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1
GERAERT, P. A. "Métabolisme énergétique du poulet de chair en climat chaud." INRAE Productions Animales 4, no. 3 (July 31, 1991): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.1991.4.3.4340.
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Devant le développement de l’aviculture dans les régions chaudes du globe ainsi que l’importance économique des coups de chaleur dans les élevages avicoles en France, faire le point des connaissances disponibles sur l’effet des températures ambiantes élevées sur le métabolisme énergétique du poulet de chair nous est apparu nécessaire. Les aspects de thermolyse ou pertes de chaleur et de thermogénèse ou production de chaleur sont développés ainsi que les capacités d’acclimatation des jeunes poulets aux températures chaudes. Les mécanismes d’élimination de la chaleur par voie sensible ou par évaporation pulmonaire chez les volailles sont présentés en insistant particulièrement sur l’influence de la vitesse de l’air en relation avec la température ambiante. Dans bien des cas, pour des raisons économiques, l’augmentation de la ventilation associée ou non à une diminution de la densité d’élevage apparaît la principale solution pour accroître les pertes de chaleur. Sur le plan de la dépense énergétique, alors que l’exposition au chaud réduit le métabolisme basal et vraisemblablement l’activité physique, la composante « thermogénèse alimentaire » ne serait pas diminuée mais au contraire accrue. Un tel résultat pourrait expliquer pourquoi les gains de poids des poulets élevés au chaud sont toujours inférieurs à ceux des poulets maintenus à température normale même lorsque les consommations sont égalisées. La modification de la composition de l’aliment ne permet de changer notablement ni la production de chaleur ni le dépôt de protéines corporelles des animaux élevés au chaud. La solution apparaît plutôt être dans le retrait de l’aliment juste avant et pendant toute la durée du stress thermique. Enfin, l’acclimatation des poulets dès le jeune âge à des températures ambiantes élevées leur permet de supporter beaucoup mieux les coups de chaleur en fin de croissance, période où ils sont le plus vulnérables. En conclusion, les besoins en nutriments et la réponse des animaux aux températures élevées pourraient être prédits par des modèles théoriques intégrant les facteurs environnementaux et nutritionnels pour éviter l’approche empirique trop longtemps utilisée en nutrition par le passé.
2
Kodsi, Samir. "Stress en milieu de travail : une intervention individuelle, organisationnelle et communautaire." Santé mentale au Québec 4, no. 1 (June 2, 2006): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030045ar.
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Près de 9 000 personnes travaillent et vivent de 9 à 5 dans des tours climatisées. Tout est en place pour produire et consommer davantage. Lorsqu'il fait froid, l'air climatisé est là pour nous dégeler, et lorsqu'il fait chaud, il est toujours là pour garder l'air ambiant à 20° C afin de nous faire oublier qu'à l'extérieur la température pourrait nous inciter à faire une sieste. De plus, le décor aseptique et impersonnel des petits bureaux nous fait souvent penser au « rat maze » de Skinner. Dans cet article, notre intention n'est pas de vous endormir en vous racontant l'histoire des tours à bureaux, mais plutôt de vous livrer les résultats d'une expérience dans le domaine de la santé communautaire qui se vit dans cet édifice depuis près de deux ans. Il s'agit du programme Prévention-Santé en milieu de travail du CLSC Centre-Ville à Montréal qui met l'accent sur un phénomène communément appelé le stress. L'originalité de ce programme réside dans le fait que l'intervention menée par une équipe multidisciplinaire s'est centrée sur une population du secteur tertiaire de l'industrie.
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QUINIOU, N., D. RENAUDEAU, A. COLLIN, and J. NOBLET. "Effets de l’exposition au chaud sur les caractéristiques de la prise alimentaire du porc à différents stades physiologiques." INRAE Productions Animales 13, no. 4 (June 18, 2020): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2000.13.4.3783.
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L’exposition des porcs à des températures ambiantes élevées s’accompagne d’une chute des performances chez le porcelet sevré, le porc en croissance et la truie en lactation. Cet effet négatif de la chaleur s’exerce notamment via une diminution de la consommation spontanée d’aliment. Après avoir exposé les mécanismes impliqués dans la thermorégulation et les difficultés rencontrées pour définir la zone de confort thermique, cet article présente les effets de la température sur les caractéristiques de la prise alimentaire chez le Porc en s’appuyant sur les résultats d’un programme expérimental développé depuis 1996 à l’INRA de St-Gilles. Ainsi, il apparaît que le Porc a un comportement essentiellement diurne quelle que soit la température ambiante. Dans la gamme des températures étudiées, la moindre consommation alimentaire au chaud résulte, dans un premier temps, d’une diminution de la taille des repas alors que leur fréquence n’est pas modifiée. Cependant, d’après les résultats obtenus chez les truies allaitantes, l’accroissement de l’intensité du stress thermique provoque également une réduction du nombre de repas. Lorsque la température varie au cours de la journée autour d’une valeur moyenne de confort, le porc en croissance et la truie allaitante adaptent leur prise alimentaire aux conditions thermiques et parviennent à compenser leur moindre consommation en période chaude par une ingestion d’aliment accrue pendant les périodes fraîches de la journée. Cependant, sous des températures moyennes élevées (supérieures à la zone de thermoneutralité), la consommation alimentaire plafonne pendant les périodes fraîches et ne permet plus de compenser la chute de consommation lors des périodes chaudes.
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Robin, Nicolas, Robbin Carien, Laurent Dominique, and Shelly. "Hydratation quand il fait chaud : recommandations sur les boissons de l’effort au tennis." ITF Coaching & Sport Science Review 30, no. 88 (December 22, 2022): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52383/itfcoaching.v30i88.360.
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Il est primordial que les joueurs de tennis disposent d’un apport en boisson, approprié, régulier et suffisant. En effet, les athlètes consomment généralement beaucoup moins de liquide que les pertes induites par les mécanismes de thermorégulation (principalement par la sudation), causées par la combinaison de l’exercice physique et du stress lié à la chaleur, lorsqu’ils jouent en condition chaude. Cet article à pour objectif d’évoquer les mécanismes physiologiques et psychologiques impliqués dans la pratique du tennis, d’entrainement ou de compétition, en condition chaude sèche ou humide et de proposer des suggestions concernant l’utilisation des boissons chez les joueurs de tennis. Des recommandations appliquées, concernant l’hydratation pré- (avant), per- (pendant) et post- (après) exercice, sont apportées afin de permettre d’anticiper et de limiter les baisses de performances ainsi que de prévenir les risques de troubles physiologiques comme les crampes, l’épuisement précoce, les blessures voire les coups de chaleurs, ainsi que les atteintes psychologiques et motivationnelles causées par la déshydratation.
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Kayilou, J. M. Bazaba, Alain Boussana, Judith F. Ahounou Aikpe, Pierre H. Dansou, and Joachim D. Gbenou. "Réponses physiologiques par poste de jeu des footballeurs d’élite lors d’un match éprouvant dans un environnement chaud et humide." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 4 (August 17, 2020): 1273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i4.9.
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Malgré la hausse de la température atmosphérique pendant la grande saison de pluies, la Fédération Congolaise de Football (FECOFOOT) organise les matchs à 14 heures. Dans le but d’évaluer les paramètres physiologiques des footballeurs par poste de jeu et la distance totale qu’ils parcourent au cours d’un match éprouvant de football en république du Congo. Un match test a été organisé à une température de 39 °C et une humidité relative de 60 %. La fréquence cardiaque d’effort (170,4 ± 8,73 bpm), la température corporelle centrale (37,06 ± 0,20 °C) ainsi que la quantité d’eau consommée au cours du match (2,28 ± 0,37 L) des attaquants étaient plus élevées que les autres joueurs. Par contre, la perte hydrique (3,55 ± 0,55%), la dépense énergétique (868,00 ± 99,52 kcal) et la distance totale parcourue (8,95 ± 0,47 km) des milieux de terrain étaient supérieures aux autres joueurs. Le football pratiqué dans un environnement chaud et humide entraine une contrainte physiologique élevée responsable de la contre performance des footballeurs.
Mots clés : Perte hydrique, performance, footballeur, climat chaud et humide, R. Congo.
English Title: Physiological responses by playing position of elite footballers during a challenging match in a hot and humid environment
Despite the rise in atmospheric temperature during the great rainy season, the Congolese Football Federation (FECOFOOT) organizes the matches at 2 pm. For the purpose of evaluating the physiological parameters and the total distance travelled by footballers per playing position during a challenging football match in the republic of Congo. A test match was held in a hot and humid environment with a temperature of 38 °C and a relative humidity of 60%. The exertion heart rate (170.4 ± 8.73 bpm), core body temperature (37.06 ± 0.20 °C) and the amount of water consumed during the match (2.28 ± 0.37 L) of the strikers were higher than those of the other players. In contrast, water loss (3.55 ± 0.55%), energy expenditure (868.00 ± 99.52 kcal) and total distance travelled (8.95 ± 0.47 km) from midfielders were higher than other players. Football played in a hot and humid environment leads to a high physiological stress responsible for the counter-performance of footballers.
Keywords: Water loss, performance, football player, hot and humid climate, R. Congo.
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DE BASILIO, V., and M. PICARD. "La capacité de survie des poulets à un coup de chaleur est augmentée par une exposition précoce à une température élevée." INRAE Productions Animales 15, no. 4 (September 15, 2002): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2002.15.4.3705.
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Un coup de chaleur pendant la dernière semaine d’élevage provoque une hyperthermie et tue un nombre important de poulets. La température corporelle peut être considérée comme un indicateur utile du confort thermique du poulet de chair exposé à la chaleur et de ses capacités d’adaptation. L’acclimatation précoce par exposition des poussins de chair pendant 24 h à 36-40°C, réduit de manière limitée (de 0,12 à 0,30°C) mais significative et durable, la température moyenne corporelle mesurée dans le côlon terminal et diminue la mortalité lors d’un coup de chaleur en période de finition sans réduire la croissance. Plusieurs essais suggèrent au contraire une stimulation de la synthèse musculaire. Ces résultats de recherche sont reproduits dans des conditions tropicales de laboratoire et d’élevage réel au Venezuela. Les mécanismes d’acquisition d’une résistance durable à un stress thermique ne sont pas complètement connus. L’acclimatation précoce réduit l’hématocrite, la viscosité du sang, le taux circulant de T3, sans changer significativement les taux plasmatiques de glucose et de protéines. Aucun résultat ne confirme une implication des protéines de choc thermique (HSP) dans l’acclimatation précoce. Il semble que l’acclimatation précoce agisse en initiant chez le jeune poussin, au moment où il devient homéotherme, un ensemble de mécanismes qui favorisent la thermolyse (circulation sanguine périphérique et hyperventilation) et qui réduisent la thermogenèse au chaud (métabolisme thyroïdien et découplage mitochondrial). Il existe suffisamment de résultats positifs aujourd’hui pour affirmer que la capacité de survie des poulets à un coup de chaleur est augmentée par une exposition à une température élevée pendant 24 h à l’âge de 5 jours.
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RENAUDEAU, D., N. MANDONNET, M. TIXIER-BOICHARD, J. NOBLET, and J. P. BIDANEL. "Atténuer les effets de la chaleur sur les performances des porcs : la voie génétique." INRAE Productions Animales 17, no. 2 (March 20, 2004): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2004.17.1.3556.
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La température ambiante est l’un des principaux facteurs climatiques affectant les performances des porcs en période estivale dans les régions tempérées et toute l’année dans les régions tropicales. Les températures ambiantes élevées ont des effets directs principalement sur les fonctions de reproduction du mâle ou de la femelle ou indirectement via une réduction de l’ingestion alimentaire sur les performances de lactation et de croissance. Après avoir brièvement rappelé les principes de la thermorégulation chez le porc et les effets de la chaleur sur leurs performances en fonction du stade physiologique, cet article fait le point sur les solutions utilisables pour atténuer les effets négatifs du climat chaud, en particulier, sur la possibilité de sélectionner des animaux thermotolérants. Cette approche consiste à produire des animaux moins sensibles au stress thermique et/ou ayant une thermorégulation plus efficace. Une des principales difficultés est de comprendre les mécanismes physiologiques impliqués dans l’adaptation à la chaleur et la nature des antagonismes entre les caractères de production et d’adaptation. Cette étape préliminaire conditionne le choix des critères mais également de la meilleure méthode de sélection. Comparativement aux autres espèces (volaille et ruminant), la variabilité génétique de la tolérance à la chaleur et les critères physiologiques ou zootechniques utilisables dans une démarche de sélection chez le porc sont assez peu connus. Cependant, des indicateurs de la sensibilité à la chaleur (Heat Shock Protein), de la thermogenèse (consommation résiduelle, protéines découplantes) ou de la thermolyse (rythme respiratoire, conductivité thermique cutanée) pourraient être des bons critères à considérer pour l’obtention d’une lignée thermotolérante.
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Hanafi, Abdelhakim, and Djamel Alkama. "Stratégie d’amélioration du confort thermique d’une place publique d’une ville saharienne 'Biskra/Algérie'." Journal of Renewable Energies 19, no. 3 (October 17, 2023): 465–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54966/jreen.v19i3.585.
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Les espaces publics ouverts, surtout les places publiques sont pour la rencontre de la population, la communication, la convivialité, etc… Afin que ces espaces jouent leur rôle, il y règne un environnement physique confortable. L’usage optimal de ces espaces mérite une connaissance détaillée de tous les éléments qui peuvent améliorer les conditions climatiques d’utilisation de ces derniers. L'objectif du présent article est d’étudier et d’analyser le rôle joué par la végétation (le végétal urbain) dans l’espace extérieur urbain; vu que c’est une composante fondamentale de ce dernier; dont elle minimise et intercepte les rayons solaires, un facteur très important du confort thermique à l’extérieur. Elle réduit les températures de l’air, génère de l’ombre, absorbe les flux radiatifs. En général, elle participe à la modification positive des ambiances physiques (chaleur, humidité, lumière,…). Sachant que les gens des villes sahariennes, (climat chaud et zone aride) cherchent à s’abriter contre les rayons solaires par tous les moyens, surtout durant la période estivale. A cette dernière, la majorité des gens sont touchés par le stress thermique, vu le manque de fraîcheur et de l’ombre, et cela, les pousse à abandonner les places publiques, et rejoindre les espaces bâtis, tout en utilisant la climatisation, qui engendra une importante consommation d’énergie (électricité). L’investigation 'in situ' a touché la dimension climatique, la température ambiante, l'humidité, l'ensoleillement, le rayonnement solaire, etc… et l’insertion du végétal urbain (par simulation) comme un masque contre les rayons solaires. Les résultats obtenus confirment le rôle primordial du végétal urbain dans la création de l’ombre, qui a amélioré le confort thermique des places publiques et ensuite la qualité de la vie urbaine. Or on s’est limité, dans cet article, à exposer un seul exemple de la recherche. Il s’agit d'une place publique (Ben Badis) de la ville de Biskra/Algérie, ville saharienne, (à climat sec et de zone aride). La technique suivie dans ce travail est une combinaison entre les mesures des facteurs climatiques nécessaires 'in situ' et la simulation par le biais d’un logiciel.
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Alev, Burçin, Sevim Tunalı, Ünsal Veli Üstündağ, Hazal İpekçi, Ebru Emekli Alturfan, Tuğba Tunalı Akbay, Refiye Yanardağ, and Ayşen Yarat. "Chard extract increased gastric sialic acid and ameliorated oxidative stress in valproic acid-administered rats." Food and Health 9, no. 2 (2023): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3153/fh23013.
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Valproic acid, one of the most used drugs for epilepsy patients, has some known side effects. Chard extract has many pharmacological activities. The study aims to evaluate whether valproic acid might interfere with oxidative metabolism in gastric tissue and whether chard ameliorates these effects. The Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n=8); control, chard-given control, valproic acid, and chard-given valproic acid. The aqueous extracts of chard leaves were given 1 h before the administration of valproic acid for 7 days. On the 8th day, the animals were sacrificed under anesthesia and gastric tissues were homogenized. When compared to the control group, valproic acid significantly increased malondialdehyde and catalase activity, while superoxide dismutase activity decreased. Chard administration increased glutathione and, sialic acid levels and decreased malondialdehyde levels and superoxide dismutase activity in the valproic acid group. Based on these findings, since chard increased gastric sialic acid levels, we may suggest that chard may protect gastric mucosa may be through its antioxidant effects.
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Redondo-Gómez, Susana, Elena Romano-Rodríguez, Jennifer Mesa-Marín, Cristina Sola-Elías, and Enrique Mateos-Naranjo. "Consortia of Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Isolated from Halophytes Improve the Response of Swiss Chard to Soil Salinization." Agronomy 12, no. 2 (February 13, 2022): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020468.
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Inadequate fertilization or the indiscriminate use of water with high salt concentrations have led to salinization of agricultural soils. In this context, biofertilization with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is an environmentally benign strategy to stimulate plant growth, even under salt stress. Thus, we studied the use of isolated PGPR consortia from halophytes to enhance Swiss chard growth under saline conditions. Growth, photosynthetic apparatus response, nutrient status, pigment concentrations, and secondary metabolites with antioxidant activity were determined in Swiss chard plants grown at 0 and 85 mmol L−1 NaCl. In general, inoculation of plants with PGPR has been shown to be an effective strategy to stimulate the growth of Swiss chard and improve its tolerance to salt stress. Inoculated plants watered with 85 mmol L−1 NaCl showed higher values of leaf dry weight than control plants. Furthermore, PGPR inoculation reduced electrolyte leakage and Na+ uptake and improved chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations, stomatal conductance, and antioxidant capacity of Swiss chard. Finally, our findings highlight the potential of isolated PGPR from halophytes to counterbalance the deleterious effect of salinity and stimulate crop growth.
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A, Tidjani. "Sales Environment and Hygienic Practices of Street Food in N'Djamena, Chad." Food Science & Nutrition Technology 4, no. 4 (July 2, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/fsnt-16000189.
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The preparation and sale of street food is a sociocultural and economic fact in all countries of the world. For more than a decade, this activity has a remarkable growth given the rampant urbanization of African cities in general and N'Djamena, the capital of Chad in particular, the development of the middle class and the development of work both formally and informally. However, the hygienic failures observed around this activity constitute a source of contamination of these foods. The objective of this work is to evaluate sales environment and hygienic practices of Street Food in N'Djamena, Chad. The study was conducted from October 2013 to January 2018 in N'Djamena, Chad. Thus 809 sellers and 455 consumers were surveyed in the public squares of N'Djamena. The results showed a strong presence of women with a proportion of 63.04%. Our study showed that 66.63% of vendors sold in an unclean environment, 61.81% kept their food in pots placed on the floor and 100% of the same vendors did not wear gloves or bucco-nasal masks. The surveyed vendors (92.58%) received no training in hygiene and food technology. The majority (90.99%) of consumers ate their foods with bare hands and 93.33% said they found undesirable elements in foods. Only 23.08% of consumers said there is no risk of food transmitting disease Improving the environmental conditions of the preparation areas and the sales site will prevent foodborne diseases. The competent authorities are called upon to train these sellers but also to implement clear texts with regular monitoring and follow-up plans to improve the hygienic conditions of the latter.
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Cammerino, Anna Rita Bernadette, Michela Ingaramo, Vincenzo Rizzi, Maurizio Gioiosa, and Massimo Monteleone. "Glasswort as a Strategic Crop in Coastal Wetlands: Intercropping Results with Swiss Chard." Agronomy 15, no. 1 (January 10, 2025): 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15010158.
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The Mediterranean region is experiencing severe droughts and unprecedented high temperatures. In terms of salinity, about 18 million ha of land, or 25% of the total irrigated area in the Mediterranean, is salt affected. The use of halophytes as intercropping species to mitigate the effects of salt stress is attractive. Halophytes have a great capacity to maintain their productivity in this extreme environment, thus supporting climate-appropriate agriculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the productivity of Salicornia europaea L. subsp. ramosissima (glasswort) under field conditions and high soil salinity, grown as a sole crop (monocropping) and as a companion crop (intercropping) with Beta vulgaris L. subsp. cicla (Swiss chard) in a 1:1 cropping pattern. The field trials were conducted in the coastal wetland “King’s Lagoon”, a private nature reserve in the Apulia/Puglia region (southern Italy), during two consecutive spring–summer seasons in 2023 and 2024 and under different management conditions of irrigation and fertilization. These were performed to test for possible interaction effects. The results showed that both glasswort and chard can be grown sustainably under slightly saline conditions (ECe range 4–8 dS m−1). In contrast, strongly saline conditions (ECe > 16 dS m−1) were prohibitive for chard, both as a sole crop and as an intercrop, but were largely beneficial for glasswort. Swiss chard can benefit from intercropping with glasswort when soil salinity is still tolerable (6.9 dS m−1), showing an LER (Land Equivalent Ratio) ≥ 1.19. Meanwhile, glasswort did not significantly improve the growth of the companion crop (Swiss chard) when the soil was considerably saline (16.6 dS m−1). Higher LER values were observed when the contribution of chard to the intercrop performance was significantly greater than that of glasswort, i.e., under slightly saline conditions. This means that glasswort can have a significant positive effect on chard growth and productivity as long as soil is still moderately saline. Glasswort can therefore be considered a valuable model crop in extreme environments. The integration of glasswort (possibly together with other local halophytes) into diversified cropping systems on saline marginal soils is a promising sustainable agricultural practice in environmentally fragile areas such as wetlands, swamps, brackish areas, and marshes.
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Machuca Vargas, Alejandra, Ana Cecilia Silveira Gómez, Cristian Hernández-Adasme, and Víctor Hugo Escalona Contreras. "Effect of the Ozone Application in the Nutrient Solution and the Yield and Oxidative Stress of Hydroponic Baby Red Chard." Horticulturae 9, no. 11 (November 16, 2023): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9111234.
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Novel ozone (O3) sanitizing treatments can be used to decrease the microbial load during cultivation, but they would affect the composition of the nutrient solution. Variations in the nutrient composition decrease crop yields, especially if a strong oxidizing agent such as ozone is used. In this study, O3 was applied throughout the culture every two days at doses of 0.0 (control); 0.5; 1.0; and 2.0 mg·L−1 for 3 min on baby red chard (Beta vulgaris L. cv. SCR 107) grown in a floating hydroponic system. Macronutrients and micronutrients in the nutrient solution, yield, antioxidant compounds, and oxidative stress enzymes were evaluated in plants. Macronutrients in the nutrient solution were not affected by O3, whereas micronutrients, such as Fe and Mn, decreased by 88.2 and 39.6%, respectively, at the 0.5 mg·L−1 dose. The dose of 0.5 mg·L−1 produced more fresh matter and leaf area than the control. Antioxidant capacity and total phenols were not significantly affected by O3 treatments; however, higher SOD, CAT, and APX activity after O3 applications were found. It is concluded that ozone applications to the nutrient solution affect the availability of some micronutrients and increase oxidative stress and yield in baby red chard plants.
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Maedler, Kathrin, and Amin Ardestani. "mTORC in β cells: more Than Only Recognizing Comestibles." Journal of Cell Biology 216, no. 7 (June 12, 2017): 1883–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201704179.
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The pathways regulating pancreatic β cell survival in diabetes are poorly understood. Here, Chau et al. (2017. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201701085) demonstrate that mTOR regulates the apoptotic machinery through binding to the ChREBP–Mlx complex to suppress TXNIP, thereby protecting pancreatic β cells in the diabetic setting by inhibiting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Abiya, Andrew Agrey, David Mfuti Kupesa, Dennis Beesigamukama, Menale Kassie, Dennis Mureithi, Daniel Thairu, John Wesonga, Chrysantus M. Tanga, and Saliou Niassy. "Agronomic Performance of Kale (Brassica oleracea) and Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris) Grown on Soil Amended with Black Soldier Fly Frass Fertilizer under Wonder Multistorey Gardening System." Agronomy 12, no. 9 (September 16, 2022): 2211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092211.
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The wonder multistorey garden (WMSG) is an innovative vertical farming system tailored for urban settings that can be constrained by the irrigation regime, and by types and levels of fertilizer application. This study evaluated the effects of applying NPK fertilizer and black soldier fly frass fertilizer (BSFFF) under different irrigation regimes on the growth, yield, and pest infestation of kale (Brassica oleracea) and Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris). The fertilizers were applied at rates equivalent to 371 kg N ha−1. For each crop, the BSFFF or NPK was applied to supply 100% of the N required (100% BSFFF), and then a combination of BSFFF and NPK was applied so that each fertilizer supplied 50% of the N required (50% BSFFF + 50% NPK). Crops’ water requirements were provided using three irrigation regimes: daily, every two days, and every three days. The control treatment was not amended with any fertilizer, while water was provided ad libitum. The results revealed that the irrigation regime significantly affected the leaf production of both vegetables. Irrigation regimes significantly influenced kale plant height, where plants provided with water daily achieved the highest average heights of 20 cm, 46 cm, and 54 cm at 14, 28, and 42 days after transplanting (DAT), respectively. Furthermore, the application of 100% BSFFF produced kale with significantly higher plant heights (55 cm) and number of leaves (9.9 leaves) at 42 DAT compared to other treatments. The interaction between irrigation regimes and fertilizer significantly influenced kale height at 14 DAT and 42 DAT. Use of daily irrigation regime and 100% BSFFF produced the tallest kale plants of 59 cm at 42 DAT. Application of 50% BSFFF + 50% NPK or 100% BSFFF with daily irrigation achieved the highest values of kale and Swiss chard leaf chlorophyll concentration, recorded at 42 DAT. Fertilizer application significantly affected pest population, with the lowest pest infestation being recorded from kale and Swiss chard grown in soil amended with BSFFF. The application of 100% BSFFF or NPK, together with daily irrigation, significantly increased the fresh shoot weight and leaf dry matter of kale and Swiss chard, as compared with the control. The fresh shoot yields of kale and Swiss chard achieved through using a combination of 100% BSFFF and daily irrigation were 14–69% and 13–56% higher than those of NPK, respectively. The same treatment combination also produced kales and Swiss chard with 8–73% and 16–81% higher leaf dry matter compared to NPK, respectively. It was noted that soil amendment with BSFFF maintained higher values of kale (41–50%) and Swiss chard (33–49%) leaf dry matter compared with NPK treatments, during periods of water stress. Our study has demonstrated the high potential of single (100% BSFFF) or combined applications of BSFFF (50% BSFFF + 50% NPK) with a daily irrigation regime to improve the growth, yield, and pest management in Swiss chard and kale under vertical farming. Our study advocates for the scaling of WMSG and BSFFF for sustainable food systems in urban settings.
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Awdal, Abdullah. "Fracture Analysis in the Outcrops of the Qara Chauq Anticlines, Zagros Fold and Thrust Belt of Kurdistan Region in Northern Iraq." UKH Journal of Science and Engineering 6, no. 2 (December 27, 2022): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25079/ukhjse.v6n2y2022.pp26-37.
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The Zagros Fold and Thrust belt is one of the world's most prolific petroleum provinces. Most hydrocarbon reserves are stored in naturally fractured reservoirs and such fracture systems can therefore have a significant impact on reservoir performance. Fractures are one of the most important paths for fluid flow in carbonate reservoirs. Fracture data were collected in the outcrops of the Kirkuk Group of Oligocene age around Qara Chauq South and Qara Chauq North anticlines located near the Kirkuk Oil Field. The studied formations outcropping in the Qara Chauq are the main reservoir units in the Kirkuk and Bai Hassan fields. In Kirkuk and surrounding fields, hydrocarbon production comes mainly from primary porosity with assistance from secondary porosity created by dolomitization, karstification, dissolution, vugs and fractures. Fracture attributes collected from outcrops are fracture orientation, density and length. The results show that fractures in the studied reservoir formation are not uniformly distributed due to massive lithologic nature and lack of well bedding. Furthermore, fracture orientations show a clear relationship to the local fold axis in the outcrops. NW-SE fracture set is perpendicular to the NW-SE fold axis. However, some fractures do not show any relation to the local folding. These fractures may have formed in a pre-folding or post folding stage. Other fracture orientations exhibit a symmetrical relation to the maximum horizontal stress direction. The comparative analysis of outcrop data underlines the importance of representative analogue data for reservoir modelling and production strategies.
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Karlsrud, John, and Randi Solhjell. "Gender-Sensitive Protection and the Responsibility to Prevent: Lessons from Chad." Global Responsibility to Protect 4, no. 2 (2012): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187598412x639719.
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Helping states to fulfil their duty to protect their citizens and those seeking refuge within the sovereign terrain of the given state belongs to the second pillar of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). The R2P concept, however, relates as much to preventing mass atrocities as to halt already on-going ones. This article emphasises the gender dimensions of prevention of and protection against violence and other threats, in order to stress the importance of implementing and mainstreaming gender into R2P. The case study of interest here is the UN support mission to Chad and the Central African Republic (MINURCAT) that provided a fairly encouraging, albeit short-lived, example of gender-responsive prevention and protection measures at the community level for refugees and IDPs in eastern Chad. Chad exemplifies a case with low-intensity conflicts and responses made at the local level, like the MINURCAT-supported community conflict resolution initiative, proved constructive in preventing violent responses. Here, deliberate integration of female police officers was a first step towards facilitating contact with women not allowed to talk to male strangers. Further, ensuring gender training for the entire police unit as an integrated part of their protection responsibility helped in avoiding male-as-norm approaches. The forced withdrawal of the UN was questioned as premature. However, the security situation has remained fairly stable, and the government seems able to provide at least some of the more hard-end forms of protection measures, although rule of law and other forms of protection for vulnerable groups remain elusive in eastern Chad.
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Ogunmakin, Oyewumi. "Will They Continue to Endure: How Conflict and “Climate-Induced” Migration is Affecting the Lake Chad Region." Journal of Environment, Climate, and Ecology 1, no. 2 (October 29, 2024): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.69739/jece.v1i2.136.
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The effects of climate change are undoubtedly global. Reports show that West Africa is in a precarious position, regarding some of the worst consequences of climate change, occasioning extreme events, such as violent conflict, insecurity, and loss of livelihoods in the Lake Chad region. The impact on human lives is full-blown as ‘climate-induced’ migration results in drought, desertification, and the intensifying water stress has on human migration in the region. Notably, the deterioration of individual and local living conditions has compelled inhabitants of the region in Nigeria to migrate to neighboring states as Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) or ‘environmental refugees” in neighboring countries. However, existing studies focused on the impact and patterns of migration in West Africa thereby creating a “knowledge gap” on how ‘climate-induced’ migration is affecting the Lake Chad region. This paper employs secondary data collection, analyzing dynamic trends and patterns of climate change and challenges management. Findings revealed that while the activities of terrorists and insurgent groups have strongly impacted migration within the Lake Chad region, the continuous “dryness” and the ever-changing climate conditions, such as rising temperature, desertification, flooding, and drought have dramatically worsened and contributed to the mass decision to leave the region.
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Shannon, Michael C., Catherine M. Grieve, Scott M. Lesch, and John H. Draper. "Analysis of Salt Tolerance in Nine Leafy Vegetables Irrigated with Saline Drainage Water." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 125, no. 5 (September 2000): 658–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.125.5.658.
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Saline agricultural drainage water may be used as a resource to grow high value horticultural crops and reduce the volume of drainage for eventual disposal. To explore reuse options the effects of salinity and timing of application were tested on selected leafy vegetables grown in 24 sand culture plots in Riverside, Calif. The leafy winter vegetables included `Ruby Red Chard' Swiss chard [Beta vulgaris L. var. flavescens (Lam.) Lam.], `Space' spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), `Vitamin Green' salad greens [Brassica rapa L. (Narinosa Group)], `Red Giant' mustard greens [Brassica juncea L. (Czerniak)], pac choi [Brassica rapa L. (Chinensis Group)], `Winterbor' kale [Brassica oleracea L. (Acephala Group)], tatsoi [Brassica rapa L. (Narinosa Group)], `Salad King' curly endive (Cichorium endivia L.), and `Red Preco No. 1' radicchio (Cichorium intybus L.). All vegetables were planted at the same time and irrigated initially with tap water and nutrients. At 3 and 7 weeks after seeding (application times), six salinity treatments were initiated by adding salts to the irrigation water to represent the chemical compositions of drainage waters found typically in the San Joaquin Valley, Calif. The six salinity treatments had electrical conductivities of 3 (control), 7, 11, 15, 19, or 23 dS·m-1. A randomized complete block design was used with (6 salinities × 2 application times × 2 replications). Within each plot a 1.5-m row of each of the nine vegetables was grown as split plots. Salinity reduced fresh weight (FW) yields of all species. Salt stress applied at 3 weeks after seeding reduced FWs for seven of the nine vegetables compared to salination at 7 weeks. Analyses of salt tolerance curves, maximum yields, and the point of 50% yield reduction (C50) were conducted. Greens produced the highest biomass at 874 g/plant, but was the most affected by application time. Swiss chard and radicchio were not significantly affected by timing of salinity application, and Swiss chard was the most salt tolerant overall. Greens, kale, pac choi, and to a lesser extent, tatsoi, have potential as winter-grown, leafy vegetables in drainage water reuse systems.
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Shrivastava, Vaibhav, Nimisha Edayilam, Berta Singla Just, Omar Castaño-Sanchez, Laura Díaz-Guerra, and Erik Meers. "Evaluation of agronomic efficiency and stress resistance on Swiss chard via use of biostimulants." Scientia Horticulturae 330 (April 2024): 113053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113053.
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Yolcu, Seher, Hemasundar Alavilli, Pushpalatha Ganesh, Madhusmita Panigrahy, and Kihwan Song. "Salt and Drought Stress Responses in Cultivated Beets (Beta vulgaris L.) and Wild Beet (Beta maritima L.)." Plants 10, no. 9 (September 5, 2021): 1843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091843.
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Cultivated beets, including leaf beets, garden beets, fodder beets, and sugar beets, which belong to the species Beta vulgaris L., are economically important edible crops that have been originated from a halophytic wild ancestor, Beta maritima L. (sea beet or wild beet). Salt and drought are major abiotic stresses, which limit crop growth and production and have been most studied in beets compared to other environmental stresses. Characteristically, beets are salt- and drought-tolerant crops; however, prolonged and persistent exposure to salt and drought stress results in a significant drop in beet productivity and yield. Hence, to harness the best benefits of beet cultivation, knowledge of stress-coping strategies, and stress-tolerant beet varieties, are prerequisites. In the current review, we have summarized morpho-physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of sugar beet, fodder beet, red beet, chard (B. vulgaris L.), and their ancestor, wild beet (B. maritima L.) under salt and drought stresses. We have also described the beet genes and noncoding RNAs previously reported for their roles in salt and drought response/tolerance. The plant biologists and breeders can potentiate the utilization of these resources as prospective targets for developing crops with abiotic stress tolerance.
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Delfine, S., R. Tognetti, A. Alvino, and F. Loreto. "FIELD-GROWN CHARD (BETA VULGARIS L.) UNDER SOIL WATER STRESS CONDITIONS: EFFECT ON ANTIOXIDANT CONTENT." Acta Horticulturae, no. 618 (November 2003): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2003.618.38.
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Sun, Shou-Qin, Ming He, Gen-Xu Wang, and Tong Cao. "Heavy metal-induced physiological alterations and oxidative stress in the moss Brachythecium piligerum chad." Environmental Toxicology 26, no. 5 (March 1, 2010): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.20571.
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Chau, K. T. "Antisymmetric Bifurcations in a Compressible Pressure-Sensitive Circular Cylinder Under Axisymmetric Tension and Compression." Journal of Applied Mechanics 60, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2900791.
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This paper examines antisymmetric bifurcations of geometric diffuse modes, including buckling and surface rumpling modes, for a compressible pressure-sensitive circular cylinder of finite length under axisymmetric loadings. The analysis includes the effects of nonnormality, transverse isotropy, and confining stress on the appearance of antisymmetric geometric diffuse modes and their relationship to the onset of localization. The long wavelength limit of the eigenvalue equation is found corresponding to the Euler’s buckling load; the short wavelength limit corresponds to the eigenstress for the surface rumpling mode if the cylinder is incompressible and satisfies plastic normality. If the lateral stress is nonzero, a finite solution exists for the antisymmetric long wavelength limit; for the cases that the in-plane bulk modulus becomes unbounded, this finite eigenstress equals to the plane-strain results obtained by Chau and Rudnicki (1990). The lowest possible bifurcation stresses are plotted for various constitutive parameters by combining the results of the bifurcation analyses for both the axisymmetric (Chau, 1992) and the antisymmetric modes. This eigenvalue surface also provides a condition that determines whether buckling (antisymmetric) or bulging (axisymmetric) appears first for a fixed specimen geometry under compression. For typical specimen size (length/radius ratio from 4 to 6), the numerical results suggest that the first possible bifurcation is always the antisymmetric buckling mode under compression; however, for specimen sizes with length/radius ratio approximately less than π/2, bulging mode becomes the first possible bifurcation. The hypothesis that the prepeak and antisymmetric bifurcation triggers the subsequent localization of deformation is further discussed.
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Baghery, Mohammad Amin, Seyed Kamal Kazemitabar, Ali Dehestani, Pooyan Mehrabanjoubani, and Hamid Najaf Zarrini. "Assessment of agro-morphological traits and yield-based tolerance indices in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes under drought stress." Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding (The) 82, no. 03 (September 30, 2022): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31742/isgpb.82.3.7.
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Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops of the world, particularly tropical areas. Its production issignificantly affected by drought stress. The present study was performed to assess the efficiency of existing criteria for the selectionof tolerant cultivars while evaluating sesame genotypes under drought conditions. Various agro-morphological traits along with somedrought tolerance indices were used to evaluate 15 sesame genotypes under drought conditions. A moderate to high heritability wasestimated for plant height (0.55), no. of capsules (0.72), capsule diameter (0.60), no. of seeds per capsule (0.43) and seed yield (0.53).On average, the seed yield of genotypes was reduced by 45% under water stress. Seed yield was significantly positively correlatedwith the no. of capsules, capsule diameter, and no. of seeds per capsule under both normal and drought conditions. The number ofcapsules and capsule diameter were suggested as potential criteria for indirect yield selection under drought stress. Chinese (G01), Naz Chand Shakhe (G05), and Darab1 (G04) genotypes were identified as the most tolerant based on the average ranking of indices. Stress/non-stress production index (SNPI), yield index (YI), and drought resistance index (DI) were suggested as the most efficient drought tolerance indices according to principal component analysis and correlations. The evaluation criteria proposed in this study can be used for efficient selection of drought-tolerant genotypes in sesame. Moreover, reported tolerant and sensitive genotypes can be used in future studies and breeding programs in sesame under drought stress.
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Kaźmierczyk, Jerzy, and Kinga Zajdler. "Occupational stress levels among employees of commercial and cooperative banks." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 65, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): 24–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5012.
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Deep organisational changes that the banking sector has undergone, also in terms of working conditions, resulted in the increase of emotional tension experienced by its employees. However, the stress levels commercial and cooperative bank workers suffer from are unequal, as the management methods implemented by the two types of banks are different. The aim of the study is to compare the stress levels of employees of commercial and cooperative banks in Poland. A hypothesis has been formulated that the Perceived Stress at Work (PSwP) questionnaire, stress indexes, classification trees CHAID and CRT and tests of difference significance can be successfully applied to carry out comparative analyses of stress levels among bank employees. The paper is based on the results of the author’s own survey conducted in the years 2016– 2019 on a group of 2,357 bank employees in Poland, and, as a background for the analyses, on the results of a similar study done in Russia. It was found out that the level of stress observed among employees of commercial banks was higher than that of cooperative bank workers; additionally, the difference was particularly visible in certain groups of employees (e.g. in operational units and regional branches, among employees who worked up to 41.5 hours a week, according to the CRT method). Strong pressure to achieve the best possible sales results cause higher levels of stress among employees of commercial banks. Moreover, the increase in the use of information technology as well as internal competition in the workplace may affect stress levels. The conducted research demonstrates that the PSwP questionnaire and the applied statistical methods prove adequate tools for performing stress level comparative analyses.
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Oztay, Fusun, Ozlem Sacan, Ozgecan Kayalar, Sehnaz Bolkent, Yesim Ipci, Levent Kabasakal, Goksel Sener, and Refiye Yanardag. "Chard (Beta vulgarisvar.cicla) extract improved hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and surfactant-associated protein alterations in rat lungs." Pharmaceutical Biology 53, no. 11 (May 5, 2015): 1639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2014.997252.
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Ekinci, M., S. Ors, E. Yildirim, M. Turan, U. Sahin, A. Dursun, and R. Kul. "Determination of Physiological Indices and Some Antioxidant Enzymes of Chard Exposed to Nitric Oxide under Drought Stress." Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 67, no. 4 (July 2020): 740–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1021443720040056.
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Marinath, Loganathan, Janice Vaz, Dileep Kumar, Krishnamoorthy Thiyagesan, and Nagarajan Baskaran. "Drivers of stereotypic behaviour and physiological stress among captive jungle cat (Felis chaus Schreber, 1777) in India." Physiology & Behavior 210 (October 2019): 112651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112651.
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Ayeb-Karlsson, Sonja, Gemma Hayward, and Dominic Kniveton. "‘We Herders Are Often Chased About by Drought’: A Systems Analysis of Natural Resource Degradation Within the Climate–(Im)mobility–Violence–Health Nexus in Sahel." Earth 6, no. 1 (February 13, 2025): 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth6010011.
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This study applies a systems analysis to further our understanding of the many pathways linking climate stress to human (im)mobility and interpersonal violence via natural resource stress within eight countries (Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Sudan) across the Sahel region. To illustrate the multiple pathways within the climate–(im)mobility–violence–health nexus, contextual and conceptual systems maps were drawn out based on secondary qualitative data from 24 peer-reviewed journal articles selected from a search result of 394 publications. Even though the geography, environment, socio-political context, traditions, and cultural history were highly diverse, the overarching factors that determined people’s (im)mobility and health outcomes, in association with natural resource stress and violence, were very similar. These vulnerability pathways included gendered immobility, interpersonal conflict, and lack of social protection, which provide important lessons and offer tangible opportunities for policy interventions. The vulnerability pathways often eroded access to natural resources and positive (im)mobility and (mental) health outcomes, which ended up entrapping people in extended cycles of violence and exploitation—especially certain intersectional positions and disadvantaged groups (whether within a household, society, or country).
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Ghosh, Anusrita, Lina Bandyopadhyay, and Soumik Ghosh. "Effect of Stress on Sleep Hygiene Among 15-18 years Students of a School in an Urban Area of Burdwan, West Bengal: A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Comprehensive Health 11, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 21–27. https://doi.org/10.53553/jch.v11i02.002.
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Introduction: Stress, a natural response to difficult situations is causally linked to morbidity leading to cognitive decline. A good sleep, required for somatic well-being and memory consolidation, is very essential. Hence this study proposed to study the effect of stress on sleep hygiene among 15 to 18 years students of a school in an urban area of Burdwan, West Bengal. Objectives: This study aimed to estimate the burden of perceived stress, determine sleep hygiene by assessment of excessive daytime sleepiness and find out effect of stress on sleep hygiene. Methodology: A cross-sectional study conducted in a school, chosen by purposive sampling among 99 students aged 15 to 18 years from December, 2022 to February, 2023. Information was collected by using self-administered structured questionnaire. Stress was assessed using Perceived Stress Scale and sleep hygiene was assessed using Epworth Sleepiness Scale for Children and Adolescents and association between them was determined. Results: Out of 99 students, 53.5% were males and 46.4% were females. The mean age was 16. As per PSS scale 67.9% of male and 67.4% of female adolescent students were found to be moderate to severely stressed. Around 71% of students below class 10 were moderate to severely stressed. Prevalence of poor sleep hygiene was around 19.2% in total. Although association between PSS and ESS-CHAD was not of statistical significance which might be due to the small sample size, a positive correlation between stress and sleep disturbances was established from the findings. Conclusion: Prevalence of stress was quite high among the participants. Poor sleep hygiene was prevalent and it increased with increase in stress. Early identification and management of stress through school-based health programs is required for adolescents for better academic performance and overall wellbeing.
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Duong, Doan V., Hoa T. T. Vu, Hien T. Ngo, and Tu V. Cao. "Evaluation of some physical and mechanical properties of Acacia hybrid BV10 planted in Quy Chau, Nghe An." Journal of Agriculture and Development 22, no. 05 (October 23, 2023): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52997/jad.2.05.2023.
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This study aimed to evaluate some major physical and mechanical properties of 7 year old Acacia hybrid BV10 planted in Quy Chau district, Nghe An province. Small specimens with dimensions of 20 (Radial) × 20 (Tangential) × 320 (Longitudinal) mm3 were cut near the pith and near the bark at breast height from each sample tree, then placed in a standard laboratory setting until their weights reached a constant value. The resulting mean air-dry density (AD), stress wave velocity (SWV), static modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) were 0.53 g/cm3, 4,241 m/s, 10.00 GPa, and 82.17 MPa, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that SWV and these wood properties examined near the bark were always higher than those values measured near the pith. Stress wave technology can be used to predict MOE and MOR; however, AD is still a more reliable indicator for predicting mechanical properties since it showed a strong correlation with MOE (r = 0.86; P < 0.001) and MOR (r = 0.80; P < 0.001).
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Josephine, DAM, NGUINAMBAYE Mberdoum Memti, and FADEL GUELOH Sokoye. "Impact du stress hydrique sur la production d’une variété de sorgho (Sorghum bicolor [L], le S35 au Tchad." Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 45, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 7870–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/janmplsci.v45-2.1.
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Cette étude menée dans la station de l’ITRAD située à Gassi, consiste à mettre en évidence l’effet du déficit hydrique sur le sorgho (Sorghum bicolor (L.). Deux variances de stress ont été appliquées : un stress de 5 jours (P1) et un autre de 10 jours (P2) et les témoins(P0) sont arrosés tous les jours. L’essai comprend 72 pots disposés en trois blocs randomisés à trois répétitions. Cette étude a montré que le stress hydrique a provoqué des désordres physiologiques chez les plants selon le degré du stress. La masse de chlorophylle est élevée dans les feuilles des plants témoins par rapport aux plants stressés. La moyenne de diamètre au collet des plants témoins est pratiquement le double de celle des plants stressés. Le rendement des plants témoins est très important par rapport aux plants stressés présentant des grains de forme plus grosse (0,04g) que celle des plants P0 (0,02g). Les résultats obtenus, peuvent orienter ainsi la culture en contre saison de sorgho S35 au Tchad. Chez les plants(P0), les premières panicules ont apparu 59 jours après semis alors que les conditions de stress ont retardé de 15 jours le début de floraison pour les plants(P1) soit 74 jours. Ainsi, les témoins ont un cycle de 94 jours tandis que les plants stressés ont un cycle de 105 jours .Cette culture de contre saison peut contribuer à l’alimentation des familles dans les régions les plus pauvres du Tchad et où la sécurité alimentaire est la plus précaire. Cette culture en contre saison peut faire du Tchad un grand producteur du sorgho. Ceci peut aider à l’autosuffisance alimentaire. L’utilisation du sorgho dans les brasseries peut booster l’économie tchadienne. ABSTRACT This study, carried out at the ITRAD station located in Gassi, consists in evidence of the effect of water deficit on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.). Two stress variances were applied: a stress of 5 days (P1) and another of 10 days (P2) and the controls (P0) are watered every day. The trial included 72 pots 11 arranged in three randomized blocks with three repetitions. Our results showed that water stress caused physiological disorders in plants depending on the degree of stress. The mass of chlorophyll is high in the leaves of control Dam et al., 2020 Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences (J.Anim.Plant Sci. ISSN 2071-7024) Vol.45 (2): 7870-7883 https://doi.org/10.35759/JAnmPlSci.v45-2.1 7871 plants compared to stressed plants. The mean collar diameter of control plants is almost double that of stressed plants. The yield of control plants is very important compared to stressed plants with grains of larger shape (0.04g) than that of P0 plants (0.02g). The results obtained can thus guide in the off-season cultivation of sorghum S35. In plants (P0), the first panicles appeared 59 days 19 after sowing, while stress conditions delayed the start of flowering by 15 days for the 20 plants (P1), i.e. 74 days. Controls had a 94-day cycle while stressed plants 21 have a 105-day cycle. This off-season crop can help feed families in the poorest regions of Chad and where food security is the most precarious. This off-season crop can make Chad a major producer of sorghum. This can help food self-sufficiency. The use of sorghum in breweries can also boost the Chadian economy.
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S. Yousif, Basim, Li Yun Liu, Nguyen T. Nguyen, Yosikuni Masaoka, and Hirofumi Saneoka. "Comparative Studies in Salinity Tolerance Between New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides) and Chard (Beta vulgaris) to Salt Stress." Agricultural Journal 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/aj.2010.19.24.
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TURKYILMAZ, ISMET BURCU. "CHARD (BETA VULGARIS L. VAR CICLA) EXTRACT INHIBITS POLYOL PATHWAY AND HYPERGLYCAEMIA – INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN RAT LENS." FARMACIA 70, no. 1 (February 25, 2022): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31925/farmacia.2022.1.17.
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Ofre, Daniel Omang, Silas Stephen Neji, and Okechukwu Oko. "Harnessing Sand Dunes as Natural Resources for National Development: Exploring Ecotourism Revenue Potential in the Bulatura Oases Sector of Chad Basin National Park, Northeastern Nigeria." Tropical Journal of Science and Technology 5, no. 2 (2024): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.47524/tjst.v5i2.7.
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This study explores the potential of remote ecotourism destinations as unique psycho-social open-air clinics that address physical and psychological stressors faced by desert ecotourists. By adopting an anthropocentric perspective on ecotourism, visitors engage in recreational activities designed to alleviate stress, albeit at an extra cost beyond the standard entry fee. The introduction and promotion of additional activities can significantly boost revenue generation, particularly in the Bulatura Oases Sector of Chad Basin Park, which serves as a focal area for this research. The objectives of the study are threefold: (i) to identify recreational activities compatible with the physical characteristics of the dunes in the area, (ii) to assess tourists' willingness to pay for these ecotourism experiences, and (iii) to estimate the potential revenue from the tourists' ability to pay for such activities. The findings reveal that the dunes can support 33 taxable sand-based activities, though six of these may see limited patronage due to economic constraints and similarities to existing offerings. Notably, while 81.4% of respondents expressed a willingness to pay for the 27 feasible activities, only 71.2% indicated they could afford the expense, with payment durations averaging between 1 to 4 hours. Ultimately, the study estimates that approximately N41,815,000 ($53,601.42) could be generated annually through these activities, corresponding to the overhead costs of Chad Basin National Park (CBNP). The study concludes by recommending the privatization of CBNP to enhance financial self-sufficiency and advocates for the implementation of all viable activities to increase revenue, achieve financial independence, and reduce reliance on federal funding.
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Safotso, Gilbert Tagne. "A Study of Chadian Learners/ Speakers of English’s Pronunciation." English Language Teaching 11, no. 10 (September 13, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v11n10p1.
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With the development of English as the world’s lingua franca, there is a serious rush for the language by many countries, which have no past history with Britain, the US or any other country of the Inner Circle (Kachru 1988). Chad, which was colonized by France is one of those countries (Anderson 2008). In those countries, where English is generally learnt as a foreign language by an elitist group, the language progressively develops and has local stable features among it speakers. With the increasing number of Chadian learners of English in Nigerian, Sudanese and Cameroonian universities, as well as in other English-speaking countries, it is interesting to look at the way they pronounce English words. From the interlanguage framework, this study analyses some speech produced by postgraduate Chadian learners of English (N=20). The focus is on some difficult consonants, consonant clusters, vowels and word stress.
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Buma, Willibroad Gabila, and Sang-Il Lee. "Multispectral Image-Based Estimation of Drought Patterns and Intensity around Lake Chad, Africa." Remote Sensing 11, no. 21 (October 29, 2019): 2534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11212534.
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As the world population keeps increasing and cultivating more land, the extraction of vegetation conditions using remote sensing is important for monitoring land changes in areas with limited ground observations. Water supply in wetlands directly affects plant growth and biodiversity, which makes monitoring drought an important aspect in such areas. Vegetation Temperature Condition Index (VTCI) which depends on thermal stress and vegetation state, is widely used as an indicator for drought monitoring using satellite data. In this study, using clear-sky Landsat multispectral images, VTCI was derived from Land Surface Temperature (LST) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Derived VTCI was used to observe the drought patterns of the wetlands in Lake Chad between 1999 and 2018. The proportion of vegetation from WorldView-3 images was later introduced to evaluate the methods used. With an overall accuracy exceeding 90% and a kappa coefficient greater than 0.8, these methods accurately acquired vegetation training samples and adaptive thresholds, allowing for accurate estimations of the spatially distributed VTCI. The results obtained present a coherent spatial distribution of VTCI values estimated using LST and NDVI. Most areas during the study period experienced mild drought conditions, though severe cases were often seen around the northern part of the lake. With limited in-situ data in this area, this study presents how VTCI estimations can be developed for drought monitoring using satellite observations. This further shows the usefulness of remote sensing to improve the information about areas that are difficult to access or with poor availability of conventional meteorological data.
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Jaafar, Noor Sabah. "Clinical effects of Arabic gum (Acacia): A mini review." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512) 28, no. 2 (December 21, 2019): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol28iss2pp9-16.
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Gum Arabic is a natural gummy exudate gained from the trees of Acacia species (Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal), Family: Fabaceae. Gum Arabic considers as a dietary fiber with a high percentage of carbohydrates and low protein content. Sugars arabinose and ribose were originally discovered and isolated from gum Arabic and it is representing the original source of these sugars. A gum emanation from trees occurs under stress conditions such as heat, poor soil fertility, drought, and injury. Mainly gum is produced in belt region of Africa, mainly Sudan, Chad, and Nigeria. In the food industry, it is used in confectionery; in the pharmaceutical industry, it is used as emulsifier, film coating and others. Traditionally the gum used for chronic renal failure, digestive discomfort, and others. Although gum Arabic considered as an inert substance, recent information demonstrated multiple pharmacological and medical effects, such as weight reduction, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, anticoagulant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, nephroprotective and other effects.
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Kwon, Soonhyung. "ANTI-ASIAN RACISM AMONG OLDER KOREAN AMERICANS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.1864.
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Abstract Background Hate crimes in the U.S. targeting adults of Asian descent have sharply increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Korean Americans experience the highest level of everyday racism (37.5%), followed by Chinese (15.2%) and Vietnamese during the pandemic (Jung et al., 2021). Moreover, perceived discrimination in older Korean Americans is significantly related to a greater risk for poor mental health (Chau et al., 2018). However, older Korean Americans were likely to experience barriers to mental healthcare services. With this concern in mind, this study explored how older Korean Americans perceived discrimination related to ethnicity/race and coped with adverse mental health during the pandemic. Methods Our study used the thematic analysis of textual data to reconstruct and categorize, engaging in six steps: 1) familiarizing the qualitative data, 2) generating initial codes, 3) searching for themes, 4) reviewing themes, 5) defining and naming themes, and 6) producing a final report. Results This study identified that older Korean Americans (N=18) experienced direct and vicarious racism during the pandemic but felt barriers (limited English proficiency and a lack of accessible resources) to mental healthcare services. Active religious activities ameliorated discrimination-related stress. Some participants tried to solve the stress through wrong behaviors that criticized Chinese Americans. As a result, barriers to mental healthcare were likely to cause secondary discrimination and prejudice against Chinese Americans. Discussion To ameliorate adverse mental health and prevent secondary discrimination, it is essential to identify well-accepted, well-timed, sustainable, and cost-effective therapeutic strategies to alleviate the adverse mental health associated with discrimination-related stress.
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Hamdiken, Malika, and Zine Kechrid. "CHARD (BETA VULGARIS VAR. CICLA) EXTRACT MODULATES ZINC STATUS, GLUCOSE LEVEL AND ANTIOXYDANT VALUES IN DIABETIC RATS FED ZINC DEFICIENCY DIET." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 10 (October 2, 2017): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i10.19315.
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Objective: Oxidative stress which comes from hyperglycemia, it accelerates the development of cellular and vascular damage complications in diabetes, but the antioxidants may play a beneficial role in its prevention. Several plants extracts have an antioxidant activity and the ability to reduce oxidative stress in diabetes. Thus this study was conducted to investigate the effect of Beta vulgaris var cicla extract on zinc status, glucose concentration and antioxidant parameters in streptozotocin-diabetic rats fed zinc deficiency diet.Methods: Twenty-eight male albino (Wistar) rats were divided into four groups: two groups fed a zinc-sufficient diet one non-diabetic and the other diabetic, while the others two diabetic groups were fed a zinc-deficient diet, one non-treated group and the other treated with the extract of Beta vulgaris var cicla. After 21 d of dietary manipulation, fasting animals were scarified. Blood glucose, tissues zinc (femur, liver, kidney), malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were evaluated.Results: Body weight gain of zinc-deficient diabetic animals was lower than that of zinc-adequate diabetic animals. It was noticed also that inadequate dietary zinc intake increased glucose and MDA levels. In addition, zinc deficiency diet led to a decrease in zinc tissues, GSH concentration both GST and GSH-Px activities. However, Oral administration of Beta vulgaris extract significantly decreased both serum glucose and MDA (p<0.001) levels, with a significant increase in body weight gain (p<0.001), GSH concentration (p<0.05, P<0.001), GST (p<0.05, p<0.001) and GSH-Px (p<0.001) activities.Conclusion: The present study showed that Beta vulgaris var cicla supplementation presumably acting as an antioxidant, and it can be a natural source for the reduction of diabetes development caused by zinc deficiency.
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Moldofsky, Harvey, Lorne Rothman, Robert Kleinman, Shawn G. Rhind, and J. Donald Richardson. "Disturbed EEG sleep, paranoid cognition and somatic symptoms identify veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder." BJPsych Open 2, no. 6 (November 2016): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.116.003483.
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BackgroundChronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) behavioural symptoms and medically unexplainable somatic symptoms are reported to occur following the stressful experience of military combatants in war zones.AimsTo determine the contribution of disordered EEG sleep physiology in those military combatants who have unexplainable physical symptoms and PTSD behavioural difficulties following war-zone exposure.MethodThis case-controlled study compared 59 veterans with chronic sleep disturbance with 39 veterans with DSM-IV and clinician-administered PTSD Scale diagnosed PTSD who were unresponsive to pharmacological and psychological treatments. All had standardised EEG polysomnography, computerised sleep EEG cyclical alternating pattern (CAP) as a measure of sleep stability, self-ratings of combat exposure, paranoid cognition and hostility subscales of Symptom Checklist-90, Beck Depression Inventory and the Wahler Physical Symptom Inventory. Statistical group comparisons employed linear models, logistic regression and chi-square automatic interaction detection (CHAID)-like decision trees.ResultsVeterans with PTSD were more likely than those without PTSD to show disturbances in non-rapid eye movement (REM) and REM sleep including delayed sleep onset, less efficient EEG sleep, less stage 4 (deep) non-REM sleep, reduced REM and delayed onset to REM. There were no group differences in the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoeas/hypopnoeas and periodic leg movements, but sleep-disturbed, non-PTSD military had more EEG CAP sleep instability. Rank order determinants for the diagnosis of PTSD comprise paranoid thinking, onset to REM sleep, combat history and somatic symptoms. Decision-tree analysis showed that a specific military event (combat), delayed onset to REM sleep, paranoid thinking and medically unexplainable somatic pain and fatigue characterise chronic PTSD. More PTSD veterans reported domestic and social misbehaviour.ConclusionsMilitary combat, disturbed REM/non-REM EEG sleep, paranoid ideation and medically unexplained chronic musculoskeletal pain and fatigue are key factors in determining PTSD disability following war-zone exposure.
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Kafumbata, Dalitso, Daniel Jamu, and Sosten Chiotha. "Riparian ecosystem resilience and livelihood strategies under test: lessons from Lake Chilwa in Malawi and other lakes in Africa." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1639 (April 5, 2014): 20130052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0052.
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This paper reviews the importance of African lakes and their management challenges. African inland lakes contribute significantly to food security, livelihoods and national economies through direct exploitation of fisheries, water resources for irrigation and hydropower generation. Because of these key contributions, the ecosystem services provided are under significant stress mainly owing to high demand by increasing populations, negative anthropogenic impacts on lake catchments and high levels of poverty which result in unsustainable use. Climate variability exacerbates the stress on these ecosystems. Current research findings show that the lakes cannot sustain further development activities on the scale seen over the past few decades. Millions of people are at risk of losing livelihoods through impacts on livestock and wildlife. The review further shows that the problems facing these lakes are beyond the purview of current management practices. A much better understanding of the interactions and feedbacks between different components of the lake socio-ecological systems is needed to address the complex challenges of managing these ecosystem services. This review suggests that the three small wetlands of Chad, Chilwa and Naivasha provide an opportunity for testing novel ideas that integrate sustainability of natural resource management with livelihoods in order to inform policy on how future land use and climatic variability will affect both food security and the ecosystem services associated with it.
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Yasir, Muhammad, Shoupu He, Gaofei Sun, Xiaoli Geng, Zhaoe Pan, Wenfang Gong, Yinhua Jia, and Xiongming Du. "A Genome-Wide Association Study Revealed Key SNPs/Genes Associated With Salinity Stress Tolerance In Upland Cotton." Genes 10, no. 10 (October 21, 2019): 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10100829.
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Millions of hectares of land are too saline to produce economically valuable crop yields. Salt tolerance in cotton is an imperative approach for improvement in response to ever-increasing soil salinization. Little is known about the genetic basis of salt tolerance in cotton at the seedling stage. To address this issue, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted on a core collection of a genetically diverse population of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) comprising of 419 accessions, representing various geographic origins, including China, USA, Pakistan, the former Soviet Union, Chad, Australia, Brazil, Mexico, Sudan, and Uganda. Phenotypic evaluation of 7 traits under control (0 mM) and treatment (150 mM) NaCl conditions depicted the presence of broad natural variation in the studied population. The association study was carried out with the efficient mixed-model association eXpedited software package. A total of 17,264 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with different salinity stress tolerance related traits were found. Twenty-three candidate SNPs related to salinity stress-related traits were selected. Final key SNPs were selected based on the r2 value with nearby SNPs in a linkage disequilibrium (LD) block. Twenty putative candidate genes surrounding SNPs, A10_95330133 and D10_61258588, associated with leaf relative water content, RWC_150, and leaf fresh weight, FW_150, were identified, respectively. We further validated the expression patterns of twelve candidate genes with qRT-PCR, which revealed different expression levels in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive genotypes. The results of our GWAS provide useful knowledge about the genetic control of salt tolerance at the seedling stage, which could assist in elucidating the genetic and molecular mechanisms of salinity stress tolerance in cotton plants.
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SESTRAS, Radu E. "Introduction pages." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 14, no. 1 (March 29, 2022): 11234. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb14111234.
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Notulae Scientia Biologicae (http://www.notulaebiologicae.ro), Issue 1, Volume 14, 2022: The papers published in this issue represent interesting novelties in different topics of life science. Among the exciting researches or reviews, we invite readers to find news about: Using sumac (Rhus coriaria L.), as a miraculous spice with outstanding pharmacological activities; The role of silicon in plant under normal conditions and stress; Use of biostimulant compounds in agriculture: chitosan as a sustainable option for plant development; Post-monsoon bird assemblages in rural and riverine environments of Northern Howrah, West Bengal, India: A spatio-temporal approach; First report of ectoparasites from black rats (Rattus rattus Linnaeus, 1758) in oasis regions from Algeria; Traditional fishing gears of Bankura District, WB, India: Some uniqueness in fish catching; Pathogenicity and control of Meloidogyne spp. on some spinach, Swiss chard, and table beet plant cultivars; Effects of organic and inorganic fertilization on growth and yield of Physalis peruviana L. crop under Mediterranean conditions; Chemical composition analysis and biological activities of essential oil from Eucalyptus polybractea (L.), growing in plains of Punjab, Northern India, by two different hydro-distillation methods.
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Jolivot, Audrey, David Gómez-Candón, Sylvain Labbé, Nicolas Virlet, and Jean-Luc Regnard. "Acquisition d'images thermiques par drone : corrections radiométriques à partir de données terrain." Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, no. 213 (April 26, 2017): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52638/rfpt.2017.194.
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Les images thermiques ont de nombreuses applications dans le domaine agronomique, notamment pour informer sur laréponse des plantes au stress hydrique. La miniaturisation des caméras thermiques permet aujourd'hui de les installersur des drones. Cependant, les caméras thermiques miniaturisées embarquées à bord de drones n'ont pas de systèmede contrôle de la température des microbolomètres, ce qui conduit à la dérive continue des données, avec la difficulté demesurer correctement la température absolue des objets étudiés sur le terrain. Nous présenterons ici une méthode decorrection radiométrique des images thermiques acquises par drone afin de pallier cette difficulté.La proposition consiste à cibler périodiquement des références de terrain stables, mesurées indépendamment, pourapprécier la dérive et calculer la température absolue. Un dispositif d'acquisition de mesures au sol consistant en unsystème d'enregistrement en continu de la température de quatre cibles (froide, chaude, sol sec et sol humide) via desthermo-radiomètres IR120 (Campbell®Scientific) a été installé les jours d'acquisition des images. Une stationmétéorologique complète le dispositif et permet d'acquérir des données de température et d'humidité de l'air, derayonnement solaire, et de vitesse du vent, toutes les 10 secondes. Les images acquises sont corrigéesradiométriquement par régression linéaire à partir des données thermiques collectées sur la batterie de cibles. Lestempératures extraites des images corrigées ont été comparées aux températures moyennes de surface d'un échantillonde 10 arbres mesurées par thermo-radiomètres. Les résultats montrent une bonne corrélation entre les données issuesdes thermo-radiomètres et celles issues de la caméra thermique et corrigées radiométriquement. Ce système offre uneprécision suffisante pour être utilisé dans des études sur le stress hydrique de la végétation.
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Chen, Yongjian, Honglie Sun, and Zhenfa Feng. "Study on Seismic Isolation of Long Span Double Deck Steel Truss Continuous Girder Bridge." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (March 1, 2022): 2567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052567.
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In order to improve the seismic performance of long-span double deck steel truss continuous girder bridge, taking Dao Qing Chau Bridge in Fuzhou as an engineering background, the isolation scheme of friction pendulum bearing (FPB) and friction pendulum bearing combined with viscous dampers is applied to study seismic performance. A three-dimensional dynamic model of the bridge is established using SAP2000. Taking three artificial seismic waves as seismic excitation, the seismic response of the seismic structure is calculated by nonlinear time history integration, and is then compared with the seismic response of the seismic reduction and isolation structure. The results show that the friction pendulum bearing (FPB) scheme and combined seismic dissipation and isolation (CSDI) scheme show a good seismic dissipation and isolation effect and ensure the safety of the bridge structure. However, for whole-bridge isolation, friction pendulum bearing (FPB) will produce certain residual deformations and additional stress of the bearing under the conditions of temperature and external load. For the purpose of protecting the bearing, it is recommended to use the combined seismic dissipation and isolation (CSDI) scheme.
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Li, Fang-Fang, Hou-Liang Lu, Hong-Ru Wang, Peng Sun, and Jun Qiu. "Atmospheric Water Resources and Their Exploitability in the Middle East." Journal of Hydrometeorology 26, no. 3 (March 2025): 273–91. https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-23-0077.1.
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Abstract The Middle East (ME) has suffered from severe water stress owing to the limited availability of surface freshwater. The exploitation of atmospheric water may be a potential solution for resolving the water crisis in the ME. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of atmospheric water resources, as well as their exploitability, mainly including the evaluation of precipitation and atmospheric water resources, imbalance analysis between precipitation and atmospheric water, and trend analysis. The exploitability of air water resources was also studied in combination with the vertical distribution of air water vapor. The results indicate that the precipitable water in most areas of the ME shows a significant increasing trend, but the Arabian Peninsula is becoming drier due to the decline in the ability to convert atmospheric water resources to precipitation; the most recommended areas for artificial precipitation exist in southern Sudan and Chad and western Turkey, which have rich background water vapor and preferred precipitation conversion mechanisms. Such knowledge provides a reference for the exploitation of atmospheric water resources in the ME.
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Kim, Su-jin, and Kyoung Hwa Joung. "The Effect of Nurses' Job Stress and Resilience on Nursing Professionalism in Comprehensive Nursing Service Wards: A Prediction model using the CHAID Regression Trees." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 24, no. 21 (November 15, 2024): 1047–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2024.24.21.1047.
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Objectives The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of job stress and resilience on nursing professionalism of nurses working in an comprehensive nursing service wards and build a prediction model. Methods Participants included 188 nurses with a clinical experience of 1 year or more, who worked in the comprehensive nursing service wards of three general hospitals with more than 250 beds. Data was collected from January to February, 2023, and analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, the Scheffé test, Pearson‘s correlation coefficients, hierachical linear regression analysis, and regression trees by using Chi-square automatic interaction detection (CHAID). Results Nursing professionalism showed a statistically significant positive correlation with age (r=.18, p=.016), total experience as nurse (month) (r=.18, p=.016) and resilience (r=.56, p<.001). The adjusted R2 was 0.350, indicating that regression model explained 36.2% of nursing professionalism. Resilience had the greatest impact on nursing professionalism (β=.493, p<.001), followed by job satisfaction in comprehensive nursing care service ward (β=-.197, p=.001). In a regression tree model, wo main predictors of nursing professionalism were resilience and the atittude to interdepartmental rotation. Conclusions Therefore, in order to improve the nursing professionalism of nurses working in the comprehensive nursing service wards, it is expected that a competency development education program will be developed based on the variables identified in this study.
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Jean Claude, DOUMNANG MBAIGANE, ADOUM Issack, and BONNKE Kaya. "EVIDENCE OF THE INVOLVEMENT OF STRUCTURAL PREDISPOSITIONS OF THE CRYSTALLINE BASEMENT IN THE OBSERVATION OF MICROEARTHQUAKES IN THE WADI FIRA IN EASTERN CHAD." International Journal of Applied Science and Research 07, no. 04 (2024): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.56293/ijasr.2024.6002.
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The seismically active regions of the world are modelled on zones where the crust is constantly evolving, subduction zones or seismically active zones such as the East African Rift. Chad is not one of these zones, because towards the end of the Precambrian, Chad's crustal evolution came to an end and it became part of a stable zone. Nevertheless, micro-earthquakes of up to magnitude four have been recorded in the Wadi-Fira region thanks to the Abéché ABC seismological station. The signals recorded have been processed and located in an area of very uneven high basement at the surface. Their origin is thought to be linked to the dynamics of the aquifer in relation to the rate of weathering, which plays an important role in the infiltration of water, causing the hydrostatic pressure to vary considerably. This variation in pressure can lead to a change in the state of stress in pre-existing faults. An increase in fluid pressure in the rock mass can create fault instability. The largest recorded event is located on the N30°E direction corresponding to the direction of an old non-active fault representing the Volcanic Line of Cameroon.