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Journal articles on the topic 'String-fragmentation'

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Published: 1 April 2023

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1

Scherrer, Robert J., and William H. Press. "Cosmic-string-loop fragmentation." Physical Review D 39, no. 2 (January 15, 1989): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.39.371.

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2

Schram, Zs, K. Sailer, B. M�ller, and W. Greiner. "Boson interferometry in string fragmentation." Zeitschrift f�r Physik C Particles and Fields 47, no. 1 (March 1990): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01551924.

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3

York, Thomas. "Fragmentation of cosmic-string loops." Physical Review D 40, no. 2 (July 15, 1989): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.40.277.

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4

Smith, A. G., and Alexander Vilenkin. "Fragmentation of cosmic string loops." Physical Review D 36, no. 4 (August 15, 1987): 987–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.36.987.

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5

Todorova-Nová, Šárka. "Quantum properties of QCD string fragmentation." EPJ Web of Conferences 120 (2016): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201612001005.

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6

Ben-Hao, Sa, Cai Xu, Tai An, and Zhou Dai-Mei. "Net Charge Fluctuation and String Fragmentation." Communications in Theoretical Physics 42, no. 3 (September 15, 2004): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0253-6102/42/3/403.

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7

Hatta, Yoshitaka, and Toshihiro Matsuo. "Jet fragmentation and gauge/string duality." Physics Letters B 670, no. 2 (December 2008): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2008.10.043.

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8

Balazs, N. L., T. Csörgő, B. Lukács, and J. Zimányi. "Effects of asymmetry in string fragmentation." Annals of Physics 208, no. 2 (June 1991): 402–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-4916(91)90301-n.

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9

Artru, X., and M. G. Bowler. "Quantisation of the string fragmentation model." Zeitschrift für Physik C Particles and Fields 37, no. 2 (June 1988): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01579915.

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10

Wong, Cheuk-Yin, and Ren-Chuan Wang. "Fragmentation of a finite-mass string." Physical Review D 44, no. 3 (August 1, 1991): 679–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.44.679.

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11

Edén, Patrik. "On energy conservation in Lund string fragmentation." Journal of High Energy Physics 2000, no. 05 (May 17, 2000): 029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2000/05/029.

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12

Edén, Patrik, and Gösta Gustafson. "Baryon production in the string fragmentation picture." Zeitschrift f�r Physik C Particles and Fields 75, no. 1 (June 10, 1997): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002880050445.

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13

Scholten, O. "Intermittency, a test for string fragmentation processes." Zeitschrift f�r Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei 343, no. 2 (June 1992): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01291829.

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14

Grabiak, M., J. A. Casado, and M. Gyulassy. "Nielsen-Olesen vortices and independent string fragmentation." Zeitschrift f�r Physik C Particles and Fields 49, no. 2 (June 1991): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01555502.

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15

Dhamija, S., M. Kaur, and S. Dahiya. "Analysis of pion–nucleus interactions in the framework of a multistring model." Canadian Journal of Physics 80, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 1571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p02-074.

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A multistring model implemented through Monte Carlo code, modified-FRITIOF is used to analyse the data from π– –Em interactions at high energies. The model is based on the concept of classical strings, and using the method of longitudinal excitation as a means of string formation, the subsequent string fragmentation follows the Lund fragmentation scheme. The analysis gives interesting comparison between the data and the model predictions. PACS No.: 25.70
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16

Hu, Hai-Ming. "Chapter 5 Hadronic Fragmentation." International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, supp01 (May 2009): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x09046461.

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17

Kerbizi, Albi, and Leif Lönnblad. "StringSpinner - adding spin to the PYTHIA string fragmentation." Computer Physics Communications 272 (March 2022): 108234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2021.108234.

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18

Werner, K., and P. Koch. "A covariant and gauge invariant string fragmentation model." Zeitschrift f�r Physik C Particles and Fields 47, no. 2 (June 1990): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01552342.

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19

Gurvich, E. G., and G. G. Leptoukh. "Area decay law implementation for quark string fragmentation." Physical Review D 49, no. 5 (March 1, 1994): 2627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.49.2627.

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20

SALEEM, MOHAMMAD, and MUHAMMAD RAFIQUE. "STRING FRAGMENTATION MODEL AND INCLUSIVE PRODUCTION OF K MESONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 07, no. 16 (June 30, 1992): 3665–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x92001630.

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An account of the inclusive production of K mesons in electron-positron annihilation is given. The most recent measurements on the cross section are exhibited and compared with the predictions of the Lund model. The model gives a satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. The results from different experiments on cross section, the mean multiplicity per multihadronic event and various other characteristics are found to be consistent.
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21

Werner, K., and P. Koch. "Probing string fragmentation in nuclear matter: Lepton-nucleus scattering." Zeitschrift f�r Physik C Particles and Fields 47, no. 2 (June 1990): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01552347.

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22

Fazal-e-Aleem and Mohammad Saleem. "String Fragmentation Model and Inclusive Production of K *± (892)." Communications in Theoretical Physics 16, no. 3 (October 1991): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0253-6102/16/3/369.

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23

Schulze, H. J., and J. Aichelin. "Does string fragmentation reveal more than longitudinal phase space?" Physical Review D 39, no. 11 (June 1, 1989): 3271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.39.3271.

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24

Morris, Duncan A. "Heavy-quark fragmentation functions in a simple string model." Nuclear Physics B 313, no. 3 (February 1989): 634–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(89)90399-4.

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25

Kolevatov, R. S. "On azimuthal anisotropy in fragmentation of a classical relativistic string." European Physical Journal C 68, no. 3-4 (June 22, 2010): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-010-1355-x.

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26

Ben-Hao, Sa, Cai Xu, Chinorat Kobdaj, Wang Zhong-Qi, Yan Yu-Peng, and Zhou Dai-Mei. "Energy Dependence of String Fragmentation Function and ϕ Meson Production." Communications in Theoretical Physics 41, no. 2 (February 15, 2004): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0253-6102/41/2/291.

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27

Ballocchi, G., and R. Odorico. "The string effect and independent fragmentation models: Lore and facts." Nuclear Physics B 345, no. 1 (November 1990): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(90)90613-i.

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28

Morris, Duncan A. "A framework for the fragmentation of the massless relativistic string." Nuclear Physics B 288 (January 1987): 717–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(87)90235-5.

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29

SJÖSTRAND, TORBJÖRN. "STATUS OF FRAGMENTATION MODELS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 03, no. 04 (April 1988): 751–823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x88000345.

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Phenomenological models of multiparticle production have become increasingly important for the interpretation of experimental data in high energy physics. The evolution of these models fills a gap left open by the present limited theoretical understanding of the hadronization process, i.e. the transformation of outgoing colored partons into color singlet hadrons. The three main schools of thought, string fragmentation, cluster fragmentation and independent fragmentation, are presented in this paper. Included are discussions on similarities and differences, successes and failures, and recent developments. Perturbative QCD aspects with strong ties to the multiparticle production picture are also covered, in particular parton showers. An account is given of experience gained in the comparison between data and models. Since fragmentation studies are particularly well developed for e+e− annihilation events, this field is described in detail. A few comments are also presented for leptoproduction and hadron collisions.
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30

Balázs, Louis A. P. "Self-consistent nonperturbative effect of string fragmentation on superstring mass spectra." Physical Review D 39, no. 3 (February 1, 1989): 1002–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.39.1002.

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31

Zomorrodian, M. E., M. Hasheminia, and A. Mirjalili. "Hadronization properties in   e e annihilation at S  60GeV centre of mass energy." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 5, no. 2 (September 6, 2014): 801–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v5i2.1956.

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The hadronic events from the experimental data , as well as the PYTHIA Monte-carlo data at the 60 GeV centreof mass energies are studied.We present the general properties of multihadron final states produced by e e   .Globalshape, inclusive charged-particle, and particle-flow distributions are presented. Our measurements are comparedwith QCD + fragmentation models that use either leading-logarithmic parton-shower evolution or QCD matrixelements at the parton level, and either string or cluster fragmentation for hadronization. Possible explanations forourcompariaon are presented in this paper.
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32

Mohs, Justin, Sangwook Ryu, and Hannah Elfner. "Can Baryon Stopping Be Understood within a Hadronic Transport Approach." Proceedings 10, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019010002.

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The changing shape of the rapidity spectrum of net protons over the SPS energy range is still lacking theoretical understanding. In this work, a model for string excitation and string fragmentation is implemented for the description of high energy collisions within a hadronic transport approach. The free parameters of the string model are tuned to reproduce the experimentally measured particle production in proton-proton collisions. With the fixed parameters we advance to calculations for heavy ion collisions, where the shape of the proton rapidity spectrum changes from a single peak to a double peak structure with increasing beam energy in the experiment. We present calculations of proton rapidity spectra at different SPS energies in heavy ion collisions. Qualitatively, a good agreement with the experimental findings is obtained. In a future work, the formation process of string fragments will be studied in detail aiming to quantitatively reproduce the measurement.
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33

ISSE, M., T. HIRANO, R. MIZUKAWA, A. OHNISHI, K. YOSHINO, and Y. NARA. "JET-FLUID STRING FORMATION AND DECAY IN HIGH-ENERGY HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 07n08 (August 2007): 2338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301307007908.

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We propose a new hadronization mechanism, jet-fluid string (JFS) formation and decay, to understand observables in intermediate to high-pT regions comprehensively. In the JFS model, hard partons produced in jet lose their energy in traversing the QGP fluid, which is described by fully three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations. When a jet parton escapes from the QGP fluid, it picks up a partner parton from a fluid and forms a color singlet string, then it decays to hadrons. We find that high-pTv2 values in JFS are about two times larger than in the independent fragmentation model.
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34

Cecchele, Anna, Greta Chiara Cermisoni, Elisa Giacomini, Monica Pinna, and Paola Vigano. "Cellular and Molecular Nature of Fragmentation of Human Embryos." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (January 25, 2022): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031349.

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Embryo fragmentation represents a phenomenon generally characterized by the presence of membrane-bound extracellular cytoplasm into the perivitelline space. Recent evidence supports the cellular and molecular heterogeneity of embryo fragments. In this narrative review, we described the different embryo fragment-like cellular structures in their morphology, molecular content, and supposed function and have reported the proposed theories on their origin over the years. We identified articles related to characterization of embryo fragmentation with a specific literature search string. The occurrence of embryo fragmentation has been related to various mechanisms, of which the most studied are apoptotic cell death, membrane compartmentalization of altered DNA, cytoskeletal disorders, and vesicle formation. These phenomena are thought to result in the extrusion of entire blastomeres, release of apoptotic bodies and other vesicles, and micronuclei formation. Different patterns of fragmentation may have different etiologies and effects on embryo competence. Removal of fragments from the embryo before embryo transfer with the aim to improve implantation potential should be reconsidered on the basis of the present observations
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35

Kurihara, Y., J. Hüfner, and J. Aichelin. "Multiplicity distributions of particles from string fragmentation calculated in a phase space model." Physics Letters B 205, no. 4 (May 1988): 549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(88)90996-3.

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36

Adamovich, M. I., M. M. Aggarwal, Y. A. Alexandrov, N. P. Andreeva, Z. V. Anson, R. Arora, F. A. Avetyan, et al. "STOCHASTIC EMISSION OF PARTICLES IN ULTRA-RELATIVISTIC HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS." Modern Physics Letters A 06, no. 06 (February 28, 1991): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732391000488.

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In this letter we show that most of the fluctuations in particle densities observed in relativistic heavy-ion collisions are consistent with stochastic emission, i.e., most of the correlations between produced particles are washed out due to the vast number of particles in the environment. We further explore the general trends by investigating different systems, energies and centrality cuts. Comparisons with the Fritiof model show that string fragmentation gives results similar to the data.
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37

Sa, Ben-Hao, and An Tai. "Modified string fragmentation function and particle production in nuclear collisions at top RHIC energy." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 31, no. 9 (July 27, 2005): 1031–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/31/9/005.

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38

Andersson, B., S. Mohanty, and F. Söderberg. "The Lund fragmentation process for a multi-gluon string according to the area law." European Physical Journal C 21, no. 4 (July 2001): 631–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100520100757.

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39

Yao, Hiroshi, Chris Michaels, Stephan Stranick, Takeshi Isohashi, and Keisaku Kimura. "Collapse and Self-Reconstruction of Mesoscopic Architectures of Supramolecular J Aggregates in Solution: From Strings to Tubular Rods." Letters in Organic Chemistry 1, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570178043401180.

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: This Letter reports the collapse and subsequent self-reassembly of mesoscopic architectures of supramolecular J aggregates in solution. Ultrasonication of the string-like 5,5-dichloro-3,3-disulfopropyl thiacyanine (TC) J aggregates caused fragmentation (collapse) of the initial morphology, followed by a prompt self-reconstruction into mesoscopic rod-like architectures. Fluorescence microscopy, polarized light microscopy, atomic force microscopy and near-field scanning optical microscopy revealed that the apparent rod-like morphology was a tubular architecture with a monomolecular wall (single-wall) and open ends.
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40

Suleymanov, M. "The meaning behind observed pT regions at the LHC energies." International Journal of Modern Physics E 27, no. 01 (January 2018): 1850008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301318500088.

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We argue that [Formula: see text] distribution data from the LHC on the invariant differential yield of the charged primary particles in [Formula: see text] collisions at [Formula: see text] and in Pb–Pb collisions at [Formula: see text]TeV with six centrality bins contains several [Formula: see text] regions with special properties. These distributions were analyzed by fitting the data with exponential functions. We conclude that the regions reflect features of fragmentation and hadronization of partons through the string dynamics. The nuclear transparency results in negligible influence of the medium in the III region ([Formula: see text]), which has highest [Formula: see text] values. The effects and changes by the medium start to appear weakly in the II region ([Formula: see text]) and become stronger in the I region ([Formula: see text]). It seems that the II region has highest number of strings. The increase in string density in this region could lead to fusion of strings, appearance of a new string and collective behavior of the partons in the most central collisions. These phenomena can explain anomalous behavior of the Nuclear Modification Factor in the II region. We propose the II region as a possible area of Quark Gluon Plasma formation through string fusion. The first [Formula: see text] regions are the ones with the maximum number of hadrons and minimum number of strings due to direct hadronization of the low energy strings into two quark systems–mesons.
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41

Yuan, Ying, and Nana Guan. "Nuclear Stopping in Central Au+Au Collisions at RHIC Energies." Advances in High Energy Physics 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/946934.

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Nuclear stopping in central Au+Au collisions at relativistic heavy-ion collider (RHIC) energies is studied in the framework of a cascade mode and the modified ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics (UrQMD) transport model. In the modified mode, the mean field potentials of both formed and “preformed” hadrons (from string fragmentation) are considered. It is found that the nuclear stopping is increasingly influenced by the mean-field potentials in the projectile and target regions with the increase of the reaction energy. In the central region, the calculations of the cascade model considering the modifying factor can describe the experimental data of the PHOBOS collaboration.
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42

Mücke, A., J. P. Rachen, Ralph Engel, R. J. Protheroe, and Todor Stanev. "Photohadronic Processes in Astrophysical Environments." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 16, no. 2 (1999): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as99160.

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AbstractWe discuss the first applications of our newly developed Monte Carlo event generator SOPHIA to multiparticle photoproduction of relativistic protons with thermal and power-law radiation fields. The measured total cross section is reproduced in terms of excitation and decay of baryon resonances, direct pion production, diffractive scattering, and non-diffractive multiparticle production. Non-diffractive multiparticle production is described using a string fragmentation model. We demonstrate that the widely used ‘Δ-approximation’ for the photoproduction cross section is reasonable only for a restricted set of astrophysical applications. The relevance of this result for cosmic ray propagation through the microwave background and hadronic models of active galactic nuclei and gamma-ray bursts is briefly discussed.
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43

Potdar, Ajay, Swagat R. Das, Namitha Issac, Anandmayee Tej, Sarita Vig, and C. H. Ishwara Chandra. "Galactic H ii region IRAS 17149 − 3916 – a multiwavelength study." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 510, no. 1 (December 2, 2021): 658–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3479.

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ABSTRACT This paper presents a multiwavelength investigation of the Galactic H ii region IRAS 17149 − 3916. Using the Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope, India, first low-frequency radio continuum observations at 610 and 1280 MHz for this region are presented. The ionized gas emission displays an interesting cometary morphology, which is likely powered by the early-type source, E4 (IRS-1). The origin of the cometary morphology is discussed under the framework of the widely accepted bow shock, champagne flow, and clumpy cloud mechanisms. The mid- and far-infrared data from Spitzer-GLIMPSE and Herschel-Hi-GAL reveal a complex network of pillars, clumps, bubble, filaments, and arcs suggesting the profound influence of massive stars on the surrounding medium. Triggered star formation at the tip of an observed pillar structure is reported. High-resolution ALMA continuum data show a string of cores detected within the identified clumps. The core masses are well explained by thermal Jeans fragmentation and support the hierarchical fragmentation scenario. Four ‘super-Jeans’ cores are identified which, at the resolution of the present data set, are suitable candidates to form high-mass stars.
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44

AJITANAND, N. N. "PROBING AWAY SIDE JET MODIFICATION WITH THREE PARTICLE CORRELATIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 07n08 (August 2007): 1982–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301307007337.

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Recent experimental investigations have focussed on the abnormal spatial distribution of away side jet fragments as signals of significant medium induced effects. A variety of theoretical models including recent string-theory based efforts have supported the notion of Mach Cone like effects in the low viscosity QGP fluid. However, the presence of significant flow fields may deflect the fragmentation direction producing a significantly differing type of jet topology from that of the Mach cone. Three particle correlation functions constitute a powerful method whereby the predominance of one or the other type of mechanism can be differentiated. In this work the use of such an approach will be demonstrated via simulations and the results of its application to RHIC data will be presented.
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45

Bai, Yunpeng, Guangwen Wang, Jinhua Lan, Ping Wu, Guowu Liang, Jinhui Huang, Zheng Wu, Yirong Wang, and Chunbo Chen. "Mass Spectrometric Behavior and Molecular Mechanisms of Fermented Deoxyanthocyanidins to Alleviate Ulcerative Colitis Based on Network Pharmacology." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2022 (March 21, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9293208.

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Aims. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease with a multifactorial pathogenesis and limited treatment options. The aim of the present study is to investigate the hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) behaviors of fermented deoxyanthocyanidins and their molecular mechanisms to alleviate UC by using quantum chemistry and network pharmacology. Methods. Tandem MS indicated at least two fragmentation pathways through which deuterated vinylphenol-deoxyanthocyanidins could generate different product ions. Quantum calculations were conducted to determine the transition states of the relevant molecules and analyze their optimized configuration, vibrational characteristics, intrinsic reaction coordinates, and corresponding energies. The potential targets of deoxyanthocyanidins in UC were screened from a public database. The R package was used for Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analyses, and the protein–protein interactions (PPIs) of the targets were assessed using Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING). Finally, molecular docking was implemented to analyze the binding energies and action modes of the target compounds through the online tool CB-Dock. Results. Quantum calculations indicated two potential fragmentation pathways involving the six-membered ring and dihydrogen cooperative transfer reactions of the vinylphenol-deoxyanthocyanidins. A total of 146 and 57 intersecting targets of natural and fermented deoxyanthocyanidins were separately screened out from the UC database and significant overlaps in GO terms and KEGG pathways were noted. Three shared hub targets (i.e., PTGS2, ESR1, and EGFR) were selected from the two PPI networks by STRING. Molecular docking results showed that all deoxyanthocyanidins have a good binding potential with the hub target proteins and that fermented deoxyanthocyanidins have lower binding energies and more stable conformations compared with natural ones. Conclusions. Deoxyanthocyanidins may provide anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and immune system regulatory effects to suppress UC progression. It is proposed for the first time that fermentation of deoxyanthocyanidins can help adjust the structure of the intestinal microbiota and increase the biological activity of the natural compounds against UC. Furthermore, HDX-MS is a helpful strategy to analyze deoxyanthocyanidin metabolites with unknown structures.
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46

Suleymanov, Mais. "Some properties of the pT regions observed at the LHC energies." International Journal of Modern Physics E 28, no. 10 (October 2019): 1950084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301319500848.

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The inclusive spectrum of the charged particles, [Formula: see text]0- and [Formula: see text]-mesons produced in the pp collisions at LHC energies were analyzed by fitting them with exponential functions. It was found the spectra were composed of several p[Formula: see text] regions, which could be characterized by the length of the regions [Formula: see text] and two free fitting parameters [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The study of the [Formula: see text] dependences of the parameters [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] and of the energy dependencies of the [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] showed that the regions can be classified into two groups depending on the values of the [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The values of the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for the first group don’t depend on colliding energy and the type of the particles (though the values of [Formula: see text] increase linearly with energy) whereas the characteristics in the second group of regions show strong dependencies. It was found that the ratio of the length for the [Formula: see text]-mesons to one for the [Formula: see text]0-mesons is approximately equal to the ratio of their mass: [Formula: see text]. Assuming that the values of the [Formula: see text] are directly proportional to the string tension the result could be considered as evidence in favor of parton string fragmentation dynamics. The increase in the lengths for the [Formula: see text]-mesons’ regions is accompanied by an increase of the values for the parameter [Formula: see text]. It can mean that the [Formula: see text]-mesons were produced at smaller values of [Formula: see text] compared with that for [Formula: see text]0-mesons. The results show that for the first group of regions the lengths of the regions are [Formula: see text]3–5 times greater than the lengths of neighboring, lower p[Formula: see text] regions. For the second group of regions the lengths of the regions are [Formula: see text]1–2 times greater than the lengths of neighboring lower p[Formula: see text] region. In the framework of the string fragmentation and hadronization dynamics, this could mean that the particles in the group [Formula: see text] of regions are produced through previous-generation strings decays into [Formula: see text]3–5 strings while those in group [Formula: see text] originate from previous-generation strings decays into [Formula: see text]2 strings.
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47

LOSHAJ, FRASHËR, and DMITRI E. KHARZEEV. "LPM EFFECT AS THE ORIGIN OF JET FRAGMENTATION SCALING IN HEAVY ION COLLISIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 21, no. 10 (October 2012): 1250088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301312500887.

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Abstract:
We address a recent puzzling result from the LHC: the jet fragmentation functions measured in Pb–Pb and pp collisions appear very similar in spite of a large medium-induced energy loss (we will call this jet fragmentation scaling (JFS)). To model the real-time nonperturbative effects in the propagation of a high energy jet through the strongly coupled QCD matter, we adopt an effective dimensionally reduced description in terms of the (1+1) quasi-Abelian–Schwinger theory. This theory is exactly soluble at any value of the coupling and shares with QCD the properties of dynamical generation of "mesons" with a finite mass and the screening of "quark" charge that are crucial for describing the transition of the jet into hadrons. We find that this approach describes quite well the vacuum jet fragmentation in e+e- annihilation at z≥0.2 at jet energies in the range of the LHC heavy ion measurements (z is the ratio of hadron and jet momenta). In QCD medium, we find that the JFS is reproduced if the mean free path λ of the jet is short, λ≤0.3 fm, which is in accord with the small shear viscosity inferred from the measurements of the collective flow. The JFS holds since at short mean free path the quantum interference (analogous to the Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal (LPM) effect in QED) causes the produced mesons to have low momenta p~m, where m≃0.6 GeV is the typical meson mass. Meanwhile the induced jet energy loss at short mean free path is much larger than naively expected in string models.
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48

Zhou, Dai-Mei, Xu Cai, Yun Cheng, Yu-Liang Yan, Bao-Guo Dong, and Ben-Hao Sa. "Elliptic flow parameter in Au+Au and p+Au collisions at top RHIC energy." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 29 (January 2014): 1460214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194514602142.

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Abstract:
The new issue of parton and hadron cascade model PACIAE 2.1 is utilized investigating the charged particle elliptic flow parameter v2 in Au + Au and p+ Au collisions at top RHIC energy. If the transverse momenta px and py of particles from string fragmentation are randomly sampled on the circumference of an ellipse instead of circle originally the PHENIX charged particle v2(η) and v2(pT) data in the 20-40% and 40-50% central Au + Au collisions at [Formula: see text] are fairly reproduced by the PACIAE 2.1 calculations, respectively. In addition, the charged particle v2(η) and v2(pT) in the p+ Au collisions at [Formula: see text] are predicted. It turned out that the charged particle elliptic flow parameter v2 may reach a measurable value of ~0.04 in the above p+ Au collisions.
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49

Prokhorova, Daria. "Pseudorapidity dependence of multiplicity and transverse momentum fluctuations at the SPS energies." EPJ Web of Conferences 204 (2019): 07013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920407013.

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Abstract:
A search for the critical behavior of strongly interacting matter was done by studying the event-by-event fluctuations of multiplicity and transverse momentum of charged hadrons produced in inelastic p+p collisions and central Be+Be and Ar+Sc collisions at the NA61/SHINE experiment. Results for energy dependence of the scaled variance of the multiplicity distribution and for two families of strongly intensive measures of multiplicity and transverse momentum fluctuations Δ[PT, N] and Σ[PT, N] were presented. The study was performed in rapidity-integrated way and for different pseudorapidity regions, which corresponds to changing the rapidity averaged baryo-chemical potential and the value of temperature at the freeze-out stage. The strongly intensive measure Σ[NF, NB], evaluated in rapidity separated windows, was used in the analysis of short- and long-range multiplicity correlations and is considered to be sensitive for the initial conditions of particle production such as string fragmentation and fusion.
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50

Klimek, Matthew D. "The time substructure of jets and boosted object tagging." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 49, no. 4 (March 18, 2022): 045008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6471/ac446a.

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Abstract:
Abstract We propose the study of the time substructure of jets, motivated by the fact that the next generation of detectors at particle colliders will resolve the time scale over which jet constituents arrive. This effect is directly related to the fragmentation and hadronization process, which transforms partons into massive hadrons with a distribution of velocities. We review the basic predictions for the velocity distribution of jet hadrons, and suggest an application for this information in the context of boosted object tagging. By noting that the velocity distribution is determined by the properties of the color string which ends on the parton that initiates the jet, we observe that jets originating from boosted color singlets, such as Standard Model electroweak bosons, will exhibit velocity distributions that are boosted relative to QCD jets of similar jet energy. We find that by performing a simple cut on the corresponding distribution of charged hadron arrival times at the detector, we can discriminate against QCD jets that would otherwise give a false positive under a traditional spatial substructure-based boosted object tagger.
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