Relevant bibliographies by topics / Streptomyces

Academic literature on the topic 'Streptomyces'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Streptomyces"

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Kang, Seung-Hoon, Jianqiang Huang, Han-Na Lee, Yoon-Ah Hur, Stanley N. Cohen, and Eung-Soo Kim. "Interspecies DNA Microarray Analysis Identifies WblA as a Pleiotropic Down-Regulator of Antibiotic Biosynthesis in Streptomyces." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 11 (April 6, 2007): 4315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01789-06.

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ABSTRACT Using Streptomyces coelicolor microarrays to discover regulators of gene expression in other Streptomyces species, we identified wblA, a whiB-like gene encoding a putative transcription factor, as a down-regulator of doxorubicin biosynthesis in Streptomyces peucetius. Further analysis revealed that wblA functions pleiotropically to control antibiotic production and morphological differentiation in streptomycetes. Our results reveal a novel biological role for wblA and show the utility of interspecies microarray analysis for the investigation of streptomycete gene expression.
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Mattei, Valerio, Andrea Motta, Marco Saracchi, Andrea Kunova, Paolo Cortesi, Cristina Pizzatti, and Matias Pasquali. "Wheat Seed Coating with Streptomyces sp. Strain DEF39 Spores Protects against Fusarium Head Blight." Microorganisms 10, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 1536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081536.

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Streptomycetes are promising candidates for the biological control of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in wheat. Studies involving the use of streptomycetes as biological control agents (BCAs) have been limited to the application when the wheat plant is developed, close to the infection on the spike during flowering. Here, we tested the effects of seed treatment with the Streptomyces sp. DEF39 spores before sowing on FHB symptoms’ development. The seed treatment protected the plant from infection by Fusarium graminearum by 49% (p = 0.04). We traced Streptomyces sp. DEF39 in plant organs using strain-specific primers here developed, showing that the streptomycete acts as an endophyte, colonizing the plant tissues up to the spike as well as the roots. This work suggests that it is possible to use a streptomycete as a seed coating BCA, able to partially protect wheat from FHB disease.
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Hamid, Mohamed E., Adil Mahgoub, Abdulrhman J. O. Babiker, Hussein A. E. Babiker, Mohammed A. I. Holie, Mogahid M. Elhassan, and Martin R. P. Joseph. "Isolation and Identification of Streptomyces spp. from Desert and Savanna Soils in Sudan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (November 25, 2020): 8749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238749.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate streptomycete populations in desert and savanna ecozones in Sudan and to identify species based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. A total of 49 different Streptomyces phenotypes (22 from sites representing the desert and semi-desert ecozone; 27 representing the savanna ecozone) have been included in the study. The isolates were characterized phenotypically and confirmed using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The two ecozones showed both similarities and uniqueness in the types of isolates. The shared species were in cluster 1 (Streptomyces (S.) werraensis), cluster 2 (Streptomyces sp.), cluster 3 (S. griseomycini-like), and cluster 7 (S. rochei). The desert ecozone revealed unique species in cluster 9 (Streptomyces sp.) and cluster 10 (S. griseomycini). Whereas, the savanna ecozone revealed unique species in cluster 4 (Streptomyces sp.), cluster 5 (S. albogriseolus/ S. griseoincarnatus), cluster 6 (S. djakartensis), and cluster 8 (Streptomyces sp.). Streptomycetes are widely distributed in both desert and the savanna ecozones and many of these require full descriptions. Extending knowledge on Streptomyces communities and their dynamics in different ecological zones and their potential antibiotic production is needed.
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Wanner, Leslie A. "A New Strain of Streptomyces Causing Common Scab in Potato." Plant Disease 91, no. 4 (April 2007): 352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-4-0352.

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Common scab is a serious disease of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) and other root and tuber crops, affecting the quality and market value of these crops. The disease is caused by gram-positive soil bacteria in the genus Streptomyces. A new common scab-causing streptomycete was isolated from scabby potatoes originating in southeastern Idaho. Research has supported a model of horizontal transfer of pathogenicity determinants among streptomycetes, and the new strain has hallmarks of the recently characterized Streptomyces pathogenicity island (PAI); it has genes encoding the synthetase for the pathogenicity determinant thaxtomin and for a second pathogenicity factor, tomatinase, although it lacks a third gene characteristic of the Streptomyces PAI, the nec1 gene. The new strain has a unique 16s rDNA gene sequence closely related to those of other pathogenic Streptomyces species. This 16s rDNA sequence was also found in isolates lacking a PAI, suggesting that the new pathogenic strain arose by horizontal transfer of a PAI into a saprophytic streptomycete. Isolates of the new strain are pathogenic on radish and potato, and are more virulent than the S. scabies type strain. In addition to scab lesions on potato tubers, lesions were also seen on underground stems and stolons. This new strain represents additional complexity in the pathogenic strains causing plant disease in the United States.
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Strashnova, I. V., K. S. Potapenko, N. V. Korotaeva, G. V. Lisyutin, and I. P. Metelitsyna. "ANTAGONISTIC PROPERTIES OF THE BLACK SEA STREPTOMYCETES ISOLATED FROM THE FOULING OF SHELL ROCK AND MUSSELS." Microbiology&Biotechnology, no. 3(56) (January 31, 2023): 6–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2307-4663.2022.3(56).268585.

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SummaryThe rapid emergence of resistance by bacterial and fungal pathogens is a serious problem in the health care system, which causes the search for new promising producers of antimicrobial natural products in various ecological niches. Aim. To determine the antagonistic activity of streptomycetes isolated from the biological fouling of natural shell rock and mussels of the Odesa gulf of the Black Sea. Methods. The antagonistic activity of 19 and 14 strains of streptomycetes isolated from the fouling of shell rock and mussels of the Odesa gulf, respectively, were investigated. Streptomycetes were pre-cultivated on agar media Gause 1, Gause 2 and oat agar with sea salt (2%) at a temperature of 30 °C for 10 days. Antagonistic activity against 12 test cultures was determined by the block method. Results. All isolated marine streptomycetes are antagonists of at least one strain of the indicator microorganism. Antibiotic activity depended on the source of the streptomycetes isolation, culture medium and properties of specific strains of both producers and test cultures. The best activity of streptomycetes strains from shell rock was shown after cultivation on Gause 1 medium, and streptomycetes from mussels – after cultivation on Gause 2 medium. The zones of no growth of sensitive indicators ranged from 12,4±0,3 mm to 20,6±0,2 mm (under the influence of streptomycetes from shell rock) and from 12,4±0,2 mm to 39,7±0,2 mm (under the influence of streptomycetes from mussels). Streptomyces sp. Lim 2.2 (strain from a shell rock) inhibited the growth of 8 test cultures, and strains from mussels Streptomyces sp. Myt 4b and Myt 7ch – 10 test cultures. Indicator strains of gram-positive bacteria were the most sensitive to all streptomycetes, in particular, strain Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was most inhibited by metabolites of Streptomyces spp. Myt 12a and Myt 12b. Conclusions. Antagonistic activity of streptomycetes isolated from the Black Sea depended on the source of isolation, pre-cultivation medium and properties of both producer strains and indicator microorganisms. The greatest activity of streptomycete strains from shell rock and mussels was shown after preliminary cultivation, respectively, on Gause 1 and Gause 2 media against gram-positive bacteria. The best antibiotic potential was found in strains of Streptomyces sp. Lim 2.2, Lim 4, Lim 5.1 and Lim 7.2, isolated from the fouling of shell rock, and strains of Streptomyces sp. Myt 7b, Myt 7ch, Myt 12a and Myt 12b isolated from mussels.
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Pospíšil, Stanislav, Věra Přikrylová, Jan Němeček, and Jaroslav Spížek. "Oxidation and amidation of salicylate by Streptomyces species." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 42, no. 8 (August 1, 1996): 867–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m96-111.

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Seven streptomycete strains were tested for biotransformation of salicylate. The products were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and three types of conversion were found. Streptomyces cinnamonensis and Streptomyces spectabilis formed gentisate and salicylamide concurrently. Streptomyces rimosus transformed salicylate to salicylamide. Streptomyces lividans, Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces griseus and Streptomyces avermitilis produced only gentisate. Time course studies of salicylate conversion by thin-layer chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography showed that salicylamide was accumulated in the culture broth, whereas gentisate was further metabolized.Key words: salicylate, gentisate, salicylamide, biotransformation, Streptomyces spp.
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Mao, Jun, Qiyong Tang, Zhidong Zhang, Wei Wang, Dong Wei, Ying Huang, Zhiheng Liu, Yuhu Shi, and Michael Goodfellow. "Streptomyces radiopugnans sp. nov., a radiation-resistant actinomycete isolated from radiation-polluted soil in China." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 2578–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.65027-0.

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The taxonomic position of an actinomycete isolated from radiation-polluted soil collected in Xinjiang Province, north-west China, was determined by using a polyphasic approach. The isolate, designated strain R97T, had chemical and morphological properties characteristic of streptomycetes. An almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of the isolate was generated and compared with corresponding sequences of representative streptomycetes. The 16S rRNA data not only supported the classification of the strain in the genus Streptomyces but also showed that it represented a distinct phyletic line that was most closely, albeit loosely, associated with three other thermotolerant organisms, namely Streptomyces macrosporus NBRC 14748T, Streptomyces megasporus NBRC 14749T and Streptomyces thermolineatus NBRC 14750T. Strain R97T could be distinguished from these organisms based on a range of phenotypic properties. It is proposed that R97T (=CGMCC 4.3519T =DSM 41901T) be classified as the type strain of a novel species in the genus Streptomyces, Streptomyces radiopugnans sp. nov. The organism was shown to be resistant to 60Co gamma radiation at a dose of 15 kGy.
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Awad A Algarni and Essam H Abdel-Shakour. "Molecular identification of streptomycetes by exploiting RNA polymerase beta-subunit (rpoB) gene in Saudi arabia." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 13, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 534–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.13.1.0072.

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This study was designed with the aim of exploring the efficacy of RNA polymerase beta subunit, rpoB gene analysis for the identification of streptomycetes. A characteristic marine environment distinguished by their content of streptomycetes were targeted, and two organisms of the genus Streptomyces were isolated in Saudi Arabia. The two Streptomyces spp., named isolates EH1 and EH2 were isolated and subjected to the regular phenotypic characterization including morphological and physiological studies, analyses of cells hydrolysates, detecting their antibacterial activities and pocks formation ability. These isolates showed inhibitory activity of gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. The two isolates gave positive results in pocks formation test, which indicated that both must belong to the genus Streptomyces. Molecular identification of both isolates was accomplished through analysis of the beta-subunit of the RNA polymerase gene (rpoB) to assist in species identification. The target fragments 352 bp were amplified and detected in both isolates using agarose gel electrophoresis, indicating that they belong to the genus Streptomyces. The amplified product of the isolate EH1 was sequenced and 296 bp continuous sequence was determined (GenBank accession MK569762.1). By matching the obtained sequence with the Streptomyces DNA sequence databases, the isolate EH1 was found very similar to Streptomyces labedae. The study concluded with the possibility of using molecular analysis of RNA polymerase beta subunit gene to correctly identify streptomycetes to the species level.
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Sun, Wei, Ying Huang, Yue-Qin Zhang, and Zhi-Heng Liu. "Streptomyces emeiensis sp. nov., a novel streptomycete from soil in China." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 1635–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64934-0.

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An actinomycete, strain 4776T, was isolated from soil collected from Emei Mountain in Sichuan Province, China. The taxonomic status of this strain was established using a polyphasic approach. The organism was found to have morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics typical of streptomycetes. Phylogenetic analysis based on the almost complete 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the novel isolate belongs to the genus Streptomyces and consistently falls into a clade together with Streptomyces prasinopilosus DSM 40098T, Streptomyces prasinus JCM 4603T, Streptomyces bambergiensis DSM 40590T, Streptomyces hirsutus DSM 40095T and Streptomyces cyanoalbus DSM 40198T. However, DNA–DNA relatedness and phenotypic data distinguished strain 4776T from these phylogenetically related type strains. It is therefore concluded that strain 4776T (=CGMCC 4.3504T=DSM 41884T) represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces emeienseis sp. nov. is proposed.
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Saintpierre-Bonaccio, Danielle, Hamid Amir, René Pineau, Sanaa Lemriss, and Michael Goodfellow. "Streptomyces ferralitis sp. nov., a novel streptomycete isolated from a New-Caledonian ultramafic soil." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54, no. 6 (November 1, 2004): 2061–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02891-0.

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The taxonomic position of an actinomycete isolated from an ultramafic soil in New Caledonia was determined using a polyphasic approach. The isolate, which was designated SFOp68T, was shown to have chemical and morphological properties typical of streptomycetes. An almost complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of the isolate was generated and compared with sequences of representative streptomycetes. The 16S rRNA data not only supported the classification of the strain in the genus Streptomyces, but also showed that it formed a distinct phyletic line that was most closely related to one composed of the type strain of Streptomyces rimosus. The two organisms can be readily separated using a diverse range of phenotypic properties. It is proposed that strain SFOp68T (=DSM 41836T=NCIMB 13954T) be classified in the genus Streptomyces as Streptomyces ferralitis sp. nov.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Streptomyces"

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Meanwell, Richard J. L. "Streptomycin production from chitin using Streptomyces griseus." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2004. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12949.

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The production of streptomycin using Streptomyces griseus using two types of chitin as a substrate was studied using a variety of fermentation techniques. Commercial chitin was obtained (Sigma) and comprised chemically purified crab shell. Pre-fermented chitin was the solid product from the lactic acid fermentation of shrimp waste using Lactobacillus paracasei A3. Bioassay, HPLC and FTIR methods were developed during this project for the quantification of streptomycin both in liquid phase and adsorbed on solid chitin surfaces. Shake flask experiments were carried out to determine basic production kinetics, as well as to establish if commercial and pre-fermented chitins produced different quantities of streptomycin. Shake flasks were also used to evaluate any effect of chitin concentration on streptomycin production. A range of submerged fermentations were undertaken in a standard 2 L bioreactor fitted with Rushton Turbines, at chitin concentrations from 0.4 %w/v to 10 %w/v, to study the effect on streptomycin yield. At concentrations of 5 %w/v and over, it was necessary to use an alternative, V-shaped agitator, as the Rushton Turbines did not provide adequate mixing. The V-shaped agitator was designed and produced as part of this project. The submerged fermenter was also used to determine if the re-use of .chitin remaining post-fermentation was possible. A solid state fermentation packed bed bioreactor was also developed, with a recycle loop for produced liquor. Four experiments evaluated the use of commercial and pre-fermented chitins, and different liquid media used for inoculation. In order to encompass the advantages of submerged and solid state fermentations, a vertical basket reactor was designed and manufactured, which used gentle fluidisation for the agitation of chitin particles contained inside the basket.Shake flask experimentation showed that pre-fermented chitin produced approximately 3 times the streptomycin yield than that of commercial chitin. Both systems reached a maximum liquid phase yield after 8 days of fermentation. Maximum streptomycin yields were obtained at a chitin concentration of 10 %w/v. The total streptomycin yields from submerged fermentation were fairly consistent over the range of chitin concentrations used. The amount of streptomycin adsorbed on the chitin surface, however, increased with increasing chitin concentration. Total streptomycin yields varied from 2 to 3.5 mglL. The re-use of chitin remaining post-fermentation was found to be possible in two series of three experiments. In both cases (at approximately 7.5 %w/v and 10 %w/v chitin) the lag phase and time to reach maximum biomass concentration decreased. Particle size analysis and mathematical modelling suggest that this is due to increasing specific surface of chitin particles during the course of fermentation. Both shake flask and submerged fermentation showed a bioassay inhibition peak in the tropophase, removable using 2 kDa membrane filters. Although it was not possible to determine the exact nature of the inhibiting component(s), streptomycin was eliminated through FTIR. A study of chitosan oligomers showed that short chain oligosaccharides inhibit Bacillus subtilis in a similar manner to streptomycin. Solid state fermentation using a salts solution liquid medium, with intermittent aeration and recirculation proved to be the most effective, giving a streptomycin yield of 3.8 mg/L. The vertical basket reactor obtained higher streptomycin yields of 4.6 mg/L. Post-fermentation washing with pH 3 buffer was also successfully used in this fermenter for the in-situ extraction of streptomycin, before the addition of fresh sterile liquid medium and fermentation re-start.
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Coyne, Vernon Errol. "Genetic studies of Streptomyces cattleya and Streptomyces olivaceus." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17599.

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Bibliography: pages 243-259.
Actinophage VCll is able to virulently infect 11 of the 20 Streptomyces strains tested. Examination of VCll infection of Streptomyces cattleya, Streptomyces olivaceus and Streptomyces lividans TC10 indicated the absence of restriction-modification systems which affect VCll infectivity of these Streptomyces strains.
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Murad, Fatima. "Etude de la résistance aux macrolides chez Streptomyces ambofaciens et Streptomyces lividans." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112172.

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Les antibiotiques macrolides inhibent la synthèse protéique en se liant aux ribosomes. Streptomyces ambofaciens produit la spiramycine et possède plusieurs mécanismes de résistance à la spiramycine et aux macrolides. J'ai caractérisé, le déterminant de résistance srmC et montré qu'il était constitué des trois gènes srmC1, srmC2 et srmC3. SrmC1 et srmC2 codent les sous-unités d'un transporteur de la famille ABC (ATP Binding Cassette) et confèrent la résistance à certains macrolides, dont la spiramycine, mais aussi à la daunorubicine. SrmC1/C2 sont co-transcrits et leur expression est réprimée par SrmC3, un répresseur transcriptionnel de la famille TetR. Les gènes srmC ne sont pas localisés parmi les gènes, de biosynthèse de la spiramycine et ne sont pas indispensables chez S. Ambofaciens. En étudiant chez Streptomyces lividans le mécanisme d'induction de l'expression de srmC1/C2, j'ai mis en évidence l'existence dans cette souche d'un nouveau mécanisme de résistance aux macrolides et à d'autres antibiotiques, inductible par un macrolide, la rosaramicine. Des orthologues de srmC1/C2, désignés sclA et sclB, codant les sous-unités d'un transporteur ABC, sont impliqués dans cette résistance. Ils confèrent une résistance multi-drogue (macrolides, daunorubicine, bromure d'éthidium). Leur expression est réprimée par SclR (répresseur transcriptionnel de la famille TetR. ). L'étude d'un mutant SclA ̄ SclR ̄suggère qu'un ou plusieurs autres déterminants participent également à la résistance multi-drogue inductible par la rosaramicine. Parmi les gènes de résistance aux macrolides de S. Ambofaciens, certains ont des orthologues chez S. Lividans, un non-producteur de macrolide, d'autres non. Ceci suggère que certains déterminants de résistance de S. Ambofaciens sont liés à la biosynthèse de spiramycine et jouent un rôle crucial dans la protection de la souche. D'autres, dont srmC, protégeraient la souche contre des produits toxiques présents dans l'environnement
Macrolide antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes. Streptomyces ambofaciens produces spiramycin and possesses several resistance mechanisms to spiramycine and other macrolides. The srmC determinant was studied in the work reported here. It is comprised of three genes: srmC1, srmC2 and srmC3. SrmC1/srmC2 encode the two sub-units of an ABC (ATP Binding Cassette) transporter. They confer resistance to several macrolides, including spiramycin, and to daunorubicin. The two genes srmC1/srmC2 are co-transcribed and their expression is repressed by SrmC3, a repressor of the TetR family. The srmC genes are not localized in the spiramycin biosynthetic gene cluster and are dispensable in S. Ambofaciens. During the study of the induction of srmCl/C2 expression in S. Lividans, a new mechanism of resistance to macrolides and other antibiotics, inducible by the macrolide rosaramicin was discovered in this strain. Genes sclA and sclB, orthologous to srmC1/C2, encoding an ABC transporter are involved in this resistance. SclA and sclB confer multidrug resistance (resistance to macrolides daunorubicin and ethidium bromide). Their expression is controlled by SclR (a TetR-like repressor). The study of a SclA ̄SclR ̄mutant strain suggested that other resistance determinant(s) might be involved in the rosaramicin-inducible resistance. Among macrolide resistance genes from S. Ambofaciens, some have homologues in S. Lividans, others do not. This suggests that some S. Ambofaciens resistant determinants could be directly linked to spiramycin biosynthesis and important for self-protection against spiramycin. Others, including srmC might protect the strain against other toxic compounds encountered in the environment
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Carter, T. P. "Keratinase from Streptomyces fradiae." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280938.

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Calcutt, Michael John. "Pactamycin resistance in Streptomyces." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35191.

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The coupled transcription-translation system previously developed for Streptomyces lividans was modified such that it functioned using purified ribosomal subunits, a crude initiation factor preparation and a high speed supernatant fraction. This system was used to investigate antibiotic resistance mechanisms in two Streptomyces which synthesise inhibitors of translation. Resistance to either pactamycin in Streptomyces pactum or celesticetin in Streptomyces caelestis was due to ribosome modification. In each case, high level resistance was attributed solely to one ribosomal subunit, the 30S subunit of the S. pactum ribosome and the 50S subunit of the S. caelestis ribosome. Shotgun cloning experiments have enabled a pactamycin resistance determinant from S. pactum to be isolated in S. lividans. However, in the original pactamycin resistant clone the plasmid was unstable and in the absence of pactamycin selection pressure, only a deleted form could be recovered. When ribosomes from resistant subclones were analysed, it appeared that a ribosome modification system from S. pactum had been cloned. Ribosome reconstitution studies indicated that a property of 16S rRNA was responsible for resistance. Since the cloned resistance determinant was not homologous to 16S rRNA (as judged by Southern analysis), pactamycin resistance in S. pactum is probably due to post-transcriptional modification of 16S rRNA.
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Bourn, William Richard. "Investigation of Streptomyces promoters." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9651.

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Bibliography: leaves 221-[234].
[The work described here had multiple aims: to create a promoter probe that was suitable for the isolation of developmentally regulated Strepcomyces promoters, to isolate such promoters, to develop a computer assisted analysis system whereby potential promoter sequences could be determined and to use this in the analysis of the cloned promoters. Initially the suitability of the Streptomyces antibioticus me1C operon for use as a reporter system in Streptomyces was investigated. It was established that late-expressed promoters could be identified and that it was possible to use the me1C2 gene alone for this purpose. However, it was shown that the use of both me1C1 and me1C2 resulted in a more sensitive reporter system. High copy number promoter probe vectors were constructed and tested. A low copy number promoter probe (which used the Streptomyces penemefaciens pSPN1 origin of replication) was also constructed. The characteristics (copy number, stability and mobility) of the probe were established. The conditions in which sporulation was induced by phosphate limitation were identified. Under such conditions late expressing, phosphate dependent promoters were isolated, using the promoter probes previously developed. The expression of these promoters was tested in Streptomyces coelicolor bldA mutants, and the bldA dependent promoters identified. These were sequenced. Computer assisted analysis of DNA sequence bias was conducted, with the intention of using bias patterns to identify potential regulatory regions. The initial approach of using the sequence bias of protein coding regions (based on the premise that regulatory sites are likely to be under represented in these regions) was unsuccessful. Further analysis in which the positional preference of sequences that were over represented in regulatory regions was conducted. Based on this the known promoters of Streptomyces were partially classified. The sequence bias of protein coding DNA regions was used to develop a novel method to identify the protein coding regions of Streptomyces DNA. The computer programs were then used to identify protein coding and potential regulatory regions.
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Genay, Magali Decaris Bernard Dary Annie. "Impact de la réponse stringente sur la mutabilité de Streptomyces coelicolor et Streptomyces ambofaciens au cours de la différenciation." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2006_0123_GENAY.pdf.

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Schindl, Kathrin geb Schmidt [Verfasser]. "Characterisation of Interspecies Interactions between Streptomyces violaceoruber and Streptomyces aburaviensis / Kathrin, geb. Schmidt Schindl." Konstanz : KOPS Universität Konstanz, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1218971711/34.

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Moss, Steven J. "Fluorometabolite biosynthesis in Streptomyces cattleya." Thesis, Durham University, 1999. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4603/.

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Nature has evolved the ability to form a C-F bond, as exemplified by the bacterium Streptomyces cattleya, which elaborates fluoroacetate (FAc) and 4-fluorothreomne (4- FT). The mechanism of this bond formation are unknown. This thesis probes the biosynthesis of fluoroacetate and 4-fiuorothreonine and in doing so explores the C-F bond forming process. Feeding stable isotope enriched primary metabolites to S. cattleya, followed by (^19)F NMR and GCMS analysis of the resultant fluorometabolites, highlights the role of the glycolytic pathway in delivering a substrate for fluorination. 3-Fluoro-l- hydroxypropan-2-one was synthesised and feeding studies eliminate this as the initial product of fluorination. Fluoroacetaldehyde was identified as a common fluorinated intermediate in the biosynthesis of both FAc and 4-FT. Whole cell studies demonstrate the rapid oxidation of fluoroacetaldehyde to FAc. 4-FT is produced in low quantities by S. cattleya incubated with fluoroacetaldehyde. The synthesis and feeding of [1-(^2)H]- fluoroacetaldehyde provide evidence that the resultant 4-FT is biosynthesised from fluoroacetaldehyde. The biotransformation from fluoroacetaldehyde to FAc was shown in cell free studies to be mediated by an aldehyde dehydrogenase, requiring NAD(^4) as a co-factor. The substrate specificity of fluoroacetaldehyde dehydrogenase was probed by spectrophotometrically monitoring the production of NADH in the presence of different aldehydes. Further cell free experiments probed the biosynthetic origins of fluoroacetaldehyde. Glycolaldehyde phosphate and various phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates were incubated with cell free extracts of S. cattleya and a plethora of co-factors. In the absence of observing fluorination activity, it was shown that the cell free extract acts to dephosphorylate the substrates. The putative role of glycolaldehyde phosphate was explored by feeding isotopically labelled glycolaldehydes to whole cells of the bacterium. The results were not consistent with direct conversion from glycolaldehyde phosphate to fluoroacetaldehyde.
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Hussain, Haitham Ali. "Plasmid transformation in streptomyces niveus." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306525.

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Books on the topic "Streptomyces"

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Frössén, Gunnar. Streptomyces griseus. Stockholm: Carlsson, 2007.

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W, Queener Stephen, and Day Lawrence E, eds. Antibiotic-producing streptomyces. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1986.

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Rojas, A. E. Carvajal de. Carbon catabolism in streptomyces venezuelae. Manchester: UMIST, 1995.

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Валагурова, Елена Владимировна. Актиномицеты рода streptomyces: Actinomycetes of streptomyces genus : Описание видов и компьютер. прогр. их идентификации. Киев: Наукова думка, 2003.

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Baumberg, Simon, Hans Krügel, and Dieter Noack, eds. Genetics and Product Formation in Streptomyces. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5922-7.

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S, Baumberg, Krügel Hans, Noack Dieter, and Federation of European Microbiological Societies., eds. Genetics and product formation in streptomyces. New York: Plenum Press, 1991.

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Paget, M. S. B. Gene regulation and expression vector developmentin streptomyces. Manchester: UMIST, 1994.

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Leigh, Michael James. Peptide transport in streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). [s.l.]: typescript, 1992.

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Keller, Birgit. Photobiologische Untersuchungen an Sporen von Streptomyces griseus. Koln: Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Luft- und Raumfahrt, 1991.

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Xiao, Jie. Analysis of the streptomyces fertililty plasmid SCP2. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Streptomyces"

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Chater, K. F., and D. A. Hopwood. "Streptomyces." In Bacillus subtilis and Other Gram-Positive Bacteria, 83–99. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555818388.ch6.

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Kado, Clarence I., and Brian Kelly. "Actinomycetes (Streptomyces lividans)." In Agrobacterium Protocols Volume 2, 395–401. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1-59745-131-2:395.

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Jauri, Patricia Vaz, Nora Altier, and Linda L. Kinkel. "Streptomyces for Sustainability." In Microbial Models: From Environmental to Industrial Sustainability, 251–76. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2555-6_12.

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Kollárová, M., E. Kašová, K. Szuttorová, H. Follmann, and J. Zelinka. "Thioredoxin from Streptomyces Aureofaciens." In Metabolism and Enzymology of Nucleic Acids, 37–41. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0749-5_5.

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Hopwood, David A., and Tobias Kieser. "Conjugative Plasmids of Streptomyces." In Bacterial Conjugation, 293–311. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9357-4_11.

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Schrempf, H. "Genetic Instability in Streptomyces." In Genetics and Product Formation in Streptomyces, 245–52. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5922-7_29.

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Elliot, Marie A., Mark J. Buttner, and Justin R. Nodwell. "Multicellular Development in Streptomyces." In Myxobacteria, 419–38. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815677.ch24.

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Demain, A. L., and J. M. Piret. "Cephamycin Production by Streptomyces Clavuligerus." In Genetics and Product Formation in Streptomyces, 87–103. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5922-7_12.

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Avignone-Rossa, Claudio, Andrzej M. Kierzek, and Michael E. Bushell. "Secondary Metabolite Production in Streptomyces." In Encyclopedia of Systems Biology, 1903–13. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_1164.

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Plater, Richard, and William R. Strohl. "Polyketide Biosynthesis: Antibiotics in Streptomyces." In Genetic Engineering of Plant Secondary Metabolism, 61–91. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2544-8_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Streptomyces"

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Garbuzneak, Anastasia, Maxim Byrsa, and Svetlana Burtseva. "Streptomyces fradiae CNMN-Ac-11 after storage by subculturing and cultivation on complex media." In 5th International Scientific Conference on Microbial Biotechnology. Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52757/imb22.19.

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Actinobacteria of the genus Streptomyces are known as producers of antibiotics, enzymes, hormones, vitamins, antipsychotics, antitumor agents, vaccines for humans and animals, growth stimulants and other substances that are used in medicine, veterinary medicine, agriculture and many other fields. In recent years, studies have been focused on increasing the production of bioactive metabolites of promising streptomycete strains via optimization of the cultivation conditions. The aim of the study was to determine the composition of lipids in the biomass of the Streptomyces fradiae CNMN-Ac-11 strain after cultivation on complex media after long-term storage by subculturing. It was found that when this strain was cultivated on the M-I medium, the biomass yield was 6.09 g/l. On the SP-I medium with the addition of 3.0 g of K2HPO4 (SP-III), the biomass yield increased to 9.61 g/l. The percentage of total lipids in the biomass of the Streptomyces fradiae CNMN-Ac-11 strain on the SP-I medium was 19.52%, and on the M-I and SP-III media – 8.76% and 12.76% respectively. Analysis of the studies in the past showed that the long-term storage could affect the formation of biomass and total lipids during the cultivation of the Streptomyces fradiae CNMN-Ac-11 strain on the M-I complex medium. Thus, according to the results in 2015, the biomass yield was 14.15 g/l, which is significantly higher than 6.09 g/l obtained in 2019. The proportion of total lipids in the biomass during the cultivation of the Streptomyces fradiae CNMN-Ac-11 strain was 12.11% in 2015, and 8.76% in 2019. After the long-term storage by subculturing, the cultivation of the Streptomyces massaporeus CNMN-Ac-06 strain on the M-I medium increased the biomass yield to 7.18 g/l, and the Streptomyces fradiae CNMN-Ac-11 strain – to 6.09 g/l. Regarding the accumulation of total lipids, it was noted that the best result was shown by the Streptomyces fradiae CNMN-Ac-11 strain (8.76%), in contrast to the Streptomyces massaporeus CNMN-Ac-06 strain (4.96%). It was also found that after the storage by periodic transfers and cultivation on the M-I complex medium, there was a decrease in phospholipids (4.31%) and triglycerides (13.55%) that occurred simultaneously with an increase in sterols (12.97%), which was probably due to the changes in the medium composition, where corn flour was the main source of carbon, as well as due to the high heterogeneity and individual characteristics of streptomycetes. It was experimentally shown that to increase the biomass yield the Streptomyces fradiae CNMN-Ac11 strain better be cultivated on the complex media SP-I and SP-III, which also contribute to increases in the lipid content of the biomass, and, most importantly, to increases in such physiologically active lipid fractions as phospholipids and sterols. Thus, the perspectivity of the Streptomyces fradiae CNMN-Ac-11 strain was demonstrated. When grown on complex nutrient media the strain can accumulate enough biomass with high content of lipids, including such physiologically important fractions as phospholipids and sterols.
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Setyawati, Tri Rima, Rikhsan Kurniatuhadi, and Ari Hepi Yanti. "Karakter Morfologi Koloni Streptomyces Spp. yang diisolasi dari Substrat Habitat Cacing Nipah (Namalycastis Rhodochorde) pada Medium Berbeda." In Seminar Nasional Penerapan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi : kampus merdeka meningkatkan kecerdasan sumberdaya manusia melalui interdispliner ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi : Pontianak, 24 Agustus 2021. Untan Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/pipt.2021.29.

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Streptomyces memiliki potensi sebagai sumber metabolit antibakteri yang dapat dikembangkan dan diaplikasikan dalam pengembangan budidaya cacing nipah. Streptomyces memiliki karakter morfologi kultur yang berbeda-beda di beberapa medium agar dan merupakan aspek yang sangat penting dalam proses identifikasi dan klasifikasinya. Streptomyces spp. telah diisolasi dari substrat alami habitat cacing nipah (Namalycastis rhodochorde) di Sungai Kakap Kabupaten Kubu Raya sebanyak enam isolat (NrASA1 – NrASA6) dan telah berhasil dimurnikan untuk dilakukan karakterisasi morfologi koloninya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi variasi koloni Streptomyces sehingga diketahui variasi koloni dari genus yang sama pada medium yang berbeda. Karakterisasi dilakukan dengan metode pengamatan langsung terhadap koloni Streptomyces yang dikultur secara kuadran pada medium agar glycerol asparagine (GAA), inorganic salt starch (ISSA), oatmeal (OA), dan starch casein (SCA). Hasil karakterisasi tujuh isolat Streptomyces spp. yang dikultur pada empat medium agar berbeda memperlihatkan bahwa persamaan karakter terlihat dari warna spora matang yang 100% berwarna coklat, interval diameter koloni antara 3 – 8 cm, tekstur bersifat cottony. Perbedaan karakter terlihat dari presensi diffusible pigment yang hanya ada pada koloni isolat NrASA1 dan NrASA3 pada medium GAA dan SCA, sedangkan presensi eksudat berwarna coklat tua hanya terjadi pada medium ISSA. Enam isolat Streptomyces diduga memiliki epitet spesies yang berbeda, khususnya antara NrASA1 dan NrASA3 terhadap kode isolat lainnya.
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Dailin, Daniel Joe. "ASSESSMENT OF BACTERIA STREPTOMYCES TERMITUM WICCB66 AND STREPTOMYCES INDIAENSIS WICCB67 FOR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE DEGRADATION." In BioTecnica 2024 – International Conference on Advances in Biological Sciences, 10-11 May, Kuala Lumpur. Global Research & Development Services, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/icrlsh.2024.8890.

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Given its extended earthly persistence and detrimental effects on ecosystems, plastic waste disposal is one of the most concerning problems in the waste management industry. Plastics, which are strong, durable, and lightweight, have a big impact on society all over the world. Most of the waste is dumped, and only 7% of it is recycled. Plastic poses a serious threat to the ecosystem, thus getting rid of it is crucial. Biodegradation is one of the most efficient methods for plastic decomposition when compared to other degradation processes. This is because of the eco-friendly, cost-effective, and non-polluting method. Bacteria are crucial for biodegradation because they act on plastic by secreting a degrading enzyme, which then converts the polymer's high molecular weight into a monomer. The bacteria strain that breaks down plastic was introduced into low density polyethylene (LDPE). Thus, this study is aimed to evaluate and compared the polyethylene plastic degrading bacteria. The LDPE plastic are compared in terms of biomass and weight after incubated with bacteria for 30 days. The bacteria used are Streptomyces termitum WICC-B66 and Streptomyces indiaensis WICC-B67. From the results, both bacteria strain simultaneously grow and then started to decline with time. Moreover, the results shown both bacteria able to degrade LDPE plastic but Streptomyces indiaensis WICC-B67 poses the higher degradability rate with 0.83%. In conclusion, Streptomyces termitum WICC-B66 and Streptomyces indiaensis WICC-B67 were able to degrade LDPE plastic with Streptomyces indiaensis WICC-B67 gave higher degradability rate.
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Dailin, Daniel Joe, Amira Nazura Eiwan Sah, Fahim Rithwan, Nur Izyan Wan Azelee, Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel, Lai Fatt Chuah, Siti Fatimah Zaharah Mohd Fuzi, and Hesham El Enshasy. "ASSESSMENT OF BACTERIA STREPTOMYCES TERMITUM WICCB66 AND STREPTOMYCES INDIAENSIS WICCB67 FOR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE DEGRADATION." In BioTecnica 2024 – International Conference on Advances in Biological Sciences, 10-11 May, Kuala Lumpur. Global Research & Development Services, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/icssh.2024.8890.

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Given its extended earthly persistence and detrimental effects on ecosystems, plastic waste disposal is one of the most concerning problems in the waste management industry. Plastics, which are strong, durable, and lightweight, have a big impact on society all over the world. Most of the waste is dumped, and only 7% of it is recycled. Plastic poses a serious threat to the ecosystem, thus getting rid of it is crucial. Biodegradation is one of the most efficient methods for plastic decomposition when compared to other degradation processes. This is because of the eco-friendly, cost-effective, and non-polluting method. Bacteria are crucial for biodegradation because they act on plastic by secreting a degrading enzyme, which then converts the polymer's high molecular weight into a monomer. The bacteria strain that breaks down plastic was introduced into low density polyethylene (LDPE). Thus, this study is aimed to evaluate and compared the polyethylene plastic degrading bacteria. The LDPE plastic are compared in terms of biomass and weight after incubated with bacteria for 30 days. The bacteria used are Streptomyces termitum WICC-B66 and Streptomyces indiaensis WICC-B67. From the results, both bacteria strain simultaneously grow and then started to decline with time. Moreover, the results shown both bacteria able to degrade LDPE plastic but Streptomyces indiaensis WICC-B67 poses the higher degradability rate with 0.83%. In conclusion, Streptomyces termitum WICC-B66 and Streptomyces indiaensis WICC-B67 were able to degrade LDPE plastic with Streptomyces indiaensis WICC-B67 gave higher degradability rate.
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Luo, Jianmei, Jianshu Li, Yanting Wang, Shenheng Luo, and Min Wang. "Protoplast Formation and Regeneration Conditions of Streptomyces gilvosporeus." In 2009 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2009.5163260.

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Thomas, Spencer Angus, Yaochu Jin, Emma Laing, and Colin P. Smith. "Reconstructing regulatory networks in Streptomyces using evolutionary algorithms." In 2013 13th UK Workshop on Computational Intelligence (UKCI). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ukci.2013.6651283.

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T R, Akshaya, Dhevendaran K, and Ravikumar R. "Isolation and characterization of carotenoids from Streptomyces spp." In 3rd Annual International Conference on Advances in Biotechnology (BioTech 2013). Global Science and Technology Forum, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-2489_biotech13.27.

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Indrakumar, Janani, and Kandhasamy Dhevendaran. "immunostimulant and antimicrobial properties of selected Streptomyces spp." In 3rd Annual International Conference on Advances in Biotechnology (BioTech 2013). Global Science and Technology Forum, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-2489_biotech13.44.

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Liu, Hua-zhen, Wei Chen, Qi-ying Liu, Xia Zhang, Li-xiu Wang, and Cheng-wu Chi. "A NEW PEPTIDE THROMBIN INHIBITOR FROM STREPTOMYCES GRISEUS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644330.

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A new peptide thrombin inhibitor was found in the Streptomyces griseus strain 254 isolated from a soil sample from Tongan, Fujian province, China, the inhibitor being a secondary metabolic product. The production of the inhibitor reached a maximum after 3 days culture of bacteria at 28°C in a rotary shaker. The inhibitor excreted in the culture filtrate was purified by absorption on macroporous resin, followed by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-52, CM-32 cellulose, affinity chromatography on the immobilized thrombin and high performance liquid chromatography. The amino acid composition of the inhibitor was determined to be Val(2), Met(l), Ile(l), Leu(2) and Arg (1), similar to that of the amino acid residues around the reactive site of human antithrombin III, the critical plasma inhibitor of thrombin. The NH2-terminal residue of the inhibitor seems to be blocked by the alkyl group due to the negative reaction to ninhydrin, whereas the COO-terminal residue is most likely to be arginal because of that Arg was not found in the amino acid analysis, unless the peptide was oxidized by performic acid before acid hydrolysis. The chromogen substrates Bz-Phe-Val-Arg-PNA and Bz-Gly-Pro-Lys-PNA were used to determine the thrombin and plasmin activities, respectively. Besides thrombin, the purified inhibitor also exhibits a weak inhibitory activities on trypsin and much weak on plasmin, but not on chymotrypsin and other protein-ases.
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Granato, Ana Claudia, Luis H. Romano, Jaine H. H. L. Oliveira, Regiane P. Ratti, Isara L. C. Hernandez, Raquel C. Montenegro, Marlei Barboza, Cristina P. Souza, Carlos O. Hokka, and Milan Trsic. "Chemical and pharmacological study of Brazilian marine Streptomyces." In Proceedings of the III International Conference on Environmental, Industrial and Applied Microbiology (BioMicroWorld2009). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814322119_0101.

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Reports on the topic "Streptomyces"

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Crawford, D. L. Genetics and chemistry of lignin degradation by Streptomyces. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6643947.

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Crawford, D. L. Genetics and chemistry of lignin degradation by Streptomyces. Final technical report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10140506.

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Barash, Isaac, Rosemary Loria, Giora Kritzman, Shulamit Manulis, and Yair Aharonowitz. Application of Recombinant DNA and Immunological Technologies for Development of Diagnostic Tools for Phytopathogenic Streptomyces Spp. United States Department of Agriculture, December 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1990.7603799.bard.

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Singh, Renu. Enzymatic Control of the Related Pathways of Fatty Acid and Undecylprodiginine Biosynthesis in Streptomyces coelicolor. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2110.

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Adam, Zach, and Eran Pichersky. Degradation of Abnormal Proteins in Chloroplasts of Higher Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568768.bard.

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In this study we attempted to get a better understanding of processes involved in the degradation of abnormal proteins i chloroplasts. To achieve this goal, we used a number of complementary approaches. We first characterized the expression of the two subunits of Clp protease. We demonstrated that both of them were expressed in chloroplasts in a constitutive fashion, but the expression of the regulatory subunit ClpC was enhanced by light. We generated a mutant the lumenal protein OEE33 which was targeted to the stroma in in vitro experiments. In the wrong compartment it was found unstable, and characterization of its degradation revealed that it was degraded by a soluble, ATP-dependent serine protease, which are also the characteristics of Clp protease. In search of other homologues of bacterial proteases, we found that chloroplasts contain a homologue of the FtsH protease. It is an ATP-dependent metallo-protease, bound to the stromal side of the thylakoid membrane, whose expression is dependent on light. The gene encodig this protease was cloned and characterized. In attempt to generate Arabidopsis mutant plants impaired in their capability to degrade abnormal chloroplast proteins, we fused the gene for mistargeted OEE33 to the streptomycin-detoxifying gene. This chimeric gene was introduced into Arabodipsis plants, to generate transformed plants. This transformants plants were sensitive to streptomycin due to the rapid turn-over of the chimeric protein. Seeds from these plants were then chemically mutagenised, and seedlings were selected for their capability to grow on streptomycin. The ability of these mutant transformants to grow on streptomycin is presumably due to stabilization of the chimeric protein. These plants will allow us in the future to identify the effected genes, which are likely to be involved in the protein degradation process.
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Michel Jr., Frederick C., Harry A. J. Hoitink, Yitzhak Hadar, and Dror Minz. Microbial Communities Active in Soil-Induced Systemic Plant Disease Resistance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586476.bard.

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Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) is a highly variable property that can be induced by compost amendment of potting media and soils. For example, previous studies showed that only 1 of 79 potting mixes prepared with different batches of mature composts produced from several different types of solid wastes were able to suppress the severity of bacterial leaf spot of radish caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae compared with disease on plants produced in a nonamended sphagnum peat mix. In this project, microbial consortia in the rhizosphere of plants grown in ISR-active compost-amended substrates were characterized. The plants used included primarily cucumber but also tomato and radish. Rhizosphere microbial consortia were characterized using multiple molecular tools including DGGE (Israel) and T -RFLP (Ohio) in both ISR-active field plots and potting media. Universal as well as population-specific bacterial and fungal PCR primers were utilized. T -RFLP analyses using universal bacterial primers showed few significant differences in overall bacterial community composition in ISR-active and inactive substrates (Ohio). In addition, the community members which were significantly different varied when different ISR-activecomposts were used (Ohio). To better characterize the shifts in microbial community structure during the development of ISR, population specific molecular tools were developed (Israel, Ohio).-PCR primers were designed to detect and quantify bacterial groups including Pyrenomycetes, Bacillus, Pan toea, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas and Streptomyces as well as Trichoderma and Fusarium; two groups of fungi that harbor isolates which are ISR active (Isreal and Ohio). Bacterial consortia associated with cucumber plants grown in compost-amended potting mixtures were shown to be dominated by the phylogenetic taxon Bacteroidetes, including members of the genus Chryseobacterium, which in some cases have been shown to be involved in biocontrol (Israel). Nested-PCR-DGGE analyses coupled with long l6S rDNA sequencing, demonstrated that the Chryseobacteriumspp. detected on seed and the root in compost-amended treatments were derived from the compost itself. The most effective ISR inducing rhizobacterial strains were identified as Bacillus sp. based on partial sequencing of l6S rDNA. However, these strains were significantly less effective in reducing the severity of disease than Trichoderma hamatum382 (T382). A procedure was developed for inoculation of a compost-amended substrate with T -382 which consistently induced ISR in cucumber against Phytophthora blight caused by Phytophthora capsiciand in radish against bacterial spot (Ohio). Inoculation of compost-amended potting mixes with biocontrol agents such as T -382 and other microbes that induce systemic resistance in plants significantly increased the frequency of systemic disease control obtained with natural compost amendments.
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Cytryn, E., Sean F. Brady, and O. Frenkel. Cutting edge culture independent pipeline for detection of novel anti-fungal plant protection compounds in suppressive soils. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2022.8134142.bard.

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Fusarium oxysporum spp. causes Panama disease in bananas and crown and root rot in an array of vegetables and field crops, but increased regulations have restricted the use of many conventional chemical pesticides, and there are a limited number of commercially available products effective against them. The soil microbiome represents a largely untapped reservoir of secondary metabolites that can potentially antagonize fungal pathogens. However, most soil bacteria cannot be cultivated using conventional techniques and therefore most of these compounds remain unexplored. The overall goal of this two-year project was to extract and characterize novel secondary metabolites from "unculturable" soil microbiomes that antagonize Fusarium and other fungal plant pathogens. Initially, the Cytryn lab at the Volcani Institute (ARO) identified candidate biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding for potentially novel antifungal compounds (specifically non-ribosomal peptides and polyketides) in soil and plant root microbiomes using cutting-edge metagenomic platforms. Next, the Brady lab at Rockefeller University (RU) screened archived soil metagenomic cosmid libraries for these BGCs, and heterologously expressed them in suitable hosts. Finally, the Frenkel and Cytryn labs at ARO assessed the capacity of these heterologous expressed strains to antagonize Fusarium and other fungal plant pathogens. Initially tomato and lettuce were analyzed, and subsequently roots of cucumbers grown in suppressive (biochar amended) soils were targeted. We found that the composition of tomato and lettuce root BGCs are similar to each other, but significantly different from adjacent bulk soil, indicating that root bacteria possess specific secondary metabolites that are potentially associated with rhizosphere competence. BGC linked to known metabolites included various antimicrobial, (e.g., streptazone E, sessilin), antifungal (heat-stable antifungal factor- HSAF, II and ECO-02301), and insecticidal (melingmycin, orfamide A) compounds. However, over 90% of the identified BGCs were moderately to significantly different from those encoding for characterized secondary metabolites, highlighting the profusion of potentially novel secondary metabolites in both root and soil environments. Novel BGCs that were abundant in roots and remotely resembled those of antifungal compounds were transferred to RU for subsequent screening and five were identified in RU soil metagenomic cosmid libraries. Two of these clusters (BARD-1711 BARD-B481) were heterologously-expressed in a Streptomyces albus J1074 strain, and transferred to ARO. The strain harboring BARAD-B481 was found to antagonize Fusarium significantly more than the host strain, indicating that this BGCs product has antifungal activity. Future studies will need to work on chemically characterizing the BARAD-B481 BGC and progress with the above described pipeline for other interesting BGCs.
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Lindow, Steven E., Shulamit Manulis, Dan Zutra, and Dan Gaash. Evaluation of Strategies and Implementation of Biological Control of Fire Blight. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568106.bard.

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The main objective of this study was to develop data that would facilitate a consistently effective method of biological control of fire blight disease to be developed and to enable its implementation for disease control by ensuring its compatibility with variations in the biological, environmental, and chemical conditions present in pear orchards. As considerable information on the pathogen and biological control of fire blight was already gathered from studies in California and elsewhere, an emphasis was placed on investigating the genetics and ecology of Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight in Israel. Studies of plasmid profile, virulence on several host, serological characteristics, as well as DNA fingerprints with selected primers all revealed E. amylovora strains in Israel to be homogeneous. Strains did vary in their resistance to streptomycin, with those from more northern locations being resistant while those in the southern costal plain were all sensitive to streptomycin. Resistance appeared to be conferred by chromosomal mutations as in streptomycin-resistant strains in California. The biological control agent Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506 colonized flowers of both the Costia and Spodona pear cultivars in Israel as well as Bartlett pear in California. Flowers that were open at the time of spray inoculation of trees subsequently harbored from 105 to 107 cells of strain A506 per flower, while those that opened subsequent to spraying developed population sizes of about 105 cells/flower within 5 days. The incidence of fire blight infections were reduced about 3-fold in several trials in which moderate amounts of disease occurred in the plot areas; this degree of biological control is similar to that observed in California and elsewhere. On two occasions warm and moist weather that favored disease led to epidemics in which nearly all flowers became infected and which was so severe that neither P. fluorescens strain A506 nor chemical bactericides reduced disease incidence. A novel method for identifying antagonistic microorganisms for biological control of fire blight and other diseases was developed. A bacterial ice nucleation gene was introduced into E. amylovora to confer an Ice+ phenotype and the population sizes of this modified pathogen on flowers that had been pre-treated with potential control agents was estimated by measuring the freezing temperature of colonized flowers. Antagonistic strains that prevented the growth of E. amylovora in flowers were readily detected as those in which flowers froze at a low temperature. The method is both rapid and unbiased and several bacterial strains with substantial biological control potential have been identified using this method.
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9

Jorgensen, Frieda, Andre Charlett, Craig Swift, Anais Painset, and Nicolae Corcionivoschi. A survey of the levels of Campylobacter spp. contamination and prevalence of selected antimicrobial resistance determinants in fresh whole UK-produced chilled chickens at retail sale (non-major retailers). Food Standards Agency, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xls618.

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Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle for this organism. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) agreed with industry to reduce Campylobacter spp. contamination in raw chicken and issued a target to reduce the prevalence of the most contaminated chickens (those with more than 1000 cfu per g chicken neck skin) to below 10 % at the end of the slaughter process, initially by 2016. To help monitor progress, a series of UK-wide surveys were undertaken to determine the levels of Campylobacter spp. on whole UK-produced, fresh chicken at retail sale in the UK. The data obtained for the first four years was reported in FSA projects FS241044 (2014/15) and FS102121 (2015 to 2018). The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated raw whole retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target. This report presents results from testing chickens from non-major retailer stores (only) in a fifth survey year from 2018 to 2019. In line with previous practise, samples were collected from stores distributed throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each country). Testing was performed by two laboratories - a Public Health England (PHE) laboratory or the Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast. Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. was performed using the ISO 10272-2 standard enumeration method applied with a detection limit of 10 colony forming units (cfu) per gram (g) of neck skin. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to selected antimicrobials in accordance with those advised in the EU harmonised monitoring protocol was predicted from genome sequence data in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates The percentage (10.8%) of fresh, whole chicken at retail sale in stores of smaller chains (for example, Iceland, McColl’s, Budgens, Nisa, Costcutter, One Stop), independents and butchers (collectively referred to as non-major retailer stores in this report) in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. has decreased since the previous survey year but is still higher than that found in samples from major retailers. 8 whole fresh raw chickens from non-major retailer stores were collected from August 2018 to July 2019 (n = 1009). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 55.8% of the chicken skin samples obtained from non-major retailer shops, and 10.8% of the samples had counts above 1000 cfu per g chicken skin. Comparison among production plant approval codes showed significant differences of the percentages of chicken samples with more than 1000 cfu per g, ranging from 0% to 28.1%. The percentage of samples with more than 1000 cfu of Campylobacter spp. per g was significantly higher in the period May, June and July than in the period November to April. The percentage of highly contaminated samples was significantly higher for samples taken from larger compared to smaller chickens. There was no statistical difference in the percentage of highly contaminated samples between those obtained from chicken reared with access to range (for example, free-range and organic birds) and those reared under standard regime (for example, no access to range) but the small sample size for organic and to a lesser extent free-range chickens, may have limited the ability to detect important differences should they exist. Campylobacter species was determined for isolates from 93.4% of the positive samples. C. jejuni was isolated from the majority (72.6%) of samples while C. coli was identified in 22.1% of samples. A combination of both species was found in 5.3% of samples. C. coli was more frequently isolated from samples obtained from chicken reared with access to range in comparison to those reared as standard birds. C. jejuni was less prevalent during the summer months of June, July and August compared to the remaining months of the year. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), erythromycin (macrolide), tetracycline, (tetracyclines), gentamicin and streptomycin (aminoglycosides) was predicted from WGS data by the detection of known antimicrobial resistance determinants. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in 185 (51.7%) isolates of C. jejuni and 49 (42.1%) isolates of C. coli; while 220 (61.1%) isolates of C. jejuni and 73 (62.9%) isolates of C. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Three C. coli (2.6%) but none of the C. jejuni isolates harboured 23S mutations predicting reduced susceptibility to erythromycin. Multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as harbouring genetic determinants for resistance to at least three unrelated antimicrobial classes, was found in 10 (8.6%) C. coli isolates but not in any C. jejuni isolates. Co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was predicted in 1.7% of C. coli isolates. 9 Overall, the percentages of isolates with genetic AMR determinants found in this study were similar to those reported in the previous survey year (August 2016 to July 2017) where testing was based on phenotypic break-point testing. Multi-drug resistance was similar to that found in the previous survey years. It is recommended that trends in AMR in Campylobacter spp. isolates from retail chickens continue to be monitored to realise any increasing resistance of concern, particulary to erythromycin (macrolide). Considering that the percentage of fresh, whole chicken from non-major retailer stores in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. continues to be above that in samples from major retailers more action including consideration of interventions such as improved biosecurity and slaughterhouse measures is needed to achieve better control of Campylobacter spp. for this section of the industry. The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target.
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