Academic literature on the topic 'STRONG TIES VS. WEAK TIES'
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Journal articles on the topic "STRONG TIES VS. WEAK TIES"
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Moskotina, Ruslana. "Protest engagement: weak vs strong social ties." Ukrainian society 2019, no. 3 (2019): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/socium2019.03.023.
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This article dwells upon the importance of finding methods and ways of studying protest behaviour that can explain its emergence. Protest behaviour is considered as the result of protest engagement. It is assumed that there are social ties between individuals, potential protesters. M. Granovetter proposes to distinguish strong ties and weak ties. Strong ties tend to form closed and cohesive groups but weak ties can be the bridges that match groups and/or individuals. The author of this article conducts a research with applying a method of agent-based modelling. Its aim is to test the Granovetter’s thesis about the strength of weak ties towards protest behaviour. In this research the linear threshold model is used. Our research with applying method of the agent-based modelling includes the computer experiments (simulations) with the social networks. There are generated five networks, three of which contain only strong ties and the rest of the networks contain only weak ties. Simulations with the networks allow us to determine the number of inactive agents that are involved in the protest, the speed of the protest engagement and the effectiveness of overcoming the resistance of inactive agents. It is found that both weak ties and strong ties can determine protest behaviour. Strong ties contribute to a quicker protest engagement. Weak ties can better overcome the resistance of inactive agents. At the same time weak ties slow down the process of the protest engagement and strong ties are generally less effective in overcoming the resistance of inactive agents. Agent-based modelling helps us to conduct the fundamental research. On the one hand we test Granovetter’s thesis about the strength of weak ties towards protest behaviour. On the other hand we cannot draw conclusions about protest behaviour in Ukraine. But we can conduct an empirical sociological study in order to test the results of our research and understand its relevance towards protest behaviour in Ukraine.
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Palazon, Mariola, María Sicilia, and Manuela Lopez. "The influence of “Facebook friends” on the intention to join brand pages." Journal of Product & Brand Management 24, no. 6 (September 21, 2015): 580–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-08-2014-0696.
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Purpose – This paper aims to examine the role of Facebook friends on the intention to join brand pages in this social network site (SNS). SNSs have grown in both popularity and use. They allow individuals to articulate their social networks by developing a list of other members on the site with whom they share a connection. These platforms also allow companies to create profiles to promote their brands. However, many firms have jumped into SNSs by creating a “brand page” without fully understanding how to spread it successfully. Design/methodology/approach – Two experiments were developed. In the first one, the authors manipulated how the individual comes to know about brand pages. Participants discovered a brand page through a friend with whom they have either a strong tie or a weak tie. In the second experiment (2 × 2), the authors manipulated tie strength (strong vs weak) and the type of recommendation (active vs passive). Findings – Results of the first study show that as the individual has more experience in Facebook (measured in this paper through satisfaction, past behavior of following brands and Facebook intensity), the effect of tie strength on the intention to join a brand page dilutes. The second study confirms Study 1 and shows that strong ties exert more influence than weak ties when the brand page is actively recommended by Facebook friends. Practical implications – This paper shows that the influence of strong ties is particularly important for individuals with low levels of experience in Facebook. As experience in SNSs is expected to continue growing, managers should not forget the role of weak ties as a source of information for their networked friends. Strong ties only remain more influential than weak ties when the information about the brand page is received through an invitation. Originality/value – This paper explores the interpersonal influences in Facebook, asserting that the influence of tie strength depends on the level of experience in the SNS, and on the way, information about the brand page is received.
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Wang, Qi, Yan Sun, Ji Zhu, and Xiaohang Zhang. "The impact of uncertain rewards on customers’ recommendation intention in social networks." Internet Research 28, no. 4 (August 6, 2018): 1029–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-03-2017-0116.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to research the effect of uncertain rewards on the recommendation intention in referral reward programs (RRPs) and investigate the interaction of tie strength and reward type on the recommendation intention. Design/methodology/approach The research adopts a quantitative exploratory approach through the use of experiments. Study 1 adopted a 2×2 between-participants design ((reward type: certain reward vs uncertain reward)×(tie strength: strong tie vs weak tie)). Respectively, by manipulating uncertain probabilities and expected value, Studies 2 and 3 further explore the effect of uncertain rewards and tie strength on customers’ referral intention. Findings This paper finds the following: compared to certain rewards, customers’ referral intention under uncertain rewards is higher and positive experience has a mediating effect between reward type and recommendation intention; when only the recommender is rewarded, the tie strength between the recommender and the receiver moderates the effect of reward type on the recommendation intention; for strong ties, customers’ recommendation intention is higher in uncertain reward condition, but for weak ties, customers’ willingness to recommend is almost the same in both reward types; when both the recommender and the receiver are rewarded, although certain rewards have a higher expected value than uncertain and random rewards, for strong ties, the participants have a higher referral intention under random rewards than that under uncertain rewards, which have a higher referral willingness than that under certain rewards. Additionally, for weak ties, the reverse is true. Originality/value The research has both theoretical implications for research on uncertain rewards and tie strength and practical implications for marketing managers designing and implementing RRPs.
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DESTA, ISAAC, ABEL TEDLA, and DAWIT ZEROM. "ENTREPRENEURIAL NETWORKS AND GROWTH IN FEMALE-OWNED BUSINESSES: EVIDENCE FROM SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN ERITREA." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 20, no. 04 (December 2015): 1550022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946715500223.
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This study examines the role of entrepreneurial network strength (strong vs. weak ties) on growth of female-owned businesses. Primary data were collected from 356 small- and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) located in four of the six administrative regions of Eritrea. Our main finding indicates that weak entrepreneurial networks composed of cooperatives and business firms have the strongest positive relationship with growth.
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Utz, Sonja. "Is LinkedIn making you more successful? The informational benefits derived from public social media." New Media & Society 18, no. 11 (July 10, 2016): 2685–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444815604143.
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This article uses a social capital framework to examine whether and how the use of three types of publicly accessible social media (LinkedIn, Twitter, Facebook) is related to professional informational benefits among a representative sample of Dutch online users. Professional informational benefits were conceptualized as the (timely) access to relevant information and being referred to career opportunities. The effect of content and structure of the respective online network on professional informational benefits was examined on the general (users vs. non-users of a platform) and more fine-grained level (within users of a specific platform). Overall, users of LinkedIn and Twitter reported higher informational benefits than non-users, whereas the Facebook users reported lower informational benefits. Posting about work and strategically selecting ties consistently predicted informational benefits. The network composition mattered most on LinkedIn; strong and weak ties predicted informational benefits. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the social capital framework.
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Andris, Clio, and Dipto Sarkar. "Methods for the Geographic Representation of Interpersonal Relationships and Social Life." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-11-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Interpersonal relationships are an important part of social and personal health. Studies of social capital show that individuals and communities with stronger ties are have an economic and health advantage. Yet, loneliness and isolation are becoming major public health issues. There is a pressing need to measure where relationships are strong and how accessible one’s social ties are, in order to learn how to better support face-to-face meetings and promote social health in society. However, the datasets we use to study people and human behaviour are most often mobility data and census data &ndash; which tell us little about personal relationships. These data can be augmented with information about where people have ties, and how their relationships unfold over geographic space. The data we use to study the built environment include building footprints and infrastructure, and we can annotate these data by how (well) infrastructure supports different kinds of relationships, in order to ask new questions about how the landscape encourages relationships.</p><p> We suggest a list of methods for representing interpersonal relationships and social life at various socio-spatial levels of aggregation. We give an example of each, with an effort to span various use cases and spatial scales of data modelling.</p><p> <strong>Dyads (line) and Ego-based (star):</strong> This geometric model represents a relationship between two individuals (Figure 1A). The individuals can be geolocated to households, administrative units, real-time locations, etc. The tie can be given a nominal category such as family or co-worker, and edge weights that signify reported relationship strength, frequency of contact, frequency of face-to-face meeting, et cetera. Star models represent a central individual and his/her geolocated ties (that radiate from the centre). The star illustrates the theoretical concept of personal extensibility.</p><p> <strong>Points of Interest (points):</strong> Points of interest provide a place-based perspective (note that these entities can also be represented as polygons such as building footprints, or lines such as gradients of interaction on a subway). Certain places are better suited for fostering relationships than others (Figure 1B), and each can be annotated with their ability to foster: new ties (a nightclub), gender-bonding ties (bowling leagues), romantic ties (romantic restaurants), inter-generational ties (a religious facility), professional ties (conferences), et cetera.</p><p> <strong>Polygons/Administrative Units (polygons):</strong> These data are attached to administrative areal units (Census boundaries, provinces, zones, etc.). The data represent surveyed data on relationship-related variables in censuses, social surveys and social capital surveys. These surveys ask about trust, friendliness with neighbours, social life, belongingness to institutions, and more (Figure 1C), illustrating the social health of an area.</p><p> <strong>Aggregate Flows and Social Networks (lies and networks):</strong> This model illustrates the geolocated, social ties within a spatial extent, i.e. the social networks of a group of many people over a large extent (Figure 1D). Data can be sourced from social media, telecommunications patterns, and other declarations of relationships.</p><p> <strong>Regions (polygons):</strong> Regions, that may describe neighbourhoods within one city, or an agglomeration of cities, can be defined by social ties. Instead of commuting or economic ties, regions are defined by a preponderance of social ties within a given polygon, and a lack of ties between polygons (or between the polygon and any external area). Social regions represent a likeness and strong ties between the people that live within the region (Figure 1E).</p><p> Given these methods for representing social life and interpersonal relationships as GIS data, new questions may arise. At the <strong>dyadic level</strong>: how can we map the presence of a relationship between two people? At the <strong>ego-based level</strong>: how far and with what kind of diversity do people have ties? At the <strong>point of interest level</strong>: what kinds of mapable data can describe places’ ability to create new relationships and foster existing relationships? At the <strong>polygonal level</strong>: what kinds of mapable data can show where relationships are strong or weak? At the <strong>levels of flows and networks</strong>: what kinds of mapable data can describe systems of diffusion? At the <strong>regional level</strong>: what physical and administrative boundaries guide social ties?</p><p> For cartographers and geographic modellers looking to study social life, data acquisition, analysis, and mapping are challenges. The point of this extended abstract is to inventory the possibilities of mapping these data, open a dialog for experimenting with what kinds of symbologies, associated variables, classification schemes, visualization techniques and data collection opportunities are available for this purpose. We also hope to create spaces for comparative studies that describe the implications of these choices. In our search, we find that the major research challenges are the following: 1) privacy 2) geolocatable data 3) qualitative vs. quantitative data and 4) assurance statistically-significant samples sizes 5) analysis and modelling 6) visualization. Nevertheless, our goal is to make these indicators and data more GIS-friendly and available to geospatial analysts, modellers and cartographers.</p>
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Souiden, Nizar, Riadh Ladhari, and Liu Chang. "Chinese perception and willingness to buy Taiwanese brands." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 30, no. 4 (September 10, 2018): 816–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-09-2017-0203.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine ethnocentrism and animosity in a special context of two societies that share cultural, historical, ethnic and geographical characteristics. In particular, it first investigates the relationships between Chinese ethnocentrism and animosity toward Taiwan, and then it examines the impact of these two factors on the Chinese perception of Taiwanese brand quality and their purchase intent. Design/methodology/approach Based on a sample of 605 respondents from China, data were analyzed by structural equation modeling. Findings The results show that although Chinese animosity toward Taiwan is moderate, it is significantly driven by ethnocentrism, which has a significant and negative effect on willingness to buy, but not on the perception of Taiwanese brand quality. The Chinese animosity toward Taiwan, however, has negative and significant effects on their perception of Taiwanese brand quality and their intention of purchasing Taiwanese brands. Research limitations/implications The immense size of the country has impeded the representativeness of the authors’ sample and the generalizability of the results. Also, the study covers only one type of product. Practical implications Forming partnerships with local Chinese businesses and developing strong ties with local communities could be considered as a solution to minimize or circumvent the effect of animosity and might help foreign companies appear more “local.” Originality/value In contrast to past studies that investigated ethnocentrism and animosity in the context of countries presenting several differences (e.g. China vs USA), this study investigates the effect of ethnocentrism and animosity in the context of two countries (China and Taiwan) that share cultural, historical, ethnic and geographic characteristics. Despite the strong ties between the two countries, the Chinese have a certain animosity, though moderate, toward Taiwan and consequently are less inclined to buy Taiwanese brands. This implies that Chinese animosity toward a country may be toned down or pronounced, depending on whether they have strong or weak ties with that country.
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Filieri, Raffaele, and Salma Alguezaui. "Structural social capital and innovation. Is knowledge transfer the missing link?" Journal of Knowledge Management 18, no. 4 (July 8, 2014): 728–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkm-08-2013-0329.
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Purpose – This paper aims to address the gap that, to date, no systematic review has been carried out on the role that structural social capital (SC) plays for knowledge transfer and innovation at the interpersonal, inter-unit and inter-firm levels. Individuals and organisations are becoming increasingly involved in collaboration networks to share knowledge and generate innovation. SC theory has been adopted in several areas of study to explain how individuals, groups and organisations manage relationships to generate innovation. Design/methodology/approach – This review covers studies of SC in organisational behaviour, strategy and management over a period of 20 years. Findings – The literature review shows that knowledge types and knowledge transfer processes are the missing links in the relationship between structural SC and innovation. Moreover, the paper demonstrates that seemingly opposite configurations of SC are complementary to each other (structural holes vs dense networks; strong vs weak ties) and that contextual factors should be considered when discussing the effects of SC on knowledge transfer and innovation. In addition, it is the balance of different configurations of SC which enables an individual or a company to explore, access, assimilate and combine different knowledge types, which will lead to improved innovation outcomes. Originality/value – This review facilitates understanding of the role of SC for knowledge transfer processes and the mediating role of knowledge transfer processes and knowledge types in the relationship between structural SC and innovation.
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Cybenko, George. "Weak Links, Strong Ties." IEEE Security and Privacy Magazine 4, no. 6 (November 2006): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msp.2006.170.
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Wilson, Tamar. "Weak Ties, Strong Ties: Network Principles in Mexican Migration." Human Organization 57, no. 4 (December 1998): 394–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.57.4.pw61g8j535740428.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "STRONG TIES VS. WEAK TIES"
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Shaikh, Nida. "Role os Strong and Weak Ties : Entrepreneur’s Social Network." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Projekt, innovationer och entreprenörskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-141057.
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The role of social networking has widely been embraced in an entrepreneurial context due to its nature of providing easy access to information, support and other complementary resources needed for the creation and development of entrepreneurial venture (Omta et al., 2001; Johannisson,1990 cited in Song et al., 2017). The entrepreneurs’ network is affiliated with the study of social relations that can influence the creation and development of new business by shedding light on the functionality of social ties in the diffusion of resources that are vital for the establishment of firms (Greve, 1995). Therefore, studying the field of entrepreneurship in the context of social network can offer a fruitful perspective on entrepreneurship (Greve, 1995).Despite the vast and diverse research in the field of networking and entrepreneurship, there are still some gaps concerning what is actually going on in a network and the understanding about network operation, their nature and role in influencing business performance still limited to fairly broader and theoretical perspective (Jack, 2005). So, in line with these views, the purpose of this study is to explore and enhance the understanding of the networking in an entrepreneurial context by shedding light on the role of strong and weak social ties. The foundation of this study relies on Granovetter’s (1973, 1985) strong and weak tie hypothesis and Jack (2005) work, that by highlighting the characteristics, formation, and outcome of strong and weak social relationships contribute to building the concept of entrepreneur’s social network.A multiple case study of five entrepreneurs, operating their networks and businesses in Linköping, Sweden, has been conducted to achieve the purpose of this study. This research work uses a qualitative approach and is based on the semi-structured interviews, which allows a deeper insight into the studied area through analysis of multiple cases.The result of this study indicates that both the strong and weak social ties, in which an entrepreneur is bonded, are used to a varying level in terms of information flow. Strong relationships, that relies on frequent interaction, hold great importance in providing quality information as compared to weak relationships but simultaneously accountable for providing information that is useless and not up-to date. On, the other hand weak-ties contacts are dispersed in a social network and rarely interact with each other. But these weak connections are also important and play their role once get activated by entrepreneurs. Considering the information flow weaker relationships also occurred to be useful however the relatively small size of the town can mean that similar information is repeated by several connections. Since, the aspect of individual knowledge and experience help in the formation of new relationships but the result of this study highlights that, a personal motivation and drive towards networking also plays a crucial role in the formation of both strong and weak ties.The study findings can benefit the researchers and the entrepreneurs in developing their knowledge about networking and role of social ties in providing access to information and resources necessary for the creation and the development of venture. However, the strong connections hold a dominant position concerning the information and the resource flow but weak connections are also crucial and provide support in areas that strong connections lack. Thus, the entrepreneur that keeps the balance between both his/her strong and weak connections can efficiently reap the benefit of social networking.
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Karlsson, Jimmy, and Ida Lindberg. "Vägran att trampa fler meter anstaltskorridor : En kvalitativ studie av åtta återfallsförbrytares avslutande av sin respektive kriminella livsstil." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-34797.
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This paper starts where previous research in this scientific field, research about individuals who managed to end their criminal lifestyle, ends – by talking in terms of Pierre Bourdieu’s forms of capital. In former studies the researchers pointed out access to a job and parenting as helpful factors to end a criminal lifestyle. Our purpose with this paper, however, was to find out if it is possible to understand criminals successfully ending their criminal lifestyle from Bourdieu’s capital metaphors and Mark Granovetter’s concept of strong and weak ties. The empirical data consists of interviews with a life story perspective by eight members of an organization called KRIS (Criminals Return Into Society). All the interviewees included in this study have managed to end their respective criminal lifestyle. The results indicate that our interviewees had help in their ending of the criminal lifestyle by access to or by establishing social capital. The social capital in the interviewees’ cases were constituted by on one hand strong ties, on the other hand weak ties. In a couple of cases both types of ties were involved. Nevertheless, the results indicate that the social capital itself cannot make an ending of the criminal lifestyle possible. The following factors in the individual’s life has to be fulfilled in order to end his or hers criminal lifestyle: (1) exhort a strong motive inside him-/herself, (2) accept no drug use of any kind and (3) carry through a switch of field from the criminal society to the conventional.
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Saad, Michael. "Relationship Status: It's Complicated - The Role of Narcissism in the Development of Relationships Through Facebook." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23261.
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The presence of both narcissism and social capital in the digital social networking site Facebook is altering the dynamic of relationship development. Therefore, the central research question directing this study is as follows: What role do narcissistic personality traits play in bridging social capital on Facebook? From this, two sub-questions are raised: 1) What are the motives for users to express narcissistic traits through Facebook? 2) How is narcissistic-motivated activity influencing social capital development through Facebook? Guiding this thesis are concepts of social tie relationships (as they apply to narcissism), and digital social networks. An exploratory study of in-depth interviews was utilized to conduct such research. A key objective in this thesis is understanding motive and purpose for generating social capital in an online environment. The findings from this study suggest Facebook is a facilitator for the expression of narcissistic traits. As a result, this is influencing the disconnected and questionable value of digital social capital.
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Olender, Klaudia, and Josefsson Emma Ask. "Att bygga broar : Unga vuxnas användning av sociala kontakter i anskaffande av arbete." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-62978.
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The purpose of the following essay is to study and explain how young adults use their social networks when it comes to finding a job. This study was conducted using nine semi-structured interviews with young adults with some form of employment. We used Granovetter’s theory about strong and weak ties, Bourdieu’s capital theory, Lin’s social reources theory and Putnam’s reasoning about generalized reciprocity. The result shows that social capital is a decisive factor in how young individuals use their social contacts. The volume of social capital is determined by economic resources, social background and the size of the social network. Less resourceful groups have a tendency to take advantage of the strong ties, i.e. family and relatives, often when looking for their first job. The weak ties, i.e. acquaintances, are used later in life when the individual has greater resources and networks. Individuals from the privileged groups may not always be able to work on their parents’ company as a first job, because they might require certain qualifications to do so. However, these job positions become possible for the young individuals from resourceful groups when they accomplish a relevant education. That's when they get the chance to use the resources that are embedded in their strong ties.
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Ek, Mattias, Ola Grändås, and Per Lundgren. "Känner du rätt person? : En studie om sociala kontaktnätets betydelse vid anställning av civilekonomer." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-28276.
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Bakgrund: 2010 presenterade SCB en undersökning om hur 403 000 jobb tillsattes (GP 2010). 79 000 av dessa tjänster tillsattes via personliga kontakter och ytterligare 100 000 där arbetsgivaren själv kontaktade den arbetssökande. Denna trend i användandet av det sociala kontaktnätet får stöd av Lena Hensvik, doktorand i nationalekonomi, i tidskriften Framtider (2012). Hon skriver att den sociala omgivningen såsom grannar, skolkamrater, tidigare kollegor och föräldrar har stor betydelse för hur vi får anställning eller inte. Hon menar att kontaktnätet är en viktig självinvestering då vårdandet av ens nätverk uppenbarligen kan underlätta jobbsökandet. Hensvik (2012) fortsätter skriva att det i dagens samhälle inte bara handlar om vem du är utan även vem du känner. Syfte: Tidigare forskning berättar att personliga kontakter är en av de faktorer som ökar anställningsbarheten. Vi vill därför ta vid där tidigare forskning slutar och göra en mer inriktad studie där vi fokuserar på personliga kontakter och kartlägger dess effekt i praktiken. Vi ämnar därför förklara personliga kontakters betydelse i samband med nyanställning av civilekonomer med examen från 2007-2012. Metod: Vi har valt att genomföra vår studie med en kvantitativ undersökningsdesign och ett deduktivt synsätt på relationen teori och forskning. Empiriska data har insamlats genom enkätundersökning. Slutsats: Vår slutsats är att personliga kontakter är användbara för civilekonomer i anställningsprocessen, att kontakterna till 90,4% leder dem till minst intervju och att kontakterna inte nödvändigtvis är de som är definierade som svaga, se Granovetters (1973, 1975) teorier om The Strength of Weak Ties.Background: In 2010 SCB presented a survey of how 403 000 jobs were added (GP 2010). 79 000 of these were added through social contacts and another 100 000 by the employer himself who contacted the unemployed. This trend of using social contacts in the job-seeking process gets support by Hensvik, doctor in economics. In the magazine Framtider (2012) she writes that the social environment such as neighbours, class mates, former colleagues and parents have a big impact if we get an employment or not. Hensvik (2012) says that the caring of ones contacts is an important self-investment that improves your probabilities of getting an employment. She continues writing that in today’s society it’s not only important who you are but also who you know. Purpose: Previous research tells that social contacts are one of the factors that will improve your probabilities of getting employed. We will continue where previous research tends to end and aim for a more focused study where we measure the effects of using contacts in reality. The purpose of this thesis is to explain the contacts’ importance when employing former students with a Degree of Master of Science in Business and Economics. Method: We have conducted a questionnaire survey that was sent out to eight Swedish universities resulting in 100 responses. Conclusion: We have come to the conclusion that social contacts contribute in the recruitment process of former business students, that the use of contacts in 90,4% will get you far in the job-seeking process and that the helpful contacts are not necessarily the ones defined as weak ties, of which Granovetter (1973, 1975) would have argued.
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Godara, Jaideep. "The Efficacy of Knowledge Sharing: Centralized Vs. Self-Organizing Online Communities." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42681.
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This study investigates the impact of an online communityâ s control structure on the knowledge sharing process in that community. Using a framework comprised of legitimate peripheral participation theory and the weak-ties phenomenon, the study focuses on a comparative analysis of self-organizing online communities (e.g., weblog networks) and centralized online communities (e.g., discussion forums communities) with respect to the efficacy of knowledge sharing in these communities. The findings of this study indicate that self-organizing communities of practice have more weak-ties among their members compared to centralized communities. As per weak-ties theory of Granovetter (1973, 1983), these findings suggest that self-organizing communities facilitate greater dissemination of knowledge and flow of information among their members than centralized communities. The abundance of weak-ties in their community structure also makes self-organizing communities better environments for the discovery of new information compared to centralized community environments.
This study did not find any evidence of community structure impact on peripheral participation and the interaction activity level among peripheral participants of a given online community. These observations may have stemmed from the limitations of research design, however, it is safe to say as of now that verdict on peripheral participation differences in different community structures is inconclusive at best.Master of Science
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Axner, Tom, and Philip Zetterlund. "Mat- och tekniknytt : Kommunikation och informationsspridning för ökad innovation inom gotländska livsmedelsförädlingsindustrin." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informatik och media, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-389436.
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Hållbarhet är ett ämne som konstant är på dagens agenda. Många länder gör idag omställningar föratt nå de uppsatta klimatmålen inom FN, EU och på en nationell nivå. Gotland Grönt Centrum är enaktör på Gotland som genom sitt projekt “Ökad livsmedelsförädling” drar sitt strå till stacken för att ökaden hållbara utvecklingen på ön. Gotland Grönt Centrum vill öka kunskapsspridningen ochinnovationsgraden inom den gotländska livsmedelsförädlingsindustrin genom att upprätta enFacebooksida där aktörer kan mötas. Forskningsfrågan för uppsatsen är därför fokuserad på hurkommunikationen bör se ut för att nå de uppsatta målen i GGC:s projekt. Genom en kvalitativ studieämnar denna uppsats besvara forskningsfrågan genom teorier om social network theory,sensemaking, strukturella hål med flera för att sedan mynna ut i en slutsats. Genom en kodning avempirin kunde analysen visa flera aspekter som är vitala för att GGC ska kunna föra en framgångsrikkommunikation för att nå sina mål. Svaret blev att genom att arbeta med sensemaking för att formasitt budskap efter målgruppen kan engagemanget gentemot projektet öka. Detta kan leda till eninstitutionalisering och gemensam förståelse, vilket kan leda till framtida samarbeten mellan aktörer.Innovationsgraden kan dessutom öka ifall GGC antar en roll som länk och gränsöverskridare inomnätverket för att överbrygga strukturella hål och således få in ny information i flödet.Sustainability is a topic that is constantly on the agenda of today. Many countries today are makingadjustments to achieve the set climate goals within the UN, the EU and at a national level. GotlandGrönt Centrum is an regional actor on Gotland, which through its project "Increased food processing"aim to increase the sustainable development on the island. Gotland Grönt Centrum wants to increasethe dissemination of knowledge and the degree of innovation within Gotland’s food processingindustry by establishing a platform where players can meet. The research question for the essay istherefore focused on how the communication should be formulated to achieve the set goals in theGGC project. Through a qualitative study, this paper aims to answer the research question throughtheories of social network theory, sensemaking, structural holes, and more, in order to draw aconclusion. Through the coding of the empirical data, the analysis could show several aspects thatare vital for GGC to be able to conduct successful communication in order to achieve its goals. Theanswer was that by working with sensemaking to shape their message according to the target group,the commitment to the project can increase. This can lead to institutionalization and mutualunderstanding, which can lead to future collaboration between actors. The degree of innovation canalso increase if GGC assumes a role as a link and boundary spanner within the network to bridgestructural holes and thus bring in new information in the flow.
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Moura, Laysce Rocha de. "Catadores de material reciclável: redes sociais e processo associativo." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20900.
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The goal of this thesis was to understand the associative process linking waste pickers to the recyclable material cooperative, seeking to examine the causes and elements that lead to grouping and the types of social interactions ties. The Network Theory, which has the focus of analysis on social relations, helps to understand this dynamic. For this, the homophily and the strength of weak and strong ties theory were the concepts used to answer the guiding question: What are the processes that lead waste pickers to enroll in cooperatives? And the related question: How is characterized the network of waste pickers' in the associative process? The study has a structural approach that used qualitative methods - 'Coding' or grouping data by topic - and quantitative - the software NodeXL Basic - of analysis. In order to choose the precise cases, two criteria of choice were established: origin and the relation with the public initiative. From this, two cooperatives were identified: CooperVida and CooperFlor. The findings indicate that age, education, geographical location, and unemployment were the main elements in CooperVida and CooperFlor that influenced the associative process. These causes of grouping are consequence of the individual characteristics and the context in which the individual is immersed, in that way the associative process is the result of an induced process that can be framed as a structural homophily effect or homophily of status. Nevertheless, the network of relatives and close associates were more used to approach the cooperative, pointing to the strength of strong social ties in the enrolment process. Taking the above, the work done by the waste pickers was recognized as an occupation in the Brazilian labor market. Although it was an achievement for this social segment, the results of this thesis point out that the waste pickers went into the street or to work in the cooperative due to external factors or because of their attributes and not an individual choice (structural homophily effect / status). Moreover, the research findings highlight the importance that strong ties have in associative process and corroborate with the strength of weak and strong ties theory proposed by Granovetter (1983)
O objetivo desta tese foi compreender o processo associativo de vinculação de catadores à cooperativa de materiais recicláveis, buscando examinar as causas que levam ao agrupamento e os tipos de laço das interações. A Teoria de Redes, que tem o foco de análise nas relações sociais, ajuda a compreender essa dinâmica. Para tanto, a homofilia e a força dos laços fracos e fortes foram os conceitos utilizados para responder à questão norteadora: Quais são os processos que levam os catadores se associarem em cooperativas? E a questão associada: Como se caracteriza a rede de relações dos catadores nesse processo associativo? O estudo tem uma abordagem estrutural que utilizou métodos qualitativos - ‘codificação’ ou agrupamento de dados por tema - e quantitativos - o software NodeXL Basic - de análise. Para eleger os casos concretos, estabeleceu-se dois critérios de escolha: origem e a relação com o poder público. A partir disso, duas cooperativas foram identificadas: CooperVida e CooperFlor. Os achados indicam que a idade, a escolaridade, a localização geográfica e o desemprego foram os principais fatores na CooperVida e na CooperFlor que influenciaram o processo associativo. Essas causas de agrupamento são consequência das características do indivíduo e do contexto em que ele está imerso, dessa forma o processo associativo é resultado de um processo induzido que pode ser enquadrado como um efeito homofilico estrutural ou homofilico de status. Por sua vez, a rede de familiares e de pessoas próximas foram mais utilizadas para o acesso à cooperativa, apontando para a força dos laços fortes no processo associativo. Diante do exposto, o trabalho desenvolvido pelos catadores de material reciclável foi reconhecido como uma ocupação no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Apesar de ter sido uma conquista para esse segmento social, os resultados desta tese apontam que os catadores entraram para a catação na rua ou para trabalhar na cooperativa em decorrência de fatores externos ou em decorrência de seus atributos e não de uma escolha individual (efeito homofílico estrutural/status). Além disso, os achados da pesquisa evidenciam a importância que os laços fortes têm no processo associativo e corroboram com a teoria dos laços fortes e fracos proposto por Granovetter (1983)
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Hellström, Solbritt. "Att vänja sig till det svenska språket : studier av en individuell skriftspråklig förändring utifrån Olof Bertilssons kyrkobok 1636-1668." Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Department of language studies, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1869.
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On the annexation of Jämtland by Sweden in 1645, Danish clergymen were allowed to remain on condition that they officiated in the Swedish language.
This dissertation investigates the changes in the written language of one of these Danish clergymen and is based on the parish register kept by the Rev. Olof Bertilsson between 1636 and 1668. The premise for this study is that individual variations and alterations in written language do not occur arbitrarily, but display systematisation and express social consensus. The analytical basis for this approach is derived from Alexander Zheltukhin’s work on orthographic code theory and employs concepts used in sociolinguistics, but also borrows ideas from theories of mixed languages and second-language learning.
Between 1636 and 1646 Olof Bertilsson displays a highly stable orthographic code with few variations. Following his attendance at the Riksdag (the Swedish Parlament) in Stockholm in 1647, a distinct change is evident in his orthography. Changes occur quite early in the spelling of some place-names, personal names and important and frequent ecclesiastical terms.
A decisive factor in determining when and how change occurs is his access to examples of Swedish texts. In the last decade of his life, an influx of Swedish clergy, increased contacts with Swedish officials and help from young clergymen with a Swedish education, contribute to a predominance of Swedish forms in Olof Bertilsson’s individual orthographic code.
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Amaral, Amaury de Souza. "Regulação financeira internacional uma análise exploratória e impactos sociais da avaliação das agências." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. http://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/2543.
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Previous issue date: 2015-05-08The effects of globalization are felt in all countries. Many have socioeconomic scenarios marked by inequality and by indebtedness. In order to liquidate its debts, they capture resources abroad with the issue of the so-called sovereign bonds. The rating agencies are companies that assess risks before the eventual entitling of these titles and issue opinions. Even that they disclose their methodology of evaluation, in fact there is a huge subjective field, which ultimately influence and, often, increasing the domestic interest rate. Although not everyone realizes the size of the social impact of this component, they effectively change the daily reality experienced by citizens. Because of it, we became interested in studying the effects of the impacts caused by risk factors that enter in the economy. For this reason, it was used as a basis a simplified model that simulates an artificial economy, designed to study a network of credit and the effects of fluctuations in interest rates. This model was chosen also for allowing us to capture amplitudes of economic fluctuations in responses to shocks promoted by the insertion of the interest in an evolutionary process. But it was necessary to go beyond. In this study, we propose an extended version of the simplified economic model by inserting a network of consumers with all its amplitude; this is because the previous model was based on the Say law, that starts from the assumptions that all offer generates its own demand. Thus, it does not permit us to investigate the impacts of the interest on the choices made by consumers in their buying process. The Complex System Theory, and all the development that is currently available for computing, among them the modern algorithms with their accuracy and speed, were fundamental to the achievement of the work. We have, also, progressed in the rupture of the traditional economic analyzes characterized by a top-down approach and, through agents models based, we could adopt a bottom-up approach. This was possible with the integration of macro-parameters associated with a micro level of processing. The main conclusion of this work is that the formation of agglomerates (clusters) between businesses, banks and families encourage economic agents. The agents connected by strong ties are benefited to the extent that the asymmetry in the distribution of wealth between firms and households is reduced. On the other hand, the increase in the interest rate leads to a fall in the connections between the agents, causing a dilution of the network and an increase in the asymmetry of the sharing of wealth
cenários socioeconômicos marcados pela desigualdade e pelo endividamento. Para saldarem suas dívidas captam recursos no exterior com a emissão dos chamados títulos soberanos. As agências de rating são empresas que avaliam riscos diante do eventual inadimplemento destes títulos e emitem opiniões. Ainda que divulguem sua metodologia de avaliação, a bem da verdade, existe nela um enorme campo subjetivo, que acaba por influenciar e, não raras vezes, majorar as taxas de juros domésticos. Muito embora nem todos percebam o tamanho do impacto social deste componente, eles efetivamente alteram a realidade vivenciada pelo cidadão em seu dia-a-dia. Assim, interessou-nos estudar os efeitos dos impactos causados pelos fatores de risco que adentram à economia. Para isso, foi utilizado como base um modelo simplificado que simula uma economia artificial, concebido para se estudar uma rede de crédito e os efeitos das flutuações dos juros. Esse modelo foi o escolhido também por permitir capturar as amplitudes das flutuações econômicas em respostas a choques promovidos através da inserção dos juros em um processo evolutivo. Mas foi necessário ir além. Neste trabalho propomos uma versão estendida do modelo econômico simplificado por meio da inserção de uma rede de consumidores com toda a sua amplitude; isto porque o modelo anterior estava baseado na lei de Say, que parte da premissa que toda oferta gera sua demanda. Assim, ele não permite investigar os impactos dos juros sobre as escolhas dos consumidores em seu processo de compra. A teoria dos sistemas complexos e todo o ferramental que atualmente é disponível pela computação, dentre eles os modernos algoritmos com sua precisão e rapidez, foram fundamentais para a consecução do trabalho. Conseguimos, igualmente, avançar na ruptura das análises econômicas tradicionais caracterizadas pela abordagem top down e, por meio de modelos baseados em agentes, pode-se adotar uma abordagem bottom-up. Isto foi possível com as inserções dos macro-parâmetros associados ao processamento a nível micro. A conclusão principal do trabalho é que a formação de aglomerados (clusters) entre empresas, bancos e famílias favorecem os agentes econômicos. Os agentes conectados por laços fortes são beneficiados na medida em que diminui a assimetria na distribuição de riquezas entre firmas e famílias. Por outro lado, o aumento da taxa de juros leva a uma quebra nas conexões entre os agentes, causando a diluição da rede e aumento na assimetria da partilha da riqueza
Books on the topic "STRONG TIES VS. WEAK TIES"
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Strong ties/weak ties: Freundschaftssemantik und Netzwerktheorie. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, 2010.
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Small, Mario Luis. Weak-Tie Confidants. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661427.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the “core discussion networks” of graduate students in three departments and shows that, contrary to traditional expectations, many of the ties appear to be weak rather than strong. It considers how the students relate to those they have considered their confidants after six months, and more specifically whether they would as a whole report the same confidants. Three perspectives on the relative importance of network structure versus social interaction are discussed based on the students’ different experiences: the students will keep most confidants, they will drop many of their confidants, or they will drop many confidants but quickly replace them. In general, the students replaced their confidants often.
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Yamagishi, Toshio. Individualism-Collectivism, the Rule of Law, and General Trust. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630782.003.0011.
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In the absence of legal protection, people establish collectivist social orders by forming strong ties with closely related individuals. When legal institutions which safeguard people’s rights outside closed relationships do not function, the need for mutual protection within a network of strong ties increases. Individualistic pursuits of opportunities outside the security of closed relationships requires universalistic legal protection. The rule of law thus promotes individualistic social orders that free people from dependence on such networks of strong ties to survive. This chapter proposes that in societies where the rule of law is deeply established, general trust encourages opportunity-seeking activities mediated by weak ties. Macro-level data show a positive correlation between general trust and the national mean individualism score. Furthermore, the degree of a nation’s political stability is positively linked to general trust in countries with a firm rule of law, but not in countries with a weak one.
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Small, Mario Luis. Theoretical Generalizability. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661427.003.0009.
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This chapter examines the extent to which theories that the book has proposed to explain the graduate students’ behavior can be applied to other situations. It first considers the structural theory on which the rule of thumb about the separate benefits of strong and weak ties is based. It then highlights the theory’s limitations and offers an alternative. It shows that most of the book’s propositions can be organized around three core principles, none of which is reducible to the characteristics of the network structure. It also relates these principles to three key findings: the avoidance of strong ties, or people who might otherwise seem to be good confidants; the pursuit of cognitive empathy from weak ties; and the prevalence of incidental and spontaneous decisions about whom to confide in. Finally, it looks at other contexts where similar principles are at play.
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Small, Mario Luis. Beyond Named Confidants. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661427.003.0004.
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This chapter examines whether the graduate students, when talking about their serious personal worries, actually approached their newly named confidants or stuck, instead, to old ones. Three possible expectations about what the students did are discussed: the students will reserve their serious worries for old confidants, or strong ties; they will approach both old and new confidants, strong and weak ties, with their serious worries; or they will not necessarily reserve their serious worries for either old or new confidants, approaching even people they did not name as confidants. The chapter shows that, when faced with their own most serious worries, the students turned to old named confidants, to new ones, and even to people not named at all.
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Small, Mario Luis. Confidants. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661427.003.0002.
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This chapter reviews the literature that probed people’s decisions about whom to turn to when they need a confidant and discusses reasons for considering an alternative. It first provides a historical overview of research on the subject before analyzing how the claim that people will turn to those they are close to when they have important matters to discuss is linked to the ideas about the differences between strong and weak ties. It also cites three reasons to doubt the notion that people will turn to strong ties when seeking confidants as consistently as they say they do. The chapter concludes by explaining the rationale for studying the experiences of graduate students who were forced to make decisions about whom to talk to when they needed someone to talk to.
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Small, Mario Luis. Incompatible Expectations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661427.003.0005.
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This chapter suggests that the graduate students sometimes approached weak ties because they were avoiding strong ones, and that the heart of their reservations lay in the possibility of incompatible expectations—in the potential discordance between different roles that those they were close to might expect to perform. It begins by explaining that the students maintained different kinds of strong ties and confided in people with whom they had different kinds of relationships. The former can be classified by their degree of institutional mediation; the latter, by the extent of emotional reciprocity. Institutional mediation introduced additional expectations to a relationship; emotional reciprocity, when it was lacking, created the possibility of ambiguity. Both factors shaped how reluctant students were to approach those to whom they were close when they needed to discuss particular topics.
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Small, Mario Luis. Someone To Talk To. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661427.001.0001.
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When people are facing difficulties, they often feel the need for a confidant—a person to vent to or talk things through with who will offer sympathy or understanding. How do they decide on whom to rely? In theory, the answer seems obvious: if the matter is personal, they will turn to a spouse, a family member, or someone otherwise close. In practice, what people actually do often belies these expectations. This book follows a group of graduate students as they cope with the stress of their first year in their programs, probing how they choose confidants over the course of their everyday experiences and unraveling the implications of the process. The book then tests its explanations against data on national populations. It shows that rather than consistently rely on their “strong ties,” people often take pains to avoid close friends and family, because these are too fraught with complex expectations. People often confide in “weak ties,” as their fear that their trust could be misplaced is overcome by their need for one who understands. In fact, people may find themselves confiding in acquaintances and even strangers unexpectedly, without much reflection on the consequences. Amid a growing wave of big data and large-scale network analysis, the book returns to the basic questions of who we connect with, how, and why, and upends decades of conventional wisdom on how we should think about and analyze social networks.
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Kenny, Paul D. A Theory of Populist Success in Patronage Democracies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807872.003.0003.
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This chapter details the theory and sets up the predictions to be tested. Drawing on principal–agent theory and social network theory, it argues that in patronage democracies an increase in broker autonomy weakens the ties between parties and voters as it exacerbates conflicts of interest between central leaders and subnational brokers. The main hypothesis is that in patronage democracies where subnational brokers have greater autonomy from central leadership, fragmentation of the party-system between national and subnational levels is likely, resulting in populists successfully appealing directly to a disorganized populace. Programmatic responses are unlikely because of the cross-class organization of patronage networks, which tends to inhibit the consolidation of programmatic parties. It then presents both a strong version of the theory, in which broker autonomy or decentralization is exogenously determined, and a weak version, in which it is potentially endogenous. Finally, it sets out how the following chapters test the arguments.
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Langston, Joy K. Changing Federal Deputy Campaigns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190628512.003.0008.
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This chapter explores how congressional campaigning changed for PRI candidates from the hegemonic to democratic era. Under hegemonic conditions, PRI candidates had huge resource advantages, and enjoyed the benefits of weak opposition parties and strong party identification. Under these circumstances, one should expect that the candidates for the hegemonic party would campaign as little as possible: that is, they would shirk. However, the agents sent down from the national party headquarters monitored their campaigning performance and obligated them to remake and strengthen the ties between local leaders and the national party. Once competition drove up uncertainty, PRI congressional candidates worked hard to win their election even though they could not hope for a second term. Despite their resource restraints, they campaign actively, while the national party headquarters has taken over national media appeals and strategies on programmatic promises. Governors were and continue to be important components in congressional campaigns, as they are able to support their co-partisan candidates.
Book chapters on the topic "STRONG TIES VS. WEAK TIES"
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Bergenholtz, Carsten. "Interfirm Communities: Neither Weak nor Strong Ties." In Collaborative Communities of Firms, 75–88. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1284-7_5.
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Stegbauer, Christian. "Weak und Strong Ties. Freundschaft aus netzwerktheoretischer Perspektive." In Netzwerkanalyse und Netzwerktheorie, 105–19. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-92029-0_7.
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Crul, Maurice. "Epilogue: Where Did Weak and Strong Ties Go Wrong?" In IMISCOE Research Series, 227–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94972-3_11.
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AbstractIn this volume, both qualitative and quantitative scholars describe their findings on the networks of migrants and their descendants and explore the content of their social ties for educational and labor market success in seven European countries. Some contributions cover decades of work in this field, making this one of most comprehensive books on this topic, both theoretically and empirically. Almost without exception, the authors, although describing various ethnic groups, different geographical and professional contexts and different time periods, are critical of a number of the main arguments about the networks of migrants developed in the field of migration studies. Central in their critique is the question about the importance of co-ethnic or inter-ethnic ties and networks, and their importance to enter the labor market and move up. In the field of migration studies, concepts like integration and assimilation have greatly influenced the thinking of its scholars. The idea that newcomers only become fully integrated in a society when they gain a similar economic position and are in contact with people without migration background, or, in other words, become part of the mainstream, has been a strong and dominant view in our field (Alba & Nee, 2003; Alba, 2009; Portes & Rumbaut, 2001; Portes & Zhou, 1993). People who largely interact with co-ethnics and or work in labor market sectors that are dominated by co-ethnics (ethnic niches) are usually seen as not (yet) fully integrated into their new society. And when this also translates to the native-born children (so-called ‘second generation decline’), this is seen as problematic (Ganz, 1992). In this broader framework on integration and assimilation, Granovetter’s (1973) idea of strong and weak ties has entered the field of migration studies. Lang and Schneider, in this volume, rightly state that it is questionable whether the idea of strong ties – for co-ethnics – and weak ties – for ties with people without migration background – was originally intended by Granovetter to be used in this way. But what is clear, however, is that this idea fitted perfectly with broader theories on integration and assimilation. The importance for newly arrived migrants of strong co-ethnic ties in ethnic networks is generally considered one of the starting pieces of the puzzle laying out the process of assimilation in its first phase. The idea of weak ties, also in its symbolic emphasis on ‘weak’, perfectly suited the still scarce and superficial contacts with people of native descent in the early stages of the assimilation process. Since the concept of weak and strong ties fitted so well with the dominant theories about integration and assimilation (classical, neo and new assimilation), much of what was happening with migrants, and even their descendants, in the labor market was seen through, what many would call, an ethnic lens (Crul, 2016; Dahinden, 2016; Wimmer, 2013). Migrants gained a first foothold in the labor market through strong co-ethnic ties and were slowly moving up through their weak ties, making use of information and resources of people of native descent with whom they had only superficial contact. The idea of strong ties also resonated with the notion that their relations with co-ethnics were more meaningful and profound. There was also a dark side to strong ties. Under some conditions, because of the limited information and resources in the co-ethnic network, for some the strong ties could lead to an ethnic mobility trap.
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Keskiner, Elif, and Ismintha Waldring. "Are “Weak Ties” Really Weak? Social Capital Reliance Among Second Generation Turkish Lawyers in Paris." In IMISCOE Research Series, 41–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94972-3_3.
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AbstractThe chapter studies social capital development and application among highly educated Turkish second generation working in the law sector in Paris. Previously we have demonstrated how social capital was a crucial resource in the professional pathways of Turkish second generation lawyers in Sweden, the Netherlands, France and Germany. In this chapter we take our inquiry a step further analyzing the strong and weak ties that descendants of migrants relied upon in their professional pathways. We use biographical interviews conducted with descendants of migrants in France in which they explicate their entire educational and professional trajectories. We concentrate on Turkish second generation with low-educated parents hence young people who did not receive direct professional resources from their parents.We see for this group the development of professional networks already begins in tertiary education and continues into their labour market careers. The paper aims to make contributions to several strands of the literature. Firstly, it contributes to the debate on temporality of networks by showing how distinct forms of social capital became crucial in different phases of their careers and how they relied on both weak and strong ties strategically to overcome the glass ceilings in their sectors and move upwards in their pathways. Secondly, we aim to problematize the concepts of “strong” and “weak” ties in relation to their ethnic connotations. Our study shows that second generation lawyers were able to develop relations of trust with their so-called “weak ties” while the ethnic “strong ties” represented useful clientele.
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Lang, Christine, Andreas Pott, and Jens Schneider. "Context Matters: The Varying Roles of Social Ties for Professional Careers of Immigrants’ Descendants." In IMISCOE Research Series, 61–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94972-3_4.
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AbstractResearch on social networks of immigrants and their descendants usually starts from the distinction between ‘ethnic’ ties and ties to members of the population without migration background. In migration studies ‘ethnic’ ties are repeatedly associated with ‘strong ties’, whereas ‘weak ties’ – that are found to be essential for the access to jobs in the wider society – are associated with contacts to members of the ‘majority population’. Building on existing criticism of this narrowing dichotomy and looking at upward social mobility careers of immigrants’ descendants we question this group-related understanding of weak and strong ties. Examining professional trajectories of immigrants’ descendants in Germany, this chapter suggests shifting the focus to occupational contexts in order to understand better how and why different types of social ties can play an important role for their professional mobility. We argue that both the quality of ties and their ‘ethnic dimension’ are dependent on the occupational context with its specific institutionalized modes of access and recruitment. Moreover, different forms of ‘ethnic’ or ‘cross-ethnic’ ties develop a changing significance in the course of a career and over time; this makes it necessary to also look at the dynamics in careers and the occupational contexts. The chapter compares the role of social ties for the inclusion into two occupational fields: law and public administration. It draws on interviews with (mainly Turkish) immigrants’ descendants working in these sectors. While in the law sector mainly ‘weak ties’, which had been built up during university studies and in the course of later careers, proved important, in public administration ‘strong ties’ to relatives and friends were most crucial for the access to jobs. In both sectors, we can observe that ties to ‘co-ethnics’ become increasingly relevant for professional careers as people of immigrant descent gradually achieve higher positions.
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Pedersen, Mina Young, Sonja Smets, and Thomas Ågotnes. "Analyzing Echo Chambers: A Logic of Strong and Weak Ties." In Logic, Rationality, and Interaction, 183–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60292-8_14.
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Gretzinger, Susanne, Holger Hinz, and Wenzel Matiaske. "Strong Ties, Weak Ties and the Management of Innovation: The Case of Danish and German SMEs." In Contributions to Management Science, 277–98. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2615-9_16.
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Ryan, Louise. "The Direct and Indirect Role of Migrants’ Networks in Accessing Diverse Labour Market Sectors: An Analysis of the Weak/Strong Ties Continuum." In IMISCOE Research Series, 23–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94972-3_2.
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AbstractMuch has been written about how migrants may utilise social networks to access jobs. Nevertheless, gaps remain in our understanding of how skills, labour market sectors, education level, language proficiency, etc. may influence the relationship between network ties and employment opportunities. Moreover, it is important to adopt a temporal perspective to understand change over time (Ryan L, D’Angelo A, Soc Netw 53:148–158, 2018). Strategies adopted to initially access the labour market, in a new destination, may differ from how employment seeking trajectories develop as migrants become more familiar with local contexts and gain relevant work-experience. This chapter draws upon interviews with diverse migrants, in London, across varied public and private sectors jobs. Beyond a simple binary of strong versus weak ties, I build upon my analytical framework (Ryan L, Sociol Rev, 59(4):707–724, 2011; Ryan L, Sociol Rev, 64(4):951–969, 2016), I explore the relationships within ties, the flow of resources and the relative social location of the actors vertically and horizontally. In so doing, this chapter aims to contribute to understanding migrant networks in three key ways. (1) How migrants’ networks operate both directly and indirectly in job seeking strategies and career development. (2) How the role of networks may differ across varied labour market sectors. (3) How weak and strong ties can be conceptualised as a continuum of dynamic relationships.
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Mooring, John. "Weak and strong ties in the diffusion of coinage during the Archaic period in Greece1." In Networks and the Spread of Ideas in the Past, 79–98. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429429217-4.
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Ryan, Louise, Michael Eve, and Elif Keskiner. "Introduction: Revisiting Networks: Setting the Conceptual and Methodological Scene." In IMISCOE Research Series, 1–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94972-3_1.
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AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of how migrant networks have been researched and theorised. In so doing, we highlight some persistent gaps in knowledge about how migrants, and their descendants, forge networks and generate particular kinds of resources, especially in accessing the labour market and developing careers, and we explain how the chapters of this book tackle these issues. By looking not only at migrants but also at the second generation, we reflect on opportunities, but also enduring inequalities, and the ways in which networks may be mobilised to support employment strategies across different sectors and in different European countries.The chapter discusses the importance of disentangling social capital and social networks. Relatedly, we discuss the need to look beyond the ethnic lens and simple binaries of ‘bonding’ versus ‘bridging’ capital, to explore how ties to different kinds of actors, in varied social positions, may facilitate or indeed hinder career development. Referring to new empirical data and theoretically informed analysis, in the various chapters of this book, we build upon but also complicate understanding of ‘weak’ and ‘strong’ ties, not as fixed ties, but rather as a continuum of dynamic relationships that may ebb and flow over time.In the concluding section, we highlight the contribution of this book and also consider the need for further cross-fertilisation of conceptual and empirical innovations beyond migration studies to avoid a silo-effect in social network research.
Conference papers on the topic "STRONG TIES VS. WEAK TIES"
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Cooper, Lynne P. "The Value of Weak vs. Strong Ties between Individuals and Projects for New Product Review." In 2008 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2008.453.
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Wang, Xin, Wei Lu, Martin Ester, Can Wang, and Chun Chen. "Social Recommendation with Strong and Weak Ties." In CIKM'16: ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2983323.2983701.
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Park, Julie. "Strong and Weak Ties in STEM Educational and Occupational Experiences." In 2019 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1432643.
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Wang, Xin, Steven C. H. Hoi, Martin Ester, Jiajun Bu, and Chun Chen. "Learning Personalized Preference of Strong and Weak Ties for Social Recommendation." In WWW '17: 26th International World Wide Web Conference. Republic and Canton of Geneva, Switzerland: International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3038912.3052556.
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Alhazmi, Huda, and Swapna S. Gokhale. "Mining Social Capital on Online Social Networks with Strong and Weak Ties." In 2016 2nd International Conference on Open and Big Data (OBD). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/obd.2016.9.
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Momeni, Naghmeh, and Michael Rabbat. "Inferring network properties from fixed-choice design with strong and weak ties." In 2016 IEEE Statistical Signal Processing Workshop (SSP). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssp.2016.7551713.
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Li, Songtao, Qing Li, Yanling Zhang, Hao Wang, and Li Ma. "Coexistence of strong and weak social ties leads to fair allocations of resources in finite populations." In 2022 13th Asian Control Conference (ASCC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ascc56756.2022.9828078.
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Amgoud, Leila, and Vivien Beuselinck. "Equivalence of Semantics in Argumentation." In 18th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2021}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2021/4.
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A large number of evaluation methods, called semantics, have been proposed in the literature for assessing strength of arguments. This paper investigates their equivalence. It argues that for being equivalent, two semantics should have compatible evaluations of both individual arguments and pairs of arguments. The first requirement ensures that the two semantics judge an argument in the same way, while the second states that they provide the same ranking of arguments. We show that the two requirements are completely independent. The paper introduces three novel relations between semantics based on their rankings of arguments: weak equivalence, strong equivalence and refinement. They state respectively that two semantics do not disagree on their strict rankings; the rankings of the semantics coincide; one semantics agrees with the strict comparisons of the second and it may break some of its ties. We investigate the properties of the three relations and their links with existing principles of semantics, and study the nature of relations between most of the existing semantics. The results show that the main extensions semantics are pairwise weakly equivalent. The gradual semantics we considered are pairwise incompatible, however some pairs are strongly equivalent in case of flat graphs including Max-based (Mbs) and Euler-based (Ebs), for which we provide full characterizations in terms respectively of Fibonacci numbers and the numbers of an exponential series. Furthermore, we show that both semantics (Mbs, EMbs) refine the grounded semantics, and are weakly equivalent with the other extension semantics. We show also that in case of flat graphs, the two gradual semantics Trust-based and Iterative Schema characterize the grounded semantics, making thus bridges between gradual semantics and extension semantics. Finally, the other gradual semantics are incompatible with extension semantics.
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Baumstein, Anatoly, Partha Routh, Kyle Basler-Reeder, Young Ho Cha, David Tang, Jay Barr, and Alex Martinez. "Elastic Full Wavefield Inversion: The Benefits and the Challenges in Clastic and Subsalt Setting." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211620-ms.
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Abstract The main focus of our work is application of visco-elastic Full Waveform Inversion (eFWI) to estimation of elastic parameters directly from seismic shot data. In particular, we aim to recover the ratio between pressure wave velocity Vp and shear wave velocity Vs, which can be indicative of the type of fluid present in a potential subsurface reservoir. The workflow we describe does not directly use well ties for wavelet control, as is typical in seismic inversion. We provide intuitive explanations for choices behind the proposed multi-stage hierarchical algorithm, outline its key steps, and present field data examples from a structurally simple clastic setting and a complex sub-salt environment. The latter, in particular, makes differentiating net versus non-net in pre-salt carbonate reservoirs a challenging problem when using narrow azimuth streamer data. The challenges include significant illumination variability caused by complex geometries of the evaporites, complex wave modes and scattering caused by strong property contrasts in the evaporites and carbonates, and layering of anhydrite and other salts within the evaporites causing complex transmission losses. The thick carbonate reservoir units beneath the salt further complicate the estimation process due to lack of low frequency signal recorded in streamer data. Our methodology shows that it is possible to directly invert shot data to obtain geologically meaningful elastic properties that can be useful in exploration and early development phases. However, challenges remain. We demonstrate that inverted acoustic impedance (Ip) from eFWI has higher fidelity and more reliable magnitude compared to the ratio between compressional and shear wave propagation speeds (Vp/Vs). In fact, the former is sufficiently accurate to be reliably used for porosity prediction. In turn, eFWI Vp/Vs inversion results are in qualitative agreement with well information (as a blind test) for the clastic example and able to discriminate the net versus non-net for the pre-salt example without well information. However, the quantitative match may be insufficient to determine the type of fluid via rock property inversion without any well control. Further research is needed to investigate the sensitivity of Vp/Vs and determine if the quality of the data is key a factor, in addition to stabilizing simultaneous extraction of several elastic parameters from seismic data via constrained inversion framework.