Books on the topic 'Strongly minimal'
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1
Florida. Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability. Justification review: Medicaid Program integrity efforts recover minimal dollars, sanctons rarely imposed, stronger accountability needed. Tallahassee, FL: The Office, 2001.
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Hrushovski, Ehud, and François Loeser. Strongly stably dominated points. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161686.003.0008.
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This chapter focuses on the properties of strongly stably dominated types over valued fields bases. In this setting, strong stability corresponds to a strong form of the Abhyankar property for valuations: the transcendence degrees of the extension coincide with those of the residue field extension. The chapter proves a Bertini type result and shows that the strongly stable points form a strict ind-definable subset Vsuperscript Number Sign of unit vector V. It then proves a rigidity statement for iso-definable Γ-internal subsets of maximal o-minimal dimension of unit vector V, namely that they cannot be deformed by any homotopy leaving appropriate functions invariant. The chapter also describes the closure of iso-definable Γ-internal sets in Vsuperscript Number Sign and proves that Vsuperscript Number Sign is exactly the union of all skeleta.
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Glanzberg, Michael. About Convention and Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791492.003.0013.
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In this essay, I explore the nature of convention in language. The common notion of convention focuses on social aspects of coordination, but I identify two others that make minimal use of social coordination. I then explore in depth one example of a feature of language that has appeared to some not to be conventional: the information-structural notion of topic. I argue that the evidence strongly supports a conventional view of topic; but I also argue that it suggests a sort of convention that relies only minimally on social aspects of coordination. From this example, I conclude that we can often extend the reach of conventions in language, but that we should be careful about what those conventions are. Not everything that looks conventional is the same, and as we expand the scope of convention in language, we uncover very different sorts of conventions.
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Lievens, Matthias. Carl Schmitt’s Concept of History. Edited by Jens Meierhenrich and Oliver Simons. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199916931.013.013.
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In many of his political writings, Carl Schmitt seeks to render conflict and struggle visible and recognizable. He wages a metapolitical struggle against depoliticizing types of spirit and for the political. The meaning of history, as this chapter shows, is a crucial terrain for this metapolitical struggle: friends and enemies are symbolized and rendered (in)visible through historical discourses. The analysis demonstrates that Schmitt strongly rejects representations of history that tend to obfuscate its political nature, such as ideologies of progress or the idea of repetition in history. Instead, he advocates a sober and profane image of history, acknowledging its plural and contingent nature. Paradoxically, a figure of theological provenance, the katechon, is the minimal rest of an eschatological vision that Schmitt considers necessary to keep history and theology apart and to maintain an open and profane understanding of history.
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Armstrong, Neil, and Alison M. McManus. Development of the young athlete. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0030.
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Success in youth sport is underpinned by a range of chronological age- and biological maturity status-related factors which affect performance in a sex- and sport-specific manner. Pubertal changes in body size, shape, composition, muscle metabolism, muscle strength, aerobic fitness, and anaerobic fitness strongly influence sport performance but biological clocks run at different rates. As selection and retention in youth sport is based on chronological age, competition is not always on a level playing field. Young athletes benefit from exercise training but there is no convincing evidence of the existence of a ‘maturation threshold’ below which the effects of training will be minimal or will not occur, or of ‘windows of opportunity’ during which training effects are enhanced. Participation in sport provides a positive environment for the promotion of personal development but evidence is accumulating that elite youth sport also presents risks to current and future health and well-being.
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Kahn, Leonard. Liability to Deadly Force in War. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495657.003.0002.
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Both traditional just war theorists (or conventionalists) and revisionists (or anticonventionalists) rely heavily on theories of rights in their arguments about the permissibility of killing in war. However, invoking absolute or very strong rights can lead to claims that are coarse-grained and can yield conclusions that are implausible. This chapter suggests a theory of the permissibility of killing in war inspired by W. D. Ross’s prima facie duties, including strong but defeasible presumptions against killing. This theory, which is called minimal Rossianism, avoids some implausibly strict implications of rights theory and allows for greater nuance in judgments of killing in war.
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Leake, Simon, and Elke Haege. Soils for Landscape Development. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643109650.
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Soils for Landscape Development provides a clear, practical and systematic template for specifying landscape soils based on scientific criteria. The soil specifications provide essential information and a universally applicable method for landscape architects and designers, specification writers, landscape contractors and soil supply companies to ensure quality and fit-for-purpose soils. A strong emphasis is placed on reducing environmental impacts by reuse of on-site soil, promoting appropriate minimal soil intervention, and using recycled products.
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Tesler, Michael, and John Zaller. The Power of Political Communication. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.003.
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Most scholars agree that the effects of mass communication are more than minimal. We find, however, that most communication effects are short-lived, involve mainly weakly held attitudes, and produce no political consequences. Party cues conveyed in mass communication can change attitudes, but usually weakly held ones; when individuals hold strong views, they often change parties rather than change attitudes. Non-partisan communication may not durably change any attitudes, even weakly held ones. These conclusions, derived from field studies rather than laboratory experiments, raise the old minimal effects question in a new form: How politically important are the effects of mass communication? Our answer is that it depends on context. Short-term communication effects can be quite consequential if they occur close to a relevant political decision, such as an election or congressional vote. Communication that continues over a long period of time, such as messages carrying the value of racial equality, may also be important. Short-term or episodic communication that aims to produce a generally informed citizenry, independent of any political decision, may have little importance.
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Rhomari, Noureddine. On Bernstein Type and Maximal Inequalities for Dependent Banach-Valued Random Vectors and Applications. Edited by Frédéric Ferraty and Yves Romain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199568444.013.14.
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This article discusses some results on Bernstein type and maximal inequalities for partial sums of dependent random vectors taking their values in separable Hilbert or Banach spaces of finite or infinite dimension. Two types of measure of dependence are considered: strong mixing coefficients (α-mixing) and absolutely regular mixing coefficients (β-mixing). These inequalities, which are similar to those in the dependent real case, are used to derive the strong law of large numbers (SLLN) and the bounded law of the iterated logarithm (LIL) for absolutely regular Hilbert- or Banach-valued processes under minimal mixing conditions. The article first introduces the relevant notation and definitions before presenting the maximal inequalities in the strong mixing case, followed by the absolutely regular mixing case. It concludes with some applications to the SLLN, the bounded LIL for Hilbertian or Banachian absolutely regular processes, the recursive estimation of probability density, and the covariance operator estimations.
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Roizen, Michael F., and Jeffrey D. Roizen. The Role of Exercise in Integrative Preventive Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190241254.003.0011.
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Eighty observational association studies and several controlled trials provide strong evidence that exercise, done in appropriate amounts and with appropriate techniques, can dramatically enhance well-being and decrease morbidity and mortality. This chapter summarizes the available evidence so that healthcare providers can write rational prescriptions for physical activity for patients that allow minimal activity for maximum health benefit. In brief, doing four physical activities weekly—(1) any kind, (2) strength building, (3) bone strengthening (jumping), and (4) stamina building—and avoiding prolonged (> 1 hr) inactivity by walking for two minutes every hour—provides maximal morbidity and mortality benefit.
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Hashibe, Mia, Erich M. Sturgis, Jacques Ferlay, and Deborah M. Winn. Oral Cavity, Oropharynx, Lip, and Salivary Glands. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0029.
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Cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, lip, and salivary glands are malignancies of the head and neck. Some of these cancer sites share risk factors, although each has distinctive anatomic, epidemiologic, and clinical features. Oral cavity cancers arise on the inner lip and buccal mucosa, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, gum, hard palate, and floor of mouth. These cancers are strongly associated with the use of smoked and smokeless tobacco products, heavy alcohol consumption, and chewing of betel quid or pan, but only minimally associated with prior infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). In contrast, oropharyngeal cancers affect the posterior one-third (base) of the tongue, tonsils, soft palate, and other oropharyngeal tissues and are strongly associated with HPV-16 infection as well as with the use of tobacco, alcohol, and betel quid. In principle, tumors of the oral cavity, oropharynx, and lip are among the most preventable forms of cancer.
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Hrushovski, Ehud, and François Loeser. An equivalence of categories. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161686.003.0013.
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This chapter deduces from Theorem 11.1.1 an equivalence of categories between a certain homotopy category of definable subsets of quasi-projective varieties over a given valued field and a suitable homotopy category of definable spaces over the o-minimal Γ. The chapter introduces three categories that can be viewed as ind-pro definable and admit natural functors to the category TOP of topological spaces with continuous maps. The discussion is often limited to the subcategory consisting of A-definable objects and morphisms. The morphisms are factored out by (strong) homotopy equivalence. The chapter presents the proof of the equivalence of categories before concluding with remarks on homotopies over imaginary base sets.
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Murphy, Dominic. The Medical Model and the Philosophy of Science. Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, George Graham, John Z. Sadler, Giovanni Stanghellini, and Tim Thornton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0057.
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This chapter sketches an account of psychiatric explanation with roots in contemporary philosophy of science and suggests that it is a natural fit with what it will call the strong interpretation of the medical model in psychiatry. The chapter starts by distinguishing between strong and minimal ways to understand the medical model before it moves on to talk about explanation. The basic idea of the chapter is that the logic of the medical model, together with recent developments in the sciences of the brain, suggests that psychiatry should be seen as a kind of cognitive neuroscience. The second part of the chapter discusses some issues in applying mechanistic explanatory models to mental disorders. Recent philosophical work on explanation in the cognitive neurosciences has seen it asmechanisticexplanation. A mechanistic explanation shows how components of a system interact to give rise to the phenomenon to be explained.
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Brogaard, Berit. The Representational View of Experience. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495251.003.0004.
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In chapter 3, the author presents two arguments for the view that visual experience is representational. The first shows that phenomenal ‘look’ and ‘seem’ reflect phenomenal, representational properties of visual perception. It follows that experience is representational. This conclusion is consistent with some versions of naive realism, but considerably stronger than the minimal content view that takes content to be a description of what it is like for the subject to have the experience. The second argument establishes that the perceptual relation that obtains between experience and its object in core cases cannot fully explain the phenomenology of experience. In order to explain its phenomenology, we will need to appeal to the experience’s representational nature. The second argument thus shows that visual experience is fundamentally representational and not fundamentally relational, which is the central claim of the representational view.
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Levy, Jack S. Counterfactuals and Case Studies. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0027.
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This article shows that counterfactuals can be used along with case studies to make inferences, although strong theories are needed for this. The article also argues that game theory is one approach that provides this kind of theory because a game explicitly models all of the actors' options including those possibilities that are not chosen. The article then indicates that any counterfactual argument requires a detailed and explicit description of the alternative antecedent which is plausible and involves a minimal rewrite of history, and suggests that one of the strengths of game theory is its explicitness about alternatives. The validity of counterfactual arguments is assessed in explaining cases or testing theoretical propositions. Counterfactuals should change as few aspects of the real world as possible in order to isolate their causal effects.
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Parfit, Derek. Quasi-Realist Expressivism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778608.003.0010.
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This chapter explains how, for quasi-realism to be a distinctive meta-ethical view, quasi-realists must use the word ‘true’ in some stronger, more-than-minimal sense. It demonstrates this sense through an assumption that, when we make some claims which seem to be meta-ethical, we are really making first-order, normative claims. In addition, the chapter argues that, when we believe that some act is wrong, most of us assume that our belief is, or at least might be, true. If expressivists deny that such beliefs might be true, they should become error theorists. Quasi-realist expressivists could instead claim that, when we say that some act is wrong, we both express an attitude of being against such acts, and claim that, in having this attitude, we are getting things right. If we are getting things right, such claims would be true. This wider version of quasi-realism would be one form of cognitivism.
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Franko, William W., and Christopher Witko. Building on Success. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190671013.003.0007.
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In chapter 7 the authors examine how state adoptions of the earned income tax credit (EITC), an alternative means of boosting the incomes of the working poor by adjusting their incomes with the tax code, were influenced by the growing awareness of inequality and other state-specific factors. Unlike the minimum wage, the EITC was originally enacted by the federal government in the 1970s and has historically been accepted by conservatives. As Republicans have more recently begun to question this policy at the federal level, we see that it has been expanded substantially at the state level. The analysis shows that this has been the case in states that are most aware of inequality and those where labor unions are strong, and also that, unlike minimum wage increases, both liberal and conservative governments adopted EITC laws at similar rates.
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Brown, Derek H. Projectivism and Phenomenal Presence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199666416.003.0010.
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Projectivism asserts that we project subjective aspects of perception into what we experience as the world outside ourselves. It is minimally familiar from various phantom pains, afterimages, and hallucinations. Views like sense-datum theory arguably assert a more global, Strong Projectivism: all perceptual experiences involve and only involve direct awareness of projected elements. Strong Projectivism is an underappreciated variety of intentionalism. It straightforwardly explains the transparency of experience, and phenomena qualia theorists offer to avoid intentionalism, including blurry vision and spectrum inversion. Finally, projectivism illuminates residual qualia-friendly cases involving imagination and emotion. Although some cases may provide instances of non-projected, non-intentional aspects of experience, most do not. Thus, the notion of phenomenal presence drawn from projectivism does justice to a great many of the forces at play in debates surrounding qualia and intentionalism. We should bound toward Strong Projectivism.
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Ferreira, Fernanda, and James Nye. The Modularity of Sentence Processing Reconsidered. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190464783.003.0004.
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Today, the modular view of sentence processing is unpopular, but the arguments against modularity are not as strong as this apparent consensus would suggest. Almost all experimental investigations of modularity have focused on properties pertaining to information encapsulation, and most of those studies have evaluated just one specific modular architecture. A review of these studies of sentence comprehension suggests that the evidence against information encapsulation is really evidence against that one architecture only, and a whole range of other possible modular architectures remain untested. Although psycholinguistic work has largely ignored the modularity claims relating to shallow outputs, new findings from studies to test “good enough” language processing suggest that the output of the language processing module can be characterized as shallow or minimal. Perhaps, then, the modularity hypothesis was prematurely rejected. Evidence for shallow outputs provides intriguing new support for the idea that sentence processing is indeed modular.
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Budolfson, Mark. Market Failure, the Tragedy of the Commons, and Default Libertarianism in Contemporary Economics and Policy. Edited by David Schmidtz and Carmen E. Pavel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199989423.013.22.
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Many political theorists take the phenomenon of market failure to show that arguments for libertarianism fail in a straightforward way. This chapter explains why the most common form of this objection depends on invalid reasoning, and why a more sophisticated examination of the relevant economics has led most contemporary economists and policy experts to a view that might be called Default Libertarianism, according to which the strong default for public policy—even in response to market failures—should be toward decentralized, pro-individual freedom policies that involve minimal government intervention in markets. Some experts (but by no means all) similarly believe that even in the face of substantial market failures, libertarian policies are generally best all things considered. This shift toward more libertarian policy represents an important change from the middle of the twentieth century. This chapter explains the structure of the arguments that have led to this shift.
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Wellwood, Alexis, Susan J. Hespos, and Lance J. Rips. The Object : Substance :: Event : Process Analogy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815259.003.0009.
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Beginning at least with Bach (1986), semanticists have suggested that objects are formally parallel to events in the way substances are formally parallel to processes. This chapter investigates whether these parallels can be understood to reflect a shared representational format in cognition, which underlies aspects of the intuitive metaphysics of these categories. The authors of this chapter hypothesized that a way of counting (atomicity) is necessary for object and event representations, unlike for substance or process representations. Atomicity is strongly implied by plural but not mass language. The chapter investigates the language–perception interface across these domains using minimally different images and animations, designed either to encourage atomicity (‘natural’ breaks) or to discourage it (‘unnatural’ breaks). The experiments test preference for naming such stimuli with mass or count syntax. The results support Bach’s analogy in perception and highlight the formal role of atomicity in object and event representation.
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Gillon, Carrie, and Nicole Rosen. Gender. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795339.003.0004.
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On the surface, and according to the literature, Michif makes use of two different gender systems: the French sex-based system contrasting masculine and feminine gender, and the Algonquian animacy-based system contrasting animate with inanimate gender (see Bakker 1997; Papen 2002; Strader 2015). This chapter explores the morphosyntax and semantics of the two gender systems, focusing on their productivity. This chapter shows that while the Algonquian-type animacy-based distinctions remain productive and active throughout the Michif grammar, the Romance sex-based distinctions are now relevant mostly semantically, and are only minimally grammatically active. The chapter argues that this asymmetry in patterning suggests that there is also an asymmetry in the contribution of each language to the Michif grammar, with Plains Cree being the stronger influence.
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Benhabib, Seyla. The Slippery Slope of Statist Cosmopolitanism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713258.003.0030.
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Statist cosmopolitanism is the view that obligations to non-members of a polity extend beyond the humanitarian minimum to general duties of assistance and to duties of reciprocity, including those of non-exploitation, non-domination, and avoidance of “free ridership.” Though this view has much to recommend it, the differentiation between strong duties towards “compatriots” and these other forms of obligation rests on anthropological, ontological, and policy premises that are not clarified. Furthermore, statist cosmopolitanism vacillates between a contractarian and identitarian account of the boundaries of the political community. It follows that we should also challenge whether states should be left free to act on their own judgement alone in balancing competing responsibilities to members and non-members.
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Blockley, David. 2. Does form follow function? Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199671939.003.0002.
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In c.15 bc, the Roman Vitruvius stated that a good building should satisfy three requirements: durability, utility, and beauty. ‘Does form follow function?’ examines utility and beauty. It explains that structures are naturally lazy because they contain minimum potential energy. Each piece of structure, however small or large, will move, but not freely as the neighbouring pieces will get in the way. When this happens internal forces are created as the pieces bump up against each other. Force pathways are degrees of freedom and the structure has to be strong enough to resist these internal forces along these pathways. Form-finding structures are exciting and innovative examples of the fusion of engineering and architecture.
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Kelemen, R. Daniel. European States in Comparative Perspective. Edited by Orfeo Fioretos, Tulia G. Falleti, and Adam Sheingate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662814.013.23.
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The character of European states—their approaches to governance, the extent to which they penetrate and shape their societies—has changed radically over centuries. Today, European states continue to vary from one another across many fundamental dimensions. Some are nation states, other states are openly multinational. Some are unitary, others federal. Some command strong bureaucratic capacities, others struggle to collect taxes and keep roads paved. Some states operate impartial and effective systems of justice, while in others judicial systems are riven with corruption or hobbled by inefficiency. Some states intervene heavily in the economy, while others do so minimally. This chapter provides an overview of the contributions that historical institutionalist scholarship has made to our understanding of the origins, evolution and impact of the state in Europe.
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Hemerijck, Anton. Social Investment and Its Critics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790488.003.0001.
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The introduction to the volume surveys the emergence, diffusion, limits, merits, and politics of social investment as an ‘emerging’ welfare policy paradigm for the knowledge-based economy. After revisiting its intellectual roots, the chapter surveys the criticisms that are levelled against the social investment perspective in the academic literature. Provoked by critics, and also the growing evidence of social investment headway and theoretical progress, the chapter subsequently develops a multidimensional life-course taxonomy of three complementary social investment functions: (1) easing the ‘flow’ of contemporary labour-market and life-course transitions; (2) raising the quality of the ‘stock’ of human capital and capabilities; and (3) maintaining strong minimum-income universal safety nets as income protection and economic stabilization ‘buffers’, as a heuristic template for analysing the interdependent character of social investment policy reform through the lens of the life-course contingencies of the knowledge economy and modern family demography.
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Baer, Madeline. Water for Life. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190693152.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 provides a case study of the human rights-based approach to water policy through an analysis of the Bolivian government’s attempts to implement the human right to water and sanitation. It explores these efforts at the local and national level, through changes to investments, institutions, and policies. The analysis reveals that while Bolivia meets the minimum standard for the human right to water and sanitation in some urban areas, access to quality water is low in poor and marginalized communities. While the Bolivian government expresses a strong political will for a human rights approach and is increasing state capacity to fulfill rights, the broader criteria for the right to water and sanitation, including citizen participation and democratic decision-making, remain largely unfulfilled. This case suggests political will and state capacity might be necessary but are not sufficient to fulfill the human right to water and sanitation broadly defined.
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Johnson, Niki. Marginalization of Women and Male Privilege in Political Representation in Uruguay. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851224.003.0010.
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Niki Johnson shows that despite Uruguay being an institutionalized democracy, women have struggled to make numerical progress in politics. Formal and informal institutions that are inherently ridden with political biases limit women’s representation. Small district and party magnitudes along with male-biased candidate selection rules hindered women’s entry into office until the adoption of a gender quota, which was applied minimally by the main parties. Even with a quota, they still do not prioritize gender as a criterion for political office. Johnson points out that substantive representation of women has been historically strong. Uruguay has had a longstanding cross-party women’s caucus in the national parliament that has helped pass significant policies to help women. This contrasts with other countries where small numbers of women have meant more limited policy progress for women. Yet women still face numerous challenges both in terms of numbers and operating as women in politics in Uruguay.
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Reese, Ellen, Stephanie D'Auria, and Sandra Loughrin. Gender. Edited by Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan, and Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.019.
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Reconceptualizing welfare-state regimes in terms of the interactions between markets, states, and gender and family relations, cross-national feminist scholarship reveals that the United States is relatively more "market-based" in its approach to both employment and care work than other wealthy democracies. Consequently female poverty, especially of lone mothers, is far higher in the United States compared to other wealthy democracies. Feminist scholarship also highlights the ways in which U.S. welfare programs are deeply gendered in terms of their underlying philosophies, recipient populations, and distribution of benefits. Feminist scholars have reconceptualized the origins and development of the U.S. welfare state in terms of a "two-track" system that has reinforced both gender and racial inequalities. Programs serving mostly men, such as veterans' benefits or unemployment insurance, provided relatively generous benefits and portrayed recipients as deserving. In contrast, programs serving mostly women, such as mothers' pensions, were relatively stingy, restrictive, and stigmatizing. At the beginning of the 20th century, reformers justified welfare for lone mothers in maternalist terms, emphasizing the value of full-time motherhood for child development. Support for maternalist welfare policies, although never strong, was further weakened as maternal employment grew and as more women of color and unwed mothers gained access to welfare. Since the late 1960s, efforts to reform the welfare system led to the expansion of federal welfare-to-work programs, which have largely tracked participants into low-wage jobs. Child-care subsidies also expanded in this period, but have remained relatively minimal and distributed in ways that reinforced class divisions among working families.
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Backhouse, Roger E., Bradley W. Bateman, Tamotsu Nishizawa, and Dieter Plehwe, eds. Liberalism and the Welfare State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190676681.001.0001.
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The welfare state has, over the past 40 years, come under increasing attack from liberals who consider comprehensive welfare provision inimical to liberalism. Yet many of the architects of the post–World War II welfare states were liberals. Taking as examples three cases not often considered together—Britain, Germany, and Japan—this volume investigates the thinking of liberal economists about welfare. The first part explores the early history of welfare thinking, from the British New Liberals of the early twentieth century, to German ordoliberals and postwar Japanese liberal economists. This is followed by four chapters on neoliberalism under British Conservative and New Labour governments, after German reunification, and under Koizumi in Japan. The final two chapters explore neoliberal ideas on federalism and the response of neoliberal think tanks to the global financial crisis. These are some of the most important findings: Across the different countries, support emerged very early on for social minimum standards, but strong disagreements quickly developed, dividing economists into pro and contra camps, shaping the different regimes. In the age of retrenchment, means-tested programs, private insurance, and temporary relief in times of crisis appear to have become the norm. The strong impact of efficiency-related critiques of welfare regimes has crowded out more nuanced and complex discussions of the past. Yet neither liberalism nor economic ideas in general can be considered inimical to well-designed welfare provision. The debate on economics and welfare can be improved by considering different lineages of both liberal and neoliberal lines of economic thought.
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Cowhey, Peter F., and Jonathan D. Aronson. Creating an International Governance Regime for the Digital Economy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190657932.003.0009.
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The concluding chapter lays out a strategy for creating an international governance regime for the digital economy. It identifies a core “club” of nations that could champion new digital trade agreements linked to stronger international agreements to advance a trusted digital environment—the Digital Economy Agreement. This agreement would revamp trade policy to adjust to the impact of the information and production disruption by improving rules for digital market integration and would create a foundation that simplifies and strengthens the ability to forge significant pacts advancing the goals of improving privacy and cybersecurity while safeguarding against protectionist trade risks. The design of these agreements emphasizes binding “soft rules” that allow significant variations in national policy trade-offs while establishing a minimum common baseline of policy through the soft rules. Expert multistakeholder organizations drawn from civil society loom large in the design for implementation of the soft rules through such avenues as mutual recognition schemes for certifying compliance with privacy and security objectives. If trade agreements prove unworkable as a starting point, such agreements could be anchored to other types of binding policy agreements. However, trade is the first best option for consideration before there is any decision to resort to second-best strategies.
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Mehta, Jal. The Allure of Order. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199942060.001.0001.
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Ted Kennedy and George W. Bush agreed on little, but united behind the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). Passed in late 2001, it was hailed as a dramatic new departure in school reform. It would make the states set high standards, measure student progress, and hold failing schools accountable. A decade later, NCLB has been repudiated on both sides of the aisle. According to Jal Mehta, we should have seen it coming. Far from new, it was the same approach to school reform that Americans have tried before. In The Allure of Order, Mehta recounts a century of attempts at revitalizing public education, and puts forward a truly new agenda to reach this elusive goal. Not once, not twice, but three separate times-in the Progressive Era, the 1960s and '70s, and NCLB-reformers have hit upon the same idea for remaking schools. Over and over again, outsiders have been fascinated by the promise of scientific management and have attempted to apply principles of rational administration from above. Each of these movements started with high hopes and ambitious promises, but each gradually discovered that schooling is not easy to "order" from afar: policymakers are too far from schools to know what they need; teachers are resistant to top-down mandates; and the practice of good teaching is too complex for simple external standardization. The larger problem, Mehta argues, is that reformers have it backwards: they are trying to do on the back-end, through external accountability, what they should have done on the front-end: build a strong, skilled and expert profession. Our current pattern is to draw less than our most talented people into teaching, equip them with little relevant knowledge, train them minimally, put them in a weak welfare state, and then hold them accountable when they predictably do not achieve what we seek. What we want, Mehta argues, is the opposite approach which characterizes top-performing educational nations: attract strong candidates into teaching, develop relevant and usable knowledge, train teachers extensively in that knowledge, and support these efforts through a strong welfare state. The Allure of Order boldly challenges conventional wisdom with a sweeping, empirically rich account of the last century of education reform, and offers a new path forward for the century to come.
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Baer, Madeline. Stemming the Tide. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190693152.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The human right to water and sanitation emerged as a rallying cry for protestors and a legal tool to challenge privatization of water services. This book explores how the right to water and sanitation is fulfilled in different contexts, whether neoliberal policies like privatization pose a threat to the right to water, and whether rights fulfillment leads to meaningful social change. It analyzes the global dynamics of water governance as well as two in-depth country case studies: Chile, the most extreme case of water privatization in the developing world, and Bolivia, the site of the “water wars” that sparked a global movement for the human right to water. An analysis of state capacity, political will, and citizen participation in the case studies reveals that the minimum standard for the right to water and sanitation can be achieved in the absence of political will, and even in a privatized setting. However, achieving this requires strong state capacity, which runs counter to neoliberal logics. Furthermore, the broader standard for the right to water and sanitation requires citizen participation, accountability, and respect for alternatives to the state/market binary. The book argues that a human rights-based approach to water policy will not necessarily lead to social transformation because of the limits of the rights frame itself and preexisting barriers in each local context. The analysis draws from and modifies an analytical framework for evaluating socioeconomic rights realization. In this way, the book builds theory on socioeconomic human rights realization and social transformation.
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Nattrass, Nicoli, and Jeremy Seekings. Inclusive Dualism. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841463.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
W. Arthur Lewis, the founding father of development economics, saw developing economies as dualist, that is, characterised by differences in earnings and productivity between and within economic sectors. His famous model of development, in which ‘surplus’ (unemployed and underemployed) labour was drawn out of subsistence activities and into manufacturing, was reflected in the subsequent East Asian development trajectory in which labour was drawn into low-wage, labour-intensive manufacturing, including in clothing production, before shifting into higher-wage work once the supply of surplus labour had dried up. This development strategy has become unfashionable, the concern being that in a globalized world, labour-intensive industry promises little more than an impoverishing ‘race to the bottom’. A strong strand in contemporary development discourse favours the promotion of decent work irrespective of whether surplus labour exists or not. We argue that ‘better work’ policies to ensure health and safety, minimum wages and worker representation are important. Decent work fundamentalism—that is, the promotion of higher wages and labour productivity at the cost of lower-wage job destruction—is a utopian vision with dystopic consequences for countries with high open unemployment, including most of Southern Africa. We show, using the South African clothing industry as a case study, that decent work fundamentalism ignores the benefits of dualism (the co-existence of high- and low-wage firms), resulting in the unnecessary destruction of labour-intensive jobs and the bifurcation of society into highly-paid, high-productivity insiders and unemployed outsiders. The South African case has broader relevance because of the growth in surplus labour—including in its extreme form, open unemployment—across a growing number of African countries. Inclusive dualism, as a development strategy, takes the trade-off between wages and employment seriously, prioritizes labour-intensive job creation and facilitates increased productivity where appropriate, so that jobs are created, not destroyed.
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Grzywacz, Joseph G., Abdallah M. Badahdah, and d. Azza O. Abdelmoneium. Work Family Balance: Challenges, Experiences, and Implications for Families. 2nd ed. Hamad Bin Khalifa University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/difi_9789927137952.
Full textAbstract:
A key objective of the study of work-family balance detailed in this report was to build an evidence base to inform policy creation or refinement targeting work-family balance and related implementation standards to ensure the protection and preservation of Qatari families. Two complementary projects were designed and implemented to achieve this key objective. The first project was a qualitative study involving in-depth interviews with 20 Qatari working adults (10 males and 10 females). The interviews were designed to learn the meaning of work-family balance among Qataris, identify the factors shaping work-family balance or the lack thereof, and collect firsthand detailed information on the use and value of policy-relevant work-family balance sup - ports for working Qataris. The second component was a survey designed to describe work-family balance among working Qatari adults, determine potential health and well-being consequences of poor work-family balance, and characterize Qataris’ use of and preferences for new work-family balance supports. The data from the qualitative interviews tell a very clear story of work-family balance among Qataris. Work-family balance is primarily viewed as working adults’ ability to meet responsibilities in both the work and family domains. Although work-fam - ily balance was valued and sought after, participants viewed work-family balance as an idyllic goal that is unattainable. Indeed, when individuals were asked about the last time they experienced balance, the most common response was “during my last vacation or extended holiday.” The challenge of achieving work-family balance was equally shared by males and females, although the challenge was heightened for females. Qataris recognized that “work” was essential to securing or providing a desirable family life; that is, work provided the financial wherewithal to obtain the features and comforts of contemporary family life in Qatar. However, the cost of this financial wherewithal was work hours and a psychological toll characterized as “long” and “exhausting” which left workers with insufficient time and energy for the family. Participants commented on the absolute necessity of paid maternity leave for work-family balance, and suggested it be expanded. Participants also discussed the importance of high-quality childcare, and the need for greater flexibility for attending to family responsibilities during the working day. Data from the quantitative national survey reinforce the results from the qualitative interviews. Work-family balance is a challenge for most working adults: if work-fam - ily balance were given scores like academic grades in school, the majority of both males and females would earn a "C" or lower (average, minimal pass or failure). As intimated in the qualitative data, working females’ work-family balance is statistically poorer than that of males. Poor work-family balance is associated with poorer physical and mental health, with particularly strong negative associations with depression. It appears the Human Resource Law of 2016 was effective in raising awareness of and access to paid maternity leave. However, a substantial minority of working Qataris lack access to work-family balance supports from their employer, and the supports that are provided by employers do not meet the expectations of the average Qatari worker.