Books: 'Stress related illness'

1

Cantopher, Tim. Stress-related illness: Advice for people who give too much. London: Sheldon, 2007.

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2

Lopez, Rebecca M. Quick questions in heat-related illness and hydration: Expert advice in sports medicine. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated, 2015.

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3

Goldman, Howard H. Preventing stress-related psychiatric disorders: Proceedings of a research planning workshop held at the Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University of California, December 10-11, 1981. Rockville, Md: U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute of Mental Health, 1985.

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4

Goldman, Howard H. Preventing stress-related psychiatric disorders: Proceedings of a research planning workshop held at the Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University of California, December 10-11, 1981. Rockville, Md: U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute of Mental Health, 1985.

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5

Goldman, Howard H. Preventing stress-related psychiatric disorders: Proceedings of a research planning workshop held at the Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University of California, December 10-11, 1981. Rockville, Md: U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute of Mental Health, 1985.

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6

Preventing stress-related psychiatric disorders: Proceedings of a research planning workshop held at the Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University of California, San Francisco, December 10-11, 1981. Rockville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute of Mental Health, 1985.

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7

Luber, Marilyn. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy scripted protocols and summary sheets: Treating trauma- and stressor-related conditions. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, LLC, 2015.

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8

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy scripted protocols and summary sheets: Treating anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and mood-related conditions. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, LLC, 2015.

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9

Kendall-Reed, Penny. The complete doctor's stress solution: Understanding, treating and preventing stress and stress-related illnesses. Toronto: R. Rose, 2004.

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10

Cantopher, Tim. Stress Related Illness: Advice for People Who Give Too Much. Sheldon Press, 2019.

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11

Gonser, Patricia A. LIFE EVENTS CHANGES, STRESS RELATED ILLNESS, INJURY, AND HOSPITALIZATION IN SIX- THROUGH ELEVEN-YEAR-OLDS AND STRESS RELATED ILLNESS AND BEHAVIOR CHANGES IN COMPANION ANIMALS. 1988.

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12

Jones, Christina, and Richard D. Griffiths. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Following Critical Illness. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0021.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been shown to be a significant problem for both patients and relatives after critical illness. For patients the recall of delusional memories from the period in ICU can be a powerful trigger for the development of PTSD. Such memories are described by patients as very vivid and difficult to separate from reality. Early recognition and treatment of PTSD, where needed, can reduce the long term effects. Chronic PTSD, where symptoms have been present for three months after the traumatic event, is associated with a number of long term health problems such as chronic pain. It can also have profound effects on relationships, financial status and overall wellbeing. The provision of an ICU diary has been shown to reduce the incidence of PTSD in patients and reduce the level of PTSD-related symptoms in family members. For the majority of patients this relatively simple intervention helps them to fill in memory gaps and combat any delusional memories they may recall.

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13

Benson, Herbert. The Wellness Book: The Comprehensive Guide to Maintaining Health and Treating Stress-Related Illness. Citadel, 1992.

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14

1935-, Benson Herbert, Stuart Eileen M, and Harvard Medical School. Mind/Body Medical Institute., eds. The Wellness book: The comprehensive guide to maintaining health and treating stress-related illness. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993.

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15

1935-, Benson Herbert, Stuart Eileen M, and Harvard Medical School. Mind/Body Medical Institute., eds. The Wellness book: The comprehensive guide to maintaining health and treating stress-related illness. Secaucus, N.J: Birch Lane Press, 1992.

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16

Hopkins, Ramona O., Maria E. Carlo, and James C. Jackson. Critical Illness and Long-Term Cognitive Impairment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199398690.003.0003.

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Evidence from dozens of studies of thousands of individuals suggest that as many as half of critical illness survivors experience significant deficits in memory, executive functioning, attention, and processing speed that persist years after discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU). This chapter reviews the prevalence, characteristics, possible mechanisms, and risk factors for long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. Some key risks factors—notably, delirium—may be modifiable, whereas others, such as genetic markers, are not. Cognitive impairments are associated with psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The impact of critical illness–related cognitive impairment on individuals and society includes financial costs, inability to return to work, impairments in instrumental activities of daily living (financial management, medication management, shopping, home care), reduced quality of life, and caregiver burden. Efforts need to be directed not only at modifying risk factors but also at attempting to prevent, treat, and remediate deficits.

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17

Schneier, Franklin R., Hilary B. Vidair, Leslie R. Vogel, and Philip R. Muskin. Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Stress Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199326075.003.0006.

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Patients with generalized anxiety disorder experience anxiety related to multiple areas, such as work, finances, and illness. Discrete, unexpected panic attacks and anticipatory anxiety characterize patients with panic disorder. Patients with social anxiety disorder have fear of embarrassment in social situations. Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder are preoccupied with and distressed by inappropriate thoughts, urges, and images. The four cardinal features of posttraumatic stress disorder are intrusive reexperiencing of the initial trauma, avoidance, persistent negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and alterations in arousal and activity. One element common to patients suffering from most of the anxiety disorders is an elevated sensitivity to threat, which appears to involve brain systems identified to mediate “fear” responses, including the amygdala. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are the first-line pharmacotherapy treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder and most of the anxiety and stress disorders. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and stress disorders is an empirically validated time-limited treatment.

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18

Quijije, Nadia. Trauma in the Medical-Surgical Patient. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0018.

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This chapter reviews psychiatric consultation for trauma and stress in medical-surgical patients. Hospitalization can induce psychologic or psychiatric disturbance and worsen the clinical condition of patients who are suffering from medical and surgical comorbidities. Some medical conditions can be related to stress related disorders indirectly, while others, such as critical illness/intensive care unit treatment or direct physical injury, are themselves traumatic stressors that can promote trauma and stressor-related disorders (TSRDs). Given the negative impact of stress-related disorders on quality of life, mental health clinicians should diagnose TSRDs to ensure patients receive appropriate care. Treatment and management can be provided in multiple forms of psychological therapies and psychopharmacology, and within a multidisciplinary team, particularly for the medical surgical patient. Psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers must assist patients with terminal illnesses by optimizing end-of-life care, supporting patients and their families, and encouraging approaches to allow the transformative process of dying to be meaningful.

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19

Jones, Christina, Peter Gibb, and Ramona O. Hopkins. Testimonies in Understanding the Psychological and Cognitive Problems Faced by Survivors of Critical Illness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199398690.003.0001.

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Millions of patients are treated in intensive care units (ICUs) each year, and the number of survivors is growing as a result of advances in critical care medicine. Unfortunately, many survivors of critical illness have substantial morbidity. Physical, psychological, and cognitive impairments are particularly common—so much so that a group of clinicians coined the term “post-intensive care syndrome” (PICS) to help raise awareness. Patients surviving critical illnesses are often quite weak, and physical therapy, hopefully starting in the ICU, is vital. But weakness is only one of the problems critical-illness survivors and their loved ones face. Unfortunately, many survivors are left with cognitive impairment (e.g., impaired memory, attention, and executive functioning), as well as distress-related psychiatric phenomena such as posttraumatic stress and depression. Importantly, these problems are not limited to adult patients, and loved ones also suffer. In this chapter the authors describe their personal journeys in coming to understand the suffering and issues that critical-illness survivors and their families face.

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20

Clark, Caroline, Jeffrey Cole, Christine Winter, and Geoffrey Grammer. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0005.

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Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often fail to resolve with psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, or integrative medicine treatments. Given these limitations, there is a continued push to discover treatment methods utilizing novel mechanisms of action. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) offers a non-invasive and safe method of brain stimulation that modulates neuronal activity in a focal area to achieve excitation or inhibition, and may have utility for patients suffering from PTSD, although, to date, evidence of efficacy is limited. The TMS treatment can be varied to suit the needs of the patient by altering the selection of the specific treatment parameters, such as pulse frequency or stimulation intensity. The weight of evidence to date supports treatment of either the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or the medical prefrontal cortex. Coupling treatment with script based exposure therapies may also assist with potentiation of the extinction response. Ultimately, stimulation parameters may be related to secondary downstream effects, and thus current targets may indirectly reverse the underlying neuronal pathophysiology. Given that PTSD is a complex illness with a poorly understood pathophysiology, it often exists with other psychiatric comorbidities or TBI. As such, TMS could be an effective part of a comprehensive treatment program.

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21

Douaihy, Antoine, Melanie Grubisha, Maureen Lyon, and Mary Ann Cohen. Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder—The Special Role in HIV Transmission. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0017.

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The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in persons with HIV is higher than in the general population. Adults with HIV are likely to have experienced traumatic events that place them at risk for developing PTSD. Among women with HIV, PTSD may be more common than depression, suicidality, and substance use. The high prevalence of PTSD is related to increased exposure to traumatic experiences such as physical violence and sexual assault, including intimate partner violence and childhood sexual abuse. The co-occurrence of PTSD and HIV creates complex challenges for both the management of HIV and treatment of PTSD. Individuals with PTSD and HIV experience more rapid illness progression and poorer health-related quality of life, with health-compromising behaviors such as substance use, high-risk sexual behavior, poor utilization of services, and low adherence to antiretroviral therapy. This chapter addresses the complexities of HIV, trauma, and PTSD and recommends trauma-informed care in the treatment of people living with HIV and AIDS.

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22

Kendall-Reed, Penny, and Stephen Reed. Complete Doctor's Stress Solution: Understanding, Treating and Preventing Stress-Related Illnesses. Rose Incorporated, Robert, 2004.

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23

Winston, Jonathan, Etti Zeldis, John A. Grimaldi, and Esteban Martínez. HIV-Associated Nephropathy, End-Stage Renal Disease, Dialysis, and Kidney Transplant. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0044.

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Antiretroviral therapy has changed the phenotype of HIV-related kidney disease to a more chronic disease model. In addition to HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), patients with HIV may experience kidney dysfunction related to other chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, hypertension, and hepatitis C. Patients with HIV should be monitored for the development of chronic kidney disease and the potential nephrotoxicity of antiretroviral therapy. For patients with HIV who progress to end-stage renal disease, the outcomes on dialysis and management of the dialysis procedure are similar to the outcomes of patients without HIV. Renal transplantation is a promising treatment option for HIV patients with end-stage renal disease, despite certain barriers inherent in the transplant evaluation process. Concomitant HIV and end-stage renal disease, with the stress of dialysis, can exacerbate psychiatric illness.

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24

Post, Robert M. The Neurochemistry and Epigenetics of PTSD. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0014.

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This chapter reviews the neurochemistry and epigenetics of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Traditional views of the neurochemistry of PTSD focus on alterations in classical central nervous system neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine and pathological reactivity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and these are only briefly noted here. Instead, the chapter emphasizes a series of new conceptualizations and neurochemical data that have recently been elucidated. One is the recognition of the symptoms and neurobiology of PTSD as a moving target, being very different in different stages of illness evolution. Differences are apparent in the neurochemistry involved in early life stressor-related vulnerabilities to PTSD, the acute stress reaction, compensation and resolution phases, or ongoing chronicity with sleep disturbance, nightmares, flashbacks, hyperarousal, and dulling and depression. The neurochemical abnormalities vary as a function of this temporal unfolding and the common acquisition and progression of comorbid syndromes of alcohol and substance abuse.

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25

Eileen M., R.N. Stuart and Herbert Benson. Wellness Book: The Comprehensive Guide to Maintaining Health and Treating Stress-Related Illnes. Scribner, 1993.

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26

Williams, Paula G., Ruben Tinajero, and Yana Suchy. Executive Functioning and Health. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935291.013.75.

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This review provides an overview of research on associations between the multi-component, cognitive construct executive functioning (EF) and health. Executive functioning is defined, and issues related to measurement are detailed. The categories of potential mechanisms by which EF may be associated with health and disease are described. Key research examining EF and health behaviors, stress processes, and chronic illness is reviewed with a focus on function (behavioral performance), as well as neuroanatomical research where relevant. Across these domains, there is evidence that EF is associated with health and illness in reciprocal, feed-forward fashion across the life span. Critical limitations of the current literature are noted, along with important future directions.

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27

Cournos, Francine, Karen McKinnon, and Milton Wainberg. Epidemiology of Psychiatric Disorders Associated with HIV and AIDS. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0003.

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This chapter presents the prevalence of common and severe mental illnesses among people with HIV infection, as well as the prevalence of HIV infection among people with severe mental illness. It begins with a look at population-based studies, which are limited in number, then discusses specific disorders studied in smaller studies with selected populations. While the chapter is largely focused on epidemiology in the United States, selected studies from other regions are cited. Taken together, studies show that people with HIV infection have high rates of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, although these disorders tend to be milder than they were before effective antiretroviral therapy. The rates of current alcohol- and drug-related disorders mirror those for the general population, but lifetime rates among people with HIV infection are higher, as are rates of depression, anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, psychosis and personality disorder. Rates of HIV infection among people with severe mental illness in the U.S. are clearly elevated in comparison to those for the general population. Despite scientific advances, the absence of a strong focus on mental disorders remains a glaring omission in progress on HIV prevention, care, and treatment.

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28

Tanco, Kimberson, and Regina Mackey. The Impact of Hospice on Mortality of Widowed Spouses (DRAFT). Edited by Nathan A. Gray and Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0047.

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Caring for a sick spouse can have adverse health consequences and may increase mortality for the surviving spouse. This can be associated to a caregiver and widow/er effect, which may be related to the loss of beneficial social support and impact of stress from the advanced illness and death of the spouse. This study explores if the nature of end-of-life care that the decedent spouse received might be associated with the mortality risk of the surviving spouse. This is preceded by the hypothesis that “good deaths” may result in less stress on the families. At the same time, it is presumed that hospice care facilitates “good deaths” by optimizing symptom management, enables home deaths, and may enhance patient and family satisfaction.

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29

How, Poh Choo, Pachida Lo, Marjorie Westervelt, and Hendry Ton. Refugees and Immigrants. Edited by Hunter L. McQuistion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190610999.003.0023.

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The number of refugees and immigrants continues to increase each year. These populations may experience migration-related trauma and stress that increase the risk for mental illness(es). Perspectives about mental illness, its expression, and treatments often differ significantly between immigrants/refugees and their providers. Therefore, psychiatric evaluation requires sensitivity to the patients’ cultural context and perspectives, including the specific stressors associated with being a migrant. Interpreters can be helpful as cultural brokers in the process of forming a collaborative explanatory model and treatment plan. The latter should include psychosocial approaches to help patients identify areas of resiliency and foster post-traumatic growth, as well as social integration and acculturation to the dominant culture while maintaining affiliation with their original culture. This will increase the probability of positive mental health outcomes.

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30

Bienvenu, O. Joseph. Depressive Mood States Following Critical Illness. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0020.

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Patients with critical illnesses treated in intensive care units face severe physical and psychic stresses, and survivors often have financial and other burdens. The prevalence of depressive mood states in survivors varies by measure and follow-up time, but the median prevalence across >30 studies was 28% (mostly measured within a year of critical illness). Severe depressive states (e.g. major depressive episodes) are less common than minor depressive states. Risk factors include female sex, lesser educational attainment, unemployment, and medical and psychiatric comorbidity. Potential critical illness/intensive care-related risk factors include severity of organ failure, high-dose benzodiazepine administration, longer ICU stays, stressful ICU experiences, and early post-intensive care distress. Depressive symptoms in survivors are associated with impaired physical function, other psychiatric morbidity, cognitive and work difficulties, and lower health-related quality of life. Research is needed to evaluate the preventive or therapeutic role of psychological interventions during intensive care and psychological recovery programmes.

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31

Swann, Alan C. Impulsivity and Affective Regulation. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0084.

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Impulsivity and affect share important neurobehavioral mechanisms. Impulsivity is a pattern of responses to stimuli without the ability to conform the responses to their context, usually representing either inability to adequately evaluate a stimulus before responding to it or inability to delay the response for a reward. Mechanisms underlying impulsivity overlap substantially with constructs like arousal, attention, motivation, and reward, which are also prominent in regulation of affect. Both impulsivity and affect share relationships with regulation of monoaminergic and amino acid transmitter function. For example, activity of the locus coeruleus is sensitive to unexpected, intense, noxious, or stress-related stimuli. Impulsivity and affective dysregulation are increased by exaggerated or poorly modulated responses in this system. The course of the illness interacts with context-dependent effects on behavior via behavioral sensitization. Repeated exposure to stressors, drugs of abuse, or endogenous norepinephrine release in affective episodes leads to behavioral sensitization with increased impulsivity, affective dysregulation, and substance use. Impulsivity predisposes to, and is increased by, behavioral sensitization. In this context, we discuss impulsivity in depressive, manic, anxious, and mixed states, including suicidal behavior and characteristics of the course of illness that are related to behavioral sensitization.

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32

Rasmussen, Heather N., Kristin Koetting O’Byrne, Marcy Vandamente, and Brian P. Cole. Hope and Physical Health. Edited by Matthew W. Gallagher and Shane J. Lopez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.15.

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This chapter introduces the research on hope and physical health. The various conceptualizations and measures of hope in the medical literature are addressed, although the research covered focuses on Snyder’s hope theory. The research on hope and health behaviors is presented, followed by a critical discussion of research on hope and specific areas of health outcomes, including pain, cancer, spinal cord injury, rehabilitation/injury, and chronic illness. Some of the mechanisms through which hope influences health are discussed, and the concepts of related health behaviors and health outcomes are explored. These health effects include coping and buffering against stress and depression. This chapter concludes with questions for future research.

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33

Casaer, Michael P., and Greet Van den Berghe. Nutrition support in acute cardiac care. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0032.

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Malnutrition in cardiac and critical illness is associated with a compromised clinical outcome. The aim of nutrition therapy is to prevent these complications and particularly to attenuate lean tissue wasting and the loss of muscle force and of physical function. During the last decade, several well-powered randomized controlled nutrition trials have been performed. Their results challenge the existing nutrition practices in critically ill patients. Enhancing the nutritional intake and the administration of specialized formulations failed to evoke clinical benefit. Some interventions even provoked an increased mortality or a delayed recovery. These unexpected new findings might be, in part, caused by an important leap forward in the methodological quality in the recent trials. Perhaps reversing early catabolism in the critically ill patient by nutrition or anabolic interventions is impossible or even inappropriate. Nutrients effectively suppress the catabolic intracellular autophagy pathway. But autophagy is crucial for cellular integrity and function during metabolic stress, and consequently its inhibition early in critical illness might be deleterious. Evidence from large nutrition trials, particularly in acute cardiac illness, is scarce. Nutrition therapy is therefore focused on avoiding iatrogenic harm. Some enteral nutrition is administered if possible and eventually temporary hypocaloric feeding is tolerated. Above all, the refeeding syndrome and other nutrition-related complications should be prevented. There is no indication for early parenteral nutrition, increased protein doses, specific amino acids, or modified lipids in critical illness.

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34

Casaer, Michael P., and Greet Van den Berghe. Nutrition support in acute cardiac care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0032_update_001.

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Malnutrition in cardiac and critical illness is associated with a compromised clinical outcome. The aim of nutrition therapy is to prevent these complications and particularly to attenuate lean tissue wasting and the loss of muscle force and of physical function. During the last decade, several well-powered randomized controlled nutrition trials have been performed. Their results challenge the existing nutrition practices in critically ill patients. Enhancing the nutritional intake and the administration of specialized formulations failed to evoke clinical benefit. Some interventions even provoked an increased mortality or a delayed recovery. These unexpected new findings might be, in part, caused by an important leap forward in the methodological quality in the recent trials. Perhaps reversing early catabolism in the critically ill patient by nutrition or anabolic interventions is impossible or even inappropriate. Nutrients effectively suppress the catabolic intracellular autophagy pathway. But autophagy is crucial for cellular integrity and function during metabolic stress, and consequently its inhibition early in critical illness might be deleterious. Evidence from large nutrition trials, particularly in acute cardiac illness, is scarce. Nutrition therapy is therefore focused on avoiding iatrogenic harm. Some enteral nutrition is administered if possible and eventually temporary hypocaloric feeding is tolerated. Above all, the refeeding syndrome and other nutrition-related complications should be prevented. There is no indication for early parenteral nutrition, increased protein doses, specific amino acids, or modified lipids in critical illness.

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35

Casaer, Michael P., and Greet Van den Berghe. Nutrition support in acute cardiac care. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0032_update_002.

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Abstract:

Malnutrition in cardiac and critical illness is associated with a compromised clinical outcome. The aim of nutrition therapy is to prevent these complications and particularly to attenuate lean tissue wasting and the loss of muscle force and of physical function. During the last decade, several well-powered randomized controlled nutrition trials have been performed. Their results challenge the existing nutrition practices in critically ill patients. Enhancing the nutritional intake and the administration of specialized formulations failed to evoke clinical benefit. Some interventions even provoked an increased mortality or a delayed recovery. These unexpected new findings might be, in part, caused by an important leap forward in the methodological quality in the recent trials. Perhaps reversing early catabolism in the critically ill patient by nutrition or anabolic interventions is impossible or even inappropriate. Nutrients effectively suppress the catabolic intracellular autophagy pathway. But autophagy is crucial for cellular integrity and function during metabolic stress, and consequently its inhibition early in critical illness might be deleterious. Evidence from large nutrition trials, particularly in acute cardiac illness, is scarce. Nutrition therapy is therefore focused on avoiding iatrogenic harm. Some enteral nutrition is administered if possible and eventually temporary hypocaloric feeding is tolerated. Above all, the refeeding syndrome and other nutrition-related complications should be prevented. There is no indication for early parenteral nutrition, increased protein doses, specific amino acids, or modified lipids in critical illness.

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36

Lipman, Meegan, Jacqueline Calderone, Joel Yager, and Maryann Waugh. Wellness. Edited by Robert E. Feinstein, Joseph V. Connelly, and Marilyn S. Feinstein. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190276201.003.0022.

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Lifestyle behaviors that contribute to wellness, specifically those involving physical exercise, healthy nutrition and weight management, healthy sleep patterns, and stress reduction, are of significant concern to clinicians and patients. Attending to these areas is critical, not only to prevent illness but also to reduce the deleterious impacts of existing chronic diseases on morbidity and mortality. Integrated primary care practices can readily establish and employ protocols for systematically addressing these important areas of overall physical and emotional functioning. This chapter discusses ways that primary care practices and team members can emphasize wellness in their integrated care services. The discussion covers assessing patients’ lifestyle choices, providing advice for improving health behaviors, developing agreed-upon interventions, assisting patients with related health behavior modifications and alterations, and arranging for improved patient access to and engagement with resources and programs that promote overall wellness.

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37

Poehlmann-Tynan, Julie, Hilary Runion, Lindsay A. Weymouth, and Cynthia Burnson. Children With Incarcerated Parents. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.33.

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More than 5 million US children have experienced a co-resident parent leaving for jail or prison. When parents are arrested, jailed, or sentenced to incarceration in jail or prison and released back into the community, their children experience changes at multiple levels. Children with incarcerated parents are more likely than their peers to experience multiple risk factors and stress exposures, including chronic poverty, parental unemployment, domestic violence, neighborhood violence, homelessness, and parental mental illness and substance abuse. Some risks occur prior to incarceration, whereas others occur during or following incarceration. This chapter provides a statistical portrait of children with incarcerated parents; reviews of risks commonly experienced by these children and research findings focusing on the well-being of children with incarcerated parents; a summary of incarceration-related experiences commonly encountered by affected children; and a discussion of implications for policy and practice.

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38

Carvalho, André F., Gilberto S. Alves, Cristiano A. Köhler, and Roger S. McIntyre. Cognitive Enhancement in Major Depressive Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190214401.003.0010.

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Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic and disabling illness often associated with elevated rates of non-recovery and substantial psychosocial burden. Cognitive impairment is a common residual manifestations of MDD. Overactivation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, along with immune–inflammatory imbalances, a decrease in neurotrophin signaling, and an increase in oxidative and nitrosative stress, leads to neuroprogression and cognitive deterioration in MDD. “Cognitive remission” has been proposed as a novel treatment target for MDD. Cognitive remediation therapy has provided encouraging results for the management of cognitive deficits in MDD. The effects of standard antidepressant drugs on MDD-related cognitive dysfunction are often suboptimal, which calls for the development of novel agents with the potential to target cognitive impairments in MDD. The incorporation of biobehavioral strategies (e.g., exercise) and multimodal treatment approaches (e.g., cognitive training, antidepressant therapy, and neuromodulation) is more likely to generate therapeutic benefit.

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39

Banyard, Ashley C., and Anthony R. Fooks. Rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0042.

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Rabies virus is epidemic in most parts of the world. It can replicate in all warm-blooded animals in which it causes a devastating neurological illness, which almost invariably results in death. Rabies is a disease of animals and human infection is a ‘spillover’ event occurring most commonly following a bite from an infected dog. Infection is seen in different patterns; rabies with little or no wildlife involvement, sometimes known as urban or street rabies, or in the wildlife population with spillover into domesticated animals (sylvatic).Eleven distinct species of lyssavirus are now recognized: species 1 is the most common strain found predominately in terrestrial animals. Species 2-7 are found in bat species with the exception of Mokola virus (species 4). Despite the availability of effective vaccines significant mortality still occurs, mostly in the tropics. The majority of rabies free countries are islands which are able to remain rabies free by import controls. Effective animal vaccines are available and dog rabies is well controlled in most parts of the developed world with dog vaccination. However, it remains an intractable problem in many countries in Asia and Africa due to lack of infrastructure, cost of vaccines and difficulty to control dog population. In recent years progress in controlling wildlife rabies has been achieved in west Europe using vaccine in bait, which offers promise for other regions with complex epidemiology.

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Grassi, Luigi, Maria Giulia Nanni, and Rosangela Caruso. Psychotherapeutic interventions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806677.003.0010.

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Psychotherapy is an integrative and integrated part of modern patient/relation-centered care in the advanced and terminal phases of physical illness. Psychiatric disorders (e.g. depressive spectrum, stress-related, and anxiety disorders), other clinically significant psychosocial conditions (e.g. demoralization, existential pain) and interpersonal, psychological, and spiritual needs have to be addressed by psychological intervention. Supportive-Expressive Group Psychotherapy (SEGT), Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy (MCT), Managing Cancer and Living Meaningfully Therapy (CALM), cognitive-existential therapy, dignity therapy (DT) and other psychotherapeutic interventions have been developed over the last 40 years. These treatments have proved to be effective in increasing the patients’ sense of dignity, purpose, and meaning, and to reduce demoralization, anxiety, and existential distress at the end of life. Also Family Focused Grief Therapy (FFGT) and grief therapy have shown to be effective in overcoming anxiety, depression, and complicated grief symptoms both before and after loss. Psychotherapy should thus be considered a mandatory ingredient of palliative care.

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Spencer-Rodgers, Julie, Elise Anderson, Christine Ma-Kellams, Carol Wang, and Kaiping Peng. What Is Dialectical Thinking? Conceptualization and Measurement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199348541.003.0001.

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In the past several decades, research comparing dialectical and non-dialectical (“linear”) cultures has flourished, as have empirical studies on holistic versus analytic thinking. This literature has identified East-West cultural differences in almost all aspects of the human condition and life, from the manner in which people reason and make decisions, to how they conceptualize themselves and others, to how they cope with stress and mental illness. This chapter defines dialectical and holistic thinking, distinguishing them from related epistemologies (e.g., Hegelian and Marxist dialectical thinking) and cultural constructs (e.g., collectivism and interdependence). The chapter then discusses the various ways dialectical thinking has been operationalized, measured (e.g., with the Dialectical Self Scale), and manipulated in the literature. Lastly, the chapter examines the issue of how dialecticism, especially tolerance of contradiction, influences the manner in which people respond to self-report measures in the first place and the implications this has for cross-cultural research.

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Brar, Jaspreet S. Epidemiology of Schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199331505.003.0003.

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Epidemiology can help us understand who is at risk for developing a disorder, what may happen to them, and perhaps even why people get the disorder to begin with. In this chapter, we will review the incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, as well as factors affecting such rates. Risk factors for psychosis include socio-demographics (e.g., gender, age, migrant status, class), predisposing factors (e.g., season of birth, perinatal trauma), and precipitating factors (e.g., substance use, psychosocial stress). We will highlight controversial issues such as traumatic life events, prenatal infection, and cannabis use, considering how epidemiological factors can shed light on the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and related illnesses.

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Shaibani, Aziz. Pseudoneurologic Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0022.

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The term functional has almost replaced psychogenic in the neuromuscular literature for two reasons. It implies a disturbance of function, not structural damage; therefore, it defies laboratory testing such as MRIS, electromyography (EMG), and nerve conduction study (NCS). It is convenient to draw a parallel to the patients between migraine and brain tumors, as both cause headache, but brain MRI is negative in the former without minimizing the suffering of the patient. It is a “software” and not a “hardware” problem. It avoids irritating the patient by misunderstanding the word psychogenic which to many means “madness.”The cause of this functional impairment may fall into one of the following categories:• Conversion reaction: conversion of psychological stress to physical symptoms. This may include paralysis, hemisensory or distal sensory loss, or conversion spasms. It affects younger age groups.• Somatization: chronic multiple physical and cognitive symptoms due to chronic stress. It affects older age groups.• Factions disorder: induced real physical symptoms due to the need to be cared for, such as injecting oneself with insulin to produce hypoglycemia.• Hypochondriasis: overconcern about body functions such as suspicion of ALS due to the presence of rare fasciclutations that are normal during stress and after ingestion of a large amount of coffee. Medical students in particular are targets for this disorder.The following points are to be made on this topic. FNMD should be diagnosed by neuromuscular specialists who are trained to recognize actual syndrome whether typical or atypical. Presentations that fall out of the recognition pattern of a neuromuscular specialist, after the investigations are negative, they should be considered as FNMDs. Sometimes serial examinations are useful to confirm this suspicion. Psychatrists or psychologists are to be consulted to formulate a plan to discover the underlying stress and to treat any associated psychiatric disorder or psychological aberration. Most patients think that they are stressed due to the illness and they fail to connect the neuromuscular manifestations and the underlying stress. They offer shop around due to lack of satisfaction, especially those with somatization disorders. Some patients learn how to imitate certain conditions well, and they can deceive health care professionals. EMG and NCS are invaluable in revealing FNMD. A normal needle EMG of a weak muscles mostly indicates a central etiology (organic or functional). Normal sensory responses of a severely numb limb mean that a lesion is preganglionic (like roots avulsion, CISP, etc.) or the cause is central (a doral column lesion or functional). Management of FNMD is difficult, and many patients end up being chronic cases that wander into clinics and hospitals seeking solutions and exhausting the health care system with unnecessary expenses.It is time for these disorders to be studied in detail and be classified and have criteria set for their diagnosis so that they will not remain diagnosed only by exclusion. This chapter will describe some examples of these disorders. A video clip can tell the story better than many pages of writing. Improvement of digital cameras and electronic media has improved the diagnosis of these conditions, and it is advisable that patients record some of their symptoms when they happen. It is not uncommon for some Neuromuscular disorders (NMDs), such as myasthenia gravis (MG), small fiber neuropathy, and CISP, to be diagnosed as functional due to the lack of solid physical findings during the time of the examination. Therefore, a neuromuscular evaluation is important before these disorders are labeled as such. Some patients have genuine NMDs, but the majority of their symptoms are related to what Joseph Marsden called “sickness behavior.” A patient with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) may unconsciously develop numbness of the entire side of the body because he thinks that he may have a stroke.

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Ehrenreich-May, Jill, Sarah M. Kennedy, Jamie A. Sherman, Shannon M. Bennett, and David H. Barlow. Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Adolescents. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190855536.001.0001.

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Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Adolescents: Workbook (UP-A) provides evidence-based treatment strategies to assist adolescent clients to function better in their lives. This treatment is designed for adolescents who are experiencing feelings of sadness, anxiety, worry, anger, or other emotions that get in the way of their ability to enjoy their lives and feel successful. The workbook is written for adolescents and guides them through each week of the program with education, activities, and examples that will help them to understand the role that emotions play in their behaviors every day. Adolescents are taught helpful strategies for dealing with uncomfortable emotions and will receive support in making choices that will move them closer to their long-term goals. The evidence-based treatment skills presented in the accompanying Therapist Guide may be applied by the therapist to adolescents with a wide variety of emotional disorders. The UP-A takes a transdiagnostic approach to the treatment of the emotional disorders. Some of the disorders that may be targeted include anxiety disorders (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, specific phobias, panic disorder, illness anxiety disorder, agoraphobia) and depressive disorders (e.g., persistent depressive disorder, major depressive disorder). This treatment is flexible enough for use with some trauma and stress-related disorders (including adjustment disorders), somatic symptom disorders, tic disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. The transdiagnostic presentation of evidence-based intervention techniques within these treatments may be particularly useful for adolescents presenting with multiple emotional disorders or mixed/subclinical symptoms of several emotional disorders.

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Stoddard, Frederick J., and Robert L. Sheridan. Wound Healing and Depression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603342.003.0009.

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Depression and wound healing are bidirectional processes for adults and children consistent with the conception of depression as systemic. This systemic interaction is similar to the “bidirectional impact of mood disorder on risk for development, progression, treatment, and outcomes of medical illness” generally. And, evidence is growing that the bidirectional impact of mood disorder may be true for injuries and for trauma surgery. Animal models have provided some support that treatment of depression may improve wound healing. An established biological model for a mechanism delaying wound healing is increased cortisol secretion secondary to depression and/or stress, and impaired immune response, in addition or together with the other factors such as genetic or epigenetic risk for depression. Cellular models relate both to wound healing and to depression include cytokines, the inflammatory response (Miller et al, 2008), and cellular aging (Telgenhoff and Shroot, 2005) reflected in shorter leukocyte telomere length (LTL) (Verhoeven et al, 2016). Another model of stress impacting wound healing investigated genetic correlates—immediate early gene expression or IEG from the medial prefrontal cortex, and locomotion, in isolation-reared juvenile rats. Levine et al (2008) compared isolation reared to group reared samples, and found that, immediate gene expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was reduced, and behavioral hyperactivity increased, in juvenile rats with 20% burn injuries. Wound healing in the isolation reared rats was significantly impaired. They concluded that these results provide candidates for behavioral biomarkers of isolation rearing during physical injury, i.e. reduced immediate mPFC gene expression and hyperactivity. They suggested that a biomarker such as IEGs might aid in demarcating patients with resilient and adaptive responses to physical illness from those with maladaptive responses

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Bhugra, Dinesh, ed. Oxford Textbook of Migrant Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198833741.001.0001.

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Human beings have been migrant for millennia. Reasons for migration vary from economic, financial, and educational reasons to persecution on religious or other discriminations. Push and pull factors for migration can produce inordinate amount of stress on individuals, families, or groups. Migrant psychiatry is a new discipline bringing together professionals from humanities, arts, sciences, and medicine, including psychiatry and psychology, together to understand the impact of migration on mental illnesses, mental health and well-being of migrant individuals. The Oxford Textbook of Migrant Psychiatry brings together constructs related to theories of migration, the impact of migration on mental health and adjustment, collective trauma, individual identity, and diagnostic fallacies. The book also covers practical aspects of management, including cultural factors, ethnopsychopharmacology, therapeutic interaction, and therapeutic expectation and psychotherapy.

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Spencer-Rodgers, Julie, and Kaiping Peng, eds. The Psychological and Cultural Foundations of East Asian Cognition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199348541.001.0001.

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The unprecedented economic growth in many East Asian societies in the few past decades have placed the region center stage, and increasing globalization have made East-West cultural understanding of even greater importance today. This book is the most comprehensive on East Asian cognition and thinking styles to date, and is the first to bring together a large body of empirical research on “naïve dialecticism” (Peng & Nisbett, 1999; Peng, Spencer-Rodgers, & Nian, 2006) and “analytic/holistic thinking” (Nisbett, 2003), theories in cultural psychology that stem from Richard Nisbett’s (2003) highly influential and successful book on The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently … and Why. More specifically, the current book examines the psychological, philosophical, and cultural underpinnings and consequences of “dialectical thinking” (Peng & Nisbett, 1999) and cognitive holism (Nisbett, 2003) for human thought, emotion, and behaviour. Since the publication of Peng and Nisbett’s (1999) seminal article, research on this topic has flourished, and East-West cultural differences have been documented in almost all aspects of the human condition and life, from the manner in which people reason and make decisions, conceptualize themselves and others, to how they cope with stress and mental illness, and interact with others, including romantic partners and social groups. Twenty-one chapters written by leading experts in psychology and related fields cover such diverse topics as cultural neuroscience and the brain, lifespan development, attitudes and group perception, romantic relationships, extracultural cognition (the adoption of foreign mind-sets and perspectives), creativity, emotion, the self-concept, racial/ethnic identity, psychopathology, and coping processes and wellbeing. This research has practical implications for business and organizational management, international relations and politics, education, and clinical and counselling psychology, and may be of particular interest to business professionals, managers in government and non-profit sectors, as well as educators and clinicians working with East Asians and Americans of East Asian descent.

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Barrett, Catherine E., and Larry J. Young. Molecular Neurobiology of Social Bonding. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.001.

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Many psychiatric illnesses, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), schizophrenia, and depression, are characterized by impaired social cognition and a compromised ability to form social relationships. Although drugs are currently available to treat other symptoms of these disorders, none specifically target the social deficits. In order to develop pharmacotherapies to enhance social functioning, particularly for ASD where social impairment is a core symptom, we must first understand the basic neurobiology underlying complex social behaviors. The socially monogamous prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) has been a remarkably useful animal model for exploring the neural systems regulating complex social behaviors, including social bonding. Prairie voles form enduring social bonds between mated partners, or pair bonds, and display a biparental familial structure that is arguably very similar to that of humans. Here we discuss the neural systems underlying social bonding in prairie voles, including the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin, opioids, dopaminergic reward and reinforcement, and stress-related circuitry, as well as the susceptibility of social functioning to early life experiences. We highlight some of the remarkable parallels that have been discovered in humans, and discuss how research in prairie voles has already led to novel therapies to enhance social functioning in ASD.

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Books on the topic 'Stress related illness'

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