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1
Avela, Janne. Stretch-reflex adaptation in man. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 1998.
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2
Gellman, Richard Evan. Muscle strain injury: An in vitro study of stretch rate dependence in elongation to failure. [New Haven: s.n.], 1991.
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3
1952-, Alter Michael J., ed. Science of flexibility. 2nd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1996.
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4
Csonka, Jacqueline V. Electrical stimulation of tibialis anterior to inhibit the stretch reflex of soleus resulting from passive stretch and gait, and its effect on spasticity. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1992.
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5
Homma, S. Understanding the Stretch Reflex. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2011.
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6
Moldave, Kivie. Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology, Volume 58 (Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology). Academic Press, 1998.
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7
Alter, Michael J. Science of Flexibility. 3rd ed. Human Kinetics Publishers, 2004.
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8
Alter, Michael J. Science of Flexibility. 2nd ed. Human Kinetics Pub, 2000.
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9
Fisch, Adam. Spinal Canal and Muscle–Nerve Physiology. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199845712.003.0137.
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10
Mason, Peggy. Reflexes and Gait. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0022.
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The importance of proprioception to motor function is revealed by the dramatic story of Ian Waterman, a man who lost function in all proprioceptive and tactile spinal afferents. The circuitry of the stretch reflex, termed the deep tendon reflex in clinical circles, is described in detail. In this context, the student is introduced to load, muscle spindles, Ia afferents, α- and γ- motoneurons, and α- γ coactivation. The concept of physiological extensors and flexors is useful for understanding the role of reflexes in normal and abnormal postures. The logic and utility of reflex testing is fully explained and the Ib and nociceptive withdrawal reflexes briefly introduced. Primitive reflexes and their modulation across development and in response to stroke or disease are presented. In a final segment, movements produced by central pattern generators and refined by reflexes are illustrated by a close examination of human gait across the life cycle.
11
Estira Y Reflexiona/ Strech and Reflect on (Cuerpo Sorprendente) (Cuerpo Sorprendente). Panamericana Editorial, 2006.
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12
Apkarian, Agop Jean Georges. Inhibition of stretch reflexes using electrical stimulation in normal subjects and subjects with spasticity. 1989.
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13
Harrison, Mark. Respiratory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198765875.003.0048.
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This chapter describes the pathophysiology of the respiratory system as it applies to Emergency Medicine, and in particular the Primary FRCEM examination. The chapter outlines the key details of the control of ventilation, reflexes, pressure, chemical, and irritant receptors, J receptors, pulmonary stretch receptors, Golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles, lung volumes, pulmonary mechanics, oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, DO2/VO2 relationships, carbon monoxide, pulse oximetry, effects of altitude, and dysbarism. This chapter is laid out exactly following the RCEM syllabus, to allow easy reference and consolidation of learning.
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Abulafia, David. Mediterranean History. Edited by Jerry H. Bentley. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199235810.013.0028.
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The first part of this article discusses the different approaches to Mediterranean history. People talk of the Mediterranean and refer to the waters that stretch eastward from the Straits of Gibraltar, linked to the Red Sea by the man-made channel of the Suez Canal and to the Black Sea by the natural channel of the Dardanelles and Bosphorus. The discussion insists that the study of Mediterranean history encapsulates many important aspects of world history: it involves the investigation of connections between societies separated by extensive physical space, focusing on commercial networks, the building of empires, and the movement of peoples, These phenomena can be traced across the surface of the sea across which Europe, Africa, and Asia meet one another and over which Christianity and Islam have vigorously competed for dominion. The second part of this article focuses on the development of the ‘classic Mediterranean’ over time.
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Goss, Rachel, Emma McMaster, and Stephanie Rennie. OSCE Revision for the Final FRCEM. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198856580.001.0001.
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The FRCEM OSCE Revision Guide is an excellent resource for trainees who are preparing for their Fellowship of the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (FRCEM) Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). Written by three UK-trained Emergency Medicine Consultants, this book provides an insight into the preparation required to pass the exam. The FRCEM OSCE has somewhat evolved over recent years, and so the authors explain the structure and format of the current exam. They also provide useful tips on revision strategy, as well as on how to navigate the actual exam. Each element of the OSCE is covered throughout the chapters: history, examination, teaching skills, practical skills and procedures, communication skills, resuscitation scenarios, psychiatry cases, and management scenarios. Each chapter provides numerous OSCE scenarios with instructions for the candidate and clear mark schemes, as well as learning points for the trickier cases. The cases reflect real-life scenarios that are common, yet complex presentations to the emergency department. They are pertinent to the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM) curriculum and have frequently appeared in previous OSCEs. The cases are often nuanced in such a way as to stretch the candidate to communicate and make decisions at the level of a senior registrar or consultant. The mark schemes are based on best practice and up-to-date national guidance. Overall, this book provides a great structure for successful revision.
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Horne, Gerald. Turning Point. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037924.003.0007.
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This chapter analyzes Patterson's remark that “today the oppressed Negro people is seeking integration,” and that “the Negro people are an oppressed nation.” These remarks reflect a bitter internal party struggle that stretched from mid-1944 to mid-1945, leaving in its wake a momentous shift on the much discussed Negro Question, involving a retreat from the Black Belt line of self-determination, presumably since the Negroes were “seeking integration.” This complex and painful debate in mid-1945 was to result in the reinstatement of the old line—then another shift in 1956 in the aftermath of the conniptions caused by the invasion of Hungary and the revelations about Stalin's crimes. All the while, Patterson and his comrades continued grinding away against Jim Crow, though it was understandable that some thought their efforts had been sidetracked by abstruse polemics.
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Lehmann, Andreas C., and Reinhard Kopiez. Sight-reading. Edited by Susan Hallam, Ian Cross, and Michael Thaut. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298457.013.0032.
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Sight-reading is defined as the execution – vocal or instrumental – of longer stretches of non- or under-rehearsed music at an acceptable pace and with adequate expression. Some people also label this ‘playing by sight’ or ‘prima vista’. Similar to improvisation, sight-reading requires the instant adaptation to new constraints, which places it among those that motor scientists refer to as open skills. This article briefly looks at how music notation is perceived and then moves on to the structure of sight-reading, taking into account the real-time conditions under which it takes place. This includes a discussion of perceptual and problem-solving issues. Finally, the article outlines the course of skill acquisition with its characteristic differences between novices and experts, and presents a model of sight-reading performance.
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Rhine, Anthony S., and John Jay Pension. How to Market the Arts. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197556078.001.0001.
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Abstract In the 1940s, Neil Borden developed the term “marketing mix” to refer to the entire work of a business executive. The notion suggests that the function of business is marketing, and in 1960 Jerome McCarthy defined the functions of the marketing mix as the four Ps: Product, price, place, and promotion. In the arts, the Ps dont work. This text proposes a new paradigm—the four Es—that better explain what is, and what should be, happening in nonprofit arts marketing. Though art presented might be defined as a product, product misses the fact that the art occurs within audiences leading to an arts experience. Typical pricing strategies tend to be largely ineffective in the arts, which are typically inelastic. Ease of access is a concept that better addresses how arts organizations can reduce possible obstacles their potential audience may face. Place refers to the systems that move a product from a creator to a consumer, which are handled by channel managers. The arts, however, can rarely be moved through distribution channels. Instead, the piece that arts executives must consider in balancing their marketing mix is the environment in which the art is being provided. Even the concept of promotion is typically a stretch for arts organizations with limited resources and constantly evolving experiences. However, when the function of the arts promoter is considered to be education about the arts experience for the marketplace, the approach leads to enhanced value and engagement for the community.
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Hamylton, Sarah, Pat Hutchings, and Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, eds. Coral Reefs of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486315499.
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Australia’s coral reefs stretch far and wide, covering 50 000 square kilometres from the Indian Ocean in the West to the Pacific Ocean in the East. They have been viewed as a bedrock of coastal livelihoods, as uncharted and perilous nautical hazards, as valuable natural resources, and as unique, natural wonders with secrets waiting to be unlocked. Australia’s coral reefs have sustained a global interest as places to visit, and as objects of study, science, protection and conservation.
Coral Reefs of Australia examines our evolving relationship with coral reefs, and explores their mystery and the fast pace at which they are now changing. Corals are feeling the dramatic impacts of global climate change, having undergone several devastating mass coral bleaching events, dramatic species range shifts and gradual ocean acidification.
This comprehensive and engaging book brings together the diverse views of Indigenous Australians, coral reef scientists, managers and politicians to reveal how we interact with coral reefs, focussing on Indigenous culture, coastal livelihoods, exploration, discovery, scientific research and climate change. It will inform and inspire readers to learn more about these intriguing natural phenomena and how we can protect coral reefs for the future.
Cultural sensitivity
Readers are warned that there may be words, descriptions and terms used in this book that are culturally sensitive, and which might not normally be used in certain public or community contexts. While this information may not reflect current understanding, it is provided by the author in a historical context.
This publication may also contain quotations, terms and annotations that reflect the historical attitude of the original author or that of the period in which the item was written, and may be considered inappropriate today.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are advised that this publication may contain the names and images of people who have passed away.
20
Cao, Siyang. Chinese Men's Practices of Intimacy, Embodiment and Kinship. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529212983.001.0001.
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This book explores Chinese young men’s views of manhood and how they construct and negotiate masculinities in everyday lives. Drawing from empirical research, it uses the term shenti (body-self) as a central concept to investigate the Chinese male body and explores masculinity within intimacy and kinship. The book proposes and develops a new concept of ‘elastic masculinity’ which can be stretched and forged differently depending on the context. At the same time, the men’s masculinity formation is constrained by the availability of resources, structural constraints, cultural traditions and diverse personal relationships. The book showcases how Chinese masculinities reflect the resilience of Confucian notions as well as transnational ideas of modern manhood. By doing so, it prioritizes local knowledge while setting the scene in a global framework. The book provides a unique dialogue with ‘western’ discourse on masculinity, and a timely study of how ordinary men actively engage with China’s global modernity, increasing individualisation, shifting gender values and changing local realities.
21
Bruinsma, Gerben J. N., and Shane D. Johnson, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Environmental Criminology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.001.0001.
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The study of how the environment, local geography, and physical locations influence crime has a long history that stretches across a number of research traditions. These include the neighborhood-effects approach developed by the Chicago school of sociology in the 1920s; modern environmental criminology that explains the geographic distribution of crime; the criminology of place, which focuses on crime rates at specific places over time; and a newer approach that attends to the perception of crime and disorder in communities. Aided by new mobile and digital technologies as well as improved data reporting in recent decades, research in environmental criminology has developed at a rapid pace within each of these approaches. Despite these advances, research in the subfield of environmental criminology remains fragmented, and competing theories are often kept apart. This book takes a different approach and integrates the subfield as a whole. It covers the core theoretical and empirical issues of how and why the environment influences the emergence of crime and how crime can affect the environment. The chapters reflect the diversity in research and theory from all over the Western world. In addition to covering traditional criminological research, the book probes how well current theories of environmental criminology contribute to our understanding of new problems and how well theories travel to other areas, such as West Africa, in which cultural differences might lead to different patterns in offending.
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Youth Lens on the Silk Roads: best photos from the International Silk Roads Photo Contest, 4th edition. UNESCO, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54678/ypas1663.
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This photo album, Youth Lens on the Silk Roads, is the result of the fourth edition of the international photo contest Youth Eyes on the Silk Roads, organized by the UNESCO Silk Roads Programme with the generous support of the Beijing International Peace Culture Foundation. This annual initiative offers young creatives from all over the world an opportunity to share their talents and explore the shared heritage, legacy, and spirit of the Silk Roads through photography. The term ‘Silk Roads’ is used to refer to a vast and complex network of maritime and land routes which have linked East, South, and Southeast Asia, to Central Asia, the Russian Steppes, the Indian Subcontinent, the Iranian and Anatolian Plateaus, and the Arabian Peninsula for thousands of years. They also stretched through North and Northeast Africa, as well as Eastern and Southern Europe, before reaching Western Europe and the Iberian Peninsula. These routes played a crucial role in shaping modern societies by facilitating the movement of people, goods, and ideas in an enriching cross-cultural exchange. Ultimately, movement along the Silk Roads resulted in the development of shared heritages and plural identities, still evident today, with the power to contribute to social cohesion, mutual respect, and understanding. The fourth edition of Youth Eyes on the Silk Roads tasked participants with exploring the themes of ‘Faith and Spiritualities’ and ‘Living Together’. Faith and spirituality concern the myriad ways we understand the world and make sense of our place within it through beliefs, values, expressions, and rituals. The photographic entries captured the vast range of faiths and beliefs exhibited in regions along the Silk Roads, while highlighting the shared nature of these expressions that bring vast numbers of people together. Likewise, the theme of ‘Living Together’ provided an opportunity to share images of intercommunity and multicultural gatherings, local and global events, and moments of dialogue. The resulting photo album presents 76 of the very best photos from the two age categories (14–17-year-olds and 18–25-year-olds) that reflect the themes and spirit of the contest. The images serve as a reminder of the shared heritage and legacy of the Silk Roads and provide insight into young people’s understanding of the ways in which they shape daily life. UNESCO Catno: 0000386140 https://doi.org/10.54678/YPAS1663 https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000386140
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Russell, Brenda, and John Hamel, eds. Gender and Domestic Violence. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780197564028.001.0001.
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Domestic violence (DV) is a serious social problem affecting millions of Americans and individuals worldwide, which permeates family, economic, healthcare, and social structures and often leads to a criminal justice response. DV response within the criminal justice system has been and continues to be driven by well-publicized court cases such as Thurman v. City of Torrington, which brought to light the grossly inadequate law enforcement response at the time. Such cases led to a grassroots victim advocacy movement establishing shelters and other victim services while lobbying state legislatures to enact new laws designed to hold offenders accountable. While great strides have been made, arrest and intervention policies reflect a ‘gender paradigm’ that frames domestic violence primarily in terms of male perpetrators and female victims. However, research over the past 30+ years indicates DV stretches far beyond this gender paradigm and is in dire need of criminal justice reform. Misconceptions about DV continue to be shared by the public, victim advocates, and medical and mental health care workers and permeate our law enforcement agencies, family court systems, and judicial and legal practices. This text is written by scholars, practitioners, and attorneys and designed to educate and inform criminal justice audiences, practitioners, and policymakers. This book highlights the strengths and weaknesses of current DV adjudicative processes while providing the tools and expertise necessary to develop a more inclusive adjudicative process. Emphasis is also placed on DV intervention/prevention practice to serve all DV victims better while holding batterers accountable. Gender and Domestic Violence: Contemporary Legal Practice and Intervention Reforms should be of interest to legal professionals responding to and adjudicating criminal and family court, tort cases involving accusations of DV, and mental health professionals, policymakers, and others interested in recognizing DV as a societal and criminal issue.
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Youth lens on the Silk Roads. Best photos from the International Silk Roads Photo Contest, 3rd edition. UNESCO, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54678/dsue7368.
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This photo album, Youth Lens on the Silk Roads, is the result of the 3rd edition of the international photo contest Youth Eyes on the Silk Roads, organized by the UNESCO Silk Roads Programme, and with the generous support of the China World Peace Foundation. This annual initiative offers young people from all over the world a fantastic opportunity to explore the shared heritage, legacy and spirit of the Silk Roads through the art of photography. The ‘Silk Roads’ is an expression that refers to the vast and complex network of maritime and land routes that have linked East, South, and Southeast Asia, to Central Asia, the Russian Steppes, the Indian Subcontinent, the Iranian and Anatolian Plateaus, and the Arabian Peninsula for thousands of years. They also stretched through North and Northeast Africa, as well as Eastern and Southern Europe, before reaching Western Europe and the Iberian Peninsula. Taking these multifaceted routes as inspiration, the ‘Youth Eyes on the Silk Roads Photo Contest’ uses photography to extend these links into the modern day and, through visualising the legacy of commercial and cultural interactions along them, to foster mutual understanding and promote peace amongst the diverse societies of these regions. The 3rd edition of the Youth Eyes on the Silk Roads coincided with a period of profound global challenges resulting from the impacts of Covid-19. During this time, with the temporary closure of many schools and cultural institutions, young people all over the world faced many barriers to education access and to their engagement with culture, as well as to one another. In light of this, for the 3rd edition of the contest photographers were tasked with exploring the themes of ‘Textiles and Clothing’ and ‘Intercultural Exchanges in the time of Covid-19, Including in the Field of Textiles and Clothing’. Globally, responses to Covid-19 affected many industries important to the Silk Roads, such as textiles and clothing, and curtailed our ability to exchange and interact with one another. This year’s themes invited participants you use their cameras to capture these changes and challenges. Despite these impacts, textiles and clothing remain an important mode of creativity and human expression which link the interactions of the past with our present and future. The resulting photo album gathers together 75 of the very best photos from the two age categories (14-17-year-olds and 18-25-year-olds) which encapsulate the spirit of the contest and highlight the diversity of young people’s perceptions of the Silk Roads’ shared heritage. Through this collection of images, one can discover the rich and diverse legacy of textiles and clothing along the Silk Roads. The contest seeks to reflect the impact of Covid-19 on interaction and exchange, with a view to building our post-pandemic future. UNESCO Catno: 0000380933 https://doi.org/10.54678/DSUE7368 https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000380933