Relevant bibliographies by topics / String classes

Academic literature on the topic 'String classes'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "String classes"

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Laures, Gerd, and Martin Olbermann. "Cannibalistic classes of string bundles." manuscripta mathematica 156, no. 3-4 (October 4, 2017): 273–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00229-017-0978-8.

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Lehtonen, Erkko, Jean-Luc Marichal, and Bruno Teheux. "Associative string functions." Asian-European Journal of Mathematics 07, no. 04 (December 2014): 1450059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793557114500594.

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We introduce the concept of associativity for string functions, where a string function is a unary operation on the set of strings over a given alphabet. We discuss this new property and describe certain classes of associative string functions. We also characterize the recently introduced preassociative functions as compositions of associative string functions with injective unary maps. Finally, we provide descriptions of the classes of associative and preassociative functions which depend only on the length of the input.
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Kuribayashi, Katsuhiko. "On the vanishing problem of string classes." Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series A. Pure Mathematics and Statistics 61, no. 2 (October 1996): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446788700000240.

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AbstractThe ordinary string class is an obstruction to lift the structure group LSpin(n) of a loop group bundle LQ → LM to the universal central extension of LSpin(n) by the circle. The vanishing problem of the ordinary string class and generalized string classes are considered from the viewpoint of the ring structure of the cohomology H*(M; R).
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Firmansah, Fery. "ODD HARMONIOUS LABELING ON SOME STRING GRAPH CLASSES." BAREKENG: Jurnal Ilmu Matematika dan Terapan 16, no. 1 (March 21, 2022): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/barekengvol16iss1pp313-320.

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A graph with the labeling properties of odd harmonic is called an odd harmonious graph. The purpose of this research was to get labeling properties of odd harmonic on the class of string graphs. The research used was a qualitative research method. The result of the research was that the definition and construction of a string graph, the union of a string graph, and the multiple string graph are obtained. Furthermore, it has been proved that a string graph, the union of a string graph, and the multiple string graph is an odd harmonious graph.
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DE CAMPOS, JOSÉ EDUARDO PRADO PIRES. "BOUNDARY STRING LINKS." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 08, no. 07 (November 1999): 855–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216599000547.

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The group BSL(k) of boundary cobordism classes of boundary k-string links is defined. An epimorphism from BSL(k) to a group of cobordism classes of matrices is defined. An action of a certain group of pure braids on BSL(k) provides all possible splittings for a given boundary k-link. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for two elements of BSL(k) to have the same closure as an F(k)-link (i.e., a boundary k-link with one of its splittings), up to F(k)-cobordism.
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VOZZO, RAYMOND F. "LOOP GROUPS, STRING CLASSES AND EQUIVARIANT COHOMOLOGY." Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society 90, no. 1 (February 2011): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446788711001066.

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AbstractWe give a classifying theory for LG-bundles, where LG is the loop group of a compact Lie group G, and present a calculation for the string class of the universal LG-bundle. We show that this class is in fact an equivariant cohomology class and give an equivariant differential form representing it. We then use the caloron correspondence to define (higher) characteristic classes for LG-bundles and to prove a result for characteristic classes for based loop groups for the free loop group. These classes have a natural interpretation in equivariant cohomology and we give equivariant differential form representatives for the universal case in all odd dimensions.
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HALPERN, M. B., and C. HELFGOTT. "THE GENERAL TWISTED OPEN WZW STRING." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 05 (February 20, 2005): 923–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05020628.

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We recently studied two large but disjoint classes of twisted open WZW strings: the open-string sectors of the WZW orientation orbifolds and the so-called basic class of twisted open WZW strings. In this paper, we discuss all T-dualizations of the basic class to construct the general twisted open WZW string — which includes the disjoint classes above as special cases. For the general case, we give the branes and twisted noncommutative geometry at the classical level and the twisted open-string KZ equations at the operator level. Many examples of the general construction are discussed, including in particular the simple case of twisted free-bosonic open strings. We also revisit the open-string sectors of the general WZW orientation orbifold in further detail. For completeness, we finally review the general twisted boundary state equation which provides a complementary description of the general twisted open WZW string.
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Rice, S. V., H. Bunke, and T. A. Nartker. "Classes of cost functions for string edit distance." Algorithmica 18, no. 2 (June 1997): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02526038.

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Becker, Christian. "Cheeger–Chern–Simons Theory and Differential String Classes." Annales Henri Poincaré 17, no. 6 (April 22, 2016): 1529–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00023-016-0485-6.

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Konopelchenko, B. G., and G. Landolfi. "On Classical String Configurations." Modern Physics Letters A 12, no. 40 (December 28, 1997): 3161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732397003289.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "String classes"

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Matti, Cyril Antoine. "Generalized compactification in heterotic string theory." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1f998210-db4a-472f-b23b-45058a9326e5.

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In this thesis, we consider heterotic string vacua based on a warped product of a four-dimensional domain wall and a six-dimensional internal manifold preserving only two supercharges. Thus, they correspond to half-BPS states of heterotic supergravity. The constraints on the internal manifolds with $SU(3)$ structure are derived. They are found to be a generalization of half-flat manifolds with a particular pattern of torsion classes and they include half-flat manifolds and Strominger's complex non-Kahler manifolds as special cases. We also verify that heterotic compactifications on half-flat mirror manifolds are based on this class of solutions. Furthermore, within this context, we construct specific examples based on six-dimensional nearly-Kahler homogeneous manifolds and non-trivial vector bundles thereon. Our solutions are based on three specific group coset spaces satisfying the half-flat torsion class conditions. It is shown how to construct line bundles over these manifolds, compute their properties and build up vector bundles consistent with supersymmetry and the heterotic anomaly cancellation. It turns out that the most interesting solutions are obtained from SU(3)/U(1)². This space supports a large number of vector bundles leading to consistent heterotic vacua with GUT group and, for some of them, with three chiral families.
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Williams, Elizabeth Anne. "Investigating the Motivations, Musical Goals, and Preferences of Adults Learning Orchestral String Instruments in Community Music Classes." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1510273876882954.

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Van, Camp Diana Jean. "An investigation of the effects of a researcher-designed string music curriculum on the playing skills of mildly mentally handicapped middle school students grouped in homogeneous and heterogeneous classes /." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487672631600038.

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Sawada, Joseph James. "Fast algorithms to generate restricted classes of strings under rotation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0015/NQ48228.pdf.

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Wilson, Andrew Philip. "The strong containment lattice of Schunck classes of finite soluble groups." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1985. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/73526/.

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This thesis is an investigation into some of the lattice properties of the strong containment lattice (H, «) of Schunck classes and also of its important sublattice (D, «). The general aim is to characterise lattice properties of Schunck classes by avoidance class properties. Our main result, Theorem 8.5, is an avoidance class characterisation of those D-classes all of whose maximal ascending proper chains of Q-classes to S have the,same length. The problem extended to H is much more difficult but in Corollary 4.3 we describe an avoidance class condition for a Schunck class only to have chains of finite length to S. The lack of duality in H shows up clearly in section 3. The fascinating problem of deciding whether or not H is atomic is considered in section 9. Our results suggest that it probably is since any counterexample must be very complicated.
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Hsu, Timothy. "El Sistema USA: an exploratory study of the pedagogical approaches in beginning violin classes." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5507.

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El Sistema USA has grown to become an organization with over 100 programs across the nation. The organization has become known for offering free music instruction to the poorest neighborhoods and school districts in the country. The vast majority of these programs offer string programs that focus on ensemble- based learning. What is lacking is a uniquely El Sistema method of instruction for strings. This doctoral essay will discuss the current state of violin pedagogy for beginning violin group classes in El Sistema USA programs, examine areas where there is a lack of unity in teaching styles using information collected from a national survey, and propose a first-year teaching prospectus that incorporates the organization’s core values to be used for reference by instructors.
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Hall, Amanda M. "A Review of Beginning Heterogeneous String Class Method Books for Compatibility with the Baseline Learning Tasks of the American String Teachers Association String Curriculum." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1374701899.

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Fukumoto, Yoshiyasu. "On the Strong Novikov Conjecture of Locally Compact Groups for Low Degree Cohomology Classes." Kyoto University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/217729.

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Turini, Steven M. "Development of a Curriculum for a First-Year Beginning String Class." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1182096786.

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Matos, Vanessa Cristina Santos. "Gênero e trabalho: um olhar sobre as greves operárias de junho e setembro de 1919 (Bahia - Salvador)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFBA, 2008. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/11129.

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Approved for entry into archive by Ana Portela(anapoli@ufba.br) on 2013-05-17T19:03:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Cristina Santosseg.pdf: 4219326 bytes, checksum: d07884573a0fc5d24e548f6f89720c0f (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-17T19:03:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Cristina Santosseg.pdf: 4219326 bytes, checksum: d07884573a0fc5d24e548f6f89720c0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
O presente trabalho analisa sob a perspectiva de gênero, o processo de constituição da classe operária baiana, identificando o lugar das mulheres no mercado de trabalho, as relações, experiências e conflitos entre os “sexos” e as especificidades do trabalho feminino, focalizando os ramos de maior eminência ou visibilidade das mulheres. Através da articulação teórica entre o conceito de classe e a categoria gênero e das relações entre os processos de produção e reprodução social formulamos análises sobre os mecanismos históricos de legitimação das desigualdades entre os “sexos”. O contexto da crise internacional pós Primeira Guerra Mundial e seus desdobramentos na conjuntura nacional – flutuações econômicas, crise interoligárquica, carestia e tensão social; os dilemas de um processo de industrialização face uma política econômica pautada no modelo agroexportador são aqui investigados através de pesquisa bibliográfica e da análise de documentos e jornais. Daí a necessidade de entender o processo de constituição e o perfil da classe operária baiana; o regime de trabalho; o sistema de moralização e controle social, com a consolidação do sistema de fábrica-vila (sob a égide de uma estrutura paternalista que estrategicamente confundia os espaços: público e privado). Além de lançar mão sobre as origens, o processo, a dinâmica e os desdobramentos da greve geral, seus mecanismos de organização, tática de ação e pauta de reivindicação: geral e específica e sua relação com a greve das tecelãs(ões). As particularidades de um movimento que tem como vanguarda a União Sociedade dos Tecelões (as lutas para garantir a sua consolidação, as pressões (industriais), a coação (periódicos) e os meios de resistência encontrados através dos laços de solidariedade. Após o processo de ascendência, evidenciamos as dissidências no interior do movimento operário, a repactuação entre os grupos políticos e as elites (indústrias e os grandes comerciantes).
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Books on the topic "String classes"

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Philip, Sousa John. The fifth string. Toronto: McLeod & Allen, 1997.

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Philip, Sousa John. The Fifth String. Ottawa: eBooksLib, 2005.

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Teaching stringed instruments in classes. Bloomington, IN: American String Teachers Association, 1987.

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Wilson, Andrew Philip. The strong containment lattice of Schunck classes of finite soluble groups. [s.l.]: typescript, 1985.

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Roth, Joseph. The string of pearls. London: Granta Books, 1998.

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The string of pearls. London: Granta, 1999.

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Roth, Joseph. The string of pearls. London: Granta Books, 1998.

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Anstein, Stefanie. Analysing names of organic chemical compounds: From morpho-semantics to SMILES strings and classes. Saarbrücken: VDM, Verlag Dr. Müller, 2008.

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Prehn, John W. Push a button, pull a string. 4th ed. Madison Lake, Minn: J.W. Prehn, 1996.

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Saimon, Fumi. Les camarades de classe 1. Taiwan: Jianduan, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "String classes"

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Tyrrell, A. J. "Classes STRING and ARRAY." In Eiffel Object-Oriented Programming, 97–120. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13875-3_7.

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Ogihara, Mitsunori. "Classes String and StringBuilder." In Fundamentals of Java Programming, 225–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89491-1_9.

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Gohberg, Israel, Seymour Goldberg, and Marinus A. Kaashoek. "Oscillations of an Elastic String." In Basic Classes of Linear Operators, 219–23. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7980-4_7.

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Fredriksson, Kimmo, and Szymon Grabowski. "Efficient Algorithms for Pattern Matching with General Gaps and Character Classes." In String Processing and Information Retrieval, 267–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11880561_22.

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Madlener, Klaus, and Friedrich Otto. "Groups presented by certain classes of finite length-reducing string-rewriting systems." In Rewriting Techniques and Applications, 133–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-17220-3_12.

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Oliveira, Carlos. "Strings and Container Classes." In Objective-C Programmer’s Reference, 53–74. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-5906-0_3.

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Case, John, Keh-Jiann Chen, and Sanjay Jain. "Strong separation of learning classes." In Analogical and Inductive Inference, 129–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-56004-1_9.

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Chan, Chi-kong, and Ho-fung Leung. "Two Classes of Stability — Strong Core and Weak Core." In Belief-based Stability in Coalition Formation with Uncertainty, 29–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38215-4_3.

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Aluffi, Paolo. "Celestial Integration, Stringy Invariants, and Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson Classes." In Real and Complex Singularities, 1–13. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-7776-2_1.

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Holm-Nielsen, Lauritz B. "Making a Strong University Stronger." In Building World-Class Universities, 73–87. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-034-7_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "String classes"

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Kasemsumran, Payungsak, and Ekkarat Boonchieng. "EEG- Based Motor Imagery Classification Using Novel String Grammar Fuzzy K-Nearest Neighbor Techniques with One Prototype in Each of Classes." In 2020 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Information and Communication (ICAIIC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaiic48513.2020.9065236.

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Klisura, Ðorže. "Embedding Non-planar Graphs: Storage and Representation." In 7th Student Computer Science Research Conference. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-516-0.13.

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In this paper, we propose a convention for repre-senting non-planar graphs and their least-crossing embeddings in a canonical way. We achieve this by using state-of-the-art tools such as canonical labelling of graphs, Nauty’s Graph6 string and combinatorial representations for planar graphs. To the best of our knowledge, this has not been done before. Besides, we implement the men-tioned procedure in a SageMath language and compute embeddings for certain classes of cubic, vertex-transitive and general graphs. Our main contribution is an extension of one of the graph data sets hosted on MathDataHub, and towards extending the SageMath codebase.
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Biskri, Ismail, Louis Rompre, Steve Descoteaux, Abdelghani Achouri, and Boucif Amar Benasaber. "Extraction of Strong Associations in Classes of Similarities." In 2012 Eleventh International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmla.2012.187.

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Chen, Yanqiu, and Peili Sun. "A Chinese Text Classier Based on Strong Class Feature Selection and Bayesian Algorithm." In 2019 International Conference on Intelligent Transportation, Big Data & Smart City (ICITBS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icitbs.2019.00135.

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Molina, Matias, and Jorge Sanchez. "Performance Variability in Zero-Shot Classification." In LatinX in AI at Neural Information Processing Systems Conference 2020. Journal of LatinX in AI Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.52591/lxai202012123.

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Zero-shot classification (ZSC) is the task of learning predictors for classes not seen during training. Although the different methods in the literature are evaluated using the same class splits, little is known about their stability under different class partitions. In this work we show experimentally that ZSC performance exhibits strong variability under changing training setups. We propose the use ensemble learning as an attempt to mitigate this phenomena.
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Gao, Margaret, Rachel Huang, Arul Rhik Mazumder, and Fei Li. "Comparisons of Classic and Quantum String Matching Algorithms✱." In AISS 2022: 2022 4th International Conference on Advanced Information Science and System. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3573834.3574498.

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Hajianmaleki, Mehdi, Jeremy S. Daily, Lev Ring, and Raju Gandikota. "Buckling Analysis of Drill Strings in Inclined Wellbores Using the Explicit Finite Element Method." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89638.

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Understanding drill string buckling behavior is a significant challenge to the petroleum industry. In this paper, the explicit finite element method implemented in Abaqus software is employed to study the buckling of drill strings for inclined straight wellbores. Classic solutions for the critical buckling length of self-weighted columns as well as critical buckling load for drill pipe inside inclined wellbores are compared to explicit FEA and accurate results are provided by the finite element based predictions. The effect of different inclination angles and string effective weight due to the buoyancy effect has been studied and the results for sinusoidal and helical buckling are compared to analytical results and experimental data in the literature. The theoretical predictions for different inclination angles agree with the simulations. Theoretical buckling load of inclined drill strings approaches zero by decreasing the effective weight of a floating drill string. However, the results of finite element simulations show that significant buckling load would still exist for very low drill string effective weight. These results are confirmed by experimental results provided by other researchers. Overall, the efficacy of using explicit finite element methods to model drill string buckling behavior is demonstrated.
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Surana, K. S., and H. Ngyun. "Solutions of the Right Classes for Laminated Composites Satisfying Interlamina Physics." In ASME 2001 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2001-17156.

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Abstract This paper presents a new theoretical and computational framework for computing solutions of right classes for laminated composites using 2D p-version least squares finite element formulation incorporating the correct physics of interlamina behavior. At the interface between two laminas of dissimilar materials we have continuity of displacements u, v, stresses σyy, τxy, and strain εxx, while the stress σxx and the strains εyy and γxy are discontinuous. Thus, a finite element formulation, incorporating the physics of laminate behavior, would require interpolation of u, v, εxx, σyy and τxy instead of u, v, σxx, σyy and τxy which is generally the case in most mixed formulations. In the p-version LSFEF presented here, we interpolate u, v and σyy, τxy (εxx = ∂u/∂x is used to eliminate εxx as a variable) using appropriate p-version interpolations which would ensure correct interlamina behavior of these components. When the mating lamina properties are different, interlamina discontinuity of σxx, εyy and γxy is automatically generated due to dissimilar material properties of the laminas. In this formulation interlamina jumps in σxx, εyy and γxy do not constitute singularities, hence mesh refinements and higher p-levels are not needed in the vicinity of inter-lamina boundaries. The major thrust of this paper is to construct interpolations for the dependant variables that are of right classes in appropriate spaces so that a sequence of converged solutions in these spaces may be computed which, when converged, would yield a numerical solution that has exactly the same characteristics (in terms of continuity and differentiability) as the analytical or theoretical (strong) solution.
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Davis, Julian L., and Natasha L. Smith. "Connecting Finite Element Modeling With Strengths of Materials and Vibrations Using Beam Experiments." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-40014.

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Students tend to compartmentalize individual classes throughout their time in school; associating that which is taught in one class with only that class. A finite element class offers a unique opportunity to illustrate the connection between several engineering topics through modeling and experiments since it is used to solve many different types of problems (e.g. force-deflection, stress-strain, heat transfer, fluid transport, and vibrations). In addition, providing hands-on experiments is an excellent way to illustrate concepts. Particularly, experiments can help students visualize the additional abstractions present in a finite element model while demonstrating the connections between several prerequisite engineering courses. Here we present experiments that connect finite element modeling with two classes: Strength of Materials and Vibrations. These experiments highlight the effects of finite element modeling choices and illustrate errors in the approximations.
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Abid, Muhammad, Kamran Ahmed Khan, Javed Ahmad Chattha, and David H. Nash. "Leakage Analysis of Gasketed Flanged Joints Under Combined Internal Pressure and Thermal Loading." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57139.

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Leakage in Gasketed Flanged Joints (GFJs) has always been a great problem for the process industry. The sealing performance of a GFJ depends on its installation and applied loading conditions. This paper aims to finding the leak rate through ANSI class#150 flange joints using a compressed asbestos sheet (CAS) gasket under combined structural and thermal transient loading conditions using two different leak rate models and two different bolt-up levels. The first model is a Gasket Compressive Strain model in which strains are determined using finite element analysis. The other model is based on Porous Media Theory in which gasket is considered as porous media. Leakage rates are determined using both leak rate models and are compared against appropriate tightness classes and the effectiveness of each approach is presented.
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Reports on the topic "String classes"

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Yoneya, Y., and T. Nemoto. Mapping Characters for Classes of the Preparation, Enforcement, and Comparison of Internationalized Strings (PRECIS). RFC Editor, February 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc7790.

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Dawson, William O., and Moshe Bar-Joseph. Creating an Ally from an Adversary: Genetic Manipulation of Citrus Tristeza. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586540.bard.

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Citrus is one of the major agricultural crops common to Israel and the United States, important in terms of nutrition, foreign exchange, and employment. The economy of both citrus industries have been chronically plagued by diseases caused by Citrus tristeza virus (CTV). The short term solution until virus-resistant plants can be used is the use of mild strain cross-protection. We are custom designing "ideal" protecting viruses to immunize trees against severe isolates of CTV by purposely inoculating existing endangered trees and new plantings to be propagated as infected (protected) citrus budwood. We crossed the substantial technological hurdles necessary to accomplish this task which included developing an infectious cDNA clone which allows in vitro manipulation of the virus and methods to then infect citrus plants. We created a series of hybrids between decline-inducing and mild CTV strains, tested them in protoplasts, and are amplifying them to inoculate citrus trees for evaluation and mapping of disease determinants. We also extended this developed technology to begin engineering transient expression vectors based on CTV as tools for genetic improvement of tree crops, in this case citrus. Because of the long periods between genetic transformation and the ultimate assay of mature tree characteristics, there is a great need for an effective system that allows the expression or suppression of target genes in fruiting plants. Virus-based vectors will greatly expedite progress in citrus genetic improvement. We characterized several components of the virus that provides necessary information for designing virus-based vectors. We characterized the requirements of the 3 ’-nontranslated replication promoter and two 3 ’-ORF subgenomic (sg) mRNA controller elements. We discovered a novel type of 5’-terminal sgRNAs and characterized the cis-acting control element that also functions as a strong promoter of a 3 ’-sgRNA. We showed that the p23 gene controls negative-stranded RNA synthesis and expression of 3 ’ genes. We identified which genes are required for infection of plants, which are host range determinants, and which are not needed for plant infection. We continued the characterization of native dRNA populations and showed the presence of five different classes including class III dRNAs that consists of infectious and self-replicating molecules and class V dRNAs that contain all of the 3 ’ ORFs, along with class IV dRNAs that retain non-contiguous internal sequences. We have constructed and tested in protoplasts a series of expression vectors that will be described in this proposal.
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3

Giovanola, J. H., and R. W. Klopp. Viscoplastic stress-strain characterization of A533 grade B class 1 steel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5682313.

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4

Ficht, Thomas, Gary Splitter, Menachem Banai, and Menachem Davidson. Characterization of B. Melinensis REV 1 Attenuated Mutants. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580667.bard.

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Brucella Mutagenesis (TAMU) The working hypothesis for this study was that survival of Brucella vaccines was directly related to their persistence in the host. This premise is based on previously published work detailing the survival of the currently employed vaccine strains S19 and Rev 1. The approach employed signature-tagged mutagenesis to construct mutants interrupted in individual genes, and the mouse model to identify mutants with attenuated virulence/survival. Intracellular survival in macrophages is the key to both reproductive disease in ruminants and reticuloendothelial disease observed in most other species. Therefore, the mouse model permitted selection of mutants of reduced intracellular survival that would limit their ability to cause reproductive disease in ruminants. Several classes of mutants were expected. Colonization/invasion requires gene products that enhance host-agent interaction or increase resistance to antibacterial activity in macrophages. The establishment of chronic infection requires gene products necessary for intracellular bacterial growth. Maintenance of chronic infection requires gene products that sustain a low-level metabolism during periods characterized little or no growth (1, 2). Of these mutants, the latter group was of greatest interest with regard to our originally stated premise. However, the results obtained do not necessarily support a simplistic model of vaccine efficacy, i.e., long-survival of vaccine strains provides better immunity. Our conclusion can only be that optimal vaccines will only be developed with a thorough understanding of host agent interaction, and will be preferable to the use of fortuitous isolates of unknown genetic background. Each mutant could be distinguished from among a group of mutants by PCR amplification of the signature tag (5). This approach permitted infection of mice with pools of different mutants (including the parental wild-type as a control) and identified 40 mutants with apparently defective survival characteristics that were tentatively assigned to three distinct classes or groups. Group I (n=13) contained organisms that exhibited reduced survival at two weeks post-infection. Organisms in this group were recovered at normal levels by eight weeks and were not studied further, since they may persist in the host. Group II (n=11) contained organisms that were reduced by 2 weeks post infection and remained at reduced levels at eight weeks post-infection. Group III (n=16) contained mutants that were normal at two weeks, but recovered at reduced levels at eight weeks. A subset of these mutants (n= 15) was confirmed to be attenuated in mixed infections (1:1) with the parental wild-type. One of these mutants was eliminated from consideration due to a reduced growth rate in vitro that may account for its apparent growth defect in the mouse model. Although the original plan involved construction of the mutant bank in B. melitensis Rev 1 the low transformability of this strain, prevented accumulation of the necessary number of mutants. In addition, the probability that Rev 1 already carries one genetic defect increases the likelihood that a second defect will severely compromise the survival of this organism. Once key genes have been identified, it is relatively easy to prepare the appropriate genetic constructs (knockouts) lacking these genes in B. melitensis Rev 1 or any other genetic background. The construction of "designer" vaccines is expected to improve immune protection resulting from minor sequence variation corresponding to geographically distinct isolates or to design vaccines for use in specific hosts. A.2 Mouse Model of Brucella Infection (UWISC) Interferon regulatory factor-1-deficient (IRF-1-/- mice have diverse immunodeficient phenotypes that are necessary for conferring proper immune protection to intracellular bacterial infection, such as a 90% reduction of CD8+ T cells, functionally impaired NK cells, as well as a deficiency in iNOS and IL-12p40 induction. Interestingly, IRF-1-/- mice infected with diverse Brucella abortus strains reacted differently in a death and survival manner depending on the dose of injection and the level of virulence. Notably, 50% of IRF-1-/- mice intraperitoneally infected with a sublethal dose in C57BL/6 mice, i.e., 5 x 105 CFU of virulent S2308 or the attenuated vaccine S19, died at 10 and 20 days post-infection, respectively. Interestingly, the same dose of RB51, an attenuated new vaccine strain, did not induce the death of IRF-1-/- mice for the 4 weeks of infection. IRF-1-/- mice infected with four more other genetically manipulated S2308 mutants at 5 x 105 CFU also reacted in a death or survival manner depending on the level of virulence. Splenic CFU from C57BL/6 mice infected with 5 x 105 CFU of S2308, S19, or RB51, as well as four different S2308 mutants supports the finding that reduced virulence correlates with survival Of IRF-1-/- mice. Therefore, these results suggest that IRF-1 regulation of multi-gene transcription plays a crucial role in controlling B. abortus infection, and IRF-1 mice could be used as an animal model to determine the degree of B. abortus virulence by examining death or survival. A3 Diagnostic Tests for Detection of B. melitensis Rev 1 (Kimron) In this project we developed an effective PCR tool that can distinguish between Rev1 field isolates and B. melitensis virulent field strains. This has allowed, for the first time, to monitor epidemiological outbreaks of Rev1 infection in vaccinated flocks and to clearly demonstrate horizontal transfer of the strain from vaccinated ewes to unvaccinated ones. Moreover, two human isolates were characterized as Rev1 isolates implying the risk of use of improperly controlled lots of the vaccine in the national campaign. Since atypical B. melitensis biotype 1 strains have been characterized in Israel, the PCR technique has unequivocally demonstrated that strain Rev1 has not diverted into a virulent mutant. In addition, we could demonstrate that very likely a new prototype biotype 1 strain has evolved in the Middle East compared to the classical strain 16M. All the Israeli field strains have been shown to differ from strain 16M in the PstI digestion profile of the omp2a gene sequence suggesting that the local strains were possibly developed as a separate branch of B. melitensis. Should this be confirmed these data suggest that the Rev1 vaccine may not be an optimal vaccine strain for the Israeli flocks as it shares the same omp2 PstI digestion profile as strain 16M.
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Belkin, Shimshon, Sylvia Daunert, and Mona Wells. Whole-Cell Biosensor Panel for Agricultural Endocrine Disruptors. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696542.bard.

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Objectives: The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Background: Chemical agents, such as pesticides applied at inappropriate levels, may compromise water quality or contaminate soils and hence threaten human populations. In recent years, two classes of compounds have been increasingly implicated as emerging risks in agriculturally-related pollution: endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals. The latter group may reach the environment by the use of wastewater effluents, whereas many pesticides have been implicated as EDCs. Both groups pose a threat in proportion to their bioavailability, since that which is biounavailable or can be rendered so is a priori not a threat; bioavailability, in turn, is mediated by complex matrices such as soils. Genetically engineered biosensor bacteria hold great promise for sensing bioavailability because the sensor is a live soil- and water-compatible organism with biological response dynamics, and because its response can be genetically “tailored” to report on general toxicity, on bioavailability, and on the presence of specific classes of toxicants. In the present project we have developed a bacterial-based sensor panel incorporating multiple strains of genetically engineered biosensors for the purpose of detecting different types of biological effects. The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Major achievements: (a) construction of innovative bacterial sensor strains for accurate and sensitive detection of agriculturally-relevant pollutants, with a focus on endocrine disrupting compounds (UK and HUJ) and antibiotics (HUJ); (b) optimization of methods for long-term preservation of the reporter bacteria, either by direct deposition on solid surfaces (HUJ) or by the construction of spore-forming Bacillus-based sensors (UK); (c) partial development of a computerized algorithm for the analysis of sensor panel responses. Implications: The sensor panel developed in the course of the project was shown to be applicable for the detection of a broad range of antibiotics and EDCs. Following a suitable development phase, the panel will be ready for testing in an agricultural environment, as an innovative tool for assessing the environmental impacts of EDCs and pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, while the current study relates directly to issues of water quality and soil health, its implications are much broader, with potential uses is risk-based assessment related to the clinical, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries as well as to homeland security.
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Palmer, Guy, Varda Shkap, Wendy Brown, and Thea Molad. Control of bovine anaplasmosis: cytokine enhancement of vaccine efficacy. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695879.bard.

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Anaplasmosis an arthropod-born disease of cattle caused by the rickettsia Anaplasma marginale and is an impediment to efficient production of healthy livestock in both Israel and the United States. Currently the only effective vaccines are derived from the blood of infected cattle. The risk of widespread transmission of both known and newly emergent pathogens has prevented licensure of live blood-based vaccines in the U.S. and is a major concern for their continued use in Israel. Consequently development of a safe, effective vaccine is a high priority. In this collaborative project we focused on two approaches to vaccine development. The first focused o n improving antigen delivery to livestock and specifically examined how DNA vaccines could be improved to enhance priming and expansion of the immune response. This research resulted in development and testing of two novel vaccine delivery systems--one that targeted antigen spread among dendritic cells (the key cell in priming immune responses and a follow-on construct that also specifically targeted antigen to the endosomal-lysosomal compartment the processing organelle within the dendritic cell that directs vaccine antigen to the MHC class ll-CD4* T cell priming pathway). The optimized construct targeting vaccine antigen to the dendritic cell MHC class II pathway was tested for ability to prime A. marginale specific immune responses in outbred cattle. The results demonstrated both statistically significant effects of priming with a single immunization, continued expansion of the primary immune response including development of high affinity lgG antibodies and rapid recall of the memory response following antigen challenge. This portion of the study represented a significant advance in vaccine delivery for livestock. Importantly the impact of these studies is not limited to A. marginale a s the targeting motifs are optimized for cattle and can be adapted to other cattle vaccinations by inserting a relevant pathogen-specific antigen. The second approach (which represented an addition to the project for which approval was requested as part of the first annual report) was a comparative approach between A . marginale and the Israel A . centrale vaccines train. This addition was requested as studies on Major Surface Protein( MSP)- 2 have shown that this antigen is highly antigenically variable and presented solely as a "static vaccine" antigen does not give cross-strain immunity. In contrast A. . centrale is an effective vaccine which Kimron Veterinary institute has used in the field in Israel for over 50 years. Taking advantage of this expertise, a broad comparison of wild type A. marginale and vaccine strain was initiated. These studies revealed three primary findings: i) use of the vaccine is associated with superinfection, but absence of clinical disease upon superinfection with A. marginale; ii) the A. centrale vaccine strain is not only less virulent but transmission in competent in Dermacentor spp. ticks; and iii) some but not all MSPs are conserved in basic orthologous structure but there are significant polymorphisms among the strains. These studies clearly indicated that there are statistically significant differences in biology (virulence and transmission) and provide a clear path for mapping of biology with the genomes. Based on these findings, we initiated complete genome sequencing of the Israel vaccine strain (although not currently funded by BARD) and plant to proceed with a comparative genomics approach using already sequenced wild-type A. marginale. These findings and ongoing collaborative research tie together filed vaccine experience with new genomic data, providing a new approach to vaccine development against a complex pathogen.
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Birchall, Jenny. Intersectionality and Responses to Covid-19. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/cc.2021.003.

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There is a small but growing body of literature that discusses the benefits, challenges and opportunities of intersectional responses to the socioeconomic impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic. There is a strong body of evidence pointing to the disproportionate impact of Covid-19 borne by women, who have suffered record job losses, been expected to take on even greater unpaid care burdens and home schooling responsibilities, and faced a “shadow pandemic” of violence against women and girls. However, gender inequalities cannot be discussed in isolation from other inequalities. Emerging literature stresses the importance of a Covid-19 recovery plan that addresses how gender intersects with class, race, disability, age, sexual orientation, geography, immigration status and religion or belief, and other factors such as employment, housing (and homelessness) and environmental and political stressors.
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.

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In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.
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Schulz, Jan, Daniel Mayerhoffer, and Anna Gebhard. A Network-Based Explanation of Perceived Inequality. Otto-Friedrich-Universität, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irb-49393.

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Across income groups and countries, the public perception of economic inequality and many other macroeconomic variables such as inflation or unemployment rates is spectacularly wrong. These misperceptions have far-reaching consequences, as it is perceived inequality, not actual inequality informing redistributive preferences. The prevalence of this phenomenon is independent of social class and welfare regime, which suggests the existence of a common mechanism behind public perceptions. We propose a network-based explanation of perceived inequality building on recent advances in random geometric graph theory. The literature has identified several stylised facts on how individual perceptions respond to actual inequality and how these biases vary systematically along the income distribution. Our generating mechanism can replicate all of them simultaneously. It also produces social networks that exhibit salient features of real-world networks; namely, they cannot be statistically distinguished from small-world networks, testifying to the robustness of our approach. Our results, therefore, suggest that homophilic segregation is a promising candidate to explain inequality perceptions with strong implications for theories of consumption behaviour.
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Tokarieva, Anastasiia V., Nataliia P. Volkova, Inesa V. Harkusha, and Vladimir N. Soloviev. Educational digital games: models and implementation. [б. в.], September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3242.

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Nowadays, social media, ICT, mobile technologies and applications are increasingly used as tools for communication, interaction, building up social skills and unique learning environments. One of the latest trends observed in education is an attempt to streamline the learning process by applying educational digital games. Despite numerous research data, that confirms the positive effects of digital games, their integration into formal educational contexts is still relatively low. The purpose of this article is to analyze, discuss and conclude what is necessary to start using games as an instructional tool in formal education. In order to achieve this aim, a complex of qualitative research methods, including semi-structured expert interviews was applied. As the result, the potential of educational digital games to give a unique and safe learning environment with a wide spectrum of build-in assistive features, be efficient in specific training contexts, help memorize studied material and incorporate different learning styles, as well as to be individually adaptable, was determined. At the same time, the need for complex approach affecting the administration, IT departments, educators, students, parents, a strong skill set and a wide spectrum of different roles and tasks a teacher carries out in a digital game-based learning class were outlined. In conclusion and as a vector for further research, the organization of Education Design Laboratory as an integral part of a contemporary educational institution was proposed.
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