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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Stress (Psychology) Post-traumatic stress disorder'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Newell, Tracey. "Neurocognition in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/162759/.

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The negative behavioural and emotional symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) have been extensively reported in the literature. However, much less is known about the neuropsychological and neurobiological characteristics of the disorder. This thesis consists of two papers, the first being a review which highlights the emerging picture of literature in the field of neuropsychology in PTSD, with particular reference to findings in those cognitive domains of general intellectual functioning, memory, attention and executive function. Given that the findings associated within these domains are mixed, the second paper reports the outcome from a neuropsychological study of cognitive differences that was conducted to contribute to current knowledge in the area of neurocognition and visual memory in PTSD in particular. Trauma exposure, current PTSD, depressive and anxiety symptoms and performance on a range of neuropsychological tests were examined in tertiary care outpatients with PTSD (n=26), individuals who had been exposed to severe trauma but without current PTSD (n=26), and healthy controls (n=26). In addition to previously reported deficits in verbal learning and fluency in PTSD, deficits in visual spatial memory were also found. These observable deficits in visual memory may reflect characteristic features of PTSD, such as reported difficulties in remembering certain aspects of traumatic events and the presence of visual flashbacks. It is uncertain whether these deficits represent a risk factor for PTSD, or a consequence of trauma, as suggested by research in animal models.

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2

Brown, Kristine L. "The Connection between Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Suicide Behavior: What Links Post-traumatic Stress Disorder to Suicide?" University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1372598026.

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3

Isaac, Claire L. "Cognitive function in post-traumatic stress disorder." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2002. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2358/.

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Complaints of poor memory by individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have engendered research into attention and memory functioning in this disorder. Due to numerous methodological difficulties encountered in research with this group, results have been inconclusive. In Chapter 1 of this thesis the existing literature is reviewed to ascertain whether there is any evidence of a specific pattern of memory disorder associated with PTSD. Studies are reviewed for evidence of cognitive deficits relating to the structures of the limbic system. dysfunction in which has been implicated in PTSD. It is concluded that there is relatively good evidence of deficits related to probable frontal lobe functions. However, there is very little evidence of hippocampal related disorders and no studies have investigated memory functions relating to hypothesised roles of the amygdala in this group. In chapters 2 and 3 experiments are described that aim to investigate cognitive abilities related to amygdala functioning in PTSD. Chapter 2 investigates an hypothesised role of the amygdala in the consolidation of memory for emotional material. The results confirm the possibility of amygdala dysfunction in PTSD by showing that on a test of free recall participants with PTSD forgot emotional word stimuli at a faster rate than control participants, whereas non-emotional stimuli were forgotten at a more normal rate. Chapter 3 investigated a second hypothesised role for the amygdala in the recognition of facial expressions of fear and anger. Results showed that PTSD participants were somewhat impaired in their recognition of these expressions, which contrasted with an enhanced ability, associated with symptoms of hyperarousal, in identifying other negative facial expressions. In Chapter 4, the relevance of neuropsychological research to Clinical Psychology is discussed. It is argued that such research is vital if we are to fully understand the difficulties clients could face on a day-to-day basis.

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4

Astorga, Delia Marie. "Educating veterans on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1571852.

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The purpose of this project was to create program to identify funding sources, and write a grant to fund a support group for veterans who suffer from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) at the Department of Veterans Affairs of, Long Beach. The literature allowed this write to find the main causes of PTSD in this case being exposed to combat, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBO), and the consequences to PTSD (substance abuse, commit suicide, experience family conflicts). This writer also found Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), Prolonged Exposure Therapy (PET), and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) to be effective intervention in treating veterans with PTSD. The proposed program is aimed at providing psychoeducation to veterans and to help improve the lives of our service men and women who suffer from PTSD. The program includes group counseling, and individual counseling for veterans, family counseling. Providing the proper training will help social worker better assess and serve our veterans who return from combat with PTSD. Actual submission and/or funding of the grant were not required for the completion of this project.

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5

McKinnon, Aimee. "Assessing physiological sensitivity in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/110198/.

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People who have endured horrific events often bear predictable psychological harm. The symptoms of this harm can persist to produce a recognised clinical syndrome, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The lived reality of PTSD is a condition in which sufferers experience unbearable emotional reactions to traumatic reminders and exist in a persistent state of fear. Although the psychiatric and psychological construct of PTSD has been hotly contested, research and clinical opinion seem to converge around a state of enhanced sensitivity to threat, underpinned by chronic physiological hyper-arousal. This thesis has been concerned with the development of assessment measures that are sensitive to physiological hyper-arousal, including pupillometry and visual contrast sensitivity. In three experiments, a sample of 73 participants recruited from military, addiction and homelessness charity services were assessed for PTSD symptomology with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-V, and the self-report Impact of Event Scale-Revised. During passive viewing of emotive images, individuals with PTSD showed pupil responses that were influenced more by emotive stimuli than controls, and showed a reduced constriction of the pupil to light; revealing altered states of arousal. Due to methodological differences, a task assessing pupil responses to emotive sound clips failed to replicate this result. The assessment of visual contrast sensitivity revealed the heterogeneous nature of PTSD. Multi-dimensional assessment of symptom subscales showed that higher levels of re-experiencing symptoms were related to heightened visual sensitivity, but avoidant symptoms were related to lower sensitivity. Overall, the assessment of psychophysiological responses in PTSD demonstrated the utility of pupillometry for the assessment of PTSD, contributed to the literature on the regulation of the autonomic nervous system in PTSD, and highlighted the diversity of the clinical construct due to opposing effects of the symptom subscales.

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6

Street, Heidi Griffin. "Self psychology at work in trauma therapy : a project based upon an independent investigation /." View online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10090/5935.

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7

Amstadter, Ananda Beth Laura L. Vernon Laura L. Burkhart Barry R. "Physiological effects of suppression of neutral and traumatic thoughts in posttraumatic stress disorder." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Psychology/Dissertation/AMSTADTER_ANA_20.pdf.

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8

Reid, Louise Marie. "Traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder symptom reporting and attentional bias : unravelling the misidentification of post-traumatic stress disorder in people with a traumatic brain injury." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2009. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1221/.

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Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can occur following a traumatic event that has led to moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) even when there is little or no memory for the event. The incidence of PTSD is higher when diagnosed by self-report questionnaires compared to structured clinical interview. Previous studies suggest PTSD can be misdiagnosed in a significant proportion of cases and the incidence is in fact low. To explore this issue further there is a need to not only understand whether there are differences between cases that do and do not fulfill symptom criteria for PTSD, but also whether some cases have ‘partial PTSD’; that is to say they have PTSD symptoms but do not fulfill the DSM-IV symptom criteria exactly. Aims: The study aims to establish whether an attentional bias to trauma related words exists in people with TBI who report PTSD symptoms and to investigate the relationship between physiological arousal and attentional bias in people with a TBI reporting PTSD symptoms. Method: Forty-one participants with severe-extremely severe TBI were recruited from the community and completed measures of cognitive functioning. Attentional bias was measured using a Stroop task in which trauma, negative, neutral and positive words were administered randomly. Physiological reactivity (heart rate) was recorded and PTSD ‘caseness’ was established using a self-report questionnaire and a clinician-administered structured interview. Results: No significant relationship between PTSD symptom severities and attentional bias to trauma stimuli was apparent. Those with ‘PTSD’ demonstrated significantly slower reaction times to negative words however; this bias was associated with self-report of depression rather than PTSD symptomatology. Heart rate decreased throughout the interview and was not associated with PTSD symptom severities. Conclusions: Greater PTSD symptom reporting was not associated with an attentional bias to trauma words. Heart rate decreased over the course of the interview, independent of PTSD severity and diagnosis. This suggests that ‘partial’ PTSD was not present, and instead those who reported PTSD symptoms were curious about the gap in memory caused by amnesia without the associated fear response.

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9

Corbo, Vincent. "Interaction of fear and stress: from healthy population samples to post-traumatic stress disorder." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104504.

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Fear and stress are two closely related psychological concepts. At the biological level, activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) measured through galvanic skin response (GSR) is considered as a marker of fear in humans. In parallel, the secretion of cortisol consequent to the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been identified as a reliable marker of stress. However, few human studies have investigated the interaction of endogenous cortisol and GSR in a pavlovian fear-conditioning design. Further, fear-conditioning has been used as a model for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This disorder is thought to be a failure to suppress exaggerated fearful reactions acquired at the time of trauma. Cortisol, as the main stress hormone, has been hypothesized as a potential modulator of the fearful reactions observed in PTSD. However, it remains unclear if PTSD is mostly a fear-based disorder or if symptoms may be associated to other factors, such as cortisol and brain structures, that are not part of the fear network.The work presented in this thesis followed two parallel lines. The two first chapters investigated the interaction between cortisol and GSR reactivity in healthy volunteers. We demonstrated that exposing subjects to a fear-conditioning paradigm was not enough to induce a cortisol response. Further, we observed a greater reactivity in women. In our second study, our results showed that an endogenous cortisol rise induced prior to extinction was associated with a faster decrease of the GSR response to the conditioned stimulus. Replicating our first study, we found that women reacted more to the conditioning paradigm compared to men. Lastly, while cortisol secretion was correlated with childhood adversity and anxiety trait, GSR reactivity did not correlate with personality measures.Our second line of investigation targeted civilians exposed to trauma. In our third study, we observed that increased levels of cortisol in response to awakening were associated with resilience to trauma. Furthermore, based on previous work investigating central nervous regulators of the HPA-axis and fear reactivity, our investigation of cortical thickness of individuals recently exposed to trauma confirmed the expected thinner ACC. We also highlighted the association between ventral temporal cortex and frontal pole with symptoms severity. These regions add a cognitive and social dimension to PTSD severity that may share more with stress than fear itself. These two studies argued for a more comprehensive model of PTSD that includes both fear-conditioning and stress reactivity to better account for the wide scope of symptoms.I conclude this thesis by re-examining the current proposed model for interaction between cortisol and peripheral measures of fear. I review the influence of sex as a mediator of fear acquisition, reactivity to stress and extinction of fear. Finally, I extend these findings to our PTSD studies to evaluate the use of pure fear-conditioning as a model for PTSD symptoms emergence and maintenance.
La peur et le stress sont deux concepts psychologiques intimement reliés. Au niveau biologique, l'activité du système nerveux sympathique (SNS), mesuré par la réponse électrodermale (RÉD), est considéré comme un marqueur de la peur chez l'être humain. Parallèlement, la sécrétion de cortisol suite à l'activation de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-adrénergique (HHA) est le marqueur le plus commun du stress. Cependant, peu d'études se sont penchées sur l'interaction entre le cortisol et la RÉD lors d'un conditionnement de peur pavlovien chez l'être humain. De plus, le conditionnement de peur est utilisé comme modèle pour étudier le Trouble de Stress Post-Traumatique (TSPT). Ce trouble est considéré comme un échec de supprimer une réaction de peur exagérée acquise lors du traumatisme. Le cortisol, en tant qu'hormone de stress principale, est considéré comme un agent qui influencerait la force des réactions de peur dans le TSPT. Cependant, il demeure incertain si le TSPT est principalement un trouble relié à la peur ou si sa symptomatologie est relié à d'autres facteurs, tels le cortisol ou des structures neurologiques qui ne sont pas associées au système de la peur.Les travaux de cette thèse suivent deux lignes parallèles. Les deux premiers chapitres présentent les résultats de l'étude de l'interaction entre la peur et le stress chez des participants en santé. Nous illustrons que l'exposition à un conditionnement de peur n'est pas suffisant pour provoquer une réponse de cortisol. De plus, nous avons observé une plus forte réactivité au conditionnement chez les femmes. Les résultats de notre deuxième étude indiquent qu'une augmentation de cortisol endogène est associé à un déclin plus rapide de la réponse au stimulus conditionné lors de l'extinction. Cette étude confirme aussi une plus forte réactivité chez les femmes. Enfin, alors que la sécrétion de cortisol est associée à l'adversité durant l'enfance et l'anxiété, la RÉD n'était pas associée aux traits de personnalité.Parallèlement à ces études, nous avons étudiés des civils exposés à un événement traumatique. Notre troisième étude montre qu'une réponse accrue de cortisol en réaction au réveil est associée à la résilience face à un événement traumatique. De plus, notre étude de l'épaisseur corticale a confirmé que, chez des individus récemment exposés à un événement traumatique, le cortex cingulaire antérieur est correlé négativement à la sévérité des symptômes. Cette étude a aussi mis en lumière deux nouvelles structures, le cortex ventro-temporal et le pôle frontal, qui sont associées à la sévérité des symptômes. Ces deux structures ajoutent une dimension cognitive et sociale à la sévérité du TSPT et sont associés plus fortement au stress qu'à la peur en soi. Elles suggèrent donc un modèle d'étude qui va au-delà du conditionnement de peur et qui intègre l'importance du stress pour mieux décrire la symptômatologie.Je conclue cette thèse en réexaminant le modèle d'interaction entre le stress et les mesures périphériques de la peur. Suivant cela, j'examine le sexe comme médiateur possible dans l'apprentissage de peur, la réactivité au stress et l'extinction de la peur. Enfin, je fais le pont entre les premières études et celles sur le TSPT pour évaluer l'usage du pur conditionnement de peur comme modèle pour décrire l'émergence et le maintient des symptômes.

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10

Hinkly, David James. "Post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use in military veterans." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4026/.

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The current literature review evaluated the effectiveness of published treatments for military veterans with co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD). The review begins with a summary of background issues pertinent to the treatment of military veterans with PTSD/SUD. These include: estimates of the prevalence of PTSD/SUD in this population; existing arguments regarding treatment delivery; and the rationale for the review. This is followed by a description of the methods used to select and methodologically evaluate the research literature. Fifteen studies were selected for inclusion in the review and were grouped as follows: psychosocial SUD-only treatment; pharmacological SUD-only treatment; ‘present-focussed’ joint PTSD/SUD treatment; and combined ‘past-’ and ‘present-focussed’ joint PTSD/SUD treatment. The best available evidence for SUD-only treatments was for the effectiveness of disulfiram and naltrexone on alcohol use outcomes, for disulfiram on PTSD outcomes, and for the use of opiate substitution therapy with heroin-dependent veterans. The strongest evidence for present-focussed joint PTSD/SUD treatment was for the effectiveness of the ‘Seeking Safety’ protocol in reducing drug use. Preliminary evidence was found for the effectiveness of combined past- and present-focussed joint PTSD/SUD treatment adopting CBT-orientated approaches. The implications of these findings for further research and treatment delivery are discussed. The current paper presents a qualitative study exploring military veterans’ perspectives on the relationship between their use of alcohol and their experiences of post-traumatic stress. It focuses on participants’ motives for using alcohol and their perceptions of the impact of their use on their subjective experiences of post-traumatic stress. Six male participants were recruited from a treatment centre specialising in the treatment of military veterans diagnosed with PTSD. Each participant was interviewed separately using a semi-structured interview schedule and the resulting transcripts were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The paper reports the findings of this analysis, and these are discussed in relation to relevant literature. The analysis suggested that participants had used alcohol to ‘self-medicate’ distressing post-traumatic stress symptoms. Participants’ accounts suggested that alcohol had been partially effective at blocking out, or reducing the intensity of symptoms in the short-term, but that longer-term use had led to an exacerbation in symptoms. Alcohol had also been used by some participants to facilitate dissociative states and to enable engagement in social and work activities. The study’s strengths and limitations, as well as implications for clinical practice and future research, are presented.

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11

Sartain, Suzy S. "Workplace bullying| Protective mechanisms between bullying and post-traumatic stress disorder." Thesis, Capella University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3589460.

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This quantitative replicated study was adapted from Nielson et al. (2008). It explored the relationship between exposure to bullying and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder as experienced by Licensed Professional Counselors (L PCs), who are themselves targets or have witnessed bullying in the workplace. The research questions probed (a) incidences of workplace bullying of LPCs, (b) the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms because of workplace bullying, and (c) the manner in which sense of coherence moderates PTSD-related symptoms for counselors experiencing bullying. Online surveys were sent to LPCs via email as a means of data gathering. LPC email addresses were obtained from Medical Solution links. The instruments chosen for the study were three validated surveys. The 54 LPC participants have provided their perceptions and personal experiences on workplace bullying, post-traumatic stress disorder, and a sense of coherence. The findings showed that the LPC respondents in this study were extensively exposed to workplace bullying. It was also established that there were no significant differences in the self-reported PTSD symptoms of LPCs who have experienced workplace bullying and those who did not. Lastly, the study concluded that high, moderate, or low sense of coherence (SOC) makes no significant differences in the development of PTSD-linked aftereffects to bullying. These findings add to the body of knowledge concerning bullying of licensed professional counselors, its aftermath, and any long-lasting effects of post-traumatic stress.

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12

Piper, Lynn J. "Police officers: Perception of self, occupational role, and occupational events." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4397/.

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This study examined police officers' perceptions of self, occupational role and their relation to perceived stress and posttraumatic stress symptomology. Self-report measures for the study variables were completed by 101 police officers. Hypotheses predicted that perception of self and role would be associated with perception of stress and that perception of the stress would mediate PTSD symptomology. Neuroticism, job quality and general job satisfaction were the main predictors of stress. Stress levels mediated between 1) job quality and the symptoms of anxious arousal and impaired self-reference; 2) general job satisfaction and the symptoms of defensive avoidance and dissociation; and 3) neuroticism and the symptom of defensive avoidance. This implies that police officers' job quality, their feelings of general job satisfaction, and low levels of neuroticism are important in alleviating stress and subsequent psychological sequela.

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13

Kenny, Lucy Margaret Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "Memory processes in posttraumatic stress disorder." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Psychology, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/25206.

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Current theories of PTSD propose that impaired retrieval of trauma memories may impede processing of these memories and subsequent trauma recovery. This thesis investigated memory retrieval processes in trauma survivors with and without symptoms of posttraumatic stress, and in non-traumatised individuals exposed to a highly arousing event. Study 1 examined deliberate avoidance of unwanted memories in recent trauma survivors. The results indicated that attempts to forget were associated with poorer recall of forgotten information, but the size of this effect did not depend on the presence or absence of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD). Study 2 investigated automatic retrieval inhibition in trauma survivors with or without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The results suggested that repeated retrieval of trauma-related information by individuals with PTSD can cause inhibition of related, but unpractised information. Studies 3 and 4 examined the relationship between the vantage point of trauma memories, avoidance and posttraumatic stress symptomatology. The findings indicated that recalling a traumatic event from an observer perspective is associated with post trauma avoidance. They also showed that an observer vantage point in the initial few weeks after trauma is associated with poorer long-term post trauma adjustment. Studies 5, 6 and 7 were analogue studies which analysed the impact of heightened arousal on memory retrieval in novice skydivers. The results suggested that elevated arousal can interfere with retrieval of information related to the arousal-inducing event. Study 7 also indicated that autobiographical memory for the event may be impaired. Finally, Study 8 examined the qualities of trauma memories that were accessed via different modes of retrieval. The results provided evidence that intrusive memories were experienced as more realistic and with more intense affect than memories for the same event that were deliberately retrieved. Together, the findings of this program of research extend current theories of PTSD by highlighting the mechanisms through which retrieval of trauma memories may be impaired. The results suggest that the quality of trauma memories is affected by avoidance processes, elevated arousal and level of conscious control the individual exerts over retrieval.

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14

Clark, Susanne Jane 1956. "Post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology in a traumatically injured population." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277990.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between non-combat traumatic injury and the occurrence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptomatology. The animal model of inescapable shock (IS) provided a physiological rationale for the nursing interventions discussed relative to decreasing the negative impact of a traumatic injury. Traumatically injured subjects (n = 33) completed the Modified Late Effects of Accidental Injury Questionnaire, Part I (MLEAIQ-I) to assess any late negative effects subsequent to the traumatic injury, Part II (MLEAIQ-II) to measure the incidence of symptomatology associated with PTSD, and the Revised Impact of Event Scale (RIES) to measure PTSD symptomatology as defined by intrusion and avoidance experiences. No statistically significant relationships were found between PTSD symptomatology and subject injury severity, length of hospital stay, or subject reported late negative effects from a traumatic injury. However, the level of PTSD symptomatology among the subjects was moderate to high.

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15

Guthrie, Robert K. "The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder among federal prison inmates." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1998. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=370.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1998.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 130 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-121).

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16

English, Jennifer. "Attentional biases in post traumatic stress disorder and following acquired brain injury." Thesis, University of Hull, 2010. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3434.

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Background: Attentional biases for trauma-relevant information are consideredto be a feature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there has beenno systematic review of the published literature into attentional biases across arange of experimental paradigms.Methods: A systematic search of four key databases identified 30 papers meetingthe inclusion criteria. Methodological quality of selected articles was assessedusing an adapted checklist. The tasks employed in the studies were assigned arating of either �yes�, �no�, or �mixed�, depending on the reported evidence fora specific attentional bias effect.Results: A specific attentional bias was found in only 19 of 37 tasks. Whenattentional biases were found they tended to occur at post-recognition stages ofprocessing and to be interference effects, rather than facilitative effects.Limitations: There were common weaknesses across studies, includingunrepresentative participant samples and inappropriate comparison stimuli andparticipant groups. Furthermore, it is difficult to identify the relative contributionof automatic and strategic processes in ranging cognitive paradigms.Conclusions: Attentional biases in PTSD are not reliably found in publishedresearch employing a range of experimental tasks. Future research needs to becarefully designed to clarify the existence and exact nature of attentional biasesin PTSD.Keywords: Attention bias, posttraumatic stress disorder, emotional Stroop, dotprobe,visual search, affective Stroop.

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17

Payne, Karen S. "Social support and post-traumatic stress symptomatology in Vietnam veterans /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487259580263462.

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18

Frame, Lucy. "Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following hospitalisation for acute psychosis : sources of trauma." Thesis, Bangor University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263185.

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19

Pruneau, Genevieve Mary Catherine Weathers Frank W. "Distinctiveness of avoidance and numbing in PTSD." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SPRING/Psychology/Thesis/Pruneau_Genevieve_10.pdf.

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20

Eckardt, Elizabeth Allison Weathers Frank W. "Posttraumatic stress symptoms in college students exposed to high-magnitude versus low-magnitude stressors." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SPRING/Psychology/Thesis/Eckardt_Elizabeth_35.pdf.

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21

Davies, Holly. "Social cognition and interpersonal relationships in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/76857/.

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Social cognition is an area of growing interest in mental health research. Impairments in social cognition have been found in a variety of conditions. Impairments in these processes can lead to relationship difficulties; relationships are instrumental in the management and recovery from difficulties. Few studies have focused on emotional recognition in a PTSD population, this study aimed to expand on the current literature by looking at the associations between emotional recognition and interpersonal relationships. Twenty-seven individuals were recruited to participate, along with age and gender matched healthy controls. They completed two emotional recognition tasks (auditory and facial) and self-report questionnaires measuring views on interpersonal relationships and social support. Those with PTSD were found to have generalised impairments in facial recognition when compared to controls and specific impairments in auditory recognition. The emotions of fear, sadness and disgust were consistently recognised with less accuracy across tasks. No gender differences in accuracy on tasks were found in the PTSD group performance. Comparisons between trauma groups (childhood or adulthood traumas) found no differences in accuracy rates. Significant differences were found between the clinical and control groups on the interpersonal relationship questionnaires, with the PTSD group reporting greater difficulties. Partial associations were found between lower accuracy scores on recognition tasks and reported difficulties in interpersonal relationships. The emotion of sadness on the auditory recognition task mediated the relationship between trauma and interpersonal difficulties. These findings support the view that interventions should also target interpersonal difficulties in PTSD.

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22

Christo, George. "Post substance dependence stress syndrome : a complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) conceptualisation of residual psychopathology during abstinence after substance dependence." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362327.

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23

Dickey, Jr G. W. "Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as a complementary treatment for combat/operational stress and combat post-traumatic stress disorder." Quantico, VA : Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA490935.

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24

Rogers, Susan. "The MMPI as a Predictor of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Vietnam Veterans." DigitalCommons@USU, 1986. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5944.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) could be used to discriminate between Vietnam veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and those with other mental disorders. Scores on the 13 validity and clinical scales of the MMPI were used as predictor variables in two discriminant analyses. The first of these was performed in replication of studies in which cases of substance-abuse disorder were eliminated from the non-PTSD comparison group. Substance- abuse cases were included in the second discrimination. The results indicated that while the MMPI can be used to discriminate PTSD from non-PTSD veterans, this discrimination is weakened by the presence of cases with substance abuse disorders in the non-PTSD comparison group.

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Bishop, Sonia Jane. "Cognitive processing of emotional information in childhood anxiety, depression and post traumatic stress disorder." Thesis, University of London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272464.

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26

Karpelowsky, Belinda Jodi. "Imagery and the transformation of meaning in psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a hermeneutic case study." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002509.

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This study discusses the assessment and treatment of a 21-year old male who had suffered multiple traumas, which had culminated in the death of his younger brother. He presented with Acute Stress Disorder. The literature review examines a diverse range of theorists and discourses, that have addressed the psychological consequences of trauma and highlights the complexity of the phenomena involved. The case study, located in the South African context, aims to sensitise the reader to the unique dilemmas facing each trauma survivor, and serves to highlight specifically those areas, which are pertinent and further more contribute significantly to the recovery process. The case narrative consists of a detailed synopsis of the therapy process, extracted from the session record notes documented at the time. Several other sources of information, including contributions from the participant, were used to verify and validate the accuracy of the data included. The narrative is written in a style that conveys the intensity of the nature of trauma work and the manner in which both patient and clinician are frequently confronted with very difficult emotional work. Finally the discussion examines the case narrative through the use of a set of carefully selected hermeneutic questions. These focused on (I) key concepts from the work of Robert Lifton who highlights the existential dimensions of the impact of trauma; (2) the role of the image in encapsulating the complex traumatic and post-traumatic experience of the survivor as well as facilitating the emotional processing of the trauma is examined; (3) the contribution to the process of therapy of aspects of the therapeutic relationship; and (4) the concept of recovery in relation to the question of what constitutes 'trauma work'. In conclusion, several meta-theoretical issues related to trauma, the strengths and weaknesses inherent to the research and relevant future areas of research are highlighted.

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Yeomans, Peter Douglass Forman Evan M. "The effect of posttraumatic stress disorder psychoeducation on the nature and severity of traumatic stress symptoms in a Burundian sample /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/2838.

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Burns, Brion. "Factors related to stress as it affects married students and their spouses at Columbia International University." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2006. http://www.tren.com.

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Lounsbury, Catherine J. "Risk and Protective Factors of Secondary Traumatic Stress in Crisis Counselors." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/LounsburyCJ2006.pdf.

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Cline, Virginia Depp. "POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) IN CHILDREN FOLLOWING ACUTE INJURIES REQUIRING EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE." UKnowledge, 2007. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/481.

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Unfortunately, one rite of passage of childhood is often serious injury that carries psychological impact along with the obvious physical repercussions. Prior studies have found conflicting results for protective/risk factors, thus this study attempted to explore PTSD in a sample of children ages seven to thirteen years of age with moderate to severe injuries. In this study (N = 32), 31.3% of children experiencing such a sudden injury requiring hospitalization at the University of Kentucky Childrens Hospital demonstrated significant indications of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following the injury. Several pre, peri, and post-trauma variables from during the childs hospitalization to the follow-up period four to five weeks later were correlated with this outcome including age, ethnicity, acute stress disorder (ASD) with or without dissociation criteria being met, prior medical experience, parents score on the BSI-18 while the child is still in this hospital, chronic illness status, gender, number of coping strategies reported by the child while in the hospital, the number of negative coping strategies reported, the amount of pain reported, and several follow-up variables (parents BSI-18 score, number of coping strategies reported, number of negative and positive coping strategies reported, injury threat, and total number of impairments reported by the child and by the parent). Negative coping did not significantly change from the in-hospital period to the follow-up period. Surprisingly, the STEPP, a current screener described and supported by some past research, was not successful in identifying these at-risk children; however, a new screening prototype was developed including age, acute stress disorder (ASD), and pain that did successfully predict 80% of those with PTSD and 85% of those without later PTSD. A follow-up screener consisting solely of parental items (parental symptoms on the BSI-18 and parental rating of child impairments) was also created and found to sensitively predict 90% of those children with PTSD. Implications from these findings along with study strengths and weaknesses were highlighted.

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Moradi, Ali Reza. "Cognitive characteristics of children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorders." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1996. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/cognitive-characteristics-of-children-and-adolescents-with-posttraumatic-stress-disorders(ff9d90fb-71ed-4636-98b8-b1d7293ddef2).html.

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Cognitive problems are among the important and common sequelae in child patients with PTSD, for example poor memory, poor concentration, intrusive thoughts and flashbacks (e.g., Yule, &Gold 1993; Last; 1993). In recent years, investigators have started to study these functions in adults with PTSD, but they have yet to be investigated in young people with PTSD. Therefore, following extensive investigations of cognitive processing in adults with anxiety disorder including PTSD, it is proposed to apply some of these paradigms to investigate PTSD in children. Chapter One presents a general introduction describing the background to the work and an outline of the proposed studies. Chapter Two describes the concept of PTSD, phnomenology, classification of PTSD and PTSD in children and finally three noncognitive theories of PTSD. Two basic concepts of cognition i.e. memoiy and attention are described in Chapter Three. Cognitive theories of emotional disorders especially that of Williams et al. (1988) and cognitive models of PTSD are presented. Chapter Four describes how a dictionaiy of emotional words was developed and a list of different types of emotional words was created. In the first experiment in Chapter 5, young people with PTSD, children of adults with PTSD and normal subjects, participated in a colour naming task. The task consisted of 5 categories of words: threat-related depressed-related, trauma-related, positive and neutral words which appeared randomly, one after the other on the screen of a computer in four different colours three times. The results indicated that the PTSD patients had a greater interference toward trauma-related words than other types of words compared to the control group. Children of adults with PTSD showed an attentional bias towards trauma-related and threat-related words. Chapter Six describes a second experiment on attention with children with PTSD. Four types of words -physical threat, social threat, depressed and neutral words- were presented to the subjects one after the other. The subjects were asked to press a buttonwhen they saw a dot on the screen of the computer. The results showed that the PTSD patients shifted their attention towards threat words, while their attention shifted away from depressed words. Chapter Seven describes an investigation on recall and recognition with young people with PTSD and children of adults with PTSD compared with controls. The findings indicated that PTSD patients generally recalled fewer words than controls which confirmed poor memory in young people with PTSD, but both experimental groups did not show any memory bias towards a particular type of emotional words on the recall or recognition task. Chapter Eight compared the findings of PTSD and controls' performance on the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (Wilson et.al ., 1990, RBMT). PTSD patients showed a poor memory performance on this task compared with normal subjects. They particularly had impairment in prospective items (those items which related to the future), story immediate and delayed recall and orientation. A final chapter presents a full discussion of the results of the emprical studies and discusses possible implications for future research. 4

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Hallett, Georgina. "An exploration of how veterans diagnosed with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder experience therapy." Thesis, University of Roehampton, 2012. https://pure.roehampton.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/an-exploration-of-how-veterans-diagnosed-with-combat-related-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-experience-therapy(583ad99a-07f9-48d9-b93d-9e8c07bbc613).html.

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In 1980, the various symptoms of combat stress were formally classified as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), now an established condition with supporting research on its prevalence, possible causes and treatment options. As a diagnosis, however, it is marked by persistent questions about its validity as a conceptualisation of this group of symptoms. This kind of questioning stance is characteristic of counselling psychology as a discipline, which attempts to straddle both the scientific and therapeutic worlds of psychology. This latter, more subjective and interpretative world is currently absent from PTSD research and there is a consequent lack of understanding as to the perspective of those who have a PTSD diagnosis and who have undergone treatment for it. This research aims to fill this gap in the literature by asking veterans diagnosed with combat-related PTSD to describe and explore their experience of therapy. Six male participants were recruited on a voluntary basis from Combat Stress, the UK’s leading charity specialising in the care of veterans’ mental health. All participants served on a full time basis for the Armed Forces in a combat role and have since been diagnosed with combat-related PTSD by a Combat Stress psychiatrist. The data was collected using semi-structured interviews lasting around one hour. Analysis of the data was conducted using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), an inductive method which aims to explore and understand how a phenomenon is experienced from the perspective of those involved. Two master themes emerged, ‘being misunderstood’ and ‘developing understanding’, each with three subthemes. These themes explore these participants’ accounts of the internal confusion caused by PTSD symptoms and the external struggle to be understood by others and receive necessary help. These themes also engage with how the participants report a growing commitment to therapy, their developing relationships with themselves and their therapists, and the value of normative experiences in a safe environment. Together these themes form an interpretative answer to the research question: how do veterans diagnosed with combat-related PTSD experience therapy? The themes are explored in depth and links are drawn between them and the wider literature. The implications of this for counselling psychology practice are discussed, and suggestions for further research are made.

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Murray, James Lee. "The role of dissociation in the development and maintenance of post-traumatic stress disorder." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6abbb132-54c5-4ae6-84a8-d1dd920f112d.

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The aim of this thesis was to investigate psychological factors influencing the development and maintenance of post-traumatic symptoms, with particular attention to the role of dissociation. The concept of dissociation is at present not well understood, and a secondary aim of this thesis was to clarify its meaning and structure and enable its assessment. Chapter 2 reports the development and testing of a questionnaire measuring trait dissociation, and the factor analysis of this questionnaire into seven sub-factors with low to medium intercorrelations, along with an analysis of the reliability and validity of this questionnaire, which was used in the subsequent studies. Chapters 3 and 4 consist of experimental studies investigating the relationship between dissociation and later intrusive memories using a videotape of scenes from road traffic accidents as a stimulus. The first study attempted to manipulate dissociation, while the second used extreme scorers on the trait dissociation questionnaire. The manipulation of dissociation proved difficult, but both studies showed a relationship between dissociation and later intrusions. Chapters 6 and 7 report on two prospective clinical studies following road traffic accident victims over the first six months following their accident, and investigates the role of dissociation and other psychological factors in the development of post-traumatic symptoms. Both state and trait dissociation, and the emotional numbing subfactor of dissociation in particular, predict the later development and maintenance of other post-traumatic symptoms. Persistent dissociation was more predictive of later symptoms than dissociation in the first few days after the accident. These results are discussed in relation to current thinking about the concept of dissociation and the DSM diagnoses of post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder. In particular it seems useful to distinguish between components of dissociation in terms of their relationship to PTSD. Possible future research and clinical implications are also addressed.

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Ovaert, Lynda B. "Differences between Acknowledged and Unacknowledged Rape: Occurrence of PTSD." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278638/.

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This study examined the relation between level of rape acknowledgement and levels of PTSD symptoms reported in female college students. Subjects were administered the Sexual Experiences Survey (SES), the PTSD Interview, and a demographics questionnaire. Subjects were then grouped into the following categories based on their responses to the SES: reported rape victims, acknowledged rape victims, unacknowledged rape victims, and a control group of non-rape subjects. Small sample analyses did not reveal the expected linear relation between the two variables. Only the acknowledged group showed greater PTSD symptoms. The unacknowledged and control groups did not significantly differ on overall PTSD symptom severity, or on any cluster of PTSD symptoms. Naturalistic selection factors are discussed that could have affected the outcome of the study.

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35

Steyn, Katharine Mary. "Posttraumatic stress disorder, its sequelae and cognitive behavioural therapy as an appropriate therapy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50062.

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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Posttraumatic stress Disorder (PTSD) has been researched and written about since its recognition as a disorder in the DSM-III in 1980. This study reviews the literature on PTSD and cognitive behavioural therapies, designed for its treatment. It covers the historical aspects of how the syndrome came to be identified, defined and recognized as a discrete disorder. The neurobiological features of the disorder, its cognitive processes, particularly those of dissociation and traumatic memory are dealt with. Cognitive behavioural therapies are reviewed, these include: relaxation; hypnosis; exposure; eye movement desensitization reprocessing; anxiety management training; cognitive therapy and combination therapies. Further areas for research are suggested based on the lacunae that have yet to be explored with regard to cognitive behavioral therapy treatments.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Posttraumatiesestressversteuring is nagevors en bespreek vandat dit in 1980 in die DSM-III as 'n versteuring herken is. Hierdie studie gee 'n oorsig van die literatuur oor PTSVen kognitiewe gedragsterapeutiese, ontwerp om dit te behandel. Dit gee 'n historiese oorsig van hoe dit geïdentifiseer, beskryf en gedefinieër is as 'n spesifieke gedragsversteuring. Die neurobiologiese implikasies van die versteuring, die kognitiewe kenmerke, veral die van dissosiasie en traumatiese geheue word ondersoek. Kognitiewe gedragsterapieword beskryf en sluit die volgende in: ontspanning; blootstelling, oogbewegingdesensiteringherprosering; angsbeheeropleiding; kognitiewe terapie en kombinasie terapie. Verdere areas vir navorsing word voorgestel en is gebasseer op die gebrekke wat bestaan in kognitiewebedragsterapie.

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36

Heckman, Christopher. "Recognition and Use of Empirically-Supported Treatments among Clinicians Treating Clients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1432309400.

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37

Baldwin, Carol L. (Carol Louise). "Dissociation and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Women Who Have Experienced Trauma and Sexual Assault." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332592/.

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The relation between dissociative symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was investigated in women who had experienced trauma or sexual assault. Subjects were administered the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), the Sexual Experiences Scale (SES), and the PTSD Interview (PTSD-I). Subjects were grouped according to their scores on the SES and the PTSD-I. Analysis of variance revealed a relation between DES scores and PTSD symptom severity scores. Correlational analyses showed a relation between dissociative symptoms and PTSD symptom severity but not recency of trauma. Three factors from a previously published factor analysis of the DES were found to contribute to the DES scores of PTSD subjects.

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Sombke, Chad. "Lack of Control as a Predictive Factor for Stress-related Symptoms in Rape Victims." DigitalCommons@USU, 1993. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6057.

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Researchers have agreed that most rape victims vii experience stress-related symptoms similar to post-traumatic stress disorder. There have also been numerous studies that have tried to predict the severity of those stress-related symptoms, but the literature is inconclusive. Lack of perceived control is consistently mentioned in the rape research literature as being present in rape victims, but no study has empirically examined the relationship between perceived control and a rape victim's stress-related symptoms. The purpose of this study was to empirically examine the relationship between perceived control and stress-related symptoms in rape victims. This was accomplished by comparing a group of 33 subjects who reported being victims of rape with a group of 50 subjects who did not report being victims of rape. Mean stress-related symptom scores were correlated with perceived control scores; also, factors, including group membership and the time elapsed since a rape, were regressed onto the subjects' stress-related symptom scores. The correlations between stress-related symptoms and perceived control in the rape victim group were statistically significant, but the relationship was not present for the nonvictim group. Also, nonsignificant results were obtained for joint effects between perceived control and group membership, along with perceived control and time since a victim had been raped. The results suggest that low perceived control is a good predictor for elevated stress-related symptoms. Further research may clarify the relationship between perceived control and stress-related symptoms in rape victims.

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Edmondson, Sally. "The context of recovery: Individual experiences of recovery from work-related trauma." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2001. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1512.

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In this study the recovery experiences of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to a work-related trauma was investigated. The aim of the study was to explore individual experiences within an ecological framework in order to develop a clearer understanding of the significance of contextual factors. The study utilised a multiple case methodology and data was analysed using the qualitative method of focused conceptual development. Participants were four males and one female ranging in age from 37 to 57 years and two female key informants who had four and seven years of experience of working with stress claims in the worker's compensation system. Participants were interviewed about their experiences of recovery. The data was triangulated with archival data from the participant's vocational rehabilitation file and information provided by the key informants. Findings suggest that viewing work-related trauma within an ecological framework enhance our understanding of the trauma recovery process. This study revealed a number of key influences in participant's experience of recovery, such as the influence of the worker's compensation system, social support and coping style. These included issues such as recognition and legitimacy of psychological injury and the type of services offered in the system. Implications for clinical practice and the wider community are discussed including the importance of a comprehensive ecological assessment when working with work-related trauma victims.

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40

Michaels, Stase Mikalajunas. "Incorporating the Feedback of Combat Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Construction of a Sleep Disorders Inventory." W&M ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626010.

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41

Agar, Elenor. "Factors associated with the presentation of persisting post traumatic stress disorder symptoms in people who have sustained traumatic spinal cord injuries." Thesis, Open University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273319.

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Objectives: This study aimed to investigate factors associated with persistent Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in people with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). In the context of a cognitive model, it sought to determine how influential cognitive appraisals were in predicting persistent PTSD when compared to other known predictor variables in the literature such as injury severity, gender, previous psychiatric history and social support. Design: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey that examined concurrent predictors of PTSD symptoms and diagnosis primarily using multiple regression analyses. Method: A sample of 50 inpatients receiving rehabilitation for SCI who were 3-24 months post- injury were interviewed using a series of standardised measures of PTSD symptoms and diagnosis, post-traumatic cognitive appraisals, social support, and injury severity. Results: For PTSD symptoms, significant relationships were found for greater injury severity, lower satisfaction with social support and more negative cognitions. PTSD diagnosis was only related to cognitive variables. Negative cognitions were found to predict variance in PTS symptoms over and above the non-cognitive variables although gender and injury severity were also predictors. The only significant predictor of PTSD diagnosis was the cognitive subscale' negative cognitions about the self. Conclusions: Cognitive appraisals were found to be important predictors of persisting PTSD in an SCI population. This supports the cognitive model of PTSD and the development of cognitive therapies for PTSD in this population. Future research directions are discussed.

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Stuhldreher, Kelly M. "ARMY STRONG: STIGMATIZING CONCEPT FOR THOSE THAT DO NOT FIT THE “SUPER SOLDIER/MACHO MAN” MOLD OR CONCEPT OF GREATNESS?" Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1336427470.

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Henson, Brandy Renee. "PTSD and health among VA general medical care patients an investigation into the mediating effects of coping /." Online access for everyone, 2004. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2004/b%5Fhenson%5F100804.pdf.

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Stoll, Jeffrey G. Nezu Christine M. "The ability of social problem-solving to mediate the relationship between breast cancer severity and posttraumatic stress symptomatology /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2005. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860/496.

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Tang, Sharon Shann-Shin. "Social context in traumatic stress : gender, ethnicity, and betrayal /." Thesis, Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank) Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10263.

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46

Leather, Cathy V. "The ability of naive participants to report symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder using different assessment measures." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/951/.

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47

Smith, Lindsay E. "The role of memory for trauma in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder following traumatic brain injury and research portfolio." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2007. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/12/.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been reported following traumatic brain injury (TBI), even when TBI leads to amnesia for the traumatic event. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between memory for the event (as assessed by the Traumatic Memory Inventory) and reporting of PTSD symptoms in a sample of adults with mild-severe TBI (n=21). Physiological reactivity (heart rate and activity level) was recorded in order to investigate the possible role of sub-conscious processes (such as implicit memory or fear conditioning) in the development of PTSD after TBI. PTSD symptoms were assessed by a self-report questionnaire (Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale; PDS) and the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale so as to compare previously reported diagnostic rates established with these measures (Sumpter and McMillan, 2005). Higher PTSD severity scores were not, as predicted, associated with recall of the event. Amnesia for the traumatic event may not protect against PTSD development and other factors associated with recall (such as emotional response and confidence in accurateness) may be relevant. Predicted increases in heart rate and activity level during trauma recall were not found and results do not support the role of sub-conscious processing as a causal mechanism for PTSD development after TBI. Rates of diagnosis established using self-report and interview measures support previous evidence that the assessment of PTSD after TBI is confused by overlapping symptoms and that valid diagnosis can only be established with clinician judgement.

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Martin, Lindi Imelda. "HIV-related-post-traumatic stress disorder : psychological distress among a sample of individuals recently diagnosed with HIV." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/872.

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Combs, Hannah L. "The Effects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, and Combined Posttraumatic Stress Disorder/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury on Returning Veterans." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/29.

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Veterans of the Iraqi and Afghanistan conflicts have frequently returned with injuries such as mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). More recently, concern has been raised about the large number of returning soldiers who are diagnosed with both. Literature exists on the neuropsychological factors associated with either alone, however far less research has explored the effects when combined (PTSD+mTBI). With a sample of 206 OEF/OIF veterans, the current study employed neuropsychological and psychological measures to determine whether participants with PTSD+mTBI have poorer cognitive and psychological outcomes than participants with PTSD-o, mTBI-o, or veteran controls (VC), when groups are matched on IQ, education, and age. The PTSD+mTBI and mTBI-o groups exhibited very similar neuropsychology profiles, and both PTSD+mTBI and mTBI-o performed significantly (α=.01) worse than VC on executive functioning and processing speed measures. There were no significant differences between VC and PTSD-o on any notable neuropsychology measures. In contrast, on the psychological measures, the PTSD+mTBI and PTSD-o groups were identical to each other and more distressed than either mTBI-o or VC. These findings suggest there are lasting cognitive impairments following mTBI that are unique to the condition and cannot be attributed to known impairments associated with distress.

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Ingram, Lindsay D. Weathers Frank W. "Investigation of trauma type differences using the Personality Assessment Inventory." Auburn, Ala., 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SPRING/Psychology/Thesis/Ingram_Lindsay_35.pdf.

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