Academic literature on the topic 'Strongly minimal'
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Journal articles on the topic "Strongly minimal"
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Rao, K. Chandrasekhara, and P. Padma P . Padma. "Strongly Minimal Generalized Boundary." Indian Journal of Applied Research 1, no. 7 (October 1, 2011): 176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2012/59.
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Hrushovski, Ehud, and James Loveys. "Strongly and co-strongly minimal abelian structures." Journal of Symbolic Logic 75, no. 2 (June 2010): 442–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/jsl/1268917489.
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AbstractWe give several characterizations of weakly minimal abelian structures. In two special cases, dual in a sense to be made explicit below, we give precise structure theorems:1. when the only finite 0-definable subgroup is {0}, or equivalently 0 is the only algebraic element (the co-strongly minimal case);2. when the theory of the structure is strongly minimal.In the first case, we identify the abelian structure as a “near-subspace” A of a vector space V over a division ring D with its induced structure, with possibly some collection of distinguished subgroups of A of finite index in A and (up to acl(∅)) no further structure. In the second, the structure is that of V/A for a vector space and near-subspace as above, with the only further possible structure some collection of distinguished points. Here a near-subspace of V is a subgroup A such that for any nonzero d ∈ D. the index of A ∩ dA, in A is finite. We also show that any weakly minimal abelian structure is a reduct of a weakly minimal module.
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Eleftheriou, Pantelis E., Assaf Hasson, and Ya'acov Peterzil. "Strongly minimal groups in o-minimal structures." Journal of the European Mathematical Society 23, no. 10 (May 28, 2021): 3351–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.4171/jems/1095.
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Hillman, Jonathan A. "Strongly minimal PD4-complexes." Topology and its Applications 156, no. 8 (April 2009): 1565–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.topol.2009.01.006.
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Hasson, Assaf, and Ehud Hrushovski. "DMP in strongly minimal sets." Journal of Symbolic Logic 72, no. 3 (September 2007): 1019–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/jsl/1191333853.
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AbstractWe construct a strongly minimal set which is not a finite cover of one with DMP. We also show that for a strongly minimal theory T, generic automorphisms exist iff T has DMP, thus proving a conjecture of Kikyo and Pillay.
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Blossier, Thomas, and Elisabeth Bouscaren. "Finitely axiomatizable strongly minimal groups." Journal of Symbolic Logic 75, no. 1 (March 2012): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/jsl/1264433908.
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Hrushovski, Ehud. "A new strongly minimal set." Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 62, no. 2 (July 1993): 147–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-0072(93)90171-9.
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Hong, Chan Yong, and Tai Keun Kwak. "On minimal strongly prime ideals." Communications in Algebra 28, no. 10 (January 2000): 4867–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00927870008827127.
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Sun, Weihua, Yuming Xu, and Ning Li. "On minimal strongly KC-spaces." Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 59, no. 2 (June 2009): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10587-009-0022-6.
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Ravi, O., S. Jeyashri, and K. Vijayalakshmi. "On Strongly Minimal \(g\)-Continuous Functions in Minimal Structures." Journal of Advanced Studies in Topology 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20454/jast.2010.212.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Strongly minimal"
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Gleiss, Petra M., Josef Leydold, and Peter F. Stadler. "Circuit Bases of Strongly Connected Digraphs." Department of Statistics and Mathematics, Abt. f. Angewandte Statistik u. Datenverarbeitung, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2001. http://epub.wu.ac.at/178/1/document.pdf.
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The cycle space of a strongly connected graph has a basis consisting of directed circuits. The concept of relevant circuits is introduced as a generalization of the relevant cycles in undirected graphs. A polynomial time algorithm for the computation of a minimum weight directed circuit basis is outlined. (author's abstract)Series: Preprint Series / Department of Applied Statistics and Data Processing
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Munasib, Abdul B. A. "Lifecycle of social networks: A dynamic analysis of social capital accumulation." The Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1121441394.
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Fischer, Andrej Verfasser], Alexander [Akademischer Betreuer] [Altland, and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Wiehe. "Minimal models of evolution : germline fitness effects of cancer mutations and stochastic tunneling under strong recombination / Andrej Fischer. Gutachter: Alexander Altland ; Thomas Wiehe." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1038112281/34.
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Wilfer, Oleg. "Duality investigations for multi-composed optimization problems with applications in location theory." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-222660.
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The goal of this thesis is two-fold. On the one hand, it pursues to provide a contribution to the conjugate duality by proposing a new duality concept, which can be understood as an umbrella for different meaningful perturbation methods. On the other hand, this thesis aims to investigate minimax location problems by means of the duality concept introduced in the first part of this work, followed by a numerical approach using epigraphical splitting methods.
After summarizing some elements of the convex analysis as well as introducing important results needed later, we consider an optimization problem with geometric and cone constraints, whose objective function is a composition of n+1 functions. For this problem we propose a conjugate dual problem, where the functions involved in the objective function of the primal problem are
decomposed. Furthermore, we formulate generalized interior point regularity conditions for strong duality and give necessary and sufficient optimality conditions. As applications of this approach we determine the formulae of the conjugate as well as the biconjugate of the objective function of the primal problem and analyze an optimization problem having as objective function the sum of reciprocals of concave functions.
In the second part of this thesis we discuss in the sense of the introduced duality concept three classes of minimax location problems. The first one consists of nonlinear and linear single minimax location problems with geometric constraints, where the maximum of nonlinear or linear functions composed with gauges between pairs of a new and existing points will be minimized. The version of the nonlinear location problem is additionally considered with set-up costs. The second class of minimax location problems deals with multifacility location problems as suggested by Drezner (1991), where for each given point the sum of weighted distances to all facilities plus set-up costs is determined and the maximal value of these sums is to be minimized. As the last and third class the classical multifacility location problem with geometrical constraints is considered in a generalized form where the maximum of gauges between pairs of new facilities and the maximum of gauges between pairs of new and existing facilities will be minimized. To each of these location problems associated dual problems will be formulated as well as corresponding duality statements and necessary and sufficient optimality conditions. To illustrate the results of the duality approach and to give a more detailed characterization of the relations between the location problems and their corresponding duals, we consider examples in the Euclidean space.
This thesis ends with a numerical approach for solving minimax location problems by epigraphical splitting methods. In this framework, we give formulae for the projections onto the epigraphs of several sums of powers of weighted norms as well as formulae for the projection onto the epigraphs of gauges. Numerical experiments document the usefulness of our approach for the
discussed location problems.
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Hillairet, Caroline. "Equilibres sur un marché financier avec asymétrie d'information et discontinuité des prix." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008278.
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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier la réalisation d'un équilibre dans un marché où les prix des actifs financiers sont discontinus et sur lequel les agents sont différemment informés. Dans une première partie, nous résolvons le problème d'optimisation d'un initié qui possède une information forte initiale, i.e. il connaît dès le début une fonctionnelle des trajectoires du processus des prix. Nous établissons, sous une hypothèse d'indépendance de tribus, une condition nécessaire et suffisante d'existence d'un équilibre, défini par le fait que le marché des consommations s'équilibre. Nous montrons qu'à l'équilibre le marché révèle toutes les informations pertinentes. Dans une deuxième partie, nous étudions deux autres modélisations de l'information privée. La première est l'information forte progressive : l'information privée est perturbée par un bruit indépendant qui décroît au cours du temps. La deuxième s'appelle information faible : l'agent sait qu'une information concernant une variable aléatoire va être révélée, il ne peut pas l'observer mais il anticipe sa loi. D'un point de vue mathématique, l'information privée de l'initié n'est plus exprimée par une augmentation de filtration (à la différence d'une information forte, initiale ou progressive) mais par une mesure de probabilité différente assignée à cet agent. Enfin, nous avons étudié la formation d'un équilibre avec plusieurs agents initiés ayant des informations différentes. Nous avons plus particulièrement examiné sous quelles conditions la somme de leur portefeuille est nulle. Nous avons montré que plus un agent est informé sur le marché, plus il doit rester discret et investir peu sur ce marché, afin qu'un équilibre puisse exister. Dans la dernière partie, nous avons simulé les stratégies d'initiés pour différentes informations privées et nous les avons comparées à la stratégie optimale d'un non-initié. Nous avons aussi simulé la formation d'un équilibre et le montant maximal que peut investir un initié dans le marché sans empêcher un équilibre d'avoir lieu.
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"A faster strongly polynomial minimum cost flow algorithm." Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/2206.
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James B. Orlin.Bibliography: p. 11.
Supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator. 8451517-ECS Supported in part by a grant from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. AFOSR-88-0088 Supported in part by grants from Analog Devices, Apple Computer Inc., and Prime Computer.
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"A faster strongly polynomial minimum cost flow algorithm." Alfred P. Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/2265.
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James B. Orlin.Includes bibliographical references.
Supported in part by the Presidential Young Investigator Grant of the National Science Foundation. 8451517-ECS Supported in part by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. AFOSR-88-0088 Supported in part by grants from Analog Devices, Apple Computers, Inc. and Prime Computer.
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(5930930), Nathaniel T. Woodford. "Robust Sensor Selection Strong Detectability." Thesis, 2019.
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An unknown input observer provides perfect asymptotic tracking of the state of a system affected by unknown inputs. Such an observer exists (possibly requiring a delay in estimation) if and only if the system satisfies a property known as strong detectability. In this thesis, we consider the problem of selecting (at design-time) a minimum cost subset of sensors from a given set to make a given system strongly detectable. We show this problem is NP-hard even when the system is stable. Furthermore, we show it is not possible to approximate the minimum cost within a factor of log(n) in polynomial-time (unless P=NP). However, we prove if a given system (with a selected set of sensors) is already strongly detectable, finding the smallest set of additional sensors to install to obtain a zero-delay observer can be done in polynomial time. Next we consider the problem of attacking a set of deployed sensors to remove the property of strong detectability. We show finding the smallest number of sensors to remove is NP-hard. Lastly through simulations, we analyze two greedy approaches for approximating the strong detectability sensor selection problem.
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Georgiou, Konstantinos. "Integrality Gaps for Strong Linear Programming and Semidefinite Programming Relaxations." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/26271.
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The inapproximability for NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems lies in the heart of theoretical computer science. A negative result can be either conditional, where the starting point is a complexity assumption, or unconditional, where the inapproximability holds for a restricted model of computation.
Algorithms based on Linear Programming (LP) and Semidefinite Programming (SDP) relaxations are among the most prominent models of computation. The related and common measure of efficiency is the integrality gap, which sets the limitations of the associated algorithmic schemes. A number of systematic procedures, known as lift-and-project systems, have been proposed to improve the integrality gap of standard relaxations. These systems build strong hierarchies of either LP relaxations, such as the Lovasz-Schrijver (LS) and the Sherali-Adams (SA) systems, or SDP relaxations, such as the Lovasz-Schrijver SDP (LS+), the Sherali-Adams SDP (SA+) and the Lasserre (La) systems.
In this thesis we prove integrality gap lower bounds for the aforementioned lift-and-project systems and for a number of combinatorial optimization problems, whose inapproximability is yet unresolved. Given that lift-and-project systems produce relaxations that have given the best algorithms known for a series of combinatorial problems, the lower bounds can be read as strong evidence of the inapproximability of the corresponding optimization problems. From the results found in the thesis we highlight the following:
For every epsilon>0, the level-Omega(sqrt(log n/ log log n)) LS+ relaxation of the Vertex Cover polytope has integrality gap 2-epsilon.
The integrality gap of the standard SDP for Vertex Cover remains 2-o(1) even if all hypermetric inequalities are added to the relaxation. The resulting relaxations are incomparable to the SDP relaxations derived by the LS+ system. Finally, the addition of all ell1 inequalities eliminates all solutions not in the integral hull.
For every epsilon>0, the level-Omega(sqrt(log n/ log log n)) SA relaxation of Vertex Cover has integrality gap 2-epsilon. The integrality gap remains tight even for superconstant-level SA+ relaxations.
We prove a tight lower bound for the number of tightenings that the SA system needs in order to prove the Pigeonhole Principle. We also prove sublinear and linear rank bounds for the La and SA systems respectively for the Tseitin tautology.
Linear levels of the SA+ system treat highly unsatisfiable instances of fixed predicate-P constraint satisfaction problems over q-ary alphabets as fully satisfiable, when the satisfying assignments of the predicates P can be equipped with a balanced and pairwise independent distribution.
We study the performance of the Lasserre system on the cut polytope. When the input is the complete graph on 2d+1 vertices, we show that the integrality gap is at least 1+1/(4d(d+1)) for the level-d SDP relaxation.
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Wilfer, Oleg. "Duality investigations for multi-composed optimization problems with applications in location theory." Doctoral thesis, 2016. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A20674.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of this thesis is two-fold. On the one hand, it pursues to provide a contribution to the conjugate duality by proposing a new duality concept, which can be understood as an umbrella for different meaningful perturbation methods. On the other hand, this thesis aims to investigate minimax location problems by means of the duality concept introduced in the first part of this work, followed by a numerical approach using epigraphical splitting methods.
After summarizing some elements of the convex analysis as well as introducing important results needed later, we consider an optimization problem with geometric and cone constraints, whose objective function is a composition of n+1 functions. For this problem we propose a conjugate dual problem, where the functions involved in the objective function of the primal problem are
decomposed. Furthermore, we formulate generalized interior point regularity conditions for strong duality and give necessary and sufficient optimality conditions. As applications of this approach we determine the formulae of the conjugate as well as the biconjugate of the objective function of the primal problem and analyze an optimization problem having as objective function the sum of reciprocals of concave functions.
In the second part of this thesis we discuss in the sense of the introduced duality concept three classes of minimax location problems. The first one consists of nonlinear and linear single minimax location problems with geometric constraints, where the maximum of nonlinear or linear functions composed with gauges between pairs of a new and existing points will be minimized. The version of the nonlinear location problem is additionally considered with set-up costs. The second class of minimax location problems deals with multifacility location problems as suggested by Drezner (1991), where for each given point the sum of weighted distances to all facilities plus set-up costs is determined and the maximal value of these sums is to be minimized. As the last and third class the classical multifacility location problem with geometrical constraints is considered in a generalized form where the maximum of gauges between pairs of new facilities and the maximum of gauges between pairs of new and existing facilities will be minimized. To each of these location problems associated dual problems will be formulated as well as corresponding duality statements and necessary and sufficient optimality conditions. To illustrate the results of the duality approach and to give a more detailed characterization of the relations between the location problems and their corresponding duals, we consider examples in the Euclidean space.
This thesis ends with a numerical approach for solving minimax location problems by epigraphical splitting methods. In this framework, we give formulae for the projections onto the epigraphs of several sums of powers of weighted norms as well as formulae for the projection onto the epigraphs of gauges. Numerical experiments document the usefulness of our approach for the
discussed location problems.
Books on the topic "Strongly minimal"
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Florida. Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability. Justification review: Medicaid Program integrity efforts recover minimal dollars, sanctons rarely imposed, stronger accountability needed. Tallahassee, FL: The Office, 2001.
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Hrushovski, Ehud, and François Loeser. Strongly stably dominated points. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161686.003.0008.
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This chapter focuses on the properties of strongly stably dominated types over valued fields bases. In this setting, strong stability corresponds to a strong form of the Abhyankar property for valuations: the transcendence degrees of the extension coincide with those of the residue field extension. The chapter proves a Bertini type result and shows that the strongly stable points form a strict ind-definable subset Vsuperscript Number Sign of unit vector V. It then proves a rigidity statement for iso-definable Γ-internal subsets of maximal o-minimal dimension of unit vector V, namely that they cannot be deformed by any homotopy leaving appropriate functions invariant. The chapter also describes the closure of iso-definable Γ-internal sets in Vsuperscript Number Sign and proves that Vsuperscript Number Sign is exactly the union of all skeleta.
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Glanzberg, Michael. About Convention and Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791492.003.0013.
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In this essay, I explore the nature of convention in language. The common notion of convention focuses on social aspects of coordination, but I identify two others that make minimal use of social coordination. I then explore in depth one example of a feature of language that has appeared to some not to be conventional: the information-structural notion of topic. I argue that the evidence strongly supports a conventional view of topic; but I also argue that it suggests a sort of convention that relies only minimally on social aspects of coordination. From this example, I conclude that we can often extend the reach of conventions in language, but that we should be careful about what those conventions are. Not everything that looks conventional is the same, and as we expand the scope of convention in language, we uncover very different sorts of conventions.
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Lievens, Matthias. Carl Schmitt’s Concept of History. Edited by Jens Meierhenrich and Oliver Simons. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199916931.013.013.
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In many of his political writings, Carl Schmitt seeks to render conflict and struggle visible and recognizable. He wages a metapolitical struggle against depoliticizing types of spirit and for the political. The meaning of history, as this chapter shows, is a crucial terrain for this metapolitical struggle: friends and enemies are symbolized and rendered (in)visible through historical discourses. The analysis demonstrates that Schmitt strongly rejects representations of history that tend to obfuscate its political nature, such as ideologies of progress or the idea of repetition in history. Instead, he advocates a sober and profane image of history, acknowledging its plural and contingent nature. Paradoxically, a figure of theological provenance, the katechon, is the minimal rest of an eschatological vision that Schmitt considers necessary to keep history and theology apart and to maintain an open and profane understanding of history.
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Armstrong, Neil, and Alison M. McManus. Development of the young athlete. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0030.
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Success in youth sport is underpinned by a range of chronological age- and biological maturity status-related factors which affect performance in a sex- and sport-specific manner. Pubertal changes in body size, shape, composition, muscle metabolism, muscle strength, aerobic fitness, and anaerobic fitness strongly influence sport performance but biological clocks run at different rates. As selection and retention in youth sport is based on chronological age, competition is not always on a level playing field. Young athletes benefit from exercise training but there is no convincing evidence of the existence of a ‘maturation threshold’ below which the effects of training will be minimal or will not occur, or of ‘windows of opportunity’ during which training effects are enhanced. Participation in sport provides a positive environment for the promotion of personal development but evidence is accumulating that elite youth sport also presents risks to current and future health and well-being.
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Kahn, Leonard. Liability to Deadly Force in War. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495657.003.0002.
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Both traditional just war theorists (or conventionalists) and revisionists (or anticonventionalists) rely heavily on theories of rights in their arguments about the permissibility of killing in war. However, invoking absolute or very strong rights can lead to claims that are coarse-grained and can yield conclusions that are implausible. This chapter suggests a theory of the permissibility of killing in war inspired by W. D. Ross’s prima facie duties, including strong but defeasible presumptions against killing. This theory, which is called minimal Rossianism, avoids some implausibly strict implications of rights theory and allows for greater nuance in judgments of killing in war.
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Leake, Simon, and Elke Haege. Soils for Landscape Development. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643109650.
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Soils for Landscape Development provides a clear, practical and systematic template for specifying landscape soils based on scientific criteria. The soil specifications provide essential information and a universally applicable method for landscape architects and designers, specification writers, landscape contractors and soil supply companies to ensure quality and fit-for-purpose soils. A strong emphasis is placed on reducing environmental impacts by reuse of on-site soil, promoting appropriate minimal soil intervention, and using recycled products.
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Tesler, Michael, and John Zaller. The Power of Political Communication. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.003.
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Most scholars agree that the effects of mass communication are more than minimal. We find, however, that most communication effects are short-lived, involve mainly weakly held attitudes, and produce no political consequences. Party cues conveyed in mass communication can change attitudes, but usually weakly held ones; when individuals hold strong views, they often change parties rather than change attitudes. Non-partisan communication may not durably change any attitudes, even weakly held ones. These conclusions, derived from field studies rather than laboratory experiments, raise the old minimal effects question in a new form: How politically important are the effects of mass communication? Our answer is that it depends on context. Short-term communication effects can be quite consequential if they occur close to a relevant political decision, such as an election or congressional vote. Communication that continues over a long period of time, such as messages carrying the value of racial equality, may also be important. Short-term or episodic communication that aims to produce a generally informed citizenry, independent of any political decision, may have little importance.
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Rhomari, Noureddine. On Bernstein Type and Maximal Inequalities for Dependent Banach-Valued Random Vectors and Applications. Edited by Frédéric Ferraty and Yves Romain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199568444.013.14.
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This article discusses some results on Bernstein type and maximal inequalities for partial sums of dependent random vectors taking their values in separable Hilbert or Banach spaces of finite or infinite dimension. Two types of measure of dependence are considered: strong mixing coefficients (α-mixing) and absolutely regular mixing coefficients (β-mixing). These inequalities, which are similar to those in the dependent real case, are used to derive the strong law of large numbers (SLLN) and the bounded law of the iterated logarithm (LIL) for absolutely regular Hilbert- or Banach-valued processes under minimal mixing conditions. The article first introduces the relevant notation and definitions before presenting the maximal inequalities in the strong mixing case, followed by the absolutely regular mixing case. It concludes with some applications to the SLLN, the bounded LIL for Hilbertian or Banachian absolutely regular processes, the recursive estimation of probability density, and the covariance operator estimations.
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Roizen, Michael F., and Jeffrey D. Roizen. The Role of Exercise in Integrative Preventive Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190241254.003.0011.
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Eighty observational association studies and several controlled trials provide strong evidence that exercise, done in appropriate amounts and with appropriate techniques, can dramatically enhance well-being and decrease morbidity and mortality. This chapter summarizes the available evidence so that healthcare providers can write rational prescriptions for physical activity for patients that allow minimal activity for maximum health benefit. In brief, doing four physical activities weekly—(1) any kind, (2) strength building, (3) bone strengthening (jumping), and (4) stamina building—and avoiding prolonged (> 1 hr) inactivity by walking for two minutes every hour—provides maximal morbidity and mortality benefit.
Book chapters on the topic "Strongly minimal"
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Abbasizanjani, Hoda, and Oliver Kullmann. "Minimal Unsatisfiability and Minimal Strongly Connected Digraphs." In Theory and Applications of Satisfiability Testing – SAT 2018, 329–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94144-8_20.
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Marker, David. "Strongly Minimal Sets and Geometry." In Logic Colloquium ’95, 191–213. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-22108-2_12.
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Tian, Baoping, Fushan Wei, and Chuangui Ma. "Strongly Secure Key Exchange Protocol with Minimal KEM." In Information Security Practice and Experience, 139–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17533-1_10.
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Xia, Daniel, Michael Simpson, Venkatesh Srinivasan, and Alex Thomo. "Strongly Minimal MapReduce Algorithms: A TeraSort Case Study." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 301–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39951-1_18.
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Boros, E., K. Elbassioni, V. Gurvich, and L. Khachiyan. "Enumerating Minimal Dicuts and Strongly Connected Subgraphs and Related Geometric Problems." In Integer Programming and Combinatorial Optimization, 152–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-25960-2_12.
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Simon, Klaus. "Finding a minimal transitive reduction in a strongly connected digraph within linear time." In Graph-Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science, 245–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-52292-1_18.
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Kemper, Peter. "Linear time algorithm to find a minimal deadlock in a strongly connected free-choice net." In Application and Theory of Petri Nets 1993, 319–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-56863-8_54.
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Scheck, F. "Beyond the Minimal Standard Model." In Electroweak and Strong Interactions, 277–355. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03245-9_4.
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Colonius, Fritz. "Strong local minima." In Optimal Periodic Control, 48–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0077935.
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Panda, Bhawani S., D. Pushparaj Shetty, and Bijaya Kishor Bhatta. "Strong Minimum Energy Minimum Interference Topology in Wireless Sensor Networks." In Distributed Computing and Internet Technology, 177–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28073-3_16.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Strongly minimal"
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Mila, Frédéric. "Minimal Models of Frustrated Quantum Magnets." In EFFECTIVE MODELS FOR LOW-DIMENSIONAL STRONGLY CORRELATED SYSTEMS. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2178031.
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Hagihara, Shigeki, Naoki Egawa, Masaya Shimakawa, and Naoki Yonezaki. "Minimal strongly unsatisfiable subsets of reactive system specifications." In ASE '14: ACM/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2642937.2642968.
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Brewka, Gerhard, Matthias Thimm, and Markus Ulbricht. "Strong Inconsistency in Nonmonotonic Reasoning." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/125.
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Minimal inconsistent subsets of knowledge bases play an important role in classical logics, most notably for repair and inconsistency measurement. It turns out that for nonmonotonic reasoning a stronger notion is needed. In this paper we develop such a notion, called strong inconsistency. We show that—in an arbitrary logic, monotonic or not—minimal strongly inconsistent subsets play the same role as minimal inconsistent subsets in classical reasoning. In particular, we show that the well-known classical duality between hitting sets of minimal inconsistent subsets and maximal consistent subsets generalizes to arbitrary logics if the strong notion of inconsistency is used. We investigate the complexity of various related reasoning problems and present a generic algorithm for computing minimal strongly inconsistent subsets of a knowledge base. We also demonstrate the potential of our new notion for applications, focusing on repair and inconsistency measurement.
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Lopez, Jorge L., D. V. Nanopoulos, and H. Pois. "Proton decay and cosmology strongly constrain the minimal SU(5) supergravity model." In Proceedings of the XXVI International Conference on High Energy Physics. Vol. II. AIP, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.43433.
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Liu, GuanJun, ChangJun Jiang, and MengChu Zhou. "Improved condition for controllability of strongly dependent strict minimal siphons in Petri nets." In 2011 International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnsc.2011.5874938.
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BERCHA, D. M., M. SZNAJDER, and K. Z. RUSHCHANSKII. "VARIOUS APPROACHES TO OBTAIN THE MINIMAL COMPLEXES OF BANDS AND THEIR MANIFESTATION IN SPECTRA OF STRONGLY ANISOTROPIC CRYSTALS." In Proceedings of the Sixth's International School of Theoretical Physics. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812811479_0043.
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Maoui, A., M. Hajjam, and D. Bonneau. "Thermo-Elastohydrodynamic Analysis of Elastomer Radial Lip Seals." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15465.
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This paper aims to study a fully coupled thermal effect in the contact parts - lip surface, rotary shaft and lubricant film - on the elastohydrodynamic behaviour of radial lip seals. The results obtained show that most operating characteristics such as reverse pumping, minimal thickness and power loss are strongly influenced by the temperature distribution in the contact zone. Therefore, all operating characteristics computed by using the local approach are lower than those obtained by using the global approach.
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Li, Xiaoran, Roland K. Chen, and Wei Li. "Effects of Compression Force and Heating Power on Bipolar Tissue Welding." In ASME 2018 13th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2018-6702.
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Bipolar tissue welding is often performed with a set of laparoscopic forceps in a minimal invasive surgery to achieve less bleeding and shorter recovery time. However, problems such as tissue sticking, thermal damage, and joint failure need to be solved before the process can be reliably used in more surgical procedures. In this study, experiments were conducted to examine the effect of process parameters and dynamic impedance for prediction of the size of denatured tissue zone during welding. A weld lobe that defines suitable process conditions was constructed. It is found that tissue denaturation starts from the center of the heated region. Dynamic impedance is strongly affected by the compression level and heating power. The size of denatured tissue zone can be predicted with the heating energy; however, the prediction is strongly dependent on the compression level.
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Park, Taehyun, Timothy Jensen, Daniel Park, Jason Guy, Proyag Datta, Steven A. Soper, and Michael C. Murphy. "Capture of Very Rare Circulating Tumor Cells for Human Breast Cancer Diagnosis." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42425.
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A method of collecting and delivering single or precise numbers of cells to assess the feasibility of capturing very rare circulating tumor cells for human breast cancer diagnosis and monitoring was developed. A PMMA device was assembled with minimal assembly variation using passive alignment. Thermoplastic fusion bonding was optimized to yield minimal deformation of the microfluidic channel. UV modification and an anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (anti-EpCAM) functionalization process were used to generate capture surfaces and maximized by control experiment. Single or precise numbers of target cells were collected using a cell collecting capillary tube and a hemacytometer and delivered into the microchannel without any loss. Cells from one of the human breast cancer cell lines, the MCF-7 cell line (ATCC, Manassas, VA) which strongly overexpresses EpCAM, were successfully captured on the anti-EpCAM coated microchannel surfaces. Successful capture of early stage breast cancer cells in whole blood may be feasible with further optimization of the microchannel geometry and flow velocity through the microfluidic device.
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Erck, Robert, Oyelayo O. Ajayi, Cinta Lorenzo-Martin, and George R. Fenske. "Influence of Surface Texture on Micro EHL in Boundary Regime Sliding." In ASME/STLE 2012 International Joint Tribology Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2012-61065.
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A hard steel ball was slid against textured coated and uncoated steel disks that had strongly directionally ground surfaces. The friction coefficient during ball-on-disk rotating low-speed lubricated sliding was continuously measured. The coefficient of friction rose from ≈ 0.12, which is typical for boundary lubrication regime, to as high as 0.45 whenever the ball was sliding parallel to the grinding ridges on the disc surface. The persistence of this “spike” in the friction was observed to be correlated with the hardness of the disc surface and the nature of the coating. We propose that the frictional spike is due to loss of micro-elastohydrodynamic lubrication, combined with side leakage, leading to intimate asperity-asperity contact. As a result, the coefficient of friction is close to that which is obtained there is no or minimal lubrication. This conclusion is supported by enhanced and persistent frictional spikes in tests conducted with discs coated with a very hard nitride thin film, and constant friction for a disk coated with hydrogenated amorphous carbon, which has low coefficient of friction when there is no/minimal lubrication.
Reports on the topic "Strongly minimal"
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Orlin, James B. A Faster Strongly Polynomial Minimum Cost Flow Algorithm. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada457044.
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Gurevitz, Michael, William A. Catterall, and Dalia Gordon. Learning from Nature How to Design Anti-insect Selective Pesticides - Clarification of the Interacting Face between Insecticidal Toxins and their Na-channel Receptors. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7697101.bard.
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Structural details on the interacting faces of toxins and sodium channels (Navs), and particularly identification of elements that confer specificity for insects, are difficult to approach and require suitable experimental systems. Therefore, natural toxins capable of differential recognition of insect and mammalian Navs are valuable leads for design of selective compounds in insect control. We have characterized several scorpion toxins that vary in preference for insect and mammalian Navs, and identified residues important for their action. However, despite many efforts worldwide, only little is known about the receptor sites of these toxins, and particularly on differences between these sites on insect and mammalian Navs. Another problem arises from the massive overuse of chemical insecticides, which increases resistance buildup among various insect pests. A possible solution to this problem is to combine different insecticidal compounds, especially those that provide synergic effects. Our recent finding that combinations of insecticidal receptor site-3 toxins (sea anemone and scorpion alpha) with scorpion beta toxins or their truncated derivatives are synergic in toxicity to insects is therefore timely and strongly supports this approach. Our ability to produce toxins and various Navs in recombinant forms, enable thorough analysis and structural manipulations of both toxins and receptors. On this basis we propose to (1) restrict by mutagenesis the activity of insecticidal scorpion -toxins and sea anemone toxins to insects, and clarify the molecular basis of their synergic toxicity with antiinsect selective -toxins; (2) identify Nav elements that interact with scorpion alpha and sea anemone toxins and those that determine toxin selectivity to insects; (3) determine toxin-channel pairwise side-chain interactions by thermodynamic mutant cycle analysis using our large collection of mutant -toxins and Nav mutants identified in aim 2; (4) clarify the mode of interaction of truncated -toxins with insect Navs, and elucidate how they enhance the activity of insecticidal site-3 toxins. This research may lead to rational design of novel anti-insect peptidomimetics with minimal impact on human health and the environment, and will establish the grounds for a new strategy in insect pest control, whereby a combination of allosterically interacting compounds increase insecticidal action and reduce risks of resistance buildup.
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Turner, E. C. Mesoproterozoic Borden Basin, northern Baffin Island. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/321825.
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The unmetamorphosed and nearly undeformed late Mesoproterozoic Borden Basin on northern Baffin Island exhibits sag, rift, and foreland-basin-like phases. A thin, partly subaqueous basal basalt is overlain by mature shallow-marine quartz arenite, upward-deepening siltstone and shale (marking the beginning of rifting), a complex suite of rift-delineated carbonate units containing two dramatic internal unconformities, and a flysch-molasse-like succession containing evidence of sediment derivation from the Grenville Orogen. Geochronological data indicate that deposition of most of the succession took place ca. 1100 to 1050 Ma. One of the carbonate intervals, Nanisivik Formation, is the main host of regional Zn-Pb showings including the past-producing Nanisivik orebody, which formed in the late Mesoproterozoic from low-temperature fluids, and which was emplaced under strong structural and stratigraphic controls. Minimal postdepositional deformation is limited to the emplacement of mafic dykes ca. 720 Ma and repeated reactivation of basement-rooted normal faults.
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Dolja, Valerian V., Amit Gal-On, and Victor Gaba. Suppression of Potyvirus Infection by a Closterovirus Protein. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580682.bard.
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The plant virus family Polyviridae is the largest and most destructive of all plant viruses. Despite the continuous effort to develop resistant plant varieties, there is a desperate need for novel approaches conferring wide-range potyvirus resistance. Based on experiments with the tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV)-derived gene expression vector, we suggested approach for screening of the candidate resistance genes. This approach relies on insertion of the genes into a virus vector and evaluation of the phenotypes of the resulting recombinant viruses. The genes which suppress infection by the recombinant virus are selected as candidates for engineering transgenic resistance. Our analysis of the TEV variants expressing proteins of the beet yellows closterovirus (BYV) revealed that one of those, the leader proteinase (L-Pro), strongly and specifically interfered with the hybrid TEV infection. Since closterovirus L-Pro is evolutionary related to potyviral helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro), we suggested that the L-Pro interfered with HC-Pro function via a trans-dominant inhibitory effect. Based on these findings, we proposed to test two major hypotheses. First, we suggested that L-Pro-mediated suppression of potyvirus infection is a general phenomenon effective against a range of potyviruses. The second hypothesis stated that the suppression effect can be reproduced in transgenic plants expressing L-Pro, and can be utilized for generation of resistance to potyviruses. In accord with these hypotheses, we developed two original objectives of our proposal: A) to determine the range of the closterovirus-derived suppression of potyviral infection, and B) to try and utilize the L-Pro-mediated suppression for the development of transgenic resistance to potyviruses. In the first phase of the project, we have developed all major tools and technologies required for successful completion of the proposed research. These included TEV and ZYMV vectors engineered to express several closteroviral L-Pro variants, and generation of the large collection of transgenic plants. To our satisfaction, characterization of the infection phenotypes exhibited by chimeric TEV and ZYMV variants confirmed our first hypothesis. For instance, similar to TEV-L- Pro(BYV) chimera, ZYMV-L-Pro(LIYV) chimera was debilitated in its systemic spread. In contrast, ZYMV-GUS chimera (positive control) was competent in establishing vigorous systemic infection. These and other results with chimeric viruses indicated that several closteroviral proteinases inhibit long-distance movement of the potyviruses upon co-expression in infected plants. In order to complete the second objective, we have generated ~90 tobacco lines transformed with closteroviral L-Pro variants, as well as ~100 lines transformed with BYV Hsp70-homolog (Hsp70h; a negative control). The presence and expression of the trans gene in each line was initially confirmed using RT-PCR and RNA preparations isolated from plants. However, since detection of the trans gene-specific RNA can not guarantee production of the corresponding protein, we have also generated L-Pro- and Hsp70h-specific antisera using corresponding synthetic peptides. These antisera allowed us to confirm that the transgenic plant lines produced detectable, although highly variable levels of the closterovirus antigens. In a final phase of the project, we tested susceptibility of the transgenic lines to TEV infection. To this end, we determined that the minimal dilution of the TEV inoculum that is still capable of infecting 100% of nontransgenic plants was 1:20, and used 10 plants per line (in total, ~2,000 plants). Unfortunately, none of the lines exhibited statistically significant reduction in susceptibility. Although discouraging, this outcome prompted us to expand our experimental plan and conduct additional experiments. Our aim was to test if closteroviral proteinases are capable of functioning in trans. We have developed agroinfection protocol for BYV, and tested if co- expression of the L-Pro is capable of rescuing corresponding null-mutant. The clear-cut, negative results of these experiments demonstrated that L-Pro acts only in cis, thus explaining the lack of resistance in our transgenic plants. We have also characterized a collection of the L-Pro alanine- scanning mutants and found direct genetic evidence of the requirement for L-Pro in virus systemic spread. To conclude, our research supported by BARD confirmed one but not another of our original hypotheses. Moreover, it provided an important insight into functional specialization of the viral proteinases and generated set of tools and data with which we will be able to address the molecular mechanisms by which these proteins provide a variety of critical functions during virus life cycle.
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Thomas, M. D. Magnetic and gravity models, northern half of the Taltson Magmatic Zone, Rae Craton, Northwest Territories: insights into upper crustal structure. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328244.
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A prominent magnetic low along an eastern portion of the Paleoproterozoic Taltson magmatic zone (TMZ) correlates mainly with the youngest granitoid in the zone, the peraluminous ca. 1936 Ma Konth granite. Flanking belts of higher magnetic intensity coincide mainly with slightly older Taltson plutonic rocks (e.g. ca. 1986 Ma Deskenatlata granodiorite, ca. 1955 Ma Slave granite) to the west and Neoarchean and/or Paleoproterozic gneisses of the Rae Craton to the east. A prominent gravity low along a portion of the northeastern margin of the TMZ correlates mainly with the Konth granite. Modelling of east-west magnetic and gravity profiles crossing the TMZ is used to investigate the geometrical and geological significance of these signatures. Modelling of the gravity low revealed a basin-like shape, with a maximum thickness of 14.9 km, for a composite unit of Konth-Slave magmatic suites. Magnetic modelling, the preferred technique north and south of the gravity minimum, yielded basin-like shapes for an essentially nonmagnetic Konth-Slave unit, but with much smaller maximum thicknesses of 5.0 and 6.5 km, respectively. Farther south in the TMZ, strongly magnetic units within mapped Konth and Slave granites preclude definition of a nonmagnetic Konth-Slave unit. Aside from the Slave unit, most other modelled magnetic units are generally steep and narrow and have fairly large magnetic susceptibilities. They are modelled to a depth of 6.2 km below sea level and have a steeply dipping, near-surface structural fabric extending to significant depth. Granitoids in the TMZ have previously been designated as ilmenite series or magnetite series, but modelled susceptibilities indicate that revisions to some designations may be required.
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Gordon, Dalia, Ke Dong, and Michael Gurevitz. Unexpected Specificity of a Sea Anemone Small Toxin for Insect Na-channels and its Synergic Effects with Various Insecticidal Ligands: A New Model to Mimic. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7697114.bard.
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Motivated by the high risks to the environment and human health imposed by the current overuse of chemical insecticides we offer an alternative approach for the design of highly active insect-selective compounds that will be based on the ability of natural toxins to differentiate between insect and mammalian targets. We wish to unravel the interacting surfaces of insect selective toxins with their receptor sites on voltage-gated sodium channels. In this proposal we put forward two recent observations that may expedite the development of a new generation of insect killers that mimic the highly selective insecticidal toxins: (i) A small (27aa) highly insecticidal sea anemone toxin, Av3, whose toxicity to mammals is negligible; (ii) The prominent positive cooperativity between distinct channel ligands, such as the strong enhancement of pyrethroids effects by anti-insect selective scorpion depressant toxins. We possess a repertoire of insecticidal toxins and sodium channel subtypes all available in recombinant form for mutagenesis followed by analysis of various pharmacological, electrophysiological, and structural methods. Our recent success to express Av3 provides for the first time a selective toxin for receptor site-3 on insect sodium channels. In parallel, our recent success to determine the structures and bioactive surfaces of insecticidal site-3 and site-4 toxins establishes a suitable system for elucidation of toxin-receptor interacting faces. This is corroborated by our recent identification of channel residues involved with these two receptor sites. Our specific aims in this proposal are to (i) Determine the bioactive surface of Av3 toward insect Na-channels; (ii) Identify channel residues involved in binding or activity of the insecticidal toxins Av3 and LqhaIT, which differ substantially in their potency on mammals; (iii) Illuminate channel residues involved in recognition by the anti-insect depressant toxins; (iv) Determine the face of interaction of both site-3 (Av3) and site-4 (LqhIT2) toxins with insect sodium channels using thermodynamic mutant cycle analysis; and, (v) Examine whether Av3, LqhIT2, pyrethroids, and indoxacarb (belongs to a new generation of insecticides), enhance allosterically the action of one another on the fruit fly and cockroach paraNa-channels and on their kdr and super-kdr mutants. This research establishes the grounds for rational design of novel anti-insect peptidomimetics with minimal impact on human health, and offers a new approach in insect pest control, whereby a combination of allosterically interacting compounds increases insecticidal action and reduces risks of resistance buildup.
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Ama Pokuaa, Fenny, Aba Obrumah Crentsil, Christian Kwaku Osei, and Felix Ankomah Asante. Fiscal and Public Health Impact of a Change in Tobacco Excise Taxes in Ghana. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2020.003.
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This working paper predicts the fiscal and public health outcomes from a change in the excise tax structure for cigarettes in Ghana. More than 5,000 people are killed by diseases caused by tobacco every year in Ghana (Tobacco Atlas 2018). Currently the country has a unitary tax administration approach, with a uniform ad valorem tax structure on all excisable products, including tobacco. However, the ECOWAS directive on tobacco control, in line with the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO 2003), recommends a simple tax structure – using a mixed excise system with a minimum specific tax floor to overcome the limitations of an ad valorem system on tobacco products, especially cigarettes. The study therefore simulates mixed tax policy interventions, and assesses their effect on government revenue and public health relative to the current ad valorem tax system. Primary data collection of tobacco prices in three geographical zones of the country was conducted in February 2020, across both rural and urban localities. This was supported with secondary data from national and international databases. Based on the assumption that Ghana adopts a mixed tax structure, the simulation shows that, if the government imposes a specific excise tax of GH₵4.00 (US$0.80) per pack in addition to the current ad valorem rate of 175 per cent of the CIF value, the average retail price of a cigarette pack would increase by 128 per cent, cigarette consumption decrease by 27 per cent, tobacco excise tax revenue increase by 627 per cent, and overall tobacco-related government tax revenue increase by 201 per cent.1 Additionally, there would be significant declines in smoking prevalence (3.3%), smoking intensity (1,448 cigarettes per year), and 3,526 premature smoking-related deaths would be avoided. The paper advocates for a strong tax administration and technical capacity, with continuous commitment by the government to adjust the tax rate in line with the rate of inflation and per capita income growth.
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Comparative Analysis on Fuel Consumption Between Two Online Strategies for P2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Adaptive-RuleBased (A-RB) vs Adaptive-Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS). SAE International, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-0740.
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Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) represent one of the main technological options for reducing vehicle CO2 emissions, helping car manufacturers (OEMs) to meet the stricter targets which are set by the European Green Deal for new passenger cars at 80 g CO2/km by 2025. The optimal power-split between the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the electric motor is a challenge since it depends on many unpredictable variables. In fact, HEV improvements in fuel economy and emissions strongly depend on the energy management strategy (EMS) on-board of the vehicle. Dynamic Programming approach (DP), direct methods and Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) are some of the most used methodologies to optimize the HEV power-split. In this paper two online strategies are evaluated: an Adaptive-RuleBased (A-RB) and an Adaptive-Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS). At first, a description of the P2 HEV model is made. Second, the two sub-optimal strategies are described in detail and then implemented on the HEV model to derive the fuel-optimal control strategy managing the power split between the thermal and electric engine to satisfy the driver's power request, including the engine on/off operating mode and the best gear selection. Finally, the two proposed strategies are tested on different driving cycles and then compared to other commercial strategies available in literature, such as the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) and a RuleBased (RB) strategy. The results show that the A-ECMS is more conservative in terms of state of charge (SoC) compared to the A-RB. In fact, in the A-ECMS the SoC is always within the admissible range with considerable margin from the upper and lower limits for tested cycles, while in the A-RB a deep discharge of the battery is allowed. This behavior leads to a better fuel consumption of the A-RB compared to the A-ECMS, both in the WLTC and in the FTP-75 cycle.
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Monetary Policy Report - January 2022. Banco de la República, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr1-2022.
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Macroeconomic summary Several factors contributed to an increase in projected inflation on the forecast horizon, keeping it above the target rate. These included inflation in December that surpassed expectations (5.62%), indexation to higher inflation rates for various baskets in the consumer price index (CPI), a significant real increase in the legal minimum wage, persistent external and domestic inflationary supply shocks, and heightened exchange rate pressures. The CPI for foods was affected by the persistence of external and domestic supply shocks and was the most significant contributor to unexpectedly high inflation in the fourth quarter. Price adjustments for fuels and certain utilities can explain the acceleration in inflation for regulated items, which was more significant than anticipated. Prices in the CPI for goods excluding food and regulated items also rose more than expected. This was partly due to a smaller effect on prices from the national government’s VAT-free day than anticipated by the technical staff and more persistent external pressures, including via peso depreciation. By contrast, the CPI for services excluding food and regulated items accelerated less than expected, partly reflecting strong competition in the communications sector. This was the only major CPI basket for which prices increased below the target inflation rate. The technical staff revised its inflation forecast upward in response to certain external shocks (prices, costs, and depreciation) and domestic shocks (e.g., on meat products) that were stronger and more persistent than anticipated in the previous report. Observed inflation and a real increase in the legal minimum wage also exceeded expectations, which would boost inflation by affecting price indexation, labor costs, and inflation expectations. The technical staff now expects year-end headline inflation of 4.3% in 2022 and 3.4% in 2023; core inflation is projected to be 4.5% and 3.6%, respectively. These forecasts consider the lapse of certain price relief measures associated with the COVID-19 health emergency, which would contribute to temporarily keeping inflation above the target on the forecast horizon. It is important to note that these estimates continue to contain a significant degree of uncertainty, mainly related to the development of external and domestic supply shocks and their ultimate effects on prices. Other contributing factors include high price volatility and measurement uncertainty related to the extension of Colombia’s health emergency and tax relief measures (such as the VAT-free days) associated with the Social Investment Law (Ley de Inversión Social). The as-yet uncertain magnitude of the effects of a recent real increase in the legal minimum wage (that was high by historical standards) and high observed and expected inflation, are additional factors weighing on the overall uncertainty of the estimates in this report. The size of excess productive capacity remaining in the economy and the degree to which it is closing are also uncertain, as the evolution of the pandemic continues to represent a significant forecast risk. margin, could be less dynamic than expected. And the normalization of monetary policy in the United States could come more quickly than projected in this report, which could negatively affect international financing costs. Finally, there remains a significant degree of uncertainty related to the duration of supply chocks and the degree to which macroeconomic and political conditions could negatively affect the recovery in investment. The technical staff revised its GDP growth projection for 2022 from 4.7% to 4.3% (Graph 1.3). This revision accounts for the likelihood that a larger portion of the recent positive dynamic in private consumption would be transitory than previously expected. This estimate also contemplates less dynamic investment behavior than forecast in the previous report amid less favorable financial conditions and a highly uncertain investment environment. Third-quarter GDP growth (12.9%), which was similar to projections from the October report, and the fourth-quarter growth forecast (8.7%) reflect a positive consumption trend, which has been revised upward. This dynamic has been driven by both public and private spending. Investment growth, meanwhile, has been weaker than forecast. Available fourth-quarter data suggest that consumption spending for the period would have exceeded estimates from October, thanks to three consecutive months that included VAT-free days, a relatively low COVID-19 caseload, and mobility indicators similar to their pre-pandemic levels. By contrast, the most recently available figures on new housing developments and machinery and equipment imports suggest that investment, while continuing to rise, is growing at a slower rate than anticipated in the previous report. The trade deficit is expected to have widened, as imports would have grown at a high level and outpaced exports. Given the above, the technical staff now expects fourth-quarter economic growth of 8.7%, with overall growth for 2021 of 9.9%. Several factors should continue to contribute to output recovery in 2022, though some of these may be less significant than previously forecast. International financial conditions are expected to be less favorable, though external demand should continue to recover and terms of trade continue to increase amid higher projected oil prices. Lower unemployment rates and subsequent positive effects on household income, despite increased inflation, would also boost output recovery, as would progress in the national vaccination campaign. The technical staff expects that the conditions that have favored recent high levels of consumption would be, in large part, transitory. Consumption spending is expected to grow at a slower rate in 2022. Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) would continue to recover, approaching its pre-pandemic level, though at a slower rate than anticipated in the previous report. This would be due to lower observed GFCF levels and the potential impact of political and fiscal uncertainty. Meanwhile, the policy interest rate would be less expansionary as the process of monetary policy normalization continues. Given the above, growth in 2022 is forecast to decelerate to 4.3% (previously 4.7%). In 2023, that figure (3.1%) is projected to converge to levels closer to the potential growth rate. In this case, excess productive capacity would be expected to tighten at a similar rate as projected in the previous report. The trade deficit would tighten more than previously projected on the forecast horizon, due to expectations of an improved export dynamic and moderation in imports. The growth forecast for 2022 considers a low basis of comparison from the first half of 2021. However, there remain significant downside risks to this forecast. The current projection does not, for example, account for any additional effects on economic activity resulting from further waves of COVID-19. High private consumption levels, which have already surpassed pre-pandemic levels by a large margin, could be less dynamic than expected. And the normalization of monetary policy in the United States could come more quickly than projected in this report, which could negatively affect international financing costs. Finally, there remains a significant degree of uncertainty related to the duration of supply chocks and the degree to which macroeconomic and political conditions could negatively affect the recovery in investment. External demand for Colombian goods and services should continue to recover amid significant global inflation pressures, high oil prices, and less favorable international financial conditions than those estimated in October. Economic activity among Colombia’s major trade partners recovered in 2021 amid countries reopening and ample international liquidity. However, that growth has been somewhat restricted by global supply chain disruptions and new outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff has revised its growth forecast for Colombia’s main trade partners from 6.3% to 6.9% for 2021, and from 3.4% to 3.3% for 2022; trade partner economies are expected to grow 2.6% in 2023. Colombia’s annual terms of trade increased in 2021, largely on higher oil, coffee, and coal prices. This improvement came despite increased prices for goods and services imports. The expected oil price trajectory has been revised upward, partly to supply restrictions and lagging investment in the sector that would offset reduced growth forecasts in some major economies. Elevated freight and raw materials costs and supply chain disruptions continue to affect global goods production, and have led to increases in global prices. Coupled with the recovery in global demand, this has put upward pressure on external inflation. Several emerging market economies have continued to normalize monetary policy in this context. Meanwhile, in the United States, the Federal Reserve has anticipated an end to its asset buying program. U.S. inflation in December (7.0%) was again surprisingly high and market average inflation forecasts for 2022 have increased. The Fed is expected to increase its policy rate during the first quarter of 2022, with quarterly increases anticipated over the rest of the year. For its part, Colombia’s sovereign risk premium has increased and is forecast to remain on a higher path, to levels above the 15-year-average, on the forecast horizon. This would be partly due to the effects of a less expansionary monetary policy in the United States and the accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances in Colombia. Given the above, international financial conditions are projected to be less favorable than anticipated in the October report. The increase in Colombia’s external financing costs could be more significant if upward pressures on inflation in the United States persist and monetary policy is normalized more quickly than contemplated in this report. As detailed in Section 2.3, uncertainty surrounding international financial conditions continues to be unusually high. Along with other considerations, recent concerns over the potential effects of new COVID-19 variants, the persistence of global supply chain disruptions, energy crises in certain countries, growing geopolitical tensions, and a more significant deceleration in China are all factors underlying this uncertainty. The changing macroeconomic environment toward greater inflation and unanchoring risks on inflation expectations imply a reduction in the space available for monetary policy stimulus. Recovery in domestic demand and a reduction in excess productive capacity have come in line with the technical staff’s expectations from the October report. Some upside risks to inflation have materialized, while medium-term inflation expectations have increased and are above the 3% target. Monetary policy remains expansionary. Significant global inflationary pressures and the unexpected increase in the CPI in December point to more persistent effects from recent supply shocks. Core inflation is trending upward, but remains below the 3% target. Headline and core inflation projections have increased on the forecast horizon and are above the target rate through the end of 2023. Meanwhile, the expected dynamism of domestic demand would be in line with low levels of excess productive capacity. An accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances in Colombia and the increased likelihood of a faster normalization of monetary policy in the United States would put upward pressure on sovereign risk perceptions in a more persistent manner, with implications for the exchange rate and the natural rate of interest. Persistent disruptions to international supply chains, a high real increase in the legal minimum wage, and the indexation of various baskets in the CPI to higher inflation rates could affect price expectations and push inflation above the target more persistently. These factors suggest that the space to maintain monetary stimulus has continued to diminish, though monetary policy remains expansionary. 1.2 Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s board of directors (BDBR) in its meetings in December 2021 and January 2022 voted to continue normalizing monetary policy. The BDBR voted by a majority in these two meetings to increase the benchmark interest rate by 50 and 100 basis points, respectively, bringing the policy rate to 4.0%.