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Journal articles on the topic 'Strigops habroptilus'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Robertson, Bruce C., Craig D. Millar, Edward O. Minot, Don V. Merton, and David M. Lambert. "Sexing the Critically Endangered Kakapo Strigops habroptilus." Emu - Austral Ornithology 100, no. 4 (November 2000): 336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu00056.

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2

Alley, MR, BD Gartrell, HJ Mack, and CM McInnes. "Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiaesepticaemia in translocated kakapo (Strigops habroptilus)." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53, no. 1 (February 2005): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2005.36481.

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3

Gartrell, B. D., M. R. Alley, H. Mack, J. Donald, K. McInnes, and P. Jansen. "Erysipelas in the critically endangered kakapo (Strigops habroptilus)." Avian Pathology 34, no. 5 (October 2005): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079450500268583.

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4

TRIGGS, SUSAN J., RALPH G. POWLESLAND, and CHARLES H. DAUGHERTY. "Genetic Variation and Conservation of Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus: Psittaciformes)." Conservation Biology 3, no. 1 (March 1989): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1989.tb00232.x.

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5

Haast, Julius. "Notes on the Ground-Parrot of New Zealand (Strigops habroptilus)." Ibis 6, no. 3 (June 28, 2008): 340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1864.tb07874.x.

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6

Robertson, Bruce C., Edward O. Minot, and David M. Lambert. "Molecular sexing of individual kakapo, Strigops habroptilus Aves, from faeces." Molecular Ecology 8, no. 8 (August 1999): 1349–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00692_2.x.

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7

Gartrell, BD, LS Argilla, J. Chatterton, S. Dennison-Gibby, A. Digby, J. Fulton, S. Hunter, KL Johnson, M. Jolly, and B. Lenting. "Surgical repair of a meningoencephalocoele in a kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus)." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 69, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2021.1909509.

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8

Low, Matthew, Daryl Eason, and Kate McInnes. "Evaluation of passive integrated transponders for identification of Kakapo, Strigops habroptilus." Emu - Austral Ornithology 105, no. 1 (March 2005): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu04060.

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9

Merton, Don V., Rodney B. Morris, and Ian A. E. Atkinson. "Lek behaviour in a parrot:the Kakapo Strigops habroptilus of New Zealand." Ibis 126, no. 3 (April 3, 2008): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1984.tb00250.x.

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10

White, DJ, RJ Hall, R. Jakob-Hoff, J. Wang, B. Jackson, and DM Tompkins. "Exudative cloacitis in the kakapo(Strigops habroptilus)potentially linked toEscherichia coliinfection." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 63, no. 3 (March 31, 2015): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2014.960905.

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11

ROBERTSON, BRUCE C., NATHALIE FRAUENFELDER, DARYL K. EASON, GRAEME ELLIOTT, and RON MOORHOUSE. "Thirty polymorphic microsatellite loci from the critically endangered kakapo (Strigops habroptilus)." Molecular Ecology Resources 9, no. 2 (January 20, 2009): 664–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02506.x.

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12

SIBLEY, M. D. "First hand-rearing of Kakapo Strigops habroptilus: at the Auckland Zoological Park." International Zoo Yearbook 33, no. 1 (January 1993): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1993.tb00622.x.

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13

SIBLEY, M. D. "First hand-rearing of Kakapo Strigops habroptilus: at the Auckland Zoological Park." International Zoo Yearbook 33, no. 1 (December 18, 2007): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1994.tb03572.x.

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14

Body, Denis R., and Ralph G. Powlesland. "Lipid composition of a clutch of kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) (Aves: Cacatuidae) eggs." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 17, no. 3 (July 1990): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1990.10422940.

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15

POWLESLAND, R. G., B. D. LLOYD, H. A. BEST, and D. V. MERTON. "Breeding biology of the Kakapo Strigops habroptilus on Stewart Island, New Zealand." Ibis 134, no. 4 (June 28, 2008): 361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1992.tb08016.x.

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16

Lloyd, B. D., and R. G. Powlesland. "The decline of kakapo Strigops habroptilus and attempts at conservation by translocation." Biological Conservation 69, no. 1 (1994): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)90330-1.

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17

Waite, David W., Peter Deines, and Michael W. Taylor. "Gut Microbiome of the Critically Endangered New Zealand Parrot, the Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus)." PLoS ONE 7, no. 4 (April 18, 2012): e35803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035803.

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18

Corfield, Jeremy R., Anna C. Gsell, Dianne Brunton, Christopher P. Heesy, Margaret I. Hall, Monica L. Acosta, and Andrew N. Iwaniuk. "Anatomical Specializations for Nocturnality in a Critically Endangered Parrot, the Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus)." PLoS ONE 6, no. 8 (August 10, 2011): e22945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022945.

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19

Robertson, Bruce C., Graeme P. Elliott, Daryl K. Eason, Mick N. Clout, and Neil J. Gemmell. "Sex allocation theory aids species conservation." Biology Letters 2, no. 2 (January 10, 2006): 229–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0430.

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Supplementary feeding is often a key tool in the intensive management of captive and threatened species. Although it can increase such parameters as breeding frequency and individual survival, supplementary feeding may produce undesirable side effects that increase overall extinction risk. Recent attempts to increase breeding frequency and success in the kakapo Strigops habroptilus using supplementary feeding inadvertently resulted in highly male-biased chick sex ratios. Here, we describe how the inclusion of sex allocation theory has remedied this conservation dilemma. Our study is the first to manipulate chick sex ratios in an endangered species by altering maternal condition and highlights the importance of incorporating evolutionary theory into modern conservation practice.

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20

Cockrem, J. F. "Reproductive Biology and Conservation of the Endangered Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) in New Zealand." Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 13, no. 3 (August 28, 2002): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/147020602783698548.

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21

Horrocks, Mark, Joshua Salter, John Braggins, Scott Nichol, Ron Moorhouse, and Graeme Elliott. "Plant microfossil analysis of coprolites of the critically endangered kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) parrot from New Zealand." Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 149, no. 3-4 (April 2008): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2007.12.009.

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22

Powlesland, R. G., A. Roberts, B. D. Lloyd, and D. V. Merton. "Number, fate, and distribution of kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) found on Stewart Island, New Zealand, 1979–92." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 22, no. 3 (January 1995): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1995.9518039.

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23

Diamond, Judy, Daryl Eason, Clio Reid, and Alan B. Bond. "Social play in kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) with comparisons to kea (Nestor notabilis) and kaka (Nestor meridionalis)." Behaviour 143, no. 11 (2006): 1397–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853906778987551.

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24

Knafler, Gabrielle J., Andrew Fidler, Ian G. Jamieson, and Bruce C. Robertson. "Evidence for multiple MHC class II β loci in New Zealand’s critically endangered kakapo, Strigops habroptilus." Immunogenetics 66, no. 2 (December 19, 2013): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00251-013-0750-5.

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25

TREWICK, STEVEN A. "On the skewed sex ratio of the Kakapo Strigops habroptilus: sexual and natural selection in opposition?" Ibis 139, no. 4 (June 28, 2008): 652–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1997.tb04688.x.

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26

Moorhouse, Ron J., and Ralph G. Powlesland. "Aspects of the ecology of Kakapo Strigops habroptilus liberated on little barrier island (Hauturu), New Zealand." Biological Conservation 56, no. 3 (1991): 349–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(91)90066-i.

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27

Powlesland, R. G., and B. D. Lloyd. "Use of supplementary feeding to induce breeding in free-living kakapo Strigops habroptilus in New Zealand." Biological Conservation 69, no. 1 (1994): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)90332-8.

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28

Fidler, A. E., S. Zwart, R. Pharis, S. B. Lawrence, G. Elliott, D. Merton, and K. P. McNatty. "Screening foods of the endangered Kakapo parrot ( Strigops habroptilus ) for oestrogenic activity using a recombinant yeast bioassay." British Poultry Science 41, sup001 (September 2000): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071660050148822.

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29

Bergner, Laura M., Ian G. Jamieson, and Bruce C. Robertson. "Combining genetic data to identify relatedness among founders in a genetically depauperate parrot, the Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus)." Conservation Genetics 15, no. 5 (March 21, 2014): 1013–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-014-0595-y.

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30

Hagelin, Julie C. "Observations on the olfactory ability of the Kakapo Strigops habroptilus, the critically endangered parrot of New Zealand." Ibis 146, no. 1 (December 17, 2003): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.2004.00212.x.

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31

Cockrem, J. F. "Non-Invasive Assessment of the Annual Gonadal Cycle in Free-Living Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) Using Fecal Steroid Measurements." Auk 112, no. 1 (January 1995): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4088787.

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32

Livingston, Megan, Andrew Fidler, Diana Mellor, Siwo de Kloet, Daryl Eason, Graeme Elliott, and Ron Moorhouse. "Prevalence of IgY antibodies againstErysipelothrix rhusiopathiaein a critically endangered parrot (kakapo,Strigops habroptilus) and associated responses to vaccination." Avian Pathology 42, no. 5 (August 6, 2013): 502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2013.832146.

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33

Fidler, Andrew E., Sharon Zwart, Richard P. Pharis, Roderick J. Weston, Stephen B. Lawrence, Paul Jansen, Graeme Elliott, and Donald V. Merton. "Screening the foods of an endangered parrot, the kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), for oestrogenic activity using a recombinant yeast bioassay." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 12, no. 4 (2000): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd00041.

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In recent years the possibility of environmental oestrogens affecting the reproduction of vertebrates has become an issue of both public and scientific interest. Although the significance of such chemicals remains controversial there is clear evidence that, in some contexts, environmental oestrogens can influence the fertility of vertebrates. Highly endangered species represent a situation in which even modest reductions in the fertility of key individuals may have implications for the survival of the entire species. This paper reports the screening of both natural and supplementary foods of the kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), a critically endangered New Zealand nocturnal parrot, for oestrogenic activity using a recombinant yeast based bioassay. Low levels of oestrogenic activity were detected in one of the ‘chick-raising’ foods, but no oestrogenic activity was detected in the adult supplementary foods. The oestrogenicity of a range of phytochemicals possibly associated with the kakapo natural diet was also examined. Two such phytochemicals, podocarpic acid and its reduced derivative podocarpinol, showed weak oestro-genic activity (approximately 10 –6 and 10 –4 of the activity of 17-b -oestradiol, respectively).

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34

Fidler, Andrew E., Stephen B. Lawrence, and Kenneth P. McNatty. "VIEWPOINT. An hypothesis to explain the linkage between kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) breeding and the mast fruiting of their food trees." Wildlife Research 35, no. 1 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07148.

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An important goal in the intensive conservation management of New Zealand’s critically endangered nocturnal parrot, kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), is to increase the frequency of breeding attempts. Kakapo breeding does not occur annually but rather correlates with 3–5-year cycles in ‘mast’ seeding/fruiting of kakapo food plants, most notably podocarps such as rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum). Here we advance a hypothetical mechanism for the linking of kakapo breeding with such ‘mast’ seeding/fruiting. The essence of the hypothesis is that exposure to low levels of dietary phytochemicals may, in combination with hepatic gene ‘memory’, sensitise egg yolk protein genes, expressed in female kakapo livers, to oestrogens derived from developing ovarian follicles. Only in those years when the egg yolk protein genes have been sufficiently ‘pre-sensitised’ by dietary chemicals do kakapo ovarian follicles develop to ovulation and egg-laying occurs. While speculative, this hypothesis is both physiologically and evolutionarily plausible and suggests both future research directions and relatively simple interventions that may afford conservation workers some influence over kakapo breeding frequency.

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35

Low, Matthew, Daryl Eason, Graeme Elliott, Kate McInnes, and Joanne Paul-Murphy. "Hematologic and Biochemical Reference Ranges for the Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus): Generation and Interpretation in a Field-based Wildlife Recovery Program." Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 20, no. 2 (June 2006): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/2003-036.1.

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36

Waite, David W., Peter Deines, and Michael W. Taylor. "Quantifying the impact of storage procedures for faecal bacteriotherapy in the critically endangered New Zealand Parrot, the Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus)." Zoo Biology 32, no. 6 (September 9, 2013): 620–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21098.

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37

Brangenberg, Naya, Catherine McInnes, Joanne H. Connolly, and Lynn E. Rogers. "Absence of Salmonella and Campylobacter Species in Fecal and Cloacal Swab Samples From Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) on Codfish Island, New Zealand." Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 17, no. 4 (December 2003): 203–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/2003-023.

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38

Seabrook-Davidson, Mark N. H., and Dianne H. Brunton. "Public attitude towards conservation in New Zealand and awareness of threatened species." Pacific Conservation Biology 20, no. 3 (2014): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc140286.

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A survey was conducted amongst a sample (n = 3 000) of the New Zealand public to gauge their perception of government spending on conservation. The survey also obtained an understanding of the level of awareness the public has of New Zealand threatened species. Respondents ranked eight areas of government spending, namely health, education, superannuation, law and order, defence, conservation of native species, primary industry research & development and tourism. From a response rate of n = 131 (4.5%), health and education were ranked the highest, followed by law and order with conservation in fourth position. Except for conservation of native species, these rankings by respondents closely aligned with priorities of average annual government spending. Awareness was the highest for endemic species such as kiwi Apteryx spp, Hector’s dolphin Cephalorhynchus hectori, kokako Callaeas cinerea cinerea, kakapo Strigops habroptilus, takahe Porphyrio mantelli, Maui’s dolphin Cephalorhynchus hectori maui and tuatara Sphenodon punctatus. The awareness for these prominent species may suggest that the Department of Conservation is achieving some success in its advocacy role to increase the public’s awareness of species threatened with extinction. With awareness of threatened species and the moderate ranking given to conservation expenditure, it is evident there is a level of public support for expenditure on protection of biodiversity and natural heritage.

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39

Chatterton, J., A. Pas, S. Alexander, M. Leech, R. Jakob-Hoff, BP Jensen, and A. Digby. "Concentrations of calcium and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (vitamin D3) in plasma of wild kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus) living on two islands in New Zealand." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 65, no. 4 (May 3, 2017): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2017.1314795.

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40

Seersholm, Frederik V., Theresa L. Cole, Alicia Grealy, Nicolas J. Rawlence, Karen Greig, Michael Knapp, Michael Stat, et al. "Subsistence practices, past biodiversity, and anthropogenic impacts revealed by New Zealand-wide ancient DNA survey." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 30 (July 9, 2018): 7771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803573115.

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New Zealand’s geographic isolation, lack of native terrestrial mammals, and Gondwanan origins make it an ideal location to study evolutionary processes. However, since the archipelago was first settled by humans 750 y ago, its unique biodiversity has been under pressure, and today an estimated 49% of the terrestrial avifauna is extinct. Current efforts to conserve the remaining fauna rely on a better understanding of the composition of past ecosystems, as well as the causes and timing of past extinctions. The exact temporal and spatial dynamics of New Zealand’s extinct fauna, however, can be difficult to interpret, as only a small proportion of animals are preserved as morphologically identifiable fossils. Here, we conduct a large-scale genetic survey of subfossil bone assemblages to elucidate the impact of humans on the environment in New Zealand. By genetically identifying more than 5,000 nondiagnostic bone fragments from archaeological and paleontological sites, we reconstruct a rich faunal record of 110 species of birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and marine mammals. We report evidence of five whale species rarely reported from New Zealand archaeological middens and characterize extinct lineages of leiopelmatid frog (Leiopelma sp.) and kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus) haplotypes lost from the gene pool. Taken together, this molecular audit of New Zealand’s subfossil record not only contributes to our understanding of past biodiversity and precontact Māori subsistence practices but also provides a more nuanced snapshot of anthropogenic impacts on native fauna after first human arrival.

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41

Bergner, Laura M., Nicolas Dussex, Ian G. Jamieson, and Bruce C. Robertson. "European Colonization, Not Polynesian Arrival, Impacted Population Size and Genetic Diversity in the Critically Endangered New Zealand Kākāpō." Journal of Heredity 107, no. 7 (October 2, 2016): 593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esw065.

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Abstract Island endemic species are often vulnerable to decline and extinction following human settlement, and the genetic study of historical museum specimens can be useful in understanding these processes. The kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus) is a critically endangered New Zealand parrot that was formerly widespread and abundant. It is well established that both Polynesian and European colonization of New Zealand impacted the native avifauna, but the timeframe and severity of impacts have differed depending on species. Here, we investigated the relative importance of the 2 waves of human settlement on kākāpō decline, using microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to characterize recent kākāpō genetic and demographic history. We analyzed samples from 49 contemporary individuals and 54 museum specimens dating from 1884 to 1985. Genetic diversity decreased significantly between historical and contemporary kākāpō, with a decline in mean number of microsatellite alleles from 6.15 to 3.08 and in number of mtDNA haplotypes from 17 to 3. Modeling of demographic history indicated a recent population bottleneck linked to the period of European colonization (approximately 5 generations ago) but did not support a major decline linked to Polynesian settlement. Effective population size estimates were also larger for historical than contemporary kākāpō. Our findings inform contemporary kākāpō management by indicating the timeframe and possible cause of the bottleneck, which has implications for the management of extant genetic diversity. We demonstrate the broader utility of a historical perspective in understanding causes of decline and managing extinction risk in contemporary endangered species.

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42

N. H. Seabrook-Davision, Mark, and Dianne H. Brunton. "Introduced species in New Zealand ? Their impacts on a biodiversity hotspot." Pacific Conservation Biology 16, no. 4 (2010): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc110230.

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The issue of naturalization of introduced species to New Zealand was raised in an article in Nature (Ritchie 1922a Thompson 1922) 88 years ago. Here, we take the opportunity to assess the impacts of introduced species to the islands of New Zealand, one of the only entire countries, such as Madagascar, Japan, Philippines and New Caledonia to be described as a biodiversity hotspot (Reid 1998; Abbitt et al. 2000; Smith et al. 2001; Mittermeier et al. 2004). Between 1769 and 1919, 1170 species were recorded as being introduced to New Zealand (Thompson 1922) (Table 1). Ritchie (1922) reviewed the publication of Thompson?s inventory and warned against the introduction of exotic species without proper planning and assessment of the impacts on the existing biota. The warning was given because of New Zealand?s biodiversity had evolved in the absence of mammalian predators. Many bird, reptile and invertebrate species had limited defences against mammal species such as rats Rattus spp, mustelids (Stoat Mustela erminea, Ferret Mustela furo and Weasel Mustela nivalis vulgari), Brushtail Possum Trichosurus vulpectula and Cat Felis cattus. At the beginning of the 20th century, most of New Zealand?s large land vertebrates were extinct or threatened with extinction. The rapid expansion of mustelids, rats and Cat had caused considerable contractions in the distribution of large ground birds such as Kakapo Strigops habroptilus, South Island Takahe Porphyrio mantelli hochstetteri and species of waterfowl.

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43

Clout, Mick N., and Don V. Merton. "Saving the Kakapo: the conservation of the world's most peculiar parrot." Bird Conservation International 8, no. 3 (September 1998): 281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900001933.

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SummaryWe review the conservation history and describe the current status of the Kakapo Strigops habroptilus, a large New Zealand parrot which has been reduced to only 54 individuals through predation by introduced mammals, and is now threatened with extinction. Unique amongst parrots, Kakapo are both flightless and nocturnal. They have an unusual mating system in which females nest and raise their young unaided by males, after mating at traditional “courts” at which males display visually and vocally. Mating occurs naturally only in seasons of heavy fruiting of podocarp trees. A decline in range and abundance of Kakapo followed the introduction of alien mammals last century, and culminated in their reduction to a single breeding population on Stewart Island. Following a severe episode of predation by feral cats Felis catus, all known birds from this last population were translocated to a series of cat-free offshore islands. Adult survival on these island sanctuaries has been high (c. 98% per annum), but productivity has been low, with only six young (including a single female) raised to independence since 1982. Reasons for this low productivity are the naturally intermittent breeding of Kakapo, the low numbers of nesting females, high rates of egg infertility (~ 40%), and the early death of most nestlings through starvation or suspected predation by Polynesian rats Rattus exulans. These rats are present on both of the island sanctuaries where nesting has occurred. The Kakapo sex ratio is biased in favour of males (34:20) and only 8 of the 19 adult females are known to have laid fertile eggs in the past 10 years. Management of all remaining birds is now highly intensive, involving radio-tagging of all individuals, the provision of supplementary food, attempts to manipulate matings, nest surveillance, and protection against rat predation.

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44

Worthy, Trevor H., Suzanne J. Hand, Michael Archer, R. Paul Scofield, and Vanesa L. De Pietri. "Evidence for a giant parrot from the Early Miocene of New Zealand." Biology Letters 15, no. 8 (August 2019): 20190467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0467.

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Insular avifaunas have repeatedly spawned evolutionary novelties in the form of unusually large, often flightless species. We report fossils from the Early Miocene St Bathans Fauna of New Zealand that attests to the former existence of a giant psittaciform, which is described as a new genus and species. The fossils are two incomplete tibiotarsi from a bird with an estimated mass of 7 kg, double that of the heaviest known parrot, the kakapo Strigops habroptila . These psittaciform fossils show that parrots join the growing group of avian taxa prone to giantism in insular species, currently restricted to palaeognaths, anatids, sylviornithids, columbids, aptornithids, ciconiids, tytonids, falconids and accipitrids.

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45

Foster, Yasmin, Ludovic Dutoit, Stefanie Grosser, Nicolas Dussex, Brodie J. Foster, Ken G. Dodds, Rudiger Brauning, et al. "Genomic signatures of inbreeding in a critically endangered parrot, the kākāpō." G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics, August 31, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkab307.

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Abstract Events of inbreeding are inevitable in critically endangered species. Reduced population sizes and unique life history traits can increase the severity of inbreeding, leading to declines in fitness and increased risk of extinction. Here, we investigate levels of inbreeding in a critically endangered flightless parrot, the kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus), wherein a highly inbred island population and one individual from the mainland of New Zealand founded the entire extant population. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), and a genotype calling approach using a chromosome-level genome assembly, identified a filtered set of 12,241 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among 161 kākāpō, which together encompass the total genetic potential of the extant population. Multiple molecular-based estimates of inbreeding were compared, including genome-wide estimates of heterozygosity (FH), the diagonal elements of a genomic-relatedness matrix (FGRM), and runs of homozygosity (RoH, FRoH). Additionally, we compared levels of inbreeding in chicks from a recent breeding season to examine if inbreeding is associated with offspring survival. The density of SNPs generated with GBS was sufficient to identify chromosomes that were largely homozygous with RoH distributed in similar patterns to other inbred species. Measures of inbreeding were largely correlated and differed significantly between descendants of the two founding populations. However, neither inbreeding nor ancestry were found to be associated with reduced survivorship in chicks, owing to unexpected mortality in chicks exhibiting low levels of inbreeding. Our study highlights important considerations for estimating inbreeding in critically endangered species, such as the impacts of small population sizes and admixture between diverse lineages.

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