive direction of structural linguistics, and other American linguists Edward Sapir and Charles Francis Hockett. There is also another group of “third parties” that accept American English as a regional dialect [5, 6]. A number of researchers [2] have shown that the accent or dialect in the US on the person contains significantly less data in itself than in the UK. In Great Britain, a dialect speaker is viewed as a person with a low social environment or a low education. It is difficult to perceive this reality in the US environment. That is, a person's speech in the American version of the British language makes it difficult to express his social background. On the other hand, the American version of the British language is distinguished by its faster pace [7, 8]. One of the main characteristic features of the American language array is associated with the emphasis on a number of letters and, in particular, the pronunciation of the letter “R”. Thus, in British English words like “port”, “more”, “dinner” the letter “R” is not pronounced at all. Another trend is related to the clear pronunciation of individual syllables in American English. Unlike them, the Britons “absorb”such syllables in a number of similar words [8]. Despite all these differences, an analysis of facts and theoretical knowledge shows that the emergence and formation of the American version of the British language was not an accidental and chaotic process. The reality is that the life of the colonialists had a huge impact on American English. These processes were further deepened by the growing migration trends at the later historical stage. Thus, the language of the English-speaking migrants in America has been developed due to historical conditions, adapted to the existing living environment and new life realities. On the other hand, the formation of this independent language was also reflected in the purposeful policy of the newly formed US state. Thus, the original British words were modified and acquired a fundamentally new meaning. Another point here was that the British acharism, which had long been out of use, gained a new breath and actively entered the speech circulation in the United States. Thus, the analysis shows that the American version of the British language has specific features. It was formed and developed as a result of colonization and expansion. This development is still ongoing and is one of the languages of millions of US states and people, as well as audiences of millions of people. Keywords: American English, English, linguistics, accent.

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Reports on the topic "Structural adjustment (Economic policy) Australia"

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Beirne, John, and Eric Sugandi. Risk-Off Shocks and Spillovers in Safe Havens. Asian Development Bank Institute, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/guux7790.

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We examine real and financial spillovers to safe haven financial flow destinations due to risk-off shocks in global financial markets. Using country-specific structural vector autoregression models over the period 1990 to 2021, we show that dynamics for Japan appear to be different to those of Switzerland and the United States in four main ways. First, in response to risk-off episodes over the estimation period, the yen real effective exchange rate appreciates sharply and significantly, with the effect persisting over time. Second, no significant effects on portfolio flows to Japan are found, in spite of the exchange rate effects, suggesting a rapid adjustment of financial markets to shifts in equilibrium exchange rates. Third, negative real spillovers from risk-off shocks appear to only apply to Japan with exchange rate appreciation exacerbating declines in GDP growth. Fourth, risk-off shocks do not have a statistically significant effect on domestic economic policy uncertainty in Japan, which may be related to the strong expectations priced in of overseas portfolio holdings repatriated back to Japan. Our findings have important implications for policy makers in safe haven destinations in managing domestic financial vulnerabilities associated with risk-off episodes.

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