Journal articles on the topic 'Strong syllables'
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1
Bortolini, Umberta, and Laurence B. Leonard. "Phonology and grammatical morphology in specific language impairment: Accounting for individual variation in English and Italian." Applied Psycholinguistics 17, no. 1 (January 1996): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400009474.
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ABSTRACTChildren with specific language impairment (SLI) often show more limited use of grammatical morphology than younger, normally developing children matched according to mean length of utterance (MLU). However, within groups of children with SLI, individual differences are seen in grammatical morpheme use. In this study, we examined the role of weak syllable use in explaining some of these differences. Employing two different languages – English and Italian - children with SLI were placed into pairs. The children in each pair showed similar MLUs; however, one member of the pair showed a greater use of particular function words. In each of the pairs examined in both languages, the children with the greater use of function words also showed a greater use of weak syllables that did not immediately follow strong syllables. The weak syllable productions of children showing a more limited use of function words in each pair seemed to be dependent on a strong syllable-weak syllable production sequence. This sequence appeared to be operative across several prosodic levels, as defined within the framework of prosodic phonology. Because weak syllables that follow strong syllables usually have longer durations than those that precede strong syllables, the findings might have a perceptual basis. However, the results raise the possibility that limitations in prosody can restrict the degree of grammatical morpheme use by children with SLI.
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Kazlauskienė, Asta. "Lithuanian Syllable: The Hierarchy of Syllable Constituents and Syllable Weight." Respectus Philologicus 42, no. 47 (October 7, 2022): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2022.42.47.106.
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The article aims to establish the hierarchy of Lithuanian syllable constituents and determine how syllables should be interpreted in terms of syllable weight. The empirical data based on 311 000 syllables show that the variety of consonants in the onset is more significant than in the coda. A vowel and a succeeding approximant form the nucleus of a prosodic syllable, which shows strong coherency between a nucleus and a coda. Therefore, a CVC syllable is interpreted as [syllable Onset [rhyme Nucleus Coda]]. The division of Lithuanian syllables into light and heavy can be based on the realization of pitch accent, and it fully coincides with the traditional classification of long and short syllables in Lithuanian linguistics. Short syllables are light, their nucleus is a short vowel, and the number of consonants in the onset and the coda is unimportant. Such syllables account for almost half of all syllables in the database of this research (45%). Long syllables are heavy, and their nucleus may consist of long vowels (30%), diphthongs (12%), or mixed diphthongs (13%). When stressed, heavy syllables are pronounced in two ways: traditionally known as “acute” and “circumflex”. The stress is not dependent on the syllable weight, as both light (short) and heavy (long) syllables can be stressed. However, it has been observed that heavy (long) syllables are stressed more often than light (short) ones. Heavily stressed syllables constitute 25%, while light stressed syllables comprise 11% of all the syllables in this research database.
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Troyer, Todd W., Michael S. Brainard, and Kristofer E. Bouchard. "Timing during transitions in Bengalese finch song: implications for motor sequencing." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 1556–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00296.2017.
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To investigate mechanisms of action sequencing, we examined the relationship between timing and sequencing of syllables in Bengalese finch song. An individual’s song comprises acoustically distinct syllables organized into probabilistic sequences: a given syllable potentially can transition to several different syllables (divergence points), and several different syllables can transition to a given syllable (convergence points). In agreement with previous studies, we found that more probable transitions at divergence points occur with shorter intersyllable gaps. One intuition for this relationship is that selection between syllables reflects a competitive branching process, in which stronger links to one syllable lead to both higher probabilities and shorter latencies for transitions to that syllable vs. competing alternatives. However, we found that simulations of competitive race models result in overlapping winning-time distributions for competing outcomes and fail to replicate the strong negative correlation between probability and gap duration found in song data. Further investigation of song structure revealed strong positive correlation between gap durations for transitions that share a common convergent point. Such transitions are not related by a common competitive process, but instead reflect a common terminal syllable. In contrast to gap durations, transition probabilities were not correlated at convergence points. Together, our data suggest that syllable selection happens early during the gap, with gap timing determined chiefly by the latency to syllable initiation. This may result from a process in which probabilistic sequencing is first stabilized, followed by a shortening of the latency to syllables that are sung more often. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Bengalese finch songs consist of probabilistic sequences of syllables. Previous studies revealed a strong negative correlation between transition probability and the duration of intersyllable gaps. We show here that the negative correlation is inconsistent with previous suggestions that timing at syllable transitions is governed by a race between competing alternatives. Rather, the data suggest that syllable selection happens early during the gap, with gap timing determined chiefly by the latency to syllable initiation.
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Gerken, Louann. "A metrical template account of children's weak syllable omissions from multisyllabic words." Journal of Child Language 21, no. 3 (October 1994): 565–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900009466.
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ABSTRACTYoung children learning English as well as many other languages frequently omit weakly stressed syllables from multisyllabic words. In particular, they are more likely to omit weak syllables from word-initial positions than from word-internal or -final positions. For example, the weak syllable of a weak-strong (WS) word likegiraffeis much more likely to be omitted than the weak syllable of a SW word liketiger. Three hypotheses for this omission pattern have been offered. In two, children's weak syllable omissions reflect innate perceptual biases either to ignore initial weak syllables or to encode word-final syllables. In contrast, the SW Production Template Hypothesis states that children have a template for producing a strong syllable followed by an optional weak syllable. When they apply a series of SW templates to their intended utterances, weak syllables that do not fit the templates are more likely to be omitted than those that do. To compare the three hypotheses, young two-year-olds were asked to say four-syllable SWWS and WSWS nonsense words. Children's pattern of weak syllable preservations was highly consistent with the SW production template hypothesis, but not with the perception-based hypotheses. Implications of this research for children's function morpheme omissions and for the relation of metrical and segmental production templates are discussed.
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Liu, Chin-Ting, and Li-mei Chen. "Testing the applicability of third tone sandhi at the intonation boundary." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 21, no. 4 (September 18, 2020): 636–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00073.liu.
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Abstract The purpose of this study is to test the applicability of Tone Three Sandhi (T3S) when the critical syllable is a monosyllabic topic preceding a topic boundary. A recitation task from 37 native speakers of Taiwan Mandarin was employed. The results from human judgements indicated that the participants predominantly produced the critical syllables with Tone 3 (T3). Additionally, the fundamental frequency of the critical syllables demonstrated a falling contour, showing that T3S was not applied. Intonation break-ups and the prolongation of the critical syllables lent strong support to the view that the topic syllable was at an intonation/phonological phrase-final position. The findings can be elegantly accommodated by constraint-based analyses, which propose that T3S must be avoided when two T3 syllables are separated by an intonation/phonological phrase boundary. Issues relating to pauses, speech rates and word frequency effects are also discussed.
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LIU, FEI, LIUSHENG CHEN, and CHUNXIANG LIU. "Taxonomic Studies of the genus Decticus Serville, 1831 from China (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae), based on Morphology and Songs." Zootaxa 4860, no. 4 (October 14, 2020): 563–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.6.
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The genus Decticus Serville contains sixteen known species and subspecies, those widely distributed in the Palaearctic, among which three species and subspecies have been recorded in China. Morphological features in specimens of Decticus are variable. Stable characteristics and reliable methods for distict the species and subspcies are required. The geometric morphometrics was conducted to explore morphological variance on structure of right tegmen of Decticus specimens based on 30 landmarks, as well as qualitative analysis on variances of body size, male stridualtory apparatus and genital characters. The male calling songs structures, if available, can be compared and identified species usefully. The results indicate that the analyzed samples suggest two species, D. albifrons (Fabricius, 1775) and D. verrucivorus (Linnaeus, 1758). D. verrucivorus includes four subspecies, D. v. verrucivorus (Linnaeus, 1758), D. v. crassus Götz, 1970 (a newly recorded subspecies from China), and two new subspecies, D. v. latipennis ssp. n. and D. v. sayram ssp. n.. The songs of D. albifrons and D. v. verrucivorus, D. v. crassus are composed of numerous single chirps. One chirp of D. albifrons consists of one low-amplitude and short-duration syllable, and one high-amplitude and long-duration syllable. One chirp of D. v. verrucivorus consists of five syllables with different amplitudes. One chirp of D. v. crassus consists of five or six syllables with different amplitudes. Illustrations of necessary morphological and bioacoustical characters are presented.
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ARCIULI, JOANNE, and KIRRIE J. BALLARD. "Still not adult-like: lexical stress contrastivity in word productions of eight- to eleven-year-olds." Journal of Child Language 44, no. 5 (October 21, 2016): 1274–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000916000489.
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AbstractLexical stress is the contrast between strong and weak syllables within words. Ballardet al.(2012) examined the amount of stress contrastivity across adjacent syllables in word productions of typically developing three- to seven-year-olds and adults. Here, eight- to eleven-year-olds are compared with the adults from Ballardet al.using acoustic measurements of relative contrast in duration, peak intensity, and peak fundamental frequency of the vowels within the initial two syllables of each word. While eight- to eleven-year-olds are closer to adult-like stress contrastivity than three- to seven-year-olds, they are not yet adult-like in terms of the intensity contrast for words beginning with a weak syllable.
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Dollaghan, Christine A., Maureen E. Biber, and Thomas F. Campbell. "Lexical influences on nonword repetition." Applied Psycholinguistics 16, no. 2 (April 1995): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400007098.
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ABSTRACTThe present investigation explores the hypothesis that lexical information influences performance on nonword repetition tasks. The subjects – 30 normally achieving, school-aged boys – repeated multisyllabic nonword pairs, constructed to vary only in the lexicality of their constituent stressed syllables. Nonwords with stressed syllables corresponding to real words were repeated significantly more accurately than nonwords with non-lexical stressed syllables; stressed syllable lexicality primarily influenced repetition of the remaining unstressed syllables. Subsequent analyses revealed that the overwhelming majority of repetition errors operated to transform non-lexical sequences into real words, even when doing so violated both strong acoustic cues and articulatory ease. We conclude that lexical long-term memory information intrudes on nonword repetition performance, including stimuli that are within the limits of immediate memory span. These results suggest a number of caveats concerning the construction and interpretation of nonword repetition tasks and raise questions about the role of such tasks in assessing phonological working memory.
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Akindele, Julianah. "Stressed and Unstressed Syllable Alternation in Educated Edo (Nigerian) English." Journal of Language and Education 3, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2411-7390-2017-3-4-52-59.
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Standard British English (SBE) rhythm is characterised by stressed and unstressed syllable alternation. Phonological investigations from non-native English such as Nigerian English (NE) have claimed that NE differs remarkably from SBE, especially in the area of rhythm. Existing phonological studies on Educated Edo English (EEE) – a sub-variety of NE – have been on word and variable stress while studies on stressed and unstressed syllable alternation have been rare. This study, therefore, investigated the extent to which Educated Edo English Speakers (EEES) stressed and unstressed syllable alternation conforms to SBE rhythm. Prince and Liberman’s (1977) metrical theory, which explains the alternation of strong and weak constituents in SBE rhythm units, served as a theoretical framework. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 150 (75 males and 75 females) EEES while 2 SBE speakers served as Native Baselines (NB). Speech Filing System (SFS) version 1.41 was used to record the production of a validated instrument of 40 rhythm units, with stressed and unstressed syllable alternation. The recordings were transcribed and subjected to a perceptual analysis (frequency and percentages). Out of 6000 expected instances of stressed and unstressed syllable alternation, the participants had 694 (11.6%), while inappropriate use was higher, with 5,306 (88.4%). The performance of EEES males showed 5.7% and the females 5.9%. The grids of EEES showed proliferation of Strong/Strong (S/S) juxtaposition of stressed and unstressed syllables in rhythm units, compared to the NB alternation of Weak/Strong (W/S) or Strong/Weak (S/W). Results confirmed that EEES alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in rhythm units differ ‘markedly’ from those of the SBE form.
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Sutter, M. L., and D. Margoliash. "Global synchronous response to autogenous song in zebra finch HVc." Journal of Neurophysiology 72, no. 5 (November 1, 1994): 2105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.72.5.2105.
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1. The spatial distribution of neuronal responses to autogenous song (AS) was investigated in the HVc of urethan-anesthetized adult male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). In seven birds, penetrations covered the entire mediolateral, rostrocaudal, or dorsoventral extents of HVc. In an eighth, control birth penetrations were made near to but outside of HVc. Reconstruction of recording sites from histological material indicated a good correspondence between sites that exhibited stronger responses to AS than to tone or noise bursts, and sites that were within HVc. 2. Within each experimental bird but not in the control, multiple-unit responses to AS were similar across the entire spatial extent of HVc (up to 1.3 mm). For each experimental bird, the strongest responses occurred within a narrow range of times. The middle of this range of times is called the time of maximum synchronization (TMS). Across birds, 34–75% of recording sites exhibited the same TMS. With the use of a criterion of > 33% of sites exhibiting their strongest responses at the TMS, the temporal scatter around the TMS varied between 6 and 138 ms across individuals. In six of the seven experimental birds, the position of the TMS was not affected by changing the window of integration from 10 to 150 ms. In two experimental birds, short windows of integration tended to emphasize beginning portions of the song. In one case this effect was sufficiently strong to change the TMS for short windows of integration. 3. Each TMS was associated with a syllable of maximum synchronization (SMS). The positions of the SMS varied considerably across birds. In four birds the SMS was one of the syllables of the first motif (a motif is a temporal sequence of syllables that can be repeated > or = 1 times to form a song), in two birds the SMS was the introductory note of song, and in one bird the SMS was the second syllable of the last (3rd) motif. Syllables of the same type as the SMS but occurring in other motifs typically elicited much weaker responses, in many cases weaker than other syllables in those motifs. Syllables that elicited strong responses in non-SMS motifs did not necessarily elicit strong responses in the SMS motif, even if they preceded the SMS. There were no apparent acoustical features of the SMS or the preceding syllable that could account for the global synchronous response to song.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Snow, David. "A Prominence Account of Syllable Reduction in Early Speech Development." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 41, no. 5 (October 1998): 1171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4105.1171.
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When young children produce multiword utterances and words that are polysyllabic in adult speech, they are most likely to omit unstressed syllables. Because unstressed syllables are omitted more often in weak-strong (iambic) than in strong-weak (trochaic) environments, a trochaic metrical theory has been proposed to account for the asymmetrical omission pattern. This paper presents an alternative explanation based on the notion of relative prosodic prominence. I propose that syllable prominence is a product of two orthogonal suprasegmental systems: one that marks stress/accent peaks and one that marks phrase boundaries. A two-component scale of prominence values reflecting the contributions of both systems was used to analyze single- and multi-word speech samples of 11 children 19 to 26 months of age. The results show that the prominence scale parsimoniously accounts not only for the bias toward syllable omissions in nontrochaic environments but also explains other types of syllable reduction not captured by metrical theories. Implications of the dual-system prosodic model are discussed in terms of possible contributions to a perceptually based theory of early polysyllabic and multiword patterns in child speech.
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Pollock, Karen E., and Richard G. Schwartz. "Structural Aspects of Phonological Development." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 19, no. 1 (January 1988): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.1901.05.
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The relationship between syllabic structure and segmental development was examined longitudinally in a child with a severe phonological disorder. Six speech samples were collected over a 4-year period (3:5 to 7:3). Analyses revealed gradual increases in the complexity and diversity of the syllable structures produced, and positional preferences for sounds within these forms. With a strong preference for [d] and [n] at the beginning of syllables, other consonants appeared first at the end of syllables. Implications for clinical management of phonological disorders include the need to consider both structural position and structural complexity in assessing segmental skills and in choosing target words for intervention.
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García, Nuria Martínez, and Melanie Uth. "Lack of Syllable Duration as a Post-Lexical Acoustic Cue in Spanish in Contact with Maya." Languages 4, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages4040084.
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This paper focuses on the duration of stressed syllables in broad versus contrastive focus in Yucatecan Spanish and examines its connection with Spanish–Maya bilingualism. We examine the claim that phonemic vowel length in one language prevents the use of syllable duration as a post-lexical acoustic cue in another. We study the duration of stressed syllables of nouns in subject and object position in subject-verb-object (SVO) sentences (broad and contrastive focus) of a semi-spontaneous production task. One thousand one hundred and twenty-six target syllables of 34 mono- and bilingual speakers were measured and submitted to linear mixed-effects models. Although the target syllables were slightly longer in contrastive focus, duration was not significant, nor was the effect of bilingualism. The results point to duration not constituting a cue to focus marking in Yucatecan Spanish. Finally, it is discussed how this result relates to the strong influence of Yucatec Maya on Yucatecan Spanish prosody observed by both scholars and native speakers of Yucatecan Spanish and other Mexican varieties of Spanish.
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Kehoe, Margaret, and Carol Stoel-Gammon. "Truncation Patterns in English-Speaking Children's Word Productions." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 40, no. 3 (June 1997): 526–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4003.526.
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This study examines English-speaking children's truncation patterns (i.e., syllable deletion patterns) in multisyllabic words to determine if they are consistent with metrical constraints or perceptual biases. It also examines segmental influences on children's truncations. Children, age 22–34 months, produced three-syllable novel and real words and four-syllable real words, which varied across stress and segmental pattern. Results revealed a significant stress pattern effect on truncation rate, but findings were not consistent with metrical or perceptual salience predictions. The clearest account of the findings came from an analysis of truncation rate across individual words: Children truncated WSW (weak-strong-weak) words and words that contained intervocalic sonorants more frequently than other words. Analysis of truncation patterns in SWW and SWSW words revealed that final unstressed syllables were more frequently preserved than nonfinal unstressed syllables. Findings support the interaction between metrical, syllabic, and acoustic salience factors in children's multisyllabic word productions.
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Ali Al Thalab, Hasan Shaban. "English Word Stress Production by Iraqi Arabic ESL Learners: Reliance on the Impact of Stress Position." Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities 28, no. 8 (August 15, 2021): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jtuh.28.8.2021.25.
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The existing study approves the results and findings of the previous studies Iraqi Arabic ESL learners show their production difficulties and problems in stress assignment and how they are impacted by their L1 stress patterns. The number of syllables and correct stress position on English lexical items has a great influence, as they show more emphasis and tendency when stressing the first syllable in a given word. The researcher has a main goal in investigating which stress position is considered more problematic and which one is easier in predicting stress placement in polysyllabic words of two and three syllables. To achieve this aim, one experiment is carried out: a production test to measure the number of errors and accuracy scores of Iraqi Arabic L2 learners. The production results reveal that Iraqi Arabic ESL learners commit more errors when stress is assigned on the second and third syllables than on the first syllable. This suggests that there is a strong connection between the previous word stress models predictions about predictable stress languages and their poor performance in the assignment of stress on lexical word based on their stress position. The study has arrived at the following conclusions: L1 transfer is considered as an important factor that affects the performance of L2 speech production and the stress assignment is also problematic and the increase in the number of syllables and stress position in the lexical words affect ESL learners' performance.
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Stoetzer, Willem F. G. J. "The CV-syllable in Egyptian-Arabic verse." Linguistic Approaches to Poetry 15 (December 31, 2001): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.15.10sto.
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This is a study of some metrical peculiarities of a corpus of 159 Egyptian-Arabic quatrains. The light CV-syllable, accepted in all metrical positions, is the exclusive type in three of the eleven positions of the standard line, but it figures together with heavy syllables in the eight remaining positions. Does quantity, therefore, matter in a restricted number of cases only? The riddle is solved by distinguishing between two classes of CV-syllables, depending on whether the vowel is lax or tense: CVlax is always light, CVtense is generally heavy, but light in a weak metrical position. Other findings concern CVCV, which may fill several strong positions in the metre, and CVVC, which may be either heavy or superheavy. Superheavy CVVC can fill a strong + weak position, or, together with CVlax, two strong positions. Nothing of the sort occurs in classical Arabic; still, classical and vernacular Arabic metrics are related to a point where the existing differences are easily overlooked. Only a thorough investigation of the vernacular metres on their merits can establish the exact relationship between classical and vernacular prosodic systems.
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Zeroual, Mansour. "Syllable Variation Impact on Brand Name Preference." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 5, no. 10 (October 8, 2022): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2022.5.10.8.
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The current body of research in the language of advertising deals with the nature of segments, vowel quality, consonants, and vowel voicing, yet relatively little is understood about the impact of syllables on participants' behavior. This paper investigates syllable variation in brand names on customers' preferences in the language of advertising. A correlational-exploratory research design has been adopted. The instrument used to collect data was a questionnaire containing 40 fictitious brand names organized in two lists of 10 pairs. The first 10 pairs varied in terms of syllable type (open/ closed syllable), while the second 10 pairs varied in terms of syllable number (monosyllabic and disyllabic/ multisyllabic. The Participants were asked to choose from the first and second 10 pairs. Based on their responses, I calculated the Phi correlation coefficient (rφ) to determine the correlation between variations at the syllabic level and brand name preference. The results revealed that there is a strong correlation between syllable variation in brand names and participants’ preference with (p < .05) and (rφ=.436).In addition, participants preferred brand names containing open syllables. Moreover, Participants generally preferred disyllabic brand names. However, participants chose multisyllabic brand names over monosyllabic ones when choosing between the two. The obtained results have been very promising as they represent an initial step toward a framework that covers all variables in the language of advertising. Future work will concentrate on creating an exhaustive framework covering other stylistic and linguistic variables.
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Cutler, Anne, and Dennis Norris. "The role of strong syllables in segmentation for lexical access." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 14, no. 1 (1988): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.14.1.113.
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Cutler, Anne, and David M. Carter. "The predominance of strong initial syllables in the English vocabulary." Computer Speech & Language 2, no. 3-4 (September 1987): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0885-2308(87)90004-0.
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Carroll, Susanne Elizabeth. "Explaining how learners extract ‘formulae’ from L2 input." Language, Interaction and Acquisition 1, no. 2 (December 10, 2010): 229–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lia.1.2.05car.
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Studies of L2 production have shown that both children and adult learners make use of ‘formulae’, putatively ‘unanalysed’ sequences of words. In this paper I discuss how formulae may arise in L2 acquisition by processes of segmentation. Carroll and MacDonald (Ms. 2009), Carroll et al. (2009) show that even ab initio learners can rapidly segment sound forms from continuous strings. The data are consistent with two approaches to the segmentation of words: words are segmented by tracking co-occurrence statistics over adjacent syllables (transitional probabilities or TPs); the left edges of words are placed just before a strong syllable (a Metrical Segmentation Strategy). In my contribution to this special issue, I address the question of how strings of syllables can be re-analysed as morpho-syntactic categories, their phrasal projections and dependencies. I do this in terms of the Autonomous Induction Theory (Carroll 2001) discussing formulae in particular in terms of correspondences across autonomous and modular representational systems: prosodic, morpho-syntactic, and conceptual.
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Kager, René, and Violeta Martínez-Paricio. "The internally layered foot in Dutch." Linguistics 56, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 69–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2017-0037.
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Abstract Recent metrical studies have proposed that, under certain circumstances, a weak syllable may be adjoined to a binary foot, giving rise to a minimally recursive foot. Adding to a growing body of research from metrical stress and foot-conditioned phenomena in various languages, the goals of this paper are twofold. First, we aim at providing empirical evidence for internally layered feet based on the distribution of three foot-conditioned processes of Dutch: vowel reduction, glottal stop /ʔ/ insertion and /h/ licensing/deletion. Second, we explore a less studied theoretical and descriptive advantage of internally layered feet: their potential to predict phonological strength distinctions that go beyond the traditional weak vs. strong dichotomy. In support of this view, we will argue that all three above-mentioned foot-based processes of Dutch distinguish between two types of unstressed syllables. We will demonstrate that the metrical representation that best captures this dual patterning of unstressed syllables necessitates internally layered feet.
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Röttger, Timo B., Ulrike Domahs, Marion Grande, and Frank Domahs. "Structural Factors Affecting the Assignment of Word Stress in German." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 24, no. 1 (February 7, 2012): 53–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542711000262.
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This paper aims to shed light on regularities underlying German stress assignment. The results of a pseudoword production task suggest that rhyme complexity of the final syllable is a strong predictor of main stress position in German. We also found that antepenult rhyme complexity and orthographic rhyme structure have significant effect on stress assignment. In general, the effects seem to be probabilistic rather than categorical. Our results suggest that phonological theories of German word stress need to allow for multiple probabilistic factors, including syllabic structure of all stressable syllables and orthographic coding.*
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Nespor, Marina, and Irene Vogel. "On clashes and lapses." Phonology 6, no. 1 (May 1989): 69–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700000956.
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In phonology, one of the generalisations that seems to hold true across most, if not all, languages is that the overall rhythmic pattern tends to be organised such that there is an alternation of strong and weak syllables (cf. among others, Hayes 1980, 1984; Prince 1983; Selkirk 1984). In other words, languages tend to avoid strings of adjacent strong syllables, as well as strings of adjacent weak syllables. These generalisations are expressed by clauses (a) and (b), respectively, of Selkirk's Principle of Rhythmic Alternation (PRA):(1)Principle of Rhythmic Alternation(Selkirk 1984: 52)a. Every strong position on a metrical levelnshould be followed by at least one weak position on that levelb. Any weak position on a metrical levelnmay be preceded by at most one weak position on that levelOf course, the underlying rhythmic patterns of a language are not always in conformity with the PRA.
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Cicero, Carla, and Morgan Benowitz-Fredericks. "Song Types and Variation in Insular Populations of Lincoln's Sparrow (Melospiza Lincolnii), and Comparisons With Other Melospiza." Auk 117, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/117.1.52.
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Abstract In contrast to the Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana) and Song Sparrow (M. melodia), vocal studies of the congeneric Lincoln's Sparrow (M. lincolnii) are essentially lacking. To provide comparative data on song variation in this species, we obtained and analyzed recordings from 58 males (4,537 songs) breeding in montane meadows of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains, California. Males sang from one to six song types, and repertoire size averaged 3.7 types. No two males shared an identical song type. Males varied their types by changing the number of repetitions of a syllable or by adding, deleting, or substituting one or more syllables (i.e. by changing syllable composition). The number of variants, identified on the basis of differences in syllable composition, averaged 2.6 per song type (range 1 to 12). Individual variability was highest in the terminal elements of the song. Production of variants appears to be a process of “open-ended improvisation” of song types. Similarity of songs on the basis of shared syllables, as calculated by simple matching coefficients, showed a strong pattern of concordance with geography. Pairwise similarity declined with increasing distance between meadows, and meadows from different geographic regions clustered separately in a UPGMA tree. Patterns of geographic variation in song of Lincoln's Sparrows are similar to those observed in Song Sparrows and Swamp Sparrows. Song complexity and repertoire size show different evolutionary trends within Melospiza.
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Spierings, Michelle J., and Carel ten Cate. "Zebra finches are sensitive to prosodic features of human speech." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1787 (July 22, 2014): 20140480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0480.
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Variation in pitch, amplitude and rhythm adds crucial paralinguistic information to human speech. Such prosodic cues can reveal information about the meaning or emphasis of a sentence or the emotional state of the speaker. To examine the hypothesis that sensitivity to prosodic cues is language independent and not human specific, we tested prosody perception in a controlled experiment with zebra finches. Using a go/no-go procedure, subjects were trained to discriminate between speech syllables arranged in XYXY patterns with prosodic stress on the first syllable and XXYY patterns with prosodic stress on the final syllable. To systematically determine the salience of the various prosodic cues (pitch, duration and amplitude) to the zebra finches, they were subjected to five tests with different combinations of these cues. The zebra finches generalized the prosodic pattern to sequences that consisted of new syllables and used prosodic features over structural ones to discriminate between stimuli. This strong sensitivity to the prosodic pattern was maintained when only a single prosodic cue was available. The change in pitch was treated as more salient than changes in the other prosodic features. These results show that zebra finches are sensitive to the same prosodic cues known to affect human speech perception.
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Roca, Iggy. "On the sources of word prosody." Phonology 9, no. 2 (August 1992): 267–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700001615.
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In SPE (Chomsky & Halle 1968), stress was formalised as a distinctive feature, on a par with [consonantal], [continuant] and so on. Serious problems with this approach were pinpointed in Liberman & Prince (1977). Building on Liberman (1975), these authors conceived of stress as the product of a syllable-grounded network of hierarchical relations. In particular, they argued that, in any given domain (say, a word), syllables are prosodically organised into layers of binary constituents, each constituent made up of a strong element, construable as the ‘head’, and its weak sister. A path linking heads uninterruptedly leads from the tree root to the most salient, and thus primary stressed, syllable of the domain, which they named the ‘designated terminal element’.
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ZAHNER, KATHARINA, MUNA SCHÖNHUBER, and BETTINA BRAUN. "The limits of metrical segmentation: intonation modulates infants' extraction of embedded trochees." Journal of Child Language 43, no. 6 (December 18, 2015): 1338–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000915000744.
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AbstractWe tested German nine-month-olds’ reliance on pitch and metrical stress for segmentation. In a headturn-preference paradigm, infants were familiarized with trisyllabic words (weak–strong–weak (WSW) stress pattern) in sentence-contexts. The words were presented in one of three naturally occurring intonation conditions: one in which high pitch was aligned with the stressed syllable and two misalignment conditions (with high pitch preceding vs. following the stressed syllable). Infants were tested on the SW unit of the WSW carriers. Experiment 1 showed recognition only when the stressed syllable was high-pitched. Intonation of test items (similar vs. dissimilar to familiarization) had no influence (Experiment 2). Thus, German nine-month-olds perceive stressed syllables as word onsets only when high-pitched, although they already generalize over different pitch contours. Different mechanisms underlying this pattern of results are discussed.
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McDaniel, Jena, Tiffany Woynaroski, Bahar Keceli-Kaysili, Linda R. Watson, and Paul Yoder. "Vocal Communication With Canonical Syllables Predicts Later Expressive Language Skills in Preschool-Aged Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 10 (October 25, 2019): 3826–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-l-19-0162.
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Purpose We examined associations between vocal communication with canonical syllables and expressive language and then examined 2 potential alternative explanations for such associations. Method Specifically, we tested whether the associations remained when excluding canonical syllables in identifiable words and controlling for the number of communication acts. Participants included 68 preverbal or low verbal children with autism spectrum disorder ( M age = 35.26 months). Results Vocal communication with canonical syllables and expressive language were concurrently and longitudinally associated with moderate to strong ( R 2 s = .13–.70) and significant ( p s < .001) effect sizes. Even when excluding spoken words from the vocal predictor and controlling for the number of communication acts, vocal communication with canonical syllables predicted expressive language. Conclusions The findings provide increased support for measuring vocal communication with canonical syllables and for examining a causal relation between vocal communication with canonical syllables and expressive language in children with ASD who are preverbal or low verbal. In future studies, it may be unnecessary to eliminate identifiable words when measuring vocal communication in this population. Following replication, vocal communication with canonical syllables may be considered when making intervention- planning decisions.
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Yerkey, Paul N., and James R. Sawusch. "On the weakness of using strong syllables as word boundary markers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 91, no. 4 (April 1992): 2338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.403494.
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Khan, Afzal, Inayat Ullah, and Aziz Ullah Khan. "Stress Placement in English Quadri-Syllabic and Five-Syllabic Suffixed Words and Their Roots by Pashto Speakers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan." International Journal of English Linguistics 7, no. 6 (September 27, 2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v7n6p123.
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This research study investigates the pattern of English (primary) word stress in quadri-syllabic and five-syllabic suffixed words and their roots by Pashto speakers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan and the effect of suffixation on stress placements. These suffixes in English language are called shifters which shift strong stress to the antepenultimate (third from the last), penultimate (second from the last), and ultimately (last) syllables, as well as those suffixes that do not shift strong stress to other syllables. The data was collected from sixteen Pashto language native speakers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan, by way of recording their oral-reading of a card that contained the selected words. The findings of this study indicate that primary stress pattern varies among quadri-syllabic, and five-syllabic, suffixed words. The three types of suffixes in English language assert different degrees of effect on subjects stress placement, which can influence the amount of correct productions by the subjects. Actually, the suffixes “cial” or “tial” and “ic” state a great effect on subjects primary stress placement, because the subjects were capable of generating the shift in primary stress in penultimate syllable. Unlike the greater number of incorrect productions in “tory” and “ity” suffixed words, the subjects were sensitive to the change of stress pattern, which assists a great number of correct productions in “cial” or “tial” and “ic” suffixed words. The findings disclose the fact that there was extreme unawareness of the strong stress shifting effect by Pashto speakers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which further needed more attention.
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Bybee, Joan L., Paromita Chakraborti, Dagmar Jung, and Joanne Scheibman. "Prosody and Segmental Effect Some Paths of Evolution for Word Stress." Studies in Language 22, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 267–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.22.2.02byb.
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This study reports on a significant negative association found in a cross-linguistic sample between the degree of predictability of word stress from a word boundary and the extent to which stress has segmental effects. In other words, in a given language the less predictable stress is from the word boundary, the more likely that the language will have vowel reduction in unstressed syllables, vowel lengthening in stressed syllables, and consonantal changes restricted to stressed or unstressed syllables. These findings are interpreted as part of a major diachronic tendency for stressed and unstressed syllables to become more differentiated in terms of duration as a cumulative effect of phonetic change, which in turn leads to the deletion of unstressed syllables, which renders stress unpredictable in some cases. A model of phonological representation that best accounts for the unidirectionality of this strong tendency is one in which stress, even while it is still predictable, is considered an inherent part of the word, and phonetic changes have a permanent and cumulative effect on lexical representation.
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Prillop, Külli. "Hääliku-, silbi- ning jalavälde: ühe nähtuse mitu tahku." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 6, no. 3 (December 31, 2015): 169–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2015.6.3.07.
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Eesti väldete fonoloogiline esitus on huvi pakkunud väga paljudele teadlastele ja olnud inspiratsiooniks fonoloogiateooria arendamisel. Artiklis võrdlen erinevaid moorateoreetilisi vältekäsitlusi väldete foneetilise kirjeldusega. Foneetiliste faktidega sobib kõige paremini käsitlus, mille järgi III välte rõhuline silp täidab kogu jala, kuid I ja II välte puhul koosneb jalg kahest silbist. III välte silbi lõpu ja I välte jala lõpu pikenemist seletab prominentse moora paiknemine nimetatud positsioonides. Prominentsed moorad on vajalikud ka isuri keele Soikola murde fonoloogilises kirjelduses.Abstract. Külli Prillop: Segment quantity, syllable quantity and foot quantity – different facets of one phenomenon. Phonological representation of Estonian quantity degrees have aroused the interest of many researchers and provided a stimulus for developing phonological theory. In this article, I compare various moraic representations of the quantity degrees with the phonetical description of the quantities. Phonetical facts show best compatibility with the treatment according to which the stressed syllable of Q3 fills the whole foot, whereas in the case of Q1 and Q2 the foot consists of two syllables. The syllable-final lengthening of Q3 and the foot-final lengthening of Q1 can be explained by the presence of the strong mora in the corresponding positions. I show that strong moras are also necessary for the phonological description of the Soikola Ingrian.Keywords: Estonian, Ingrian, Soikola, quantity, overlength, foot-final lengthening, strong mora, moraic theory
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Horwitz, Amy R., Christopher W. Turner, and David A. Fabry. "Effects of Different Frequency Response Strategies Upon Recognition and Preference for Audible Speech Stimuli." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 34, no. 5 (October 1991): 1185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3405.1185.
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The purpose of this study was to examine whether the amount of low. versus high-frequency amplification should change as a function of input level, as is done in some recently developed hearing aids. Adults with high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss served as subjects. Both identification performance and preference judgments for audible CV syllables were assessed as a function of input level for three different signal processing conditions both in quiet and in noise. The first signal processing condition was a conventional high-pass frequency response that did not change its transfer function as the input level increased; the second condition was similar to a typical adaptive frequency response (AFR) hearing aid: a high-pass frequency response that became increasingly high-pass as the input level increased; the third condition was similar to the K-Amp hearing aid recommended by Killion (1988): a high-pass frequency response that became more broadband as the input level increased. Results indicated no significant differences among the three different processing conditions for syllable recognition and a strong listener preference for the syllables presented via the conventional amplification scheme.
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Hu, Xin, and Haiying Du. "Korean EFL Learner’s Suprasegmental Features." English Language Teaching 16, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v16n2p82.
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This study delves into some aspects of suprasegmental features such as syllable structure, stress, and rhythm and compares them between NS and NNS. It is investigated in spectrograms and sound waveforms that 1. On the aspect of syllable structure in English, the onset and the coda in English syllable structure are characterized to have a maximum of 3 and 4 consonant clusters, respectively. In contrast, Korean allows only 1 single consonant in onset and coda position. This cross-linguistic difference gives rise to the insertion of the neutral vowel /ɨ/ to break up the consonant clusters in English words, in which the inserted vowel forms an independent wave chunk. 2. Refer to stress in English, it is universally recognized as every single English word or sentence consist of its own stress. On the contrary, Korean lacks stress placed at the level of the word. It follows that Korean EFL learners tend to put an approximately equal prominence on every syllable in a word and to exhibit a tendency to put a strong prominence particularly on the first syllable of a word with more than 2 syllables, which is dubbed an ‘initial prominence phenomenon’in this paper. 3. In relation to English rhythm, English is certainly a stress-timed rhythm, but Korean is a syllable-timed rhythm. The core differences between the stress-timed rhythm and the syllable-timed are on the form of ‘foot’, which is established when stressed and unstressed syllables occur in relatively regular alternating patterns in sentences, led to a phenomenon of that the number of feet depends on the timing of articulation within a whole sentence. “This paper finds significance in exhibiting suprasegmental features in visualization between NS and NNS, given that these features play a more important role than segmental ones. It can also serve a milestone for future researchers in the EFL phonetic filed.”
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Caro Reina, Javier. "Wortsprachliche Merkmale im Alemannischen." Linguistik Online 98, no. 5 (November 7, 2019): 235–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.98.5939.
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This paper examines the strategies for profiling the phonological word in Alemannic, applying the typology of syllable and word languages. The diagnostic criteria selected for assessing the relevance of the phonological word include syllable structure, phonotactic restrictions, and word-profiling processes. Following on from previous synchronic and diachronic analyses (Nübling/Schrambke 2004; Szczepaniak 2007), I will provide a detailed account of the phonological word in Old Alemannic and in modern Alemannic dialects, which include Upper-Rhine Alemannic, Swabian, and South Alemannic. It will be shown that the relevance of the phonological word gradually increased in Alemannic, as can be gleaned from processes such as unstressed vowel reduction, unstressed vowel deletion, and consonant epenthesis. While vowel reduction created strong asymmetries between stressed and unstressed syllables, unstressed vowel deletion and consonant epenthesis increased syllable complexity at word and morpheme boundaries. In addition, Swabian was found to contain more word-related features than Upper-Rhine Alemannic and South Alemannic. Thus, the typology of syllable and word languages contributes to a better understanding of language variation and change in Alemannic.
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Labra, Antonieta, and Helene M. Lampe. "The songs of male pied flycatchers: exploring the legacy of the fathers." PeerJ 6 (August 1, 2018): e5397. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5397.
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Singing is a key element of songbirds’ behavioral repertoire, particularly for males, which sing during the breeding season to defend resources against other males and to attract females. Different song traits may convey honest information about males’ qualities or conditions, which may be used by females to select their mates. Traits under strong sexual selection have an important component of additive genetic variation (i.e., the main genetic inheritance from parents), and so relatively high heritability; therefore, it can be expected that song traits also do. Although the act of singing is an innate behavior, and thus, genetically determined, songbirds need to learn their songs and therefore the genetic contribution to song traits may be reduced by the effect of environmental factors. We tested this hypothesis in seven song traits recorded in the long-distance migratory bird, the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca). From a 23-year database (1992–2015), we obtained songs for 28 father–son pairs, and for each song trait we applied parent–offspring regressions to estimate heritability. The type of syllables sung are learned from tutors, and here we also determined the cultural contribution of fathers to the song repertoires of their sons, by quantifying the percentage of syllables that sons shared with their fathers, and compared this with what sons shared with other males in the population (e.g., neighbors). The heritabilities of song traits were highly variable (ranging from −0.22 to 0.56), but most of these were around zero and none of them were significant. These results indicate that the seven song traits are most likely determined by environmental factors. Sons shared more syllables with their fathers than with neighbors (21% vs. 3%), suggesting that fathers are important song tutors during the nestling period. We conclude that there is a cultural inheritance from fathers to their sons’ syllable repertoires, but there is no strong evidence for a genetic contribution of fathers to the seven song traits studied.
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Sams, M. "Audiovisual Speech Perception." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970029.
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Persons with hearing loss use visual information from articulation to improve their speech perception. Even persons with normal hearing utilise visual information, especially when the stimulus-to-noise ratio is poor. A dramatic demonstration of the role of vision in speech perception is the audiovisual fusion called the ‘McGurk effect’. When the auditory syllable /pa/ is presented in synchrony with the face articulating the syllable /ka/, the subject usually perceives /ta/ or /ka/. The illusory perception is clearly auditory in nature. We recently studied the audiovisual fusion (acoustical /p/, visual /k/) for Finnish (1) syllables, and (2) words. Only 3% of the subjects perceived the syllables according to the acoustical input, ie in 97% of the subjects the perception was influenced by the visual information. For words the percentage of acoustical identifications was 10%. The results demonstrate a very strong influence of visual information of articulation in face-to-face speech perception. Word meaning and sentence context have a negligible influence on the fusion. We have also recorded neuromagnetic responses of the human cortex when the subjects both heard and saw speech. Some subjects showed a distinct response to a ‘McGurk’ stimulus. The response was rather late, emerging about 200 ms from the onset of the auditory stimulus. We suggest that the perisylvian cortex, close to the source area for the auditory 100 ms response (M100), may be activated by the discordant stimuli. The behavioural and neuromagnetic results suggest a precognitive audiovisual speech integration occurring at a relatively early processing level.
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Kumagai, Gakuji. "Analysing spells in the Harry Potter series: Sound-symbolic effects of syllable lengths, voiced obstruents and low vowels." Open Linguistics 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 511–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2021-0025.
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Abstract The current study is the first to attempt to perform a sound-symbolic analysis of the spells featured in the Harry Potter series. The present research analysed 171 spells in terms of syllable lengths and the number of voiced obstruents and stressed low vowels. The results showed that the Killing Curse, Avada Kedavra, which is known as one of the most powerful and sinister spells, has the most voiced obstruents and stressed low vowels. The study then experimentally examined whether three factors – syllable lengths, voiced obstruents and low vowels – evoked the imagery of powerful spells using nonce words. The results suggested that voiced obstruents and stressed low vowels are sound-symbolically associated with powerful imagery, which aligns with the studies in Pokémonastics concerning strong character names (Kawahara et al. 2018; Shih et al. 2019). Moreover, names containing more syllables were favoured as powerful spells by those who are unfamiliar with the Harry Potter series, which is evidence of the iconicity of quantity in general English speakers.
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ALQAHTANI, MUFLEH, and Rebecca Musa. "Vowel Epenthesis in Arabic Loanwords in Hausa." International Journal of Linguistics 7, no. 2 (April 24, 2015): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v7i2.6442.
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<p>Vowel epenthesis is discussed in this paper as a phonological process utilized to avoid codas in Arabic loanwords in Hausa language in light of Optimality Theory (OT), as an analytical framework, even though this language permits codas in heavy syllables of the form CVC (Caron, 2011). This process results in having disyllabic, trisyllabic, or qadri-syllabic words (words with four syllables) depending on the forms of Arabic loanwords as well as mono-syllabic words with final bi-consonant clusters. This study primarily relies on extant literature including theses, books, articles. Furthermore, the authors’ intuition is crucially deemed the judge on the facts of the data . This paper concludes that codas in Arabic loanwords in Hausa motivate vowel epenthesis either once or twice, depending on the forms of words; i.e. disyllabic or monosyllabic. Also, the number of vowel insertion depends on the number of consonants in the coda postion, i.e. /CVCC/→ vowel epenthesis→ [CVC.C<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">V</span></strong>] or [CV.C<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">V</span></strong>.C<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">V</span></strong>].</p>
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Lomotey, Charlotte Fofo, and Gifty Osei-Bonsu. "Speech Rhythm in Ghanaian English: An Analysis of Classroom Presentations." Englishes in Practice 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 28–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eip-2022-0002.
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Abstract It has been argued that prosodic features (e.g. stress, rhythm, or intonation) contribute significantly to production and comprehension among speakers of English. While it is easy to come across studies that focus on these features in native Englishes, the same cannot be said of Englishes outside native speaker contexts, especially regarding rhythm in academic discourse, although such results greatly enhance our understanding of this prosodic phenomenon. This study examined rhythm in academic Ghanaian English, using Liberman and Prince’s (1977) Metrical Phonology theory. Lessons were recorded from 24 lecturers in a public university in Ghana and analyzed using the computerized speech laboratory (CSL). Cues measured were duration, pitch, and amplitude to help determine the rhythmic patterns of these lecturers. The results suggest that the rhythmic patterns produced bear similarities as well as differences with those produced by inner circle speakers. The preponderance of rhythmic patterns of strong-strong and weak- strong or strong-weak syllables in certain words presented exceptions to the theory. Based on this, it is argued that Ghanaian English appears to be a more syllable-based than a stressed-based variety, and so teachers might consider using a variety local and familiar to students in order to achieve intelligibility.
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Arvaniti, Amalia, and D. Robert Ladd. "Greek wh-questions and the phonology of intonation." Phonology 26, no. 1 (May 2009): 43–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675709001717.
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AbstractThe intonation of Greek wh-questions consists of a rise-fall followed by a low plateau and a final rise. Using acoustic data, we show (i) that the exact contour shape depends on the length of the question, and (ii) that the position of the first peak and the low plateau depends on the position of the stressed syllables, and shows predictable adjustments in alignment, depending on the proximity of adjacent tonal targets. Models that specify the F0 of all syllables, or models that specify F0 by superposing contour shapes for shorter and longer domains, cannot account for such fine-grained lawful variation except by using ad hoc tonal specifications, which, in turn, do not allow for phonological generalisations about contours applying to utterances of greatly different lengths. In contrast, our findings follow easily from an autosegmental-metrical approach to intonational phonology, according to which melodies may contain long F0 stretches derived by interpolation between specified targets associated with metrically strong syllables and prosodic boundaries.
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Syed, Nasir Abbas, Sanaullah Ansari, and Illahi Bux. "Perception and Production of Consonants of English by Pakistani Speakers." International Journal of English Linguistics 7, no. 3 (March 16, 2017): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v7n3p201.
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This paper depicts a comprehensive picture of consonants of Pakistani English (PakE). The study shows that PakE speakers neutralize aspiration contrast in English stops. In the PakE, /t/ in /st/ cluster on onset of a word (e.g., steal) is produced with more aspiration than that on syllable-initial position without preceding /s/ (e.g., in “teach”). Besides, /t d/ are produced with strong retroflexion but /t/ in tautosyllabic /st/ clusters on word-initial position is produced without retroflexion. Voiced stops are produced with pre-voicing. Dental fricatives /θ ð/ produced by native speakers of English are perceived as [f z] or [s v] by PakE speakers but they produce these fricatives as stop. PakE speakers can realize a difference between clear and dark lateral of English in perception although they do not maintain the same difference in production as they produce English lateral as a clear lateral on onset and coda of syllables. Coronal fricative /ʒ/ is perceived and produced as approximant /j/ and /v w/ as a labial approximant. In PakE [r] is produced with strong trilling and rhoticity on all word-positions.
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Pompino-Marschall, Bernd, and Marzena Żygis. "Glottal marking of vowel-initial words in German." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 52 (January 1, 2010): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.52.2010.380.
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Glottal marking of vowel-initial German words by glottalization and glottal stop insertion were investigated in dependence on speech rate, word type (content vs. function words), word accent, phrasal position and the following vowel. The analysed material consisted of speeches of Konrad Adenauer, Thomas Mann and Richard von Weizsäcker. The investigation shows that not only the left boundary of accented syllables (including phrasal stress boundary) and lexical words favour glottal stops/glottalization, but also that the segmental level appears to have a strong impact on these insertion processes. Specifically, the results show that low vowels in contrast to non-low ones favour glottal stops/glottalization even before non-accented syllables and functional words.
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Yadav, Meenakshi Sharma, Kahkasha Moin Quadri, and Manoj Kumar Yadav. "Semantic and Thematic Aspects in the Carrion Comfort by Gerard Manley Hopkins." International Journal of Linguistics and Translation Studies 3, no. 3 (September 12, 2022): 146–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlts.v3i3.264.
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Gerard Manley Hopkins sought a stronger rhetorical style in verse-sprung rhythm for the shape, sound, and sense of Carrion Comfort. The poet shows a sense of desolation produced partly by spiritual aridity and partly by a feeling of artistic frustration. The poem reveals strong tensions between his delight in the sensuous world, his urge to express it, and his equally powerful sense of religious vocation in the sonnet. This sonnet is enriched with the vivid use of echo figures of speech, alliteration, repetition, and a highly compressed syntax to project profound personal experiences, including his sense of God’s mystery, grandeur, and mercy in the energizing prosodic element of his verse sprung rhythm, in which each foot may consist of one stressed syllable and any number of unstressed syllables instead of the regular number of syllables used in the traditional meter. Despair and dejection play a prominent role in displaying the writer’s semantic point of view. The tone of the octave and sestet differ drastically in aspects. Initially, the tone is full of distress, while later, the technique is cheerful. This research attempt will seek answers to how the poem's mode and structure dramatize the speaker's exchange with his interiority and the exterior world? What is the effect of the variations in syntax reflecting a claustrophobic interior consciousness? Therefore, this paper explores the semantic and thematic aspects of the sonnet successfully, keeping in mind the poem's thematic aspects and perspectives.
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Kim, Sunmi, and Kichun Nam. "The Effect of Strong Syllables on Lexical Segmentation in English Continuous Speech by Korean Speakers." Phonetics and Speech Sciences 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2013): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.13064/ksss.2013.5.2.043.
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Moore-Cantwell, Claire. "Weight and final vowels in the English stress system." Phonology 37, no. 4 (November 2020): 657–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675720000305.
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This paper presents both dictionary evidence and experimental evidence that the quality of a word's final vowel plays a role in assigning main stress in English. Specifically, a final [i] pushes main stress leftwards – three-syllable words ending with [i] have a strong tendency to take antepenultimate stress. This pattern is compared with the Latin Stress Rule for English, according to which words with heavy penultimate syllables should have penultimate stress. Both pressures are shown to be productive in experiments. Two analyses of the final-[i] generalisation are tested, one using the ‘cloned’ constraint Non-finFt[i], and one using the ‘parochial’ constraint Antepenult[i], which directly penalises [i]-final words which do not have antepenultimate stress. Although it is has less typological support, Antepenult[i] is argued for on the grounds that it correctly predicts participants' behaviour on words with both a heavy penult and a final [i], which are extremely rare in the lexicon.
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B. Wilbur, Ronnie. "Prosody in Sign Languages." Hrvatska revija za rehabilitacijska istraživanja 58, Special Issue (October 12, 2022): 143–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31299/hrri.58.si.8.
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This chapter addresses the debate concerning the status of nonmanuals (head, face, body) as prosodic or not by exploring in detail how prosody is structured in speech and what might be parallels and differences in sign. Prosody is divided into two parts, rhythmic phrasing (timing, syllables, stress), and intonation. To maximize accessibility, in each part, an introduction to what is known for speech is presented, followed by what is known and/or claimed for sign languages. With the exception of the internal structure of syllables, sign languages are very similar to spoken languages in the rhythmic domain. In the intonational domain, the parallels are less strong, in part because analogies of nonmanual functions to spoken intonation tend to be based on older/simpler models of intonation. There needs to be much more detailed research on sign languages to catch up with the recent research on spoken intonation.
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Akinjobi, Adenike. "Vowel reduction and suffixation in Nigeria." English Today 22, no. 1 (January 2006): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078406001039.
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THIS STUDY investigates how speakers of Educated Yoruba English (EYE) produce the vowels in typically unstressed syllables of English words whose suffixes require a shift of stress and a consequent reduction of vowels, as in atómic from átom and dramátic from dráma. Twenty suffixed English words were read by one hundred Yoruba subjects, with a Briton who studied at the University of London serving as the control. The focus is on Yoruba English because of both its many speakers and the need for a ‘geo-tribal’ approach to defining the concept Nigerian English. The data was analysed by converting tokens of occurrence to percentages, the higher percentages being taken as the norm. The acoustic analysis was done in a computerized speech laboratory. The study establishes that vowels occurring in typically unstressed syllables in traditional Standard English remain strong and full in educated Yoruba English.
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Munson, Benjamin, Elissa M. Bjorum, and Jennifer Windsor. "Acoustic and Perceptual Correlates of Stress in Nonwords Produced by Children With Suspected Developmental Apraxia of Speech and Children With Phonological Disorder." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 46, no. 1 (February 2003): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/015).
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Previous research (L. Shriberg, D. Aram, & J. Kwiatkowski, 1997b, 1997c) has suggested that accuracy in producing linguistic stress reliably distinguishes between children with suspected developmental apraxia of speech (sDAS) and children with phonological disorder (PD). The current investigation tested this hypothesis by examining acoustic correlates of stress in trochaic (strong-weak) and iambic (weak-strong) nonwords produced by 5 children in each of these 2 groups. Four measures relating to stress production were examined: vowel duration, fundamental frequency (f 0 ) at vowel midpoint, timing of the f 0 peak relative to vowel onset, and intensity at vowel midpoint. In addition, perceptual judgments of accuracy of stress production were obtained. No group differences in the production of stress were found; however, listeners judged that the nonword repetitions of children with sDAS matched the target stress contour less often than did the repetitions of children with PD. Multiple regression analyses found that mean vowel duration, as well as the relative duration and relative f 0 of stressed and stressless syllables, predicted listeners’ judgments of stress, although these variables only accounted for a small proportion of variance (21.8%). Thus, children with sDAS were able to produce acoustic differences between stressed and stressless syllables, but these differences were not consistently perceptible to listeners.
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Widagsa, Rudha, Sri Wiyanah, and Primasari Wahyuni. "THE INFLUENCE OF INDONESIAN PROSODIC FEATURES ON ENGLISH WORD STRESS PRODUCTION." English Review: Journal of English Education 7, no. 2 (June 2, 2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v7i2.1647.
Full textAbstract:
Generally, word stress tends to be ignored and is not considered a serious problem in Indonesian EFL; most teachers only focus on lexical and grammatical aspects of English. In fact, the prosodic features existing in English greatly affect meaning. This research, therefore, is intended to find out how Indonesian Learners of English (ILE) produce the English word stress. The stressed syllables were identified by using the highest pitch in each word. This research involved 20 respondents whose mother tongue is Indonesian. PRAAT software was applied to analyze the recordings, including measuring the pitch of each word. Word stress is indicated by the highest pitch of each word. The lowest pitch indicates weak stress. The result illustrated that ILE produces inappropriate word stress in second language learning. Most of them are not able to distinguish between strong and weak stressed syllables. This is because in their native language, prosodic features, such as word stress, do not prevail. Thus, English word stress production was heavily influenced by Indonesian features of stress. From the 36 words that become the instrument of this research, less than 50% were pronounced correctly, in most cases, and the highest pitch fell on last syllables. The absence of prosodic features in Indonesian language and limited knowledge on English phonetics drive the ILE to pronunciation error.�