Academic literature on the topic 'Stress Reduction Theory'
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Journal articles on the topic "Stress Reduction Theory"
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Smith, Michael J., and Pascale C. Sainfort. "A balance theory of job design for stress reduction." International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 4, no. 1 (July 1989): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-8141(89)90051-6.
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Lawrence, Rena M., Sally A. Lawrence, Betty Jane Lee, and Nancy M. Becker. "Use of theory and cognitive activities as stress reduction strategies." Journal of Professional Nursing 1, no. 5 (September 1985): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s8755-7223(85)80021-1.
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Simpson, Robert, Sharon Simpson, Karen Wood, Stewart W. Mercer, and Frances S. Mair. "Using normalisation process theory to understand barriers and facilitators to implementing mindfulness-based stress reduction for people with multiple sclerosis." Chronic Illness 15, no. 4 (April 26, 2018): 306–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742395318769354.
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Objectives To study barriers and facilitators to implementation of mindfulness-based stress reduction for people with multiple sclerosis. Methods Qualitative interviews were used to explore barriers and facilitators to implementation of mindfulness-based stress reduction, including 33 people with multiple sclerosis, 6 multiple sclerosis clinicians and 2 course instructors. Normalisation process theory provided the underpinning conceptual framework. Data were analysed deductively using normalisation process theory constructs (coherence, cognitive participation, collective action and reflexive monitoring). Results Key barriers included mismatched stakeholder expectations, lack of knowledge about mindfulness-based stress reduction, high levels of comorbidity and disability and skepticism about embedding mindfulness-based stress reduction in routine multiple sclerosis care. Facilitators to implementation included introducing a pre-course orientation session; adaptations to mindfulness-based stress reduction to accommodate comorbidity and disability and participants suggested smaller, shorter classes, shortened practices, exclusion of mindful-walking and more time with peers. Post-mindfulness-based stress reduction booster sessions may be required, and objective and subjective reports of benefit would increase clinician confidence in mindfulness-based stress reduction. Discussion Multiple sclerosis patients and clinicians know little about mindfulness-based stress reduction. Mismatched expectations are a barrier to participation, as is rigid application of mindfulness-based stress reduction in the context of disability. Course adaptations in response to patient needs would facilitate uptake and utilisation. Rendering access to mindfulness-based stress reduction rapid and flexible could facilitate implementation. Embedded outcome assessment is desirable.
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Andrade, Cláudia Campos, and Ann Sloan Devlin. "Stress reduction in the hospital room: Applying Ulrich's theory of supportive design." Journal of Environmental Psychology 41 (March 2015): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.12.001.
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Uskul, Ayse K. "Rethinking innovative designs to further test parasite-stress theory." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35, no. 2 (January 31, 2012): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x11001051.
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AbstractFincher & Thornhill's (F&T's) parasite-stress theory of sociality is supported largely by correlational evidence; its persuasiveness would increase significantly via lab and natural experiments and demonstrations of its mediating role. How the theory is linked to other approaches to group differences in psychological differences and to production and dissemination of cultural ideas and practices, need further clarification. So does the theory's view on the possible reduction of negative group interactions.
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KIDA, SOTO AKI, KEITA FUKUSHIMA, and MASAYA MATSUMOTO. "THE REDUCTION OF STRESS WAVE PROPAGATION THROUGH POROUS MATERIALS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 09n11 (April 30, 2008): 1215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208046566.
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Impact stress wave propagating through porous materials is investigated in order to examine the ability of the shock absorbing effect. The specimens are modeled as the porous medium with different porous diameters made of the acrylic resin plate. When these models are impacted with different impact velocities, the impact stress waves propagating before and after the porous parts are measured using the strain gages in the experiments. As the reduction effect of the impact stress wave propagating in the porous medium, we pay attention to the maximum stresses and the duration times from the histories of the impact stress waves. One-dimensional wave theory and dynamic element method simulated this model are applied in order to explain these phenomena.
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Bernier Carney, Katherine M., Erin E. Young, Jessica W. Guite, and Angela R. Starkweather. "A Systematic Review of Biological Mechanisms and Chronic Pain Outcomes During Stress Reduction Interventions." Biological Research For Nursing 22, no. 2 (March 16, 2020): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800420907964.
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Background: Nonpharmacologic stress reduction interventions provide an opportunity to modify chronic pain trajectories; however, the biological mechanisms underlying these interventions are poorly understood. Objectives: To examine clinical literature published in 2012–2018 with the goals of (1) identifying which biological mechanisms or biomarkers are currently being measured in nonpharmacologic stress reduction intervention studies for individuals with chronic pain and (2) evaluating the evidence to determine whether these stress reduction interventions lead to changes in (a) pain outcomes and/or (b) measured biomarkers. Data sources: Scientific articles in the electronic databases PubMed/Medline, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsychINFO, and SCOPUS following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Study selection: Randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies that recruited subjects with a chronic pain condition, examined a relationship between a nonpharmacologic stress reduction intervention and pain-related outcome(s), and included measurement of a biomarker. Results: The 13 articles that met inclusion criteria spanned four nonpharmacologic stress reduction categories: mindfulness-based stress reduction, physical exercise, manual therapies, and biofeedback. Methods for studying biomarkers included measuring biological samples, neurological function, and autonomic control. Although all studies investigated both biological measures and pain outcomes, only three demonstrated an association between the biomarker(s) and pain-related outcomes. Conclusions: The results of this review highlight the complex nature of stress–pain relationships and the lack of rigorous clinical research identifying specific stress-related biological factors that modulate pain outcomes. Stress reduction interventions remain a favorable method for symptom management in patients living with chronic pain, but consistency in study measures and design is needed for robust evaluation.
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SAITO, Yumi, and Harue TADA. "Effects of color images on stress reduction: Using images as mood stimulants." Japan Journal of Nursing Science 4, no. 1 (June 2007): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7924.2007.00068.x.
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Bagley, E. B., and D. D. Christianson. "Stress Relaxation of Chemically Leavened Dough—Data Reduction Using the BKZ Elastic Fluid Theory." Journal of Rheology 31, no. 5 (July 1987): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.549929.
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Escolà-Gascón, Álex, and James Houran. "Paradoxical effects of exposure to nature in “haunted” places: Implications for stress reduction theory." Landscape and Urban Planning 214 (October 2021): 104183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104183.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Stress Reduction Theory"
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Booth, Antoinette Cornute. "Utopia: An Integrated Stepped-Care Program for Stress Reduction." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1459259101.
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Port, Julie. "Group versus solo physical activity in the reduction of stress, anxiety and depression." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22954.
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The physical and psychological health enhancing benefits of physical activity have been well established (US Department of Health & Human Services, 1996; Warburton, Nicol & Bredin, 2006) and reviews support the anxiolytic, antidepressant and stress reducing effects of physical activity, but it is unclear if group or solo physical activity is more effective in the reduction of these forms of psychological distress. A recent survey found that approximately a third of adults in Scotland do not engage in sufficient levels of physical activity recommended to achieve these benefits. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effectiveness of group versus solo physical activity in the reduction of psychological distress (including stress, depression and anxiety) and factors involved in participation to promote greater engagement in physical activity. The first study issued questionnaires to members of the general population and university students. Inverse correlations were found between group physical activity and psychological distress in both samples. However a single positive correlation was found between anxiety and solo physical activity in the student sample, which suggests that group physical activity may be more effective in the reduction of psychological distress than solo physical activity. Low active individuals appeared to prefer solo physical activity to group, which may be due to lower perceived barriers. More active participants either preferred group activity or had no preferences between group or solo activity, despite also perceiving greater barriers to group than solo activity. The second study allocated university students to a group versus solo jogging condition intervention and found that psychological distress increased for those allocated to solo jogging, but did not increase amongst those allocated to group jogging, suggesting that group physical activity may protect against university related distress. Those allocated to group jogging engaged in (non-significantly) more jogging and engaged in significantly more moderately intensive physical activity throughout the intervention than those allocated to solo jogging. The final study compared group and solo physical activity using the Theory of Planned Behaviour and structural equation modelling. The model explained more variance in group physical activity than variance in solo physical activity. When the model was expanded, self-efficacy made a significantly greater contribution to intention in the solo physical activity model than it did in the group activity model, therefore promotion of group physical activity may not be as dependent on self-efficacy as solo physical activity. Perceived autonomy support (PAS) was included in the model, as guided by modification indexes, but only the group physical activity model was significantly improved by the addition of PAS; this may be useful for the development of group physical activity promotion. This thesis finds some support that group physical activity may be associated with reduced psychological distress and be more beneficial in protecting against psychological distress than solo physical activity. Promotion of group physical activity may benefit from reducing perceived barriers, developing PAS, and having less reliance on self-efficacy than required for the promotion of solo physical activity.
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Giouvanaki, Asimina. "Nature’s Impact on Mental and Physical Wellbeing : A study of the mental and physical health in Greek Immigrants to Sweden." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för humaniora, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-36458.
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In the past Man coinhabited harmoniously with nature only to have the balance disturbed with the advent of the Industrial Revolution replacing the green habitat with urban concrete settlements Consequently, the characteristics of the contemporary city pose a set of serious threat to man’s physical and mental health. Crowdedness, lack of apt infrastructure, pollution, noise pollution and rise in temperature are all contributing factors to the Man’s demised health and detachment from previous amicable coexistence with nature. For the past 30 years, extensive research has been conducted studying the correlation between man and nature, and nature’s impact on man’s health. The theory of “Biophilia,” by Edward, O. Wilson, Rachel and Stephen Kaplan’s “Attention Restorative Theory,” and Roger Ulrich’s “Stress Reduction Theory,” have been innovating and contributing towards gaining more understanding of the importance of a green environment in man’s everyday life. As a corollary the above-mentioned theories gave rise to the following quantitative study conducted over a 4-month period, including 81 respondents, in Spring 2020, focusing on whether a natural green environment in Sweden had impacted the mental and physical health in Greek immigrants to Sweden. The findings suggest that comparing the respondents’ life in Greece and respectively in Sweden there was indeed an improvement in the mood and health of the sample groups taking into consideration: how healthy they are, how healthy they feel, how happy they feel in relation to work, time spent in Sweden, marital status and of course the parameters that focus on the part of the natural environment at home and in their neighbourhood in Sweden. There seem to have been a statistically significant improvement in their health compared to when they lived in Greece but there is insufficient evidence to support that some of the parameters examined are responsible for this. Happiness on the other hand seem to possess a statistical important role due to their marital status among others along with the green surrounding environment having an impact on their mental well-being but not their physical health. Therefore, a more sustainable green environment seems to have impacted the overall psychological and physical state of the respondents, but further extensive research is recommended to investigate in depths others factors i.e., psychosomatics, environmental psychology along with nature related theories and studies.
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Ahmad, Doaa. "Grönstrukturens funktion och betydelse för studenternas återhämtning (under covid-19 restriktioner)." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-18791.
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Tidigare forskning har visat att exponering för grön miljö tillhandahåller hälsofördelar. Dessa fördelar indikerar bland annat återhämtningseffekt av stress, trötthet och uppmärksamhetsutmattning, vilket är särskilt viktigt för universitetsstudenter. Därför syftade denna studie att undersöka om det finns en koppling mellan universitetsstudenters kontakt med grönstruktur i/nära studiemiljö och studenternas upplevelse av sin studiemiljö under covid-19 restriktionerna. Detta med hjälp av en dagbokundersökning som förstudie och telefonintervjuer. Analysverktyget bestod av teoretiska ramverk, Attention Restoration Theory (ART) och Stress Reduktion Theory (SRT). Resultat och analys har bekräftat Attention Restoration Theory (ART), där det uppges att gröna naturliga miljöer ger återhämtningseffekt och väcker uppmärksamhet efter en mental trötthet. Därtill bekräftade den även Stress Recovery Theory (SRT), där det uppges att gröna naturliga miljöer ger positiva effekt på stressminskning, -bearbetning och -återhämtning. Slutsatsen till denna undersökning är att grönstruktur har en stor betydelse för universitetsstudenterna, detta då alla väljer att vistas eller komma i kontakt med gröna naturen på ett eller annat sätt, till exempel gå en promenad i naturen eller åka till en stuga i skogen. Att naturen är en del av studenternas vardag verkar vara framför allt en omedveten upplevelse för de flesta och sker utan erkännande eller bearbetning av miljön. Dock framkommer det att processen kan vara medveten för vissa studenter.Previous research has shown that exposure to the green environment provides health benefits. These benefits indicate among other things, recovery effect of stress, fatigue and attention-exhaustion, which is especially important for university students. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether there is a connection between university students' contact with the green structure in / near the study-environment and the students' experience of their study environment during the covid-19 restrictions. This with the help of a diary-survey as a pilot-study and telephone interviews. The analysis tool consisted of theoretical frameworks, Attention Restoration Theory (ART) and Stress Reduction Theory (SRT). Results and analysis have confirmed Attention Restoration Theory (ART), where it states that green natural environments have a recovery effect and attracts attention after a mental fatigue. In addition, it also confirmed the Stress Recovery Theory (SRT), which states that green natural environments have a positive effect on stress reduction, processing and recovery. The conclusion of this study is that green structure is of great importance to university students, as everyone chooses to reside or get in touch with green nature in one way or another, for example going for a walk in a green environment or staying in a cottage in the forest. That nature is a part of the students' everyday life seems to be above all an unconscious experience for most and takes place without recognition or processing of the environment. However, it appears that the process may be conscious for some students.
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Young, Paul S. "Modeling and Analysis for Atmospheric Galvanic Corrosion of Fasteners in Aluminum." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1430416832.
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Chen, Jyh-Ming, and 陳志明. "Layer Reduction Techniques Using Generalized Interlaminar Stress Continuity Theory in the Analysis of Composite Laminates." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04394996100277381237.
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碩士大葉大學
機械工程研究所
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A generalized interlaminar shear stress continuity theory which accounts the continuities of interlaminar shear stresses and displacements has been formulated.Since all the continuity conditions through the thickness and surface traction conditions on the laminate surfaces are satisfied exactly,the stresses can be calculated directly from the constitutive equations.However because of the multiple-layer approach in essence and the higher order of interpolation function,the number of degrees-of-freedom employed in the theory increases rapidly comparing to the single- layer approach.In this regards, a mixed single-layer and multiple- layer approach through the thickness is included in this genera- lized interlaminar shear stress continuity theory in this study. The theory retains the advantage of calculating stresses directly from the constitutive equations without increasing enormously the computational effort.Moreover,the order of displacement interpla- tion functions used in the single-and-multiple layer approach in this theory is studied to show its influence on solution accuracy .Finally,numerical examples of the analysis on laminated beam and plate strucure are also used to demonstrate the feasibility of this technique.
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shu, Shia hsing, and 許家興. "Layer reduction technique by using generalized interlaminar shear stress continuity theory in the analysis of composite cylindrical shell." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50908789121595595741.
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碩士大葉大學
機械工程研究所
83
This research is based on the multiple-layer approach,the governing equations of a composite cylindrical shell in static loading are formulated by using the principle of minimum total potential energy. Since both the continuity conditions of displacement and interlaminar shear stresses through the thick- ness and on the surfaces are satisfied exactly by assumed displacement fields,a valid stress field can be calculated directly from the constitutive equations.A mixed single-layer and multiple-layer approach using the generalized interlaminar shear stress continuity theory in cylindrical coordinate is presented in part one of this text. The colsed-form solutions of some selected munerical examples show good accuracy for both thick and thin laminated shells by comparing with elasticity solutions.In part two of this text,a layer reduction technique deriving from the generalized interlaminar shear stress continu- ity is used in the analysis of composite shells.By the results of the munerical examples studied,it is found that, in spite of the munber of plies in the laminate,six sublaminates used in this layer reduction analysis can give the predicated stresses within 6% of accuracy.
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Liprini, Ruth Mary. "Students’ perceptions of green space on a university campus : an attention restoration theory perspective." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43146.
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Previous research has revealed that green spaces provide numerous benefits to human beings. One such benefit is the proven ability of green spaces to restore individuals’ attention capacities. However, there exists very little literature that examines these benefits in the context of tertiary education campuses. University campuses are hubs where full-time students spend many hours daily during the course of their studies and are therefore exposed to the benefits of the landscaping on their campuses. This study therefore aimed to determine the manner in which students at the University of Pretoria perceive the on-campus green spaces, specifically in terms of the restorative properties of these areas. Quantitative data collection strategies were utilised, yielding a final sample size of 286 participants. A survey was employed as the research design, and included both closed and open-ended questions. Results indicated a generally positive perception of the green spaces on campus. Students tend to enjoy spending time in green spaces and find all green spaces that were addressed restorative. The Manie van der Schijff Botanical Garden was rated as the most restorative green space on campus. Future research includes exploring the link between attention restoration and academic achievement of students in order to better understand the role green spaces play in this regard.Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
lk2014
Psychology
MA
Unrestricted
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McCloskey, Jake A. "Can mindfulness enhance connectedness with nature? The case of in-depth nature experiences with adolescents." Thesis, 2018. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/9340.
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This thesis is an exploratory look into the use of mindfulness practice on in-depth nature experiences to determine if the practice has benefit to the participant, their outdoor experience, and overall connectedness with nature. An original research project examined three groups of adolescents from St. Michaels University School Outdoor Education program in Victoria, BC, Canada, as they hiked the Juan de Fuca trail. Two of the three groups undertook a simple mindfulness protocol to explore the outcomes. Based on participant-observation and interviews, mindfulness practice was determined to be a useful practice towards alleviating stress and anxiety associated with aspects of in-depth outdoor experiences, such as morning preparations. Participants who practiced mindfulness on the trip asked fewer questions about the future and remained present more often than those who did not practice mindfulness. A further finding was that there are aspects of mindfulness inherent in in-depth nature experiences, such as sitting around a fire. These inherent mindfulness moments should be encouraged as they provide benefit to trip experiences, and potentially towards greater connectedness with nature. Overall, this qualitative study suggests that mindfulness is a useful tool for the benefit of human well-being and nature connection. However, more research is needed to further identify the magnitude and mechanisms of the benefit.Graduate
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VRBOVÁ, Zuzana. "Environmentálně-psychologická východiska výchovy v přírodě." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-137594.
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The work deals with theoretical research of basis of Environmental Psychology for Outdoor Education. It answers two questions ? why in the conceptions of Outdoor Education is nature the preferred environment and what are the benefits of nature for physical, mental and social health. The answers to theses questions are in the work described through theories of environmental preference and restorative effects of nature. There are three major sections of the work. The first part discusses the basis, principles and contents of Environmental Psychology and Outdoor Education, the core terminology of the work, and the nodal points of Environmental Psyhcology and the theory of Outdoor Education. Second part describes those theories and concepts of Environmental Psychology which are related to the primary and subsidiary research questions. The third part evaluates the impacts and relevance of environmental-psychological knowledge on concepts of Outdoor Education.
Books on the topic "Stress Reduction Theory"
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Brown, Lily A., David Yusko, Hallie Tannahill, and Edna B. Foa. Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0030.
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This chapter presents an overview of prolonged exposure therapy (PE), a highly efficacious and effective treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). First, emotional processing theory is reviewed, which provides the theoretical basis for PE and the key mechanisms underlying PTSD symptom reduction. Next, a synthesis of the robust evidence for the efficacy and effectiveness of PE is provided. The chapter reviews evidence that in addition to ameliorating PTSD symptoms, PE reduces secondary symptoms such as depression, suicidal ideation, anger, and substance use disorders. The chapter describes evidence supporting the extension of PE with unique samples, including individuals with psychosis, persons with self-injurious behavior, and war veterans. The chapter concludes with a review of the status of PE dissemination and implementation efforts.
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Newberg, Andrew B., and David B. Yaden. The Neurobiology of Meditation and Stress Reduction. Edited by Anthony J. Bazzan and Daniel A. Monti. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190690557.003.0004.
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Meditation is a complex mental process that involves changes in cognition, sensory perception, emotions, hormones, and autonomic activity. Several brain regions are involved in these practices, particularly as they relate to improvements in brain function and psychological parameters, including the thalamus, frontal lobes, limbic system, and parietal lobes. Additionally, many different neurotransmitter systems are likely affected by meditation practices. Meditation programs have become widely used, either alone or combined with other therapies, for stress reduction depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. There has been an increasing understanding of the overall biological mechanism of meditation practices in terms of their effects on both the brain and body. Recent studies using clinical tools and functional neuroimaging have substantially augmented the knowledge of the biology of meditative practices. This chapter reviews current understanding regarding the physiological and neurophysiological effects of meditation practices as they pertain to brain health.
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Foa, Edna, Elizabeth A. Hembree, Barbara Olasov Rothbaum, and Sheila Rauch. Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190926939.001.0001.
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This therapist guide of prolonged exposure (PE) treatment is accompanied by the patient workbook, Reclaiming Your Life from a Traumatic Experience. The treatment and manuals are designed for use by a therapist who is familiar with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and who has undergone an intensive training workshop for prolonged exposure by experts in this therapy. The therapist guide instructs therapists to implement this brief CBT program that targets individuals who are diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or who manifest PTSD symptoms that cause distress and/or dysfunction following various types of trauma. The overall aim of the treatment is to help trauma survivors emotionally process their traumatic experiences to diminish or eliminate PTSD and other trauma-related symptoms. The term prolonged exposure (PE) reflects the fact that the treatment program emerged from the long tradition of exposure therapy for anxiety disorders in which patients are helped to confront safe but anxiety-evoking situations to overcome their unrealistic, excessive fear and anxiety. At the same time, PE has emerged from the adaption and extension of Emotional Processing Theory (EPT) to PTSD, which emphasizes the central role of successfully processing the traumatic memory in the amelioration of PTSD symptoms. Throughout this guide, the authors highlight that emotional processing is the mechanism underlying successful reduction of PTSD symptoms.
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Bitzer, Johannes. Teaching psychosomatic obstetrics and gynaecology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749547.003.0002.
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Gynaecologists and obstetricians are confronted with many tasks that require biopsychosocial competence, as explained in Chapter 2. Care for patients with unexplained physical symptoms, and patients with chronic incurable diseases, in various phases of their lives, require patient education, health promotion, counselling, and management of psychosocial problems. To obtain this competency, a curriculum is needed, which, besides gynaecology and obstetrics, includes elements of psychology, psycho-social medicine, and psychiatry, adapted to the specific needs of gynaecologists and obstetricians in their everyday work. A basic part of Chapter 2 shows the curriculum consists of teaching the knowledge, and skills derived from communication theory and practice including physician, and patient-centred communication with active listening, responding to emotions and information exchange as well as breaking bad news, risk-counselling, and shared decision-making. Building on these skills, trainees are introduced into the biopsychosocial process of diagnosis, establishing a 9-field comprehensive work-up using the ABCDEFG guideline (Affect, Behaviour, Conflict, Distress, Early life Experiences, False beliefs, Generalised frustration). The therapeutic interventions are based on a working alliance between the physician and the patient, and are taught as basic elements, which have to be combined according to the individual patient and the presenting situation. The overall technique for gynaecologists and obstetricians can be summarised as supportive counselling/psychotherapy. This includes elements such as catharsis, clarifying conflicts and conflict resolution, cognitive reframing, insight and understanding, stress reduction techniques, and helping in behavioural change (CCRISH).
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Abramowitz, Sharone. Mindfulness as a Component of Addiction Treatment (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0021.
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This compact chapter addresses patient selection and general principles of mindfulness-based interventions, specifically mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). It describes mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement (MORE) as a combination of mindfulness intervention and cognitive behavioral therapy, suggesting its effectiveness in reducing the perception of pain in more than half of the participants who complete training. While focusing principally on the patient, the chapter argues for the utility of mindfulness-based interventions in preserving the serenity and enhancing the effectiveness of the therapist. It also notes that while the therapeutic outcome may be modest, there is generally little cost and very little risk to initiation of mindfulness meditation and similar interventions. A text box is given with additional resources.
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Shabazz, Rashad. Epilogue. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039645.003.0007.
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This epilogue focuses on Chicago's changing racial geography, arguing that this change is creating not only gentrification in parts of the city, but also openings for Black Chicagoans to augment their geography. Since the mid-1990s abandoned lots all over Chicago have been turned into spaces of agricultural production. Not limited to middle-class white neighborhoods, urban gardens have sprung up in poor and working-class communities on the South and West Sides of the city. This is not the first time Chicagoans have performed agriculture in the city. The city has a long history of urban agriculture. This epilogue shows that green spaces can undo the consequences of carceral space by enabling Black Chicagoans to eat fresh fruits and vegetables in places with little retail access to them and creating environments of stress reduction for the entire community. It also demonstrates that the poor and the working class can be architects and planners, that they can augment their geographies in ways that produce healthy people and vital, vibrant communities—on their own terms.
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Magnuson, Doug, Mikael Jansson, and Cecilia Benoit. The Experience of Emerging Adulthood Among Street-Involved Youth. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190624934.001.0001.
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The Experience of Emerging Adulthood Among Street-Involved Youth tells the story of young people who were street-involved from their early to middle teens and into their 20s, particularly their experiences of emerging adulthood while struggling toward young adulthood and independence. These youth experienced emerging and early adulthood earlier than other youth while living independently of guardians, detached from formal education, and working in the underground economy. After leaving their guardians they were choosing how to be different than their family, learning to cope with instability, and enjoying and protecting their independence, and they experienced some satisfaction with their ability to manage. As one youth stated, “away from my family, I learned that I was not stupid.” Their success was facilitated by harm reduction services, like access to shelter and food, that gave them time to experiment with living independently and to practice being responsible for themselves and others. Later they began to prefer nonstreet identities, and they began to think about their desires for the future. The distance between their current lives and those aspirations was the experience of feeling “in-between,” and progress toward their aspirations was often complicated by past experiences of trauma, current experiences of exclusion, coping with substances, and the mismatch between their needs and available services.
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Lipman, Meegan, Jacqueline Calderone, Joel Yager, and Maryann Waugh. Wellness. Edited by Robert E. Feinstein, Joseph V. Connelly, and Marilyn S. Feinstein. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190276201.003.0022.
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Lifestyle behaviors that contribute to wellness, specifically those involving physical exercise, healthy nutrition and weight management, healthy sleep patterns, and stress reduction, are of significant concern to clinicians and patients. Attending to these areas is critical, not only to prevent illness but also to reduce the deleterious impacts of existing chronic diseases on morbidity and mortality. Integrated primary care practices can readily establish and employ protocols for systematically addressing these important areas of overall physical and emotional functioning. This chapter discusses ways that primary care practices and team members can emphasize wellness in their integrated care services. The discussion covers assessing patients’ lifestyle choices, providing advice for improving health behaviors, developing agreed-upon interventions, assisting patients with related health behavior modifications and alterations, and arranging for improved patient access to and engagement with resources and programs that promote overall wellness.
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Zaret, Barry L. Nuclear Cardiology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0001.
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Nuclear cardiology is generally considered a clinical phenomenon of the past four decades. However, the field has its roots in earlier times. This chapter focuses on these historical roots as they have evolved into the present era. The initial application of radioisotopes to cardiac studies occurred in the mid-1920s. Ventricular function was evaluated in the 1960s and 1970s by first pass and equilibrium techniques. Myocardial stress perfusion imaging was first performed using potassium-43 and exercise in 1973. Stress imaging rapidly evolved thereafter with new tracers (thallium-201 and technetium-labeled agents) and from planar to SPECT approaches. Perfusion imaging rapidly proved its value diagnostically and in assessing prognosis. Infarct imaging reached its peak use in the 1970s but is now no longer employed. Advances in hybrid imaging, combining CT with radionuclide imaging has recently allowed attenuation correction as well as providing the combination of anatomic and physiologic data. PET myocardial perfusion studies have recently become a standard approach for evaluating perfusion, absolute coronary blood flow and coronary reserve. PET FDG studies of cardiac sarcoidosis have recently been established as a new approach for defining myocardial inflammation. New SPECT systems provide high sensitivity, high resolution studies, allowing for radiation dose reduction and high quality imaging studies.
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Nelson, Paul. The Millennium Development Goals and the Politics of Global Poverty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.340.
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The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), endorsed by 189 governments at the Millennium Summit, propose a concerted global effort to reduce the incidence of severe poverty and many of its most serious manifestations over a twenty-five-year period. The MDGs offer crucial insights into the politics of poverty and poverty reduction in international affairs. Their political dimensions can be analyzed in terms of agency, the nature and limits of accountability, the use and manipulation of quantitative goals for political ends, the dangerous illusion that MDG objectives can be accomplished in large part by mobilizing more development assistance, and the MDGs’ distinctly apolitical approach to the structural causes of poverty. The MDG initiative should be situated in three ongoing streams of debate and discussion: the debate over the relative priority of growth and of human development for poverty reduction; the tension between the assertion of rights and the enunciation of donor-driven goals as the political engine of poverty reduction; and the debate over the roles of markets and of state direction and regulation. While the MDGs concentrate on increasing aid flows to reduce the incidence of poverty and its manifestations, international trade and finance arrangements too often impede rapid progress. This is evident in water privatization, trade rules, and anti-retroviral medicines for HIV/AIDS patients. A way forward is to integrate the MDGs more deeply with human rights guarantees. Donors, for example, must take seriously the 2002 Draft Guidelines for the application of human rights to poverty reduction strategies.
Book chapters on the topic "Stress Reduction Theory"
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Ewert, Alan W., Denise S. Mitten, and Jillisa R. Overholt. "Theories and concepts: linking landscapes and health." In Health and natural landscapes: concepts and applications, 38–51. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245400.0004.
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Abstract This book chapter provides an introduction and background information for many of these theories, concluding with practical applications, focusing on evolutionary-based theories (e.g. biophilia hypothesis, naturalistic intelligence, other evolutionary-grounded theories), restorative environment theories (stress reduction theory, attention restoration theory), identity theories, and other psychological theories and concepts. The ideas presented in this chapter arise from different ways of thinking about or explaining this phenomenon, using a particular language and worldview. A strength of the research paradigm is that it enables scientists and researchers to communicate about this engrained bodily knowledge and integrate it into ongoing theory and practice in disciplines such as medicine, public health, planning, and education that impact our day-to-day lives. Slowly but surely, Western scientific research has begun to accept other worldviews and ideas, and this diversity of thought provides greater understanding of the world around us. Much of the research presented in the next chapter builds on the foundation of the theories presented here.
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Jessup, Wendy, Brett Garner, and Roger T. Dean. "Metal Reduction By Macrophages." In Plasma Membrane Redox Systems and their Role in Biological Stress and Disease, 267–77. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2695-5_11.
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Connolly, Erin L., and Mary Lou Guerinot. "Reduction and Uptake of Iron in Plants." In Plasma Membrane Redox Systems and their Role in Biological Stress and Disease, 179–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2695-5_7.
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Cucinotta, Filippo, Marcello Raffaele, and Fabio Salmeri. "A Topology Optimization Method for Stochastic Lattice Structures." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 235–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_38.
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AbstractStochastic lattice structures are very powerful solutions for filling three-dimensional spaces using a generative algorithm. They are suitable for 3D printing and are well appropriate to structural optimization and mass distribution, allowing for high-performance and low-weight structures. The paper shows a method, developed in the Rhino-Grasshopper environment, to distribute lattice structures until a goal is achieved, e.g. the reduction of the weight, the harmonization of the stresses or the limitation of the strain. As case study, a cantilever beam made of Titan alloy, by means of SLS technology has been optimized. The results of the work show the potentiality of the methodology, with a very performing structure and low computational efforts.
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Bendimerad, Fouad. "The Role of Earthquake Insurance in Earthquake Risk Reduction and Resilience Building." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 277–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68813-4_12.
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AbstractResilience is defined as “The ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from and more successfully adapt to adverse events” (US National Academies). Resilience has four pillars: • Anticipate: the ability to anticipate and reduce the impact of shocks through preparedness and planning, • Absorb the ability to absorb and cope with the impacts of shocks and stresses. • Adapt: the ability to change in response to multiple, long-term and future risks, and to learn and adjust after a shock materializes. • Transform: the ability to take deliberate steps to change the systems that create risk, vulnerability and or inequality. How does insurance intervene in building resilience? The outcome of insurance is to restore property and livelihoods in case of an adverse effect. It does that by providing a cash infusion into the socio-economic system of the affected communities immediately after the event. The cash is used to restore property and avoid interruption of commercial and industrial activity. Insurance also intervenes in terms of reducing impact of stresses (which are the more extensive types of risk) since it enables a system of “maintenance” by providing funds for recovery under minor but more frequent events. For most developing countries, governments have been the insurer of last resort when it comes to catastrophe risk (referred to as Cat Risk in the insurance industry). The reason is that level of cat insurance penetration in most developing countries is very low, sometimes lower than 1%. The assurance of government intervention coupled with the lack of effectiveness of the financial transaction associated with a traditional insurance policy negate any incentive for individuals to acquire a cat insurance policy. The Turkish Compulsory Insurance Program or TCIP is one of the early experiment to change that paradigm and to provide a meaningful role for cat insurance in emerging economies. After a slow start, TCIP has now developed the financial capacity and the spread of coverage to play a significant role both in the financing of risk but also in supporting earthquake risk reduction in Turkey. New cat insurance products based on parametric indexing have since emerged. These insurance products could further improve the efficiency of TCIP and other cat insurance pools by making them more attractive to individuals, thereby scaling up their contribution to building resilience.
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Eastin, J. "Climate change, livelihoods and domestic violence in Indonesia." In Gender, climate change and livelihoods: vulnerabilities and adaptations, 94–106. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247053.0008.
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Abstract This book chapter dicsusses the data, methodological strategies, and findings, and the final section concludes with a discussion of key policy implications and directions for future research regarding climate change, livelihoods, and domestic violence in Indonesia. This study argues that climate shocks in Indonesia elevate the incidence of domestic violence via their impact on agriculture and agrarian livelihoods. Those relying on agriculture as a primary income source in Indonesia-approximately 41% of the population=suffer when climatic stress diminishes earnings through job loss and reduced crop yields. The impact can reduce food security, especially for subsistence farmers, but also for the broader population when scarcity elevates local food prices. Food already consumes 70% of household budgets for half the population, with rice comprising the largest share-over 25% of total household expenditures for the poorest quintile. Thus, even minor reductions in yields or inflation in local rice markets can have dire effects. These impacts are anticipated to exacerbate social and psychological pressures-stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, substance abuse-commonly associated with domestic and intimate partner violence, which in turn should increase its incidence within affected regions. This study uses data from the Global SPEI database and the NVMS to model the relationship between climate change and domestic violence in Indonesia. It finds that positive and negative deviations from long-term climate averages, when occurring in December-the core month of the Indonesian rice-planting season-increase the incidence of domestic violence in the following year. This relationship likely reflects the negative impact of climate shocks on agricultural sectors and livelihoods, an outcome which aggravates the emotional and psychological preconditions for domestic violence and abuse, disproportionately diminishes women's bargaining power in the household, and reduces women's ability to escape abusive situations. These effects are especially prominent in areas with higher levels of poverty, further illustrating the economic dimension of the causal process.
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Sato, A., G. Hayashi, Y. Kitane, and K. Sugiura. "Reduction method of stress concentration in GFRP repairing." In Life-Cycle Civil Engineering: Innovation, Theory and Practice, 789–96. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429343292-104.
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Donald, Rakow. "The Proven Benefits of Spending Time in Nature." In Nature Rx, 17–30. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501715280.003.0003.
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The chapter focus is the science behind the mental health benefits of spending more time in nature, specifically the ways in which such time improves concentration and reduces stress. Models include Attention Restoration Theory and Stress-Reduction Theory, and practices include Forest Bathing, Wilderness Adventure Experiences and gardening. The potential of each approach to reduce stress and build resilience is described.
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"Why Study Sustainable Livelihood and Poverty Reduction?" In Sociological Perspectives on Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction in Rural Populations, 1–42. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4646-8.ch001.
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This introductory chapter utilizes a framework of inquiry on why people are poor based on sustainable livelihood and poverty reduction. A livelihood is sustainable when it copes with and can recover from stress and shocks, maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, and provide sustainable livelihood opportunities for the next generation. This book examines the core issues, namely (1) the links between sustainable rural livelihoods and why people are poor; (2) the multilateral policy contexts of poverty; (3) poverty reduction within the context of globalizing world economy; (4) the economic and moral interdependence of humans and nature; and (5) the assessment of poverty among vulnerable groups, for instance, the elderly, the young, the ill, and the disabled. The themes of this volume orbit around characteristics and challenges of sustainable development, marginalization, social empowerment, social development theory, and poverty reduction strategies advocated by the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals worldwide.
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Levrier, Katia, Carolyn Leathead, Delphine-Émilie Bourdon, Sophie Lacerte, André Marchand, and Geneviéve Belleville. "The Impact of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies for Nightmares and Prazosin on the Reduction of Post-Traumatic Nightmares, Sleep, and PTSD Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis of Randomized and Non‐Randomized Studies." In A Multidimensional Approach to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder - from Theory to Practice. InTech, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/64224.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Stress Reduction Theory"
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Russo, Rachel, Bart Baker, Nicholas Dutton, Karen Torres, and Stanley E. Jones. "Taylor Cylinder Test Reduction Using a One-Dimensional Theory." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61153.
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A one-dimensional analysis of the Taylor impact test [4] has been used to estimate the quasi-static stress for several different alloys. One criticism of this work was the use of Taylor cylinder test data to estimate the quasi-static true stress/true strain compression diagram. The one-dimensional theory does accommodate this estimate. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that this process leads to acceptable results by analyzing a series of high, medium, and low strength materials.
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Hackel, Lloyd, Serena Marley, and Alexander Rubenchik. "Reduction of Cavitation Erosion by Laser Peening." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2014-p26.
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Cavitation erosion is a significant problem in naval and maritime systems impacting propellers, rudders, ship hulls, pump impellers and thrusters. The phenomenon occurs, for example in propellers, as liquid flows through regions of low pressure and bubbles form due to the concentration of dissolved gases and the reduced pressure. As this liquid re-enters areas of higher pressure the bubbles collapse non-symmetrically due to contact on the surface thereby generating fast moving jets of liquid impinging on the component and eventually generating fatigue-spall of the surface; this spall accumulates as material erosion. We discuss the theory coupling erosion and tensile stress and provide experimental results showing how cavitation erosion is significantly reduced by generating compressive stress bias in the material by means of laser peening.
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Han, S. L., and O. A. Bauchau. "Three-Dimensional Non-Linear Shell Theory for Flexible Multibody Dynamics." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-47163.
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In flexible multibody systems, many components are approximated as shells. Classical shell theories, such as Kirchhoff or Reissner-Mindlin shell theory, form the basis of the analytical development for shell dynamics. While such approach is capable of capturing the kinetic energy of the system accurately, it cannot represent the strain energy adequately. For instance, it is well known from three-dimensional elasticity theory that the normal material line will warp under load for laminated composite shells, leading to three-dimensional deformations that generate complex stress states. To overcome this problem, a novel three-dimensional shell theory is proposed in this paper. Kinematically, the problem is decomposed into an arbitrarily large rigid-normal-material-line motion and a warping field. The sectional strains associated with the rigid-normal-material-line motion and the warping field are assumed to remain small. As a consequence of this kinematic decomposition, the governing equations of the problem fall into two distinct categories: the global equations describing geometrically exact shells and the local equations describing local deformations. The governing equations for geometrically exact shells are nonlinear, two-dimensional equations, whereas the local equations are linear, one dimensional, provide the detailed distribution of three-dimensional stress and strain fields. Based on a set of approximated solutions, the local equations is reduced to the corresponding global equations. In the reduction process, a 9 × 9 sectional stiffness matrix can be found, which takes into account the warping effects due to material heterogeneity. In the recovery process, three-dimensional stress and strain fields at any point in the shell can be recovered from the two-dimensional shell solution. The proposed method proposed is valid for anisotropic shells with arbitrarily complex through-the-thickness lay-up configuration.
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Han, Shilei, and Olivier A. Bauchau. "Three-Dimensional Plate Theory for Flexible Multibody Dynamics." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-47249.
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In structural analysis, many components are approximated as plates. More often that not, classical plate theories, such as Kirchhoff or Reissner-Mindlin plate theories, form the basis of the analytical developments. The advantage of these approaches is that they leads to simple kinematic descriptions of the problem: the plate’s normal material line is assumed to remain straight and its displacement field is fully defined by three displacement and two rotation components. While such approach is capable of capturing the kinetic energy of the system accurately, it cannot represent the strain energy adequately. For instance, it is well known from three-dimensional elasticity theory that the normal material line will warp under load for laminated composite plates, leading to three-dimensional deformations that generate complex stress states. To overcome this problem, several high-order, refined plate theories have been proposed. While these approaches work well for some cases, they often lead to inefficient formulations because they introduce numerous additional variables. This paper presents a different approach to the problem: based on a finite element semi-discretization of the normal material line, plate equations are derived from three-dimensional elasticity using a rigorous dimensional reduction procedure.
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Aronov, Michael A., Nikolai I. Kobasko, Joseph A. Powell, Andrew M. Freborg, and B. Lynn Ferguson. "Intensive Quenching Theory and Application for Imparting High Residual Surface Compressive Stresses in Pressure Vessel Components." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1158.
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An alternative method for the hardening of steel parts has been developed as a means of providing steel products with superior mechanical properties through development of high residual compressive stresses on the part surface, and involves the application of intensive quenching during heat treatment. This processing method, commercially patented under the name IntensiQuench SM, imparts high residual compressive stresses on the steel surface, thus allowing for the use of lower alloy steels, reduction or elimination of the need for carburization and shot peening, and providing for more cost-effective heat treating. Intensive quenching also provides additional environmental benefits, as the process uses plain water as the quenching media in contrast to traditional heat treatment practices which typically employ hazardous and environmentally unfriendly quenching oil. This paper presents an overview of the theory and application of intensive quenching, as well as provides experimental and computational data obtained for a variety of steel products. Also presented will be results of computer simulations of temperature, structural and stress/strain conditions for a typical pressure vessel during intensive quenching.
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Moriwaki, Ichiro, Syunpei Ogaya, and Koji Watanabe. "Stress Analysis of Face Gear Tooth Subject to Distributed Load Using Global Local Finite Element Method (GLFEM)." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/ptg-48037.
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The present paper describes a stress analysis of a face gear tooth subject to a distributed load. The distributed load was determined from an initial mismatch between meshing tooth flanks through geometrical analysis. A new global local finite element method was used for the analysis. In the global local finite element method, an analytical domain is divided into two parts; a global domain in which fields are defined by an analytical solution derived from a classical elastic theory, and a local domain in which fields defined by a finite element solution. Furthermore, tooth flank film elements, which enable boundary conditions on tooth flanks to be easily represented, are taken as the global domain. The calculations were performed for face gear pairs with various misalignments. Crowning modifications along lead were given to pinions, and the effect of the modifications on tooth stress distribution in a face gear tooth was discussed. As a result, both contact and bending stresses were not so large. When there are some misalignments, only contact stress increased. However, the crowning on a pinion tooth was effective for the reduction of the contact stress. Furthermore, face gear with linear profiles; i.e., approximated profiles, were also discussed. Then, it was confirmed that this profile is good approximation.
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Tang, Jianguo, Shuming Gao, Ming Li, and Feiwei Qin. "Mixed-Dimensional Model Analysis Under Dimension Reduction Error Control." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70576.
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In order to conduct engineering analysis efficiently, complex CAD model is generally idealized by dimension reduction of its local thin regions into mid-surfaces, which results in a mixed-dimensional model. However, such dimension reduction inevitably induces analysis errors when plate or shell theory applied to the mixed-dimensional model. In this paper, an evaluation indicator is proposed for estimating analysis error induced by dimension reduction of a original model into mixed-dimensional model and used to control the analysis results of the mixed-dimensional model with given accuracy. The evaluation indicator is defined as the stress difference on the coupling interface between the mixed-dimensional model and the original model. When the mixed-dimensional model is analyzed, p-version solid elements were generated by offsetting the shell nodes in the thickness direction. Moreover, element stiffness matrix, boundary conditions and material properties can be extracted from the analysis results and reused for the indicator computation. Displacements of the mixed-dimensional model are input as initial value to iterative solver to accelerate the computation. When the indicator is below the accuracy, final analysis can be proceeded with p-adaptivity in the thin regions. The hierarchical shape function for p-version solid elements ensures the efficiency of the error estimation and the reliability of the final analysis. The robustness of the evaluation indicator and computational efficiency for final analysis are illustrated by experiments on engineering models.
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Sawa, Toshiyuki, Kengo Kuwaki, Yukio Morozumi, and Masahiko Okumura. "FEM Stress Analysis of the Characteristics of Bolted Joints Under External Loadings (In the Case Where Two Hollow Cylinders Are Clamped)." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48247.
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In designing bolted joints, it is necessary to know the stress distributions in bolted joints. Recently, high strength bolts have been used with a higher bolt preload. As the results, the permanent set occurs sometimes at the bearing surfaces of clamped parts in a bolted joint. In addition, when an external load is applied to the bolted joint, the permanent set can be extended at the bearing surfaces. As the permanent set increases, the reduction in the bolt preload increases. Thus, it is important to estimate the reduction in the bolt preload from the reliability stand point. However, no study on the permanent set at the bearing surface under the external loading has been carried out. In this study, the stress distribution and the extension of the permanent set at the bearing surface of the bolted joint under the external tensile loading are examined using finite element Method (FEM), where two hollow cylinders are clamped with a hexagon bolt and a nut. The spring constants for the hexagon bolt and the clamped parts are analyzed using an axi-symmetrical theory of elasticity. Using the obtained results, an increment in the axial bolt force and the reduction in the bolt preload are estimated. For verification of the FEM stress analysis, the load factor of hexagon bolt was measured. The FEM results of the load factor (the increment in the axial bolt force) and the axial bolt force are in a fairly good agreement with the experimental results and the reduction of the axial bolt force. Finally, discussion is made on the appreciate bolt preload.
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Repetski, O., I. Rygikov, and H. Springer. "Numerical Analysis of Rotating Flexible Blade-Disk-Shaft Systems." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-317.
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The theory, the algorithms and program package BLADIS (BLAded DIsk Simulation) for strength calculations of rotating flexible blade-disk-shaft assemblies have been worked out. The formulation is based on a finite element analysis of the rotating cyclic structures and modal reduction. The stresses in different zones of the structural components due to influence of centrifugal and temperature forces using static analysis and vibration are calculated. The results obtained show, how shaft flexibility influence on stresses and frequencies. Analysis of influence of blade geometric parameters on disk-shaft stresses is presented. The results obtained by dynamic analysis show that the chosen reduction does not reduce the quality of the model and illustrate its capability to deal with rotating shafts usually calculated using the rotordynamic approach. Finally, the possible dynamic interactions between shaft and disk components are described. This information is used for bladed disks and rotors optimization leading to a reduction of resonance displacements, stress levels and shifts of natural frequencies of rotating flexible blade-disk-shaft assemblies from dangerous resonances. The numerical results are carried in leading machine building companies in Russia.
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Torigoe, Masaki, Yoichi Yamashita, and Takehisa Yamada. "Effect of Welding Residual Stress and Plastic Constraint on Brittle Fracture of a High Strength Steel." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77677.
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This paper investigates the effect of welding residual stress and plastic constraint on brittle fracture of a 780 MPa class high-strength steel (HT780). In order to investigate the effect of welding residual stress, three point bend (3PB) fracture toughness tests were conducted using the parent-material specimens and groove-welded specimens which were prepared to have the same cross-sectional proportion; i.e., a ratio of thickness to width of 0.5. Crack length was determined so that the crack tip was located in the base-metal zone far from the heat-affected zone of the welded specimen to eliminate the effect of any degradation of the parent-material property on fracture resistance. Also, in order to investigate the effect of constraint, tensile loading tests in which the plastic constraint was expected to be less than 3PB were conducted using welded specimens as the same as employed in the 3PB test. Three dimensional finite element (FE) analyses were performed to evaluate the stress state near the crack tip at the point of brittle fracture initiation for each test condition. From the results of experiments and FE analyses, it is confirmed that the fracture test results can be evaluated using J or KJ – Q theory, by considering enhancement or reduction due to residual stress.
Reports on the topic "Stress Reduction Theory"
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Patton, Amy, Kylie Dunavan, Kyla Key, Steffani Takahashi, Kathryn Tenner, and Megan Wilson. Reducing Stress, Anxiety, and Depression for NICU Parents. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/chp.mot2.2021.0012.
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This project aims to appraise evidence of the effectiveness of various practices on reducing stress, anxiety, and depression among parents of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The project contains six research articles from both national and international journals. Study designs include one meta-analysis, one randomized controlled trial, one small scale randomized controlled trial, one prospective phase lag cohort study, on pretest-posttest study, and one mixed-methods pretest-posttest study. Recommendations for effective interventions were based on best evidence discovered through quality appraisal and study outcomes. All interventions, except for educational programs and Kangaroo Care, resulted in a statistically significant reduction of either stress, anxiety, and/ or depression. Family centered care and mindfulness-based intervention reduced all barriers of interest. There is strong and high-quality evidence for the effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on depression, moderate evidence for the effect of activity-based group therapy on anxiety, and promising evidence for the effect of HUG Your Baby on stress.
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Harris, Gregory, Brooke Hatchell, Davelin Woodard, and Dwayne Accardo. Intraoperative Dexmedetomidine for Reduction of Postoperative Delirium in the Elderly: A Scoping Review. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0010.
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Background/Purpose: Post-operative delirium leads to significant morbidity in elderly patients, yet there is no regimen to prevent POD. Opioid use in the elderly surgical population is of the most significant risk factors for developing POD. The purpose of this scoping review is to recognize that Dexmedetomidine mitigates cognitive dysfunction secondary to acute pain and the use of narcotic analgesia by decreasing the amount of norepinephrine (an excitatory neurotransmitter) released during times of stress. This mechanism of action also provides analgesia through decreased perception and modulation of pain. Methods: The authors developed eligibility criteria for inclusion of articles and performed a systematic search of several databases. Each of the authors initially selected five articles for inclusion in the scoping review. We created annotated literature tables for easy screening by co-authors. After reviewing the annotated literature table four articles were excluded, leaving 11 articles for inclusion in the scoping review. There were six level I meta-analysis/systematic reviews, four level II randomized clinical trials, and one level IV qualitative research article. Next, we created a data-charting form on Microsoft Word for extraction of data items and synthesis of results. Results: Two of the studies found no significant difference in POD between dexmedetomidine groups and control groups. The nine remaining studies noted decreases in the rate, duration, and risk of POD in the groups receiving dexmedetomidine either intraoperatively or postoperatively. Multiple studies found secondary benefits in addition to decreased POD, such as a reduction of tachycardia, hypertension, stroke, hypoxemia, and narcotic use. One study, however, found that the incidence of hypotension and bradycardia were increased among the elderly population. Implications for Nursing Practice: Surgery is a tremendous stressor in any age group, but especially the elderly population. It has been shown postoperative delirium occurs in 17-61% of major surgery procedures with 30-40% of the cases assumed to be preventable. Opioid administration in the elderly surgical population is one of the most significant risk factors for developing POD. With anesthesia practice already leaning towards opioid-free and opioid-limited anesthetic, the incorporation of dexmedetomidine could prove to be a valuable resource in both reducing opioid use and POD in the elderly surgical population. Although more research is needed, the current evidence is promising.
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Datta, Sandip, and Geeta Kingdon. Class Size and Learning: Has India Spent Too Much on Reducing Class Size? Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/059.
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This paper examines the efficacy of class-size reductions as a strategy to improve pupils’ learning outcomes in India. It uses a credible identification strategy to address the endogeneity of class-size, by relating the difference in a student’s achievement score across subjects to the difference in his/her class size across subjects. Pupil fixed effects estimation shows a relationship between class size and student achievement which is roughly flat or non-decreasing for a large range of class sizes from 27 to 51, with a negative effect on learning outcomes occurring only after class size increases beyond 51 pupils. The class-size effect varies by gender and by subject-stream. The fact that up to a class-size of roughly 40 in science subjects and roughly 50 in non-science subjects, there is no reduction in pupil learning as class size increases, implies that there is no learning gain from reducing class size below 40 in science and below 50 in non-science. This has important policy implications for pupil teacher ratios (PTRs) and thus for teacher appointments in India, based on considerations of cost-effectiveness. When generalised, our findings suggest that India experienced a value-subtraction from spending on reducing class-sizes, and that the US$3.6 billion it spent in 2017-18 on the salaries of 0.4 million new teachers appointed between 2010 and 2017 was wasteful spending rather than an investment in improving learning. We show that India could save US$ 19.4 billion (Rupees 1,45,000 crore in Indian currency) per annum by increasing PTR from its current 22.8 to 40, without any reduction in pupil learning.
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Robinson, W. Evaluation of thin flexible pavements under simulated aircraft traffic. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39161.
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A full-scale airfield pavement test section was constructed and trafficked by the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) to evaluate the performance of relatively thin airfield pavement structures. The test section consisted of 16 test items that included three asphalt pavement thicknesses and two different aggregate base courses. The test items were subjected to simulated aircraft traffic to evaluate their response and performance to realistic aircraft loads and to evaluate the effect of reductions in tire pressure on thin asphalt pavement. Rutting behavior, pavement cracking, instrumentation response, and falling weight deflectometer response were monitored at selected traffic intervals. The results of this study were used to extend existing Department of Defense pavement design and evaluation techniques to include the evaluation of airfield pavement sections that do not meet the current criteria for aggregate base quality and minimum asphalt concrete surface thickness. These performance data were used to develop new aggregate base failure design curves using existing stress-based design methodology.
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Financial Stability Report - First Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.1sem.eng-2020.
Full textAbstract:
In the face of the multiple shocks currently experienced by the domestic economy (resulting from the drop in oil prices and the appearance of a global pandemic), the Colombian financial system is in a position of sound solvency and adequate liquidity. At the same time, credit quality has been recovering and the exposure of credit institutions to firms with currency mismatches has declined relative to previous episodes of sudden drops in oil prices. These trends are reflected in the recent fading of red and blue tonalities in the performance and credit risk segments of the risk heatmaps in Graphs A and B.1 Naturally, the sudden, unanticipated change in macroeconomic conditions has caused the appearance of vulnerabilities for short-term financial stability. These vulnerabilities require close and continuous monitoring on the part of economic authorities. The main vulnerability is the response of credit and credit risk to a potential, temporarily extreme macroeconomic situation in the context of: (i) recently increased exposure of some banks to household sector, and (ii) reductions in net interest income that have led to a decline in the profitability of the banking business in the recent past. Furthermore, as a consequence of greater uncertainty and risk aversion, occasional problems may arise in the distribution of liquidity between agents and financial markets. With regards to local markets, spikes have been registered in the volatility of public and private fixed income securities in recent weeks that are consistent with the behavior of the international markets and have had a significant impact on the liquidity of those instruments (red portions in the most recent past of some market risk items on the map in Graph A). In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to those vulnerabilities, this Report presents a stress test that evaluates the resilience of credit institutions in the event of a hypothetical scenario thatseeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The scenario assumes a hypothetical negative growth that is temporarily strong but recovers going into the middle of the coming year and has extreme effects on credit quality. The results suggest that credit institutions have the ability to withstand a significant deterioration in economic conditions in the short term. Even though there could be a strong impact on credit, liquidity, and profitability under the scenario being considered, aggregate capital ratios would probably remain at above their regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. In this context, the recent measures taken by both Banco de la República and the Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia that are intended to help preserve the financial stability of the Colombian economy become highly relevant. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system’s security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth functioning of the payment system. Juan José Echavarría Governor
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Financial Stability Report - Second Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2020.
Full textAbstract:
The Colombian financial system has not suffered major structural disruptions during these months of deep economic contraction and has continued to carry out its basic functions as usual, thus facilitating the economy's response to extreme conditions. This is the result of the soundness of financial institutions at the beginning of the crisis, which was reflected in high liquidity and capital adequacy indicators as well as in the timely response of various authorities. Banco de la República lowered its policy interest rates 250 points to 1.75%, the lowest level since the creation of the new independent bank in 1991, and provided ample temporary and permanent liquidity in both pesos and foreign currency. The Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia, in turn, adopted prudential measures to facilitate changes in the conditions for loans in effect and temporary rules for rating and loan-loss provisions. Finally, the national government expanded the transfers as well as the guaranteed credit programs for the economy. The supply of real credit (i.e. discounting inflation) in the economy is 4% higher today than it was 12 months ago with especially marked growth in the housing (5.6%) and commercial (4.7%) loan portfolios (2.3% in consumer and -0.1% in microloans), but there have been significant changes over time. During the first few months of the quarantine, firms increased their demands for liquidity sharply while consumers reduced theirs. Since then, the growth of credit to firms has tended to slow down, while consumer and housing credit has grown. The financial system has responded satisfactorily to the changes in the respective demands of each group or sector and loans may grow at high rates in 2021 if GDP grows at rates close to 4.6% as the technical staff at the Bank expects; but the forecasts are highly uncertain. After the strict quarantine implemented by authorities in Colombia, the turmoil seen in March and early April, which was evident in the sudden reddening of macroeconomic variables on the risk heatmap in Graph A,[1] and the drop in crude oil and coal prices (note the high volatility registered in market risk for the region on Graph A) the local financial markets stabilized relatively quickly. Banco de la República’s credible and sustained policy response played a decisive role in this stabilization in terms of liquidity provision through a sharp expansion of repo operations (and changes in amounts, terms, counterparties, and eligible instruments), the purchases of public and private debt, and the reduction in bank reserve requirements. In this respect, there is now abundant aggregate liquidity and significant improvements in the liquidity position of investment funds. In this context, the main vulnerability factor for financial stability in the short term is still the high degree of uncertainty surrounding loan quality. First, the future trajectory of the number of people infected and deceased by the virus and the possible need for additional health measures is uncertain. For that reason, there is also uncertainty about the path for economic recovery in the short and medium term. Second, the degree to which the current shock will be reflected in loan quality once the risk materializes in banks’ financial statements is uncertain. For the time being, the credit risk heatmap (Graph B) indicates that non-performing and risky loans have not shown major deterioration, but past experience indicates that periods of sharp economic slowdown eventually tend to coincide with rises in non-performing loans: the calculations included in this report suggest that the impact of the recession on credit quality could be significant in the short term. This is particularly worrying since the profitability of credit establishments has been declining in recent months, and this could affect their ability to provide credit to the real sector of the economy. In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to this vulnerability, this Report presents several stress tests that evaluate the resilience of the liquidity and capital adequacy of credit institutions and investment funds in the event of a hypothetical scenario that seeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The results suggest that even though there could be strong impacts on the credit institutions’ volume of credit and profitability under such scenarios, aggregate indicators of total and core capital adequacy will probably remain at levels that are above the regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. At the same time, the exercises highlight the high capacity of the system's liquidity to face adverse scenarios. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system's security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth operation of the payment systems. Juan José Echavarría Governor