Journal articles: 'Stretchable strain sensors'

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Alsharari, Meshari, Baixin Chen, and Wenmiao Shu. "3D Printing of Highly Stretchable and Sensitive Strain Sensors Using Graphene Based Composites." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (December 21, 2018): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130792.

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In this research, we present the development of 3D printed, highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensors using Graphene based composites. Graphene, a 2D material with unique electrical and piezoresistive properties, has already been used to create highly sensitive strain sensors. In this new study, by co-printing Graphene based Polylactic acid (PLA) with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), a highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor based on Graphene composites can be 3D printed for the first time in strain sensors. The fabrication process of all materials is fully compatible with fused deposition modeling (FDM) based 3D printing method, which makes it possible to rapidly prototype and manufacture highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensors. The mechanical properties, electrical properties, sensitivity of the 3D printed sensors will be presented.

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Yen, Yu-Hsin, Chao-Shin Hsu, Zheng-Yan Lei, Hsin-Jou Wang, Ching-Yuan Su, Ching-Liang Dai, and Yao-Chuan Tsai. "Laser-Induced Graphene Stretchable Strain Sensor with Vertical and Parallel Patterns." Micromachines 13, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13081220.

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In intelligent manufacturing and robotic technology, various sensors must be integrated with equipment. In addition to traditional sensors, stretchable sensors are particularly attractive for applications in robotics and wearable devices. In this study, a piezoresistive stretchable strain sensor based on laser-induced graphene (LIG) was proposed and developed. A three-dimensional, porous LIG structure fabricated from polyimide (PI) film using laser scanning was used as the sensing layer of the strain sensor. Two LIG pattern structures (parallel and vertical) were fabricated and integrated within the LIG strain sensors. Scanning electron microscopy, an X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer, and Raman scattering spectroscopy were used to examine the microstructure of the LIG sensing layer. The performance and strain sensing properties of the parallel and vertical stretchable LIG strain sensors were investigated in tensile tests. The relative resistance changes and the gauge factors of the parallel and vertical LIG strain sensors were quantified. The parallel strain sensor achieved a high gauge factor of 15.79 in the applied strain range of 10% to 20%. It also had high sensitivity, excellent repeatability, good durability, and fast response times during the tensile experiments. The developed LIG strain sensor can be used for the real-time monitoring of human motions such like finger bending, wrist bending, and throat swallowing.

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Jin Nam, Hyun, Jin Yeong Park, Van-Phu Vu, and Sung-Hoon Choa. "Effects of Binder and Substrate Materials on the Performance and Reliability of Stretchable Nanocomposite Strain Sensors." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 2969–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19133.

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In stretchable strain sensors, highly elastic elastomers such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), Ecoflex, and polyurethane are commonly used for binder materials of the nanocomposite and substrates. However, the viscoelastic nature of the elastomers and the interfacial action between nanofillers and binders influence the critical sensor performances, such as repeatability, response, and hysteresis behavior. In this study, we developed a stretchable nanocomposite strain sensor composed of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and a silicone elastomer binder. The effects of binder and substrate materials on the repeatability, response, hysteresis behavior, and long-term endurance of the strain sensors were systematically investigated using stretching, bending, and repeated cyclic bending tests. Three different binder and substrate materials including PDMS, Ecoflex, and a mixture of PDMS/Ecoflex were tested. The stretchable strain sensors showed an excellent linearity and stretchability of more than 130%. Therefore, the long-term endurance of the strain sensors fabricated with Ecoflex binder should be improved. The strain sensors fabricated with Ecoflex binder showed a relatively large variation in electrical resistance during 10,000-cycle bending tests and repeatability errors at large bending angles. The strain sensors fabricated with PDMS binder showed repeatability errors at small bending angles and a slight response delay of 1 second. On the contrary, the strain sensors fabricated with a mixture of PDMS/Ecoflex binder showed excellent repeatability and response characteristics. The PDMS material showed hysteresis behavior; therefore, the strain sensors fabricated with PDMS binder on PDMS substrate exhibited a large hysteresis behavior in the first stretch–release cycle. It was found that the hysteresis behavior of the strain sensors was mainly dependent on substrate materials than on binder materials. The stretchable strain sensors made of the mixture of PDMS/Ecoflex exhibited excellent repeatability, response, hysteresis behavior, and excellent capability in detecting finger and wrist bending.

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Sheeja Prakash, Karthika, Hermann Otto Mayr, Prachi Agrawal, Priyank Agarwal, Michael Seidenstuecker, Nikolaus Rosenstiel, Peter Woias, and Laura Maria Comella. "Batch Fabrication of a Polydimethylsiloxane Based Stretchable Capacitive Strain Gauge Sensor for Orthopedics." Polymers 14, no. 12 (June 8, 2022): 2326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14122326.

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Polymer-based capacitive strain gauges are a novel and promising concept for measuring large displacements and strains in various applications. These novel sensors allow for high strain, well above the maximum values achieved with state-of-the-art strain gauges (Typ. 1%). In recent years, a lot of interest in this technology has existed in orthopedics, where the sensors have been used to measure knee laxity caused by a tear of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and for other ligament injuries. The validation of this technology in the field has a very low level of maturity, as no fast, reproducible, and reliable manufacturing process which allows mass production of sensors with low cost exists. For this reason, in this paper, a new approach for the fabrication of polymer-based capacitive strain gauges is proposed, using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as base material. It allows (1) the fast manufacturing of sensor batches with reproducible geometry, (2) includes a fabrication step for embedding rigid electrical contacts on the sensors, and (3) is designed to produce sensor batches in which the size, the number, and the position of the sensors can be adapted to the patient’s anatomy. In the paper, the process repeatability and the robustness of the design are successfully proven. After 1000 large-strain elongation cycles, in the form of accelerated testing caused much higher strains than in the above-mentioned clinical scenario, the sensor’s electrical contacts remained in place and the functionalities were unaltered. Moreover, the prototype of a patient customizable patch, embedding multiple sensors, was produced.

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Li, Jinhui, Guoping Zhang, Rong Sun, and C. P. Wong. "Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Composite for Elastic Strain Sensor Applications." MRS Advances 1, no. 34 (2016): 2415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.508.

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ABSTRACTFlexible electronics has emerged as a very promising field, in particular,wearable, bendable, and stretchable strain sensors with high sensitivity which could be used for human motion detection, sports performance monitoring, etc. In this paper, a highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor composed of reduced graphene oxide foam and elastomer composite is fabricated by assembly and followed by a polymer immersing process. The strain sensor has demonstrated high stretchability and sensitivity. Furthermore, the device was employed for gauging muscle-induced strain which results in high sensitivity and reproducibility. The developed strain sensors showed great application potential in fields of biomechanical systems.

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Hwangbo, Yuhwan, Hyun Jin Nam, and Sung-Hoon Choa. "Highly Stretchable Strain Sensor with a High and Broad Sensitivity Composed of Carbon Nanotube and Ecoflex Composite." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 61, no. 7 (July 5, 2023): 500–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2023.61.7.500.

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Wearable strain sensors with high and broad sensitivity, high stretchability and excellent mechanical endurance will be widely useful in smart wearable electronics. In this work, we developed a stretchable strain sensor fabricated with a simple stencil printing technique. The stretchable strain sensor was fabricated using a multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-Ecoflex composite paste on an Ecoflex substrate. In particular, using IPA solvent, CNT particles were uniformly dispersed in the Ecoflex binder. The effect of the amount of Ecoflex resin on the stretchability and sensitivity of the sensor were also investigated. It was found that as the amount of Ecoflex resin increased, the stretchability of the sensor increased. The fabricated stretchable strain sensor showed a maximum stretchability of 1,000% with a wide sensitivity range from 3 to 12,287. The hysteresis tests indicated that the hysteresis of the fabricated stretchable strain sensor was very small, the electrical resistances of the sensors quickly returned to original value after tests. The strain sensor showed excellent mechanical durability during cyclic repeated tensile tests of 400,000 cycles. The results of the cross-cut adhesion tests indicated that the adhesion strength between the sensor composite layer and Ecoflex substrate was excellent. We also demonstrated the potential application of the stretchable sensor in wearable electronics by bending tests on a human finger and wrist.

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Chen, Hui, Han Wang, Peilun Yu, and Xiaoyang Yang. "Wearable Strain Sensors and Their Applications." SHS Web of Conferences 157 (2023): 03029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202315703029.

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Wearable and stretchable strain sensors have received much attention because of their easy interaction with the human body. They are widely used in many fields, such as healthcare monitoring and human motion detection. Recent advances in the design and implementation of wearable and stretchable strain sensors and their application prospects are summarized herein. The research on sensitive strain sensors will be introduced herein first, which mainly involves the application of nanomaterials in the strain sensor. The remarkable properties of nanomaterials enable the carbon nanotube sensor to be embedded in socks, gloves, bandages, and other items that can be attached to the human body to accurately monitor various movements of the human body, including training, breathing, typing, and speaking. And then, we will focus on the application prospects of wearable strain sensors. With the development of the Times and the progress of science and technology, wearable strain sensors are gradually applied to various fields, especially in intelligent medical treatment, sports and fitness, and entertainment. Although the research on wearable strain sensor has produced considerable progress so far, it is still in the prototype stage, and wearable strain sensor still faces significant challenges in manufacturing a multi-functional integrated strain sensor. The research of this paper will be of great value to the study and application of wearable strain sensors.

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Qi, Zhenkun, Hailiang Bian, Yi Yang, Nantian Nie, and Fuliang Wang. "Graphene/Glycerin Solution-Based Multifunctional Stretchable Strain Sensor with Ultra-High Stretchability, Stability, and Sensitivity." Nanomaterials 9, no. 4 (April 16, 2019): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9040617.

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Highly stretchable, flexible, and sensitive strain sensors have promising applications in motion detection—especially multifunctional strain sensors that can detect stretching, bending, compression and twisting. Herein, this study presents a graphene and glycerol solution-based multifunctional sensor with ultra-high stretchability and sensitivity. Owing to the self-lubrication and fluidity of the graphene-glycerol solution, the strain sensors display super stretchability up to 1000%, a maximum gauge factor up to 45.13, and excellent durability for over 10,000 cycles. In addition, the sensor can also rapidly respond to small strains (1%, 5%, 10%) and different stretching rates (12.5%/s, 25%/s, 50%/s, and 100%/s). More impressively, the sensors can measure up to 50 kPa pressure and 180° twisting without any damage. Furthermore, the strain sensors demonstrate their applicability in scenarios involving motion detection, such as that for finger bending, wrist rotating, touching, and drinking water.

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Wang, Guishan, Ying Liu, Fangsong Xu, Guanjun Liu, and Jing Qiu. "Design and optimization of isotropic stretchable strain sensors for multidirectional monitoring." Smart Materials and Structures 31, no. 1 (November 19, 2021): 015009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ac319e.

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Abstract Multidirectional monitoring is highly expectable for stretchable strain sensors by which the randomly orientated cracks or the maximum strain of all directions need to be accommodated. Many current types of research exploit laminated sensors and rosette designs to obtain the desired behavior in several discrete directions. However, this can lead to complex fabricating and resolving processes, as well as significant measurement errors. Our work proposes an isotropic stretchable strain (ISS) sensor that utilizes the in-plane curved sensing film from graphene/silver nanowires (AgNWs), which exhibits uniform sensitivity in all directions within 30∘ and the potential extending to 360∘. The ISS sensor, whose curved shape is optimized based on splines and the quantitative sensing model, is fabricated by a flash stamp machine and followed by vacuum filtration. Experimental results show that the ISS sensor possesses equivalent sensing properties in 30∘ with excellent linearity and durability. Thus our customized sensor is applied to multidirectionally monitor the stretchable surface without consideration for the sensor orientation and the resolving process. Most importantly, the ISS sensor and its design method provide an efficient route for future sensor design with expected properties, not limited to isotropy.

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Hwang, Sungkun, Recep M. Gorguluarslan, Hae-Jin Choi, and Seung-Kyum Choi. "Integration of Dimension Reduction and Uncertainty Quantification in Designing Stretchable Strain Gauge Sensor." Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 16, 2020): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020643.

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Interests in strain gauge sensors employing stretchable patch antenna have escalated in the area of structural health monitoring, because the malleable sensor is sensitive to capturing strain variation in any shape of structure. However, owing to the narrow frequency bandwidth of the patch antenna, the operation quality of the strain sensor is not often assured under structural deformation, which creates unpredictable frequency shifts. Geometric properties of the stretchable antenna also severely regulate the performance of the sensor. Especially rugged substrate created by printing procedure and manual fabrication derives multivariate design variables. Such design variables intensify the computational burden and uncertainties that impede reliable analysis of the strain sensor. In this research, therefore, a framework is proposed not only to comprehensively capture the sensor’s geometric design variables, but also to effectively reduce the multivariate dimensions. The geometric uncertainties are characterized based on the measurements from real specimens and a Gaussian copula is used to represent them with the correlations. A dimension reduction process with a clear decision criterion by entropy-based correlation coefficient dwindles uncertainties that inhibit precise system reliability assessment. After handling the uncertainties, an artificial neural network-based surrogate model predicts the system responses, and a probabilistic neural network derives a precise estimation of the variability of complicated system behavior. To elicit better performance of the stretchable antenna-based strain sensor, a shape optimization process is then executed by developing an optimal design of the strain sensor, which can resolve the issue of the frequency shift in the narrow bandwidth. Compared with the conventional rigid antenna-based strain sensors, the proposed design brings flexible shape adjustment that enables the resonance frequency to be maintained in reliable frequency bandwidth and antenna performance to be maximized under deformation. Hence, the efficacy of the proposed design framework that employs uncertainty characterization, dimension reduction, and machine learning-based behavior prediction is epitomized by the stretchable antenna-based strain sensor.

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Nakamoto, Hiroyuki, Tokiya Yamaji, Akio Yamamoto, Hideo Ootaka, Yusuke Bessho, Futoshi Kobayashi, and Rei Ono. "Wearable Lumbar-Motion Monitoring Device with Stretchable Strain Sensors." Journal of Sensors 2018 (October 8, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7480528.

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Low-back pain is a common affliction. Epidemiological analyses have reported that periodic cycles of lumbar flexion and rotation are major risk factors for low-back pain. To prevent low-back pain, a lumbar-motion monitoring device could help diagnosticians assess patients’ risk for low-back pain. This study proposes such a device that uses lightweight stretchable strain sensors. Six of these strain sensors form a parallel-sensor mechanism that measures rotation angles of lumbar motion in three axes. The parallel-sensor mechanism calculates rotation angles from the lengths of the strain sensors iteratively. Experimental results reveal that the prototype device is effective for lumbar-motion measurement and significantly improves in terms of wearability over comparable devices.

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Bai, Hedan, Shuo Li, Jose Barreiros, Yaqi Tu, Clifford R. Pollock, and Robert F. Shepherd. "Stretchable distributed fiber-optic sensors." Science 370, no. 6518 (November 12, 2020): 848–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba5504.

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Silica-based distributed fiber-optic sensor (DFOS) systems have been a powerful tool for sensing strain, pressure, vibration, acceleration, temperature, and humidity in inextensible structures. DFOS systems, however, are incompatible with the large strains associated with soft robotics and stretchable electronics. We develop a sensor composed of parallel assemblies of elastomeric lightguides that incorporate continuum or discrete chromatic patterns. By exploiting a combination of frustrated total internal reflection and absorption, stretchable DFOSs can distinguish and measure the locations, magnitudes, and modes (stretch, bend, or press) of mechanical deformation. We further demonstrate multilocation decoupling and multimodal deformation decoupling through a stretchable DFOS–integrated wireless glove that can reconfigure all types of finger joint movements and external presses simultaneously, with only a single sensor in real time.

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Mao, Linna, Taisong Pan, Junxiong Guo, Yizhen Ke, Jia Zhu, Huanyu Cheng, and Yuan Lin. "Reconfigurable, Stretchable Strain Sensor with the Localized Controlling of Substrate Modulus by Two-Phase Liquid Metal Cells." Nanomaterials 12, no. 5 (March 7, 2022): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12050882.

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Strain modulation based on the heterogeneous design of soft substrates is an effective method to improve the sensitivity of stretchable resistive strain sensors. In this study, a novel design for reconfigurable strain modulation in the soft substrate with two-phase liquid cells is proposed. The modulatory strain distribution induced by the reversible phase transition of the liquid metal provides reconfigurable strain sensing capabilities with multiple combinations of operating range and sensitivity. The effectiveness of our strategy is validated by theoretical simulations and experiments on a hybrid carbonous film-based resistive strain sensor. The strain sensor can be gradually switched between a highly sensitive one and a wide-range one by selectively controlling the phases of liquid metal in the cell array with a external heating source. The relative change of sensitivity and operating range reaches a maximum of 59% and 44%, respectively. This reversible heterogeneous design shows great potential to facilitate the fabrication of strain sensors and might play a promising role in the future applications of stretchable strain sensors.

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Mersch, Johannes, Carlos A. Gomez Cuaran, Aleksandr Vasilev, Andreas Nocke, Chokri Cherif, and Gerald Gerlach. "Stretchable and Compliant Textile Strain Sensors." IEEE Sensors Journal 21, no. 22 (November 15, 2021): 25632–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2021.3115973.

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Salowitz, Nathan Picchietti. "Stretchable sensors don’t feel the strain." Nature Electronics 1, no. 3 (March 2018): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41928-018-0046-8.

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Park, Jaeyoon, Insang You, Sangbaie Shin, and Unyong Jeong. "Material Approaches to Stretchable Strain Sensors." ChemPhysChem 16, no. 6 (January 13, 2015): 1155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201402810.

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Vo, Tan Thong, Hyeon-Jong Lee, Sang-Yun Kim, and Ji Won Suk. "Synergistic Effect of Graphene/Silver Nanowire Hybrid Fillers on Highly Stretchable Strain Sensors Based on Spandex Composites." Nanomaterials 10, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 2063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10102063.

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Embedding conductive nanomaterials into elastomeric polymer matrices is one of the most promising approaches for fabricating stretchable strain sensors capable of monitoring large mechanical movements or deformation through the detection of resistance changes. Here, hybrid fillers comprising graphene and silver nanowires (AgNWs) are incorporated into extremely stretchable spandex to fabricate strain sensors. Composites containing only graphene and those containing the graphene/AgNW hybrid fillers are systematically investigated by evaluating their electrical and mechanical properties. The synergistic effect between graphene and AgNWs enable the strain sensors based on the composites to experience a large strain range of up to 120%, and low hysteresis with a high gauge factor of 150.3 at a strain of 120%. These reliable strain sensors are utilized for monitoring human motions such as heartbeats and body movements. The findings of this study indicate the significant applicability of graphene/AgNW/spandex composites in future applications that demand high-performance stretchable strain sensors.

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Zheng, Haotian, Yuwei Han, Zhigang Wang, Wei Li, Yifei Lu, Shuwen Zhang, and Kun Jia. "Design of strain sensors using highly entangled hydrogel: high resolution, large detection range, and low hysteresis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2553, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2553/1/012063.

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Abstract Stretchable strain sensors with high performance are desirable for sports health monitoring, human-computer interaction, and soft machines. Sensors using polyacrylamide hydrogels with long chains have good stretchability and low hysteresis but limited resolution at small deformation. Here, we design stretchable strain sensors using highly entangled polyacrylamide hydrogels with high modulus and low hysteresis. The high modulus ensures the solid behavior of the material, making the elongation at small deformation detectable, and the resolution can be up to 0.2%. The sensor can measure the elongation of elastomers within the range of 200%. The change of relative resistance maintains low hysteresis and is repeatable over tests of 1000 cycles. The hydrogel sensor with water-retaining encapsulation exhibits electrical stability for a long time.

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Liang, Binghao, Zhiqiang Lin, Wenjun Chen, Zhongfu He, Jing Zhong, Hai Zhu, Zikang Tang, and Xuchun Gui. "Ultra-stretchable and highly sensitive strain sensor based on gradient structure carbon nanotubes." Nanoscale 10, no. 28 (2018): 13599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr02528b.

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A highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor based on a gradient carbon nanotube was developed. The strain sensors show an unprecedented combination of both high sensitivity (gauge factor = 13.5) and ultra-stretchability (>550%).

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Xiong, Yaoxu, Zhiqiang Lin, Zeyu Zhao, Yadong Xu, Yanjun Wan, Pengli Zhu, Yougen Hu, and Rong Sun. "A template-stripped carbon nanofiber/poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) compound for high-sensitivity pressure and strain sensing." Soft Science 2, no. 3 (2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2022.12.

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Materials selection and microstructural design of the sensing part of flexible pressure sensors are of great significance in improving their performance. However, achieving synergy between the sensing material and the microstructure of the flexible sensors remains a challenge. Herein, compressible and stretchable sensors based on a carbon nanofiber/poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (CNF/SBS) compound are demonstrated with a template-stripped method for detecting various human motions, including pulses, finger bending and pressure distributions. Benefiting from the adjustable fingerprint microstructure and mass fraction of CNFs, the as-designed flexible pressure sensor dramatically achieves a high sensitivity of 769.2 kPa-1, a low detection limit of 5 Pa and high reliability of over 1000 cycles. Moreover, the flexible sensor based on CNF/SBS can be stretched due to the outstanding tensile properties of SBS. The enhanced stretchable sensor remarkably possesses a high gauge factor of 105.6 with a stretch range of 0%-300% and up to 600% elongation. Importantly, the proposed pressure and tension strain sensors are investigated to monitor vigorous human motion, revealing their tremendous potential for applications in flexible compressible and stretchable wearable electronics.

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Raman, Srinivasan, and Ravi Sankar Arunagirinathan. "Silver Nanowires in Stretchable Resistive Strain Sensors." Nanomaterials 12, no. 11 (June 6, 2022): 1932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12111932.

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Silver nanowires (AgNWs), having excellent electrical conductivity, transparency, and flexibility in polymer composites, are reliable options for developing various sensors. As transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs), AgNWs are applied in optoelectronics, organic electronics, energy devices, and flexible electronics. In recent times, research groups across the globe have been concentrating on developing flexible and stretchable strain sensors with a specific focus on material combinations, fabrication methods, and performance characteristics. Such sensors are gaining attention in human motion monitoring, wearable electronics, advanced healthcare, human-machine interfaces, soft robotics, etc. AgNWs, as a conducting network, enhance the sensing characteristics of stretchable strain-sensing polymer composites. This review article presents the recent developments in resistive stretchable strain sensors with AgNWs as a single or additional filler material in substrates such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polyurethane (PU), and other substrates. The focus is on the material combinations, fabrication methods, working principles, specific applications, and performance metrics such as sensitivity, stretchability, durability, transparency, hysteresis, linearity, and additional features, including self-healing multifunctional capabilities.

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Nishikawa, Takaaki, Hisaya Yamane, Naoji Matsuhisa, and Norihisa Miki. "Stretchable Strain Sensor with Small but Sufficient Adhesion to Skin." Sensors 23, no. 4 (February 4, 2023): 1774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23041774.

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Stretchable strain sensors that use a liquid metal (eutectic gallium–indium alloy; E-GaIn) and flexible silicone rubber (Ecoflex) as the support and adhesive layers, respectively, are demonstrated. The flexibility of Ecoflex and the deformability of E-GaIn enable the sensors to be stretched by 100%. Ecoflex gel has sufficiently large adhesion force to skin, even though the adhesion force is smaller than that for commercially available adhesives. This enables the sensor to be used for non-invasive monitoring of human motion. The mechanical and electrical properties of the sensor are experimentally evaluated. The effectiveness of the proposed sensors is demonstrated by monitoring joint movements, facial expressions, and respiration.

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Aw, Kean, Jessica Budd, and Thomas Wilshaw-Sparkes. "Data Glove Using Soft and Stretchable Piezoresistive Sensors." Micromachines 13, no. 3 (February 26, 2022): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13030372.

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This research investigates the design and implementation of elastomer-based piezoresistive strain sensors and applies them to a data glove to demonstrate their application. The piezoresistive strain sensors are made by mixing Ecoflex 00-30 and carbon-black nanoparticles and then using stencil and doctor blading to deposit the piezoresistive traces as a mass fabrication technique. The primary objective is to integrate two sensing piezoresistive elements as one single-piece sensor that detects the bending angles of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of each finger. Using a unique zig-zag pattern allows to selectively mask any unwanted piezoresistive sensing. The sensor has a gage factor of 0.68. Experiments conducted have demonstrated that the use of these soft, flexible, and stretchable piezoresistive sensors is repeatable and viable sensors for data-glove and has the potential for other wearable applications.

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Cheng, Xiao, Chongzhi Bao, Xiaoming Wang, and Wentao Dong. "Stretchable strain sensor based on conductive polymer for structural health monitoring of high-speed train head." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 234, no. 3 (December 30, 2019): 496–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420719896599.

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Stretchable strain sensor has been widely applied to structural health monitor in the aerospace, high-speed train, wear electronics, and civil engineering areas. Stretchable strain sensor based on PDMS-CB (polydimethylsiloxane carbon-black) conductive polymer with large deformability is designed to collect the structural health data of the curved surface of high-speed train head (HSTH). The stretchability (>30%) of the strain sensor is validated by the FEM simulation and experimental results. Temperature effect and fatigue analysis of PDMS-CB strain sensors are considered to compensate the accuracy of strain data. The stretchable strain sensor has been applied to detect the cracks of the curved surface via the variable strain data corresponding to the crack length. A structural health monitor (SHM) based on the PDMS-CB strain sensor array is built to collect the continuous long-term strain data of the curved surface of HSTH. Wind pressure is applied to the strain sensor onto the curved surface of HSTH as external signal to simulate the strain distribution. It has been demonstrated that the PDMS-CB strain sensor is applied to structural health monitor of HSTH effectively during the driving process.

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Huang, Huiyan, Catherine Jiayi Cai, Bok Seng Yeow, Jianyong Ouyang, and Hongliang Ren. "Highly Stretchable and Kirigami-Structured Strain Sensors with Long Silver Nanowires of High Aspect Ratio." Machines 9, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines9090186.

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Stretchable, skin-interfaced, and wearable strain sensors have risen in recent years due to their wide-ranging potential applications in health-monitoring devices, human motion detection, and soft robots. High aspect ratio (AR) silver nanowires (AgNWs) have shown great potential in the flexible and stretchable strain sensors due to the high conductivity and flexibility of AgNW conductive networks. Hence, this work aims to fabricate highly stretchable, sensitive, and linear kirigami strain sensors with high AR AgNWs. The AgNW synthesis parameters and process windows have been identified by Taguchi’s design of experiment and analysis. Long AgNWs with a high AR of 1556 have been grown at optimized synthesis parameters using the one-pot modified polyol method. Kirigami sensors were fabricated via full encapsulation of AgNWs with Ecoflex silicon rubber. Kirigami-patterned strain sensors with long AgNWs show high stretchability, moderate sensitivity, excellent linearity (R2 = 0.99) up to 70% strain and can promptly detect finger movement without obvious hysteresis.

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Ha, Sun-Hyung, Sung-Hun Ha, Mun-Bae Jeon, Ji Hwan Cho, and Jong-Man Kim. "Highly sensitive and selective multidimensional resistive strain sensors based on a stiffness-variant stretchable substrate." Nanoscale 10, no. 11 (2018): 5105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr08118a.

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Huang, Ying, Chao Hao, Jian Liu, Xiaohui Guo, Yangyang Zhang, Ping Liu, Caixia Liu, Yugang Zhang, and Xiaoming Yang. "Highly stretchable, rapid-response strain sensor based on SWCNTs/CB nanocomposites coated on rubber/latex polymer for human motion tracking." Sensor Review 39, no. 2 (March 7, 2019): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-01-2018-0004.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to present a highly stretchable and flexible strain sensor with simple and low cost of fabrication process and excellent dynamic characteristics, which make it suitable for human motion monitoring under large strain and high frequency. Design/methodology/approach The strain sensor was fabricated using the rubber/latex polymer as elastic carrier and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)/carbon black (CB) as a synergistic conductive network. The rubber/latex polymer was pre-treated in naphtha and then soaked in SWCNTs/CB/silicon rubber composite solution. The strain sensing and other performance of the sensor were measured and human motion tracking applications were tried. Findings These strain sensors based on aforementioned materials display high stretchability (500 per cent), excellent flexibility, fast response (approximately 45 ms), low creep (3.1 per cent at 100 per cent strain), temperature and humidity independence, superior stability and reproducibility during approximately 5,000 stretch/release cycles. Furthermore, the authors used these composites as human motion sensors, effectively monitoring joint motion, indicating that the stretchable strain sensor based on the rubber/latex polymer and the synergetic effects of mixed SWCNTs and CB could have promising applications in flexible and wearable devices for human motion tracking. Originality/value This paper presents a low-cost and a new type of strain sensor with excellent performance that can open up new fields of applications in flexible, stretchable and wearable electronics, especially in human motion tracking applications where very large strain should be accommodated by the strain sensor.

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Jung, Daekwang, Kyumin Kang, Hyunjin Jung, Duhwan Seong, Soojung An, Jiyong Yoon, Wooseok Kim, et al. "A Soft Pressure Sensor Array Based on a Conducting Nanomembrane." Micromachines 12, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12080933.

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Although skin-like pressure sensors exhibit high sensitivity with a high performance over a wide area, they have limitations owing to the critical issue of being linear only in a narrow strain range. Various strategies have been proposed to improve the performance of soft pressure sensors, but such a nonlinearity issue still exists and the sensors are only effective within a very narrow strain range. Herein, we fabricated a highly sensitive multi-channel pressure sensor array by using a simple thermal evaporation process of conducting nanomembranes onto a stretchable substrate. A rigid-island structure capable of dissipating accumulated strain energy induced by external mechanical stimuli was adopted for the sensor. The performance of the sensor was precisely controlled by optimizing the thickness of the stretchable substrate and the number of serpentines of an Au membrane. The fabricated sensor exhibited a sensitivity of 0.675 kPa−1 in the broad pressure range of 2.3–50 kPa with linearity (~0.990), and good stability (>300 Cycles). Finally, we successfully demonstrated a mapping of pressure distribution.

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Luo, Xin, Boya Ding, and Xingcen Liu. "Poly(acrylic acid)/Dipeptide Double-Network Hydrogel to Achieve a Highly Stretchable Strain Sensor." Chemosensors 10, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10090360.

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Flexible and stretchable strain sensors can be applied for human health monitoring and disease diagnoses via the output of multiple biophysical signals. However, it is still a challenge to fabricate short-peptide-based strain sensors. Here, we prepared a novel polymer-dipeptide double-network hydrogel with excellent stretchability, responsiveness, and stability. The poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) gel, by cross-linking, maintains mechanical and flexible properties, and the fluorenyl methoxycarbonyl-diphenylalanine (Fmoc-FF) network, by non-covalent interactions, is helpful for energy dissipation. With increasing tensile or compression strains, the PAA/Fmoc-FF hydrogel exhibited a high mechanical strength and fast recovery. Moreover, as the presence of KCl improves the electronic conductivity, the hybrid gel exhibited a cyclic strain-stress performance, which is the foundation of a strain sensor. Based on that, its application as a motion sensor was demonstrated by monitoring the movements of human joints, such as the forefinger, wrist, elbow, and knee. Consequently, the hybrid polymer-peptide gel could be an ideal candidate for wearable sensors in the future.

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Choi, Won Young, Hyeong Geun Jo, Soo Won Kwon, Young Hun Kim, Joo Young Pyun, and Kwan Kyu Park. "Multipoint-Detection Strain Sensor with a Single Electrode Using Optical Ultrasound Generated by Carbon Nanotubes." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 9, 2019): 3877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183877.

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With the development of wearable devices, strain sensors have attracted large interest for the detection of human motion, movement, and breathing. Various strain sensors consisting of stretchable conductive materials have been investigated based on resistance and capacitance differences according to the strain. However, this method requires multiple electrodes for multipoint detection. We propose a strain sensor capable of multipoint detection with a single electrode, based on the ultrasound pulse–echo method. It consists of several transmitters of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and a single polyvinylidene fluoride receiver. The strain sensor was fabricated using CNTs embedded in stretchable polydimethylsiloxane. The received data are characterized by the different times of transmission from the CNTs of each point depending on the strain, i.e., the sensor can detect the positions of the CNTs. This study demonstrates the application of the multipoint strain sensor with a single electrode for measurements up to a strain of 30% (interval of 1%). We considered the optical and acoustic energy losses in the sensor design. In addition, to evaluate the utility of the sensor, finger bending with three-point CNTs and flexible phantom bending with six-point CNTs for the identification of an S-curve having mixed expansion and compression components were carried out.

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Basarir, Fevzihan, Joice Jaqueline Kaschuk, and Jaana Vapaavuori. "Perspective about Cellulose-Based Pressure and Strain Sensors for Human Motion Detection." Biosensors 12, no. 4 (March 22, 2022): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12040187.

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High-performance wearable sensors, especially resistive pressure and strain sensors, have shown to be promising approaches for the next generation of health monitoring. Besides being skin-friendly and biocompatible, the required features for such types of sensors are lightweight, flexible, and stretchable. Cellulose-based materials in their different forms, such as air-porous materials and hydrogels, can have advantageous properties to these sensors. For example, cellulosic sensors can present superior mechanical properties which lead to improved sensor performance. Here, recent advances in cellulose-based pressure and strain sensors for human motion detection are reviewed. The methodologies and materials for obtaining such devices and the highlights of pressure and strain sensor features are also described. Finally, the feasibility and the prospects of the field are discussed.

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Dong, Rong, and Jianbing Xie. "Stretchable Strain Sensor with Controllable Negative Resistance Sensitivity Coefficient Based on Patterned Carbon Nanotubes/Silicone Rubber Composites." Micromachines 12, no. 6 (June 19, 2021): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12060716.

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In this paper, stretchable strain sensors with a controllable negative resistance sensitivity coefficient are firstly proposed. In order to realize the sensor with a negative resistance sensitivity coefficient, a stretchable stress sensor with sandwich structure is designed in this paper. Carbon nanotubes are added between two layers of silica gel. When the sensor is stretched, carbon nanotubes will be squeezed at the same time, so the sensor will show a resistance sensitivity coefficient that the resistance becomes smaller after stretching. First, nanomaterials are coated on soft elastomer, then a layer of silica gel is wrapped on the outside of the nanomaterials. In this way, similar to sandwich biscuits, a stretchable strain sensor with controllable negative resistance sensitivity coefficient has been obtained. Because the carbon nanotubes are wrapped between two layers of silica gel, when the silica gel is stretched, the carbon nanotubes will be squeezed longitudinally, which increases their density and resistance. Thus, a stretchable strain sensor with negative resistance sensitivity coefficient can be realized, and the resistivity can be controlled and adjusted from 12.7 Ω·m to 403.2 Ω·m. The sensor can be used for various tensile testing such as human motion monitoring, which can effectively expand the application range of conventional tensile strain sensor.

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Yamaji, Tokiya, Hiroyuki Nakamoto, Hideo Ootaka, Ichiro Hirata, and Futoshi Kobayashi. "Rapid Prototyping Human Interfaces Using Stretchable Strain Sensor." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9893758.

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In the modern society with a variety of information electronic devices, human interfaces increase their importance in a boundary of a human and a device. In general, the human is required to get used to the device. Even if the device is designed as a universal device or a high-usability device, the device is not suitable for all users. The usability of the device depends on the individual user. Therefore, personalized and customized human interfaces are effective for the user. To create customized interfaces, we propose rapid prototyping human interfaces using stretchable strain sensors. The human interfaces comprise parts formed by a three-dimensional printer and the four strain sensors. The three-dimensional printer easily makes customized human interfaces. The outputs of the interface are calculated based on the sensor’s lengths. Experiments evaluate three human interfaces: a sheet-shaped interface, a sliding lever interface, and a tilting lever interface. We confirm that the three human interfaces obtain input operations with a high accuracy.

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Chang, Xiaohua, Liangren Chen, Jianwen Chen, Yutian Zhu, and Zhanhu Guo. "Advances in transparent and stretchable strain sensors." Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials 4, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42114-021-00292-3.

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Khan, Saeed Ahmed, Min Gao, Yuechang Zhu, Zhuocheng Yan, and Yuan Lin. "MWCNTs based flexible and stretchable strain sensors." Journal of Semiconductors 38, no. 5 (June 2017): 053003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/38/5/053003.

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Liu, Han, Jin Yan, Matthias Kollosche, Sarah A. Bentil, and Simon Laflamme. "Surface Textures for Stretchable Capacitive Strain Sensors." Smart Materials and Structures 29, no. 10 (September 16, 2020): 105037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/aba63c.

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Pan, Shaowu, Zhiyuan Liu, Ming Wang, Ying Jiang, Yifei Luo, Changjin Wan, Dianpeng Qi, Changxian Wang, Xiang Ge, and Xiaodong Chen. "Mechanocombinatorially Screening Sensitivity of Stretchable Strain Sensors." Advanced Materials 31, no. 35 (July 2019): 1903130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201903130.

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Li, Chenchen, Bangze Zhou, Yanfen Zhou, Jianwei Ma, Fenglei Zhou, Shaojuan Chen, Stephen Jerrams, and Liang Jiang. "Carbon Nanotube Coated Fibrous Tubes for Highly Stretchable Strain Sensors Having High Linearity." Nanomaterials 12, no. 14 (July 18, 2022): 2458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12142458.

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Strain sensors are currently limited by an inability to operate over large deformations or to exhibit linear responses to strain. Producing strain sensors meeting these criteria remains a particularly difficult challenge. In this work, the fabrication of a highly flexible strain sensor based on electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fibrous tubes comprising wavy and oriented fibers coated with carboxylated multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is described. By combining spraying and ultrasonic-assisted deposition, the number of CNTs deposited on the electrospun TPU fibrous tube could reach 12 wt%, which can potentially lead to the formation of an excellent conductive network with high conductivity of 0.01 S/cm. The as-prepared strain sensors exhibited a wide strain sensing range of 0–760% and importantly high linearity over the whole sensing range while maintaining high sensitivity with a GF of 57. Moreover, the strain sensors were capable of detecting a low strain (2%) and achieved a fast response time whilst retaining a high level of durability. The TPU/CNTs fibrous tube-based strain sensors were found capable of accurately monitoring both large and small human body motions. Additionally, the strain sensors exhibited rapid response time, (e.g., 45 ms) combined with reliable long-term stability and durability when subjected to 60 min of water washing. The strain sensors developed in this research had the ability to detect large and subtle human motions, (e.g., bending of the finger, wrist, and knee, and swallowing). Consequently, this work provides an effective method for designing and manufacturing high-performance fiber-based wearable strain sensors, which offer wide strain sensing ranges and high linearity over broad working strain ranges.

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Chen, Huamin, Longfeng Lv, Jiushuang Zhang, Shaochun Zhang, Pengjun Xu, Chuanchuan Li, Zhicheng Zhang, Yuliang Li, Yun Xu, and Jun Wang. "Enhanced Stretchable and Sensitive Strain Sensor via Controlled Strain Distribution." Nanomaterials 10, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10020218.

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Stretchable and wearable opto-electronics have attracted worldwide attention due to their broad prospects in health monitoring and epidermal applications. Resistive strain sensors, as one of the most typical and important device, have been the subject of great improvements in sensitivity and stretchability. Nevertheless, it is hard to take both sensitivity and stretchability into consideration for practical applications. Herein, we demonstrated a simple strategy to construct a highly sensitive and stretchable graphene-based strain sensor. According to the strain distribution in the simulation result, highly sensitive planar graphene and highly stretchable crumpled graphene (CG) were rationally connected to effectively modulate the sensitivity and stretchability of the device. For the stretching mode, the device showed a gauge factor (GF) of 20.1 with 105% tensile strain. The sensitivity of the device was relatively high in this large working range, and the device could endure a maximum tensile strain of 135% with a GF of 337.8. In addition, in the bending mode, the device could work in outward and inward modes. This work introduced a novel and simple method with which to effectively monitor sensitivity and stretchability at the same time. More importantly, the method could be applied to other material categories to further improve the performance.

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Tang, Zhenhua, Shuhai Jia, Xuesong Shi, Bo Li, and Chenghao Zhou. "Coaxial Printing of Silicone Elastomer Composite Fibers for Stretchable and Wearable Piezoresistive Sensors." Polymers 11, no. 4 (April 11, 2019): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040666.

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Despite the tremendous efforts dedicated to developing various wearable piezoresistive sensors with sufficient stretchability and high sensitivity, challenges remain pertaining to fabrication scalability, cost, and efficiency. In this study, a facile, scalable, and low-cost coaxial printing strategy is employed to fabricate stretchable and flexible fibers with a core–sheath structure for wearable strain sensors. The highly viscous silica-modified silicone elastomer solution is used to print the insulating sheath layer, and the silicone elastomer solutions containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used as the core inks to print the conductive inner layer. With the addition of silica powders as viscosifiers, silica-filled silicone ink (sheath ink) converts to printable ink. The dimensions of the printed coaxial fibers can be flexibly controlled via adjusting the extrusion pressure of the inks. In addition, the electro-mechanical responses of the fiber-shaped strain sensors are investigated. The printed stretchable and wearable fiber-like CNT-based strain sensor exhibits outstanding sensitivities with gauge factors (GFs) of 1.4 to 2.5 × 106, a large stretchability of 150%, and excellent waterproof performance. Furthermore, the sensor can detect a strain of 0.1% and showed stable responses for over 15,000 cycles (high durability). The printed fiber-shaped sensor demonstrated capabilities of detecting and differentiating human joint movements and monitoring balloon inflation. These results obtained demonstrate that the one-step printed fiber-like strain sensors have potential applications in wearable devices, soft robotics, and electronic skins.

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Yeo, Darren Zi Hian, Catherine Jiayi Cai, Po-Yen Chen, and Hongliang Ren. "Stretchable and Compliant Sensing of Strain, Pressure and Vibration of Soft Deformable Structures." Robotics 11, no. 6 (December 6, 2022): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/robotics11060146.

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Soft robotic and medical devices will greatly benefit from stretchable and compliant pressure sensors that can detect deformation and contact forces for control and task safety. In addition to traditional 2D buckling via planar substrates, 3D buckling via curved substrates has emerged as an alternative approach to generate tunable and highly convoluted hierarchical wrinkle morphologies. Such wrinkles may provide advantages in pressure sensing, such as increased sensitivity, ultra-stretchability, and detecting changing curvatures. In this work, we fabricated stretchable sensors using wrinkled MXene electrodes obtained from 3D buckling. We then characterized the sensors’ performance in detecting strain, pressure, and vibrations. The fabricated wrinkled MXene electrode exhibited high stretchability of up to 250% and has a strain sensitivity of 0.1 between 0 and 80%. The fabricated bilayer MXene pressure sensor exhibited a pressure sensitivity of 0.935 kPa−1 and 0.188 kPa−1 at the lower (<0.25 kPa) and higher-pressure regimes (0.25 kPa–2.0 kPa), respectively. The recovery and response timing of the wrinkled MXene pressure sensor was found to be 250 ms and 400 ms, respectively. The sensor was also capable of detecting changing curvatures upon mounting onto an inflating balloon.

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Qiu, Aidong, Mathias Aakyiir, Ruoyu Wang, Zhaokun Yang, Ayaz Umer, Ivan Lee, Hung-Yao Hsu, and Jun Ma. "Stretchable and calibratable graphene sensors for accurate strain measurement." Materials Advances 1, no. 2 (2020): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ma00032a.

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Han, Joo Won, Jihyun Park, Jung Ha Kim, Siti Aisyah Nurmaulia Entifar, Ajeng Prameswati, Anky Fitrian Wibowo, Soyeon Kim, et al. "Stretchable and Conductive Cellulose/Conductive Polymer Composite Films for On-Skin Strain Sensors." Materials 15, no. 14 (July 19, 2022): 5009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15145009.

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Conductive composite materials have attracted considerable interest of researchers for application in stretchable sensors for wearable health monitoring. In this study, highly stretchable and conductive composite films based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiopehe):poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) (CMC-PEDOT:PSS) were fabricated. The composite films achieved excellent electrical and mechanical properties by optimizing the lab-synthesized PEDOT:PSS, dimethyl sulfoxide, and glycerol content in the CMC matrix. The optimized composite film exhibited a small increase of only 1.25-fold in relative resistance under 100% strain. The CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite film exhibited outstanding mechanical properties under cyclic tape attachment/detachment, bending, and stretching/releasing tests. The small changes in the relative resistance of the films under mechanical deformation indicated excellent electrical contacts between the conductive PEDOT:PSS in the CMC matrix, and strong bonding strength between CMC and PEDOT:PSS. We fabricated highly stretchable and conformable on-skin sensors based on conductive and stretchable CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite films, which can sensitively monitor subtle bio-signals and human motions such as respiratory humidity, drinking water, speaking, skin touching, skin wrinkling, and finger bending. Because of the outstanding electrical properties of the films, the on-skin sensors can operate with a low power consumption of only a few microwatts. Our approach paves the way for the realization of low-power-consumption stretchable electronics using highly stretchable CMC-PEDOT:PSS composite films.

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Pan, Shirui, Zhen Pei, Zhu Jing, Jianqiao Song, Wendong Zhang, Qiang Zhang, and Shengbo Sang. "A highly stretchable strain sensor based on CNT/graphene/fullerene-SEBS." RSC Advances 10, no. 19 (2020): 11225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra00327a.

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Recently, highly stretchable strain sensors have attracted considerable attention. Identifying alternatives to sensitive unit materials and flexible substrates is critical in the fabrication of sensors.

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Liu, Lihua, Qiang Zhang, Dong Zhao, Aoqun Jian, Jianlong Ji, Qianqian Duan, Wendong Zhang, and Shengbo Sang. "Preparation and Property Research of Strain Sensor Based on PDMS and Silver Nanomaterials." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7843052.

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Based on the advantages and broad applications of stretchable strain sensors, this study reports a simple method to fabricate a highly sensitive strain sensor with Ag nanomaterials-polydimethylsiloxane (AgNMs-PDMS) to create a synergic conductive network and a sandwich-structure. Three Ag nanomaterial samples were synthesized by controlling the concentrations of the FeCl3 solution and reaction time via the heat polyols thermal method. The AgNMs network’s elastomer nanocomposite-based strain sensors show strong piezoresistivity with a high gauge factor of 547.8 and stretchability from 0.81% to 7.26%. The application of our high-performance strain sensors was demonstrated by the inducting finger of the motion detection. These highly sensitive sensors conform to the current trends of flexible electronics and have prospects for broad application.

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Song, Jun-Kyul, Jangyeol Yoon, Seongwon Kim, Jiwon Lee, Jong-Ho Hong, and Yongjo Kim. "P‐172: Late‐News Poster: Highly Stretchable OLED Panel with Sensors Embedded for Healthcare Applications." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 54, no. 1 (June 2023): 1536–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.16884.

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Stretchable display has become emerging technology as the next‐generation form‐factor of flexible and rollable displays. Especially, advanced form of stretchable organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) display plays an increasingly central role in wearable healthcare applications. The stretchability of OLED display platform enable conformal to the curvature of the human body. Therefore, stretchability and the pixel density remain key requirements for the development of highly stretchable OLED display. Here, we report rational structural design for highly stretchable OLED panel with biophysical sensors embedded for healthcare applications. The island and stretchable bridges enable stretchability over 20%. Moreover, stretchable temperature and strain sensors embedded in panel provide new approach toward wearable healthcare applications.

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Yang, Seongjin, Minjae Kim, Seong Kyung Hong, Suhyeon Kim, Wan Kyun Chung, Geunbae Lim, and Hyungkook Jeon. "Design of 3D Controller Using Nanocracking Structure-Based Stretchable Strain Sensor." Sensors 23, no. 10 (May 21, 2023): 4941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23104941.

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In this study, we introduce a novel design for a three-dimensional (3D) controller, which incorporates the omni-purpose stretchable strain sensor (OPSS sensor). This sensor exhibits both remarkable sensitivity, with a gauge factor of approximately 30, and an extensive working range, accommodating strain up to 150%, thereby enabling accurate 3D motion sensing. The 3D controller is structured such that its triaxial motion can be discerned independently along the X, Y, and Z axes by quantifying the deformation of the controller through multiple OPSS sensors affixed to its surface. To ensure precise and real-time 3D motion sensing, a machine learning-based data analysis technique was implemented for the effective interpretation of the multiple sensor signals. The outcomes reveal that the resistance-based sensors successfully and accurately track the 3D controller’s motion. We believe that this innovative design holds the potential to augment the performance of 3D motion sensing devices across a diverse range of applications, encompassing gaming, virtual reality, and robotics.

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Khalid, Hammad R., Daeik Jang, Nadir Abbas, M. Salman Haider, Syed N. A. Bukhari, Cyrus R. Mirza, Noureddine Elboughdiri, and Furqan Ahmad. "Electrical Stability and Piezoresistive Sensing Performance of High Strain-Range Ultra-Stretchable CNT-Embedded Sensors." Polymers 14, no. 7 (March 28, 2022): 1366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071366.

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Highly flexible and stretchable sensors are becoming increasingly widespread due to their versatile applicability in human/robot monitoring sensors. Conductive polymeric composites have been regarded as potential candidates for such sensors, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely used to fabricate such composites. In the present study, CNT-embedded high flexible sensors were fabricated using a facile three-roll milling method, which mitigates the drawbacks of the conventional fabrication methods. CNTs content varied between 0.5 and 4.0 wt.%, and the percolation threshold range was obtained via conductivity/resistivity values of the fabricated sensors. Following this, the electrical stability of the sensors was examined against the various DC and AC signals. Furthermore, the fabricated sensors were stretched up to 500% strain, and their sensitivity against varying strain amplitudes was investigated in terms of the change in resistance and gauge factors. Lastly, the fabricated sensors were applied to human fingers for monitoring finger bending and releasing motions to validate their potential applications. The experimental results indicated that these sensors have a percolation threshold of around 2% CNTs content, and the sensors fabricated with 2 to 4% CNTs content showed measurable resistance changes against the applied strain amplitudes of 50–500%. Among these sensors, the sensor with 2% CNTs content showed the highest sensitivity in the studied strain range, exhibiting a resistance change and gauge factor of about 90% and 1.79 against 50% strain amplitude and about 18,500% and 37.07 against 500% strain amplitude, respectively. All these sensors also showed high sensitivity for finger motion detection, showing a resistance change of between 22 and 69%.

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Lu, Yan Jun, Hong Bin Zhu, Yong Fang Zhang, and Di Hei. "Analysis of the Thickness of the PDMS Layer in Structure of the Stretchable Sensors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 278-280 (January 2013): 852–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.278-280.852.

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The prospective application of flexible electronics is feasible by shielding the silicon ribbons from damage in the structure. The silicon failure in the design of strain isolation for stretchable and flexible sensors is analyzed by FEM. The destruction of the silicon circuit is different with the change of the thickness of the PDMS layer in stretchable sensors. Owing to the fact that the PDMS layer is not infinitely thick in the application, the purpose of the paper is to provide a reference for choosing the thickness of the PDMS layer in the design of stretchable sensors.

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Yong, Shi, and Kean Aw. "Multi-Layered Carbon-Black/Elastomer-Composite-Based Shielded Stretchable Capacitive Sensors for the Underactuated Robotic Hand." Robotics 11, no. 3 (May 7, 2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/robotics11030058.

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Soft and flexible strain sensors are becoming popular for many robotic applications. This article presents a stretchable capacitive sensor by combining a conductive filler of carbon black with elastomers and implementing shielding to reduce parasitic interference, applied to an underactuated robotic hand. Sensors with different configurations were explored. The results show that a shield introduced to the sensor does have some mitigation effect on external interference. Two sensor configurations were explored: longitudinal interdigitated capacitive (LIDC) sensor, where the interdigitated fingers lie along the same axis as the strain, and transverse interdigitated capacitive (TIDC) sensor, where the interdigitated fingers are orthogonal to the strain direction. The LIDC configuration had better performance than TIDC. The fabricated two-layered LIDC sensor had a gage factor of 0.15 pF/mm and the rates of capacitive creep of 0.000667 pF/s and 0.001 pF/s at loads of 120 g and 180 g, respectively. The LIDC sensors attached to an underactuated robotic hand demonstrate the sensors’ ability to determine the bending angles of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Stretchable strain sensors'

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