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1
SHOME, BIBEK RANJAN, MANI BHUVANA, SUSWETA DAS MITRA, NATESAN KRITHIGA, RAJESWARI SHOME, DHANIKACHALAM VELU, APALA BANERJEE, PINAKI PRASAD SENGUPTA, and HABIBAR RAHMAN. "Multiplex PCR for rapid detection of Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae in subclinical mastitis milk." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 82, no. 10 (October 11, 2012): 1137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v82i10.24279.
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To improve mastitis diagnosis and achieve rapid, specific, reliable and cost effective test, a multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection and differentiation of major streptococcal species, viz. Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae was developed. Evaluation with 24 ATCC strains and 606 strains comprising streptococci (84) and staphylococci (522) showed the assay to be highly accurate. The threshold of detection of the mPCR assay was 10fg of genomic DNA and < 102 CFU ml-1. Assessment of 115 milk samples collected from subclinically infected herd, showed mPCR assay to be more efficacious than culture method. Identification of Streptococcus species using this assay will be crucial to determine prevalence of Streptococcus in a herd. This will facilitate early diagnosis, treatment and control of the rate of infection at farm level. The assay can be implemented for routine monitoring of herd health and can be of great value for promoting prevention of streptococcal mastitis.
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Grönroos, L., M. Saarela, J. Mättö, U. Tanner-Salo, A. Vuorela, and S. Alaluusua. "Mutacin Production by Streptococcus mutans May Promote Transmission of Bacteria from Mother to Child." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 2595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.6.2595-2600.1998.
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ABSTRACT The production of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances, mutacins, by mutans streptococci varies among isolates. To find if the degree of mutacin activity of an isolate was related to its transmission between mother and her child, 19 mothers and their 18-month- to 3-year-old children were sampled for their oral mutans streptococci. In addition, the stability of mutacin activity was studied with isolates from the mothers and with isolates from five unrelated 5-year-old children in 5- to 7-year follow-up studies. A total of 145 oral mutans streptococcal isolates were serotyped by immunodiffusion, ribotyped, and mutacin typed by the stab culture technique. Mutacin was produced by 88% of the strains against more than 1 of the 14 indicator strains, representing mutans streptococci,Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Streptococcus mutans isolates showed more inhibitory activity than didStreptococcus sobrinus isolates. Identical ribotypes had similar mutacin activity profiles within a subject, initially and in the follow-up studies, in all but two cases. The mothers harbored a total of 37 different mutans streptococcal ribotypes. Six children were negative for mutans streptococci. Transmission was probable in 9 of 20 mother-child pairs on the basis of the presence of identical strains, as determined by ribotyping and bacteriocin (mutacin) typing. S. mutansstrains shared between a mother and her child showed a broader spectrum of inhibitory activity than did nontransmitted strains. In conclusion, the mutacin activity of clinical isolates is reasonably stable, and this virulence factor seems to be of clinical importance in early colonization by S. mutans.
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Mayanskiy, N. A., A. Z. Kvarchiya, E. A. Brzhozovskaya, O. A. Ponomarenko, O. A. Kryzhanovskaya, and Tatyana V. Kulichenko. "SPECIES DIVERSITY AND SENSITIVITY TO ANTIBIOTICS AGAINST ORAL STREPTOCOCCI ISOLATED IN CHILDREN." Russian Pediatric Journal 22, no. 3 (October 7, 2019): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9561-2019-22-3-153-161.
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Oral streptococci can exchange genetic material with other bacteria colonizing the same loci of the body, their resistance profiles can serve as markers of the risk of the developing resistance to certain antibiotics in closely related bacteria, in particular, Streptococcus pneumoniae. Materials and Methods To describe the species composition of oral streptococci and to detect the profile of their sensitivity to a wide range of antibiotics there were investigated oral streptococcal isolates isolated from oropharyngeal smears sown in children of various ages with acute respiratory infections not receiving antibacterial therapy for selective streptococcal medium with penicillin (Pen, 1 mg/l) or erythromycin (Ery, 2 mg/l). 253 oropharyngeal smears were studied. Results. The most frequent sowings were Pen-resistant and Ery-resistant Streptococcus mitis, found in 158 (62.5%) and 169 (66.8%) studied, respectively. Ery-resistant Streptococcus salivarius group was detected in 107 (42.3%) samples, Pen-resistant streptococcus from this group were found much less frequently in 16 (6.3%) samples. Pen and Eri-resistant isolates of Streptococcus sanguinis group were present in 69 (27.3%) and 49 (19.4%) samples respectively. All the streptococcus specimens studied were sensitive to vancomycin, linezolid and (except for one) levofloxacin; about 90% were sensitive to daptomycin, rifampicin and chloramphenicol. Sensitivity to tetracycline was lower at 57.5%. Multiple drug resistance (MDR; resistance to ≥3 groups of antibiotics) had 93 (58.1%) isolates; the most common combination of penicillin, erythromycin and tetracycline resistance was found in 53 (57%) MDR isolates. Streptococcus mitis/oralis were characterized by higher MPCs of penicillin, ampicillin and ceftriaxone, as well as the frequency of stable forms, including MDR, as compared to other streptococci. Streptococcus mitis, first S. mitis oralis group streptococcus predominate in the species structure of antibiotic-resistant oral streptocococci, among which MDR is widespread, including resistance to β-lactams.
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Brown, Alan E., Jeffrey D. Rogers, Elaine M. Haase, Peter M. Zelasko, and Frank A. Scannapieco. "Prevalence of the Amylase-Binding Protein A Gene (abpA) in Oral Streptococci." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 12 (1999): 4081–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.12.4081-4085.1999.
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Salivary amylase binds specifically to a number of oral streptococcal species. This interaction may play an important role in dental plaque formation. Recently, a 585-bp gene was cloned and sequenced from Streptococcus gordonii Challis encoding a 20.5-kDa amylase-binding protein (AbpA). The goal of this study was to determine if related genes are present in other species of oral streptococci. Biotinylated abpA was used in Southern blot analysis to screen genomic DNA from several strains representing eight species of oral streptococci. This probe hybridized with a 4.0-kbHindIII restriction fragment from all 13 strains ofS. gordonii tested. The probe did not appear to bind to any restriction fragments from other species of amylase-binding oral streptococci including Streptococcus mitis (with the exception of 1 of 14 strains), Streptococcus crista (3 strains), Streptococcus anginosus (1 strain), andStreptococcus parasanguinis (1 strain), or to non-amylase-binding oral streptococci including Streptococcus sanguinis (3 strains), Streptococcus oralis (4 strains), and Streptococcus mutans (1 strain). Primers homologous to sequences within the 3′ and 5′ ends of abpAyielded products of 400 bp following PCR of genomic DNA from the Southern blot-positive strains. Several of these PCR products were cloned and sequenced. The levels of similarity of these cloned products to the abpA of S. gordonii Challis ranged from 91 to 96%. These studies reveal that the abpA gene appears to be specific to S. gordonii and differs from genes encoding amylase-binding proteins from other species of amylase-binding streptococci.
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Nestorovic, Branimir, Suzana Laban-Nestorovic, Veselinka Paripovic, and Katarina Milosevic. "Value of rapid test for identification of beta hemolytic Streptococcus antigens in children with Streptococcal pharyngitis." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 132, suppl. 1 (2004): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh04s1039n.
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Beta-hemolytic group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes) is the most common bacterial agent associated with the upper respiratory tract infections in humans. The most frequently group A streptococcus-associated disease is pharyngitis. Males and females are equally affected by group A streptococcus. There is seasonal increase in the prevalence of group A streptococcus-associated pharyngitis. Streptococcal pharyngitis is most prevalent in winter and early spring with higher incidence of disease observed in crowded population such as school children. Early diagnosis and treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis has been shown to reduce the severity of symptoms and further complications such as rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. The conventional methods used for identification of group A streptococci depend on isolation and identification of the organism on blood agar plates. These methods usually require 18-24 hours of incubation at 37?C. Such delay in identifying the group A streptococcus has often made physicians to administer therapy without first disclosing the etiological agent. Development of immunologic tests, capable of detecting the group A streptococcal antigen directly from the throat swabs, produced rapid test results employed for better treatment of patients. STREP A test is a rapid immunochromatographic test for the detection of group A streptococci from throat swabs or culture. The accuracy of the test does not depend on the organism viability. Instead, group A strep antigen is extracted directly from the swab and identified using antibodies specific for the group A carbohydrates. We compared rapid test with conventional throat swab in 40 children, who met Centor criteria for streptococcal pharyngitis (absence of cough, high fever, purulent pharyngitis, enlarged and painful cervical lymph nodes). Overall congruence of rapid test and culture was 94%. Test is easy to perform and it is recommended as the first diagnostic test for management of children with streptococcal pharyngitis. In children with negative test, but with characteristics highly suggestive of streptococcal infection, throat culture should be performed.
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Woo, Patrick CY, Jade LL Teng, Kit-wah Leung, Susanna KP Lau, Herman Tse, Beatrice HL Wong, and Kwok-yung Yuen. "Streptococcus sinensis may react with Lancefield group F antiserum." Journal of Medical Microbiology 53, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 1083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45745-0.
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Lancefield group F streptococci have been found almost exclusively as members of the ‘Streptococcus milleri’ group, although they have been reported very occasionally in some other streptococcal species. Among 302 patients with bacteraemia caused by viridans streptococci over a 6-year period, three cases were caused by Streptococcus sinensis (type strain HKU4T, HKU5 and HKU6). All three patients had infective endocarditis complicating their underlying chronic rheumatic heart diseases. Gene sequencing showed no base differences between the 16S rRNA gene sequences of HKU5 and HKU6 and that of HKU4T. All three strains were Gram-positive, non-spore-forming cocci arranged in chains. All grew on sheep blood agar as α-haemolytic, grey colonies of 0.5–1 mm in diameter after 24 h incubation at 37 °C in ambient air. Lancefield grouping revealed that HKU5 and HKU6 were Lancefield group F, but HKU4T was non-groupable with Lancefield groups A, B, C, D, F or G antisera. HKU4T was identified by the Vitek system (GPI), API system (20 STREP) and ATB system (ID32 STREP) as 99 % Streptococcus intermedius, 51.3 % S. intermedius and 99.9 % Streptococcus anginosus, respectively. Using the same tests, HKU5 was identified as 87 % Streptococcus sanguinis/Streptococcus gordonii, 59 % Streptococcus salivarius and 99.6 % S. anginosus, respectively, and HKU6 as 87 % S. sanguinis/S. gordonii, 77 % Streptococcus pneumoniae and 98.3 % S. anginosus, respectively. The present data revealed that a proportion of Lancefield group F streptococci could be S. sinensis. Lancefield group F streptococci should not be automatically reported as ‘S. milleri'.
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Vogel, Verena, and Barbara Spellerberg. "Bacteriocin Production by Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci." Pathogens 10, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070867.
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Beta-hemolytic streptococci cause a variety of infectious diseases associated with high morbidity and mortality. A key factor for successful infection is host colonization, which can be difficult in a multispecies environment. Secreting bacteriocins can be beneficial during this process. Bacteriocins are small, ribosomally produced, antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of other, typically closely related, bacteria. In this systematic review, bacteriocin production and regulation of beta-hemolytic streptococci was surveyed. While Streptococcus pyogenes produces eight different bacteriocins (Streptococcin A-FF22/A-M49, Streptin, Salivaricin A, SpbMN, Blp1, Blp2, Streptococcin A-M57), only one bacteriocin of Streptococcus agalactiae (Agalacticin = Nisin P) and one of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (Dysgalacticin) has been described. Expression of class I bacteriocins is regulated by a two-component system, typically with autoinduction by the bacteriocin itself. In contrast, a separate quorum sensing system regulates expression of class II bacteriocins. Both identified class III bacteriocins are plasmid-encoded and regulation has not been elucidated.
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Lawson, Paul A., Geoffrey Foster, Enevold Falsen, and Matthew D. Collins. "Streptococcus marimammalium sp. nov., isolated from seals." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63342-0.
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Two strains of an unidentified, Gram-positive, catalase-negative, chain-forming, coccus-shaped organism recovered from seals were characterized using phenotypic and molecular taxonomic methods. Based on morphological and biochemical criteria the strains were tentatively identified as streptococci but they did not appear to correspond to any recognized species of the genus Streptococcus. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies showed that the strains were closely related to each other and confirmed their placement in the genus Streptococcus. Sequence divergence values of >5 % with reference streptococcal species demonstrated the organisms from seals represent a novel species. SDS-PAGE analysis of whole-cell proteins confirmed that the two organisms were closely related to each other but were different from all currently defined streptococcal species. Based on biochemical criteria, molecular chemical and molecular genetic evidence, it is proposed that the unknown isolates from seals be assigned to a novel species of the genus Streptococcus, Streptococcus marimammalium sp. nov. The type strain is M54/01/1T (=CCUG 48494T=CIP 108309T).
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Cheng, X., S. Redanz, P. Treerat, H. Qin, D. Choi, X. Zhou, X. Xu, J. Merritt, and J. Kreth. "Magnesium-Dependent Promotion of H2O2 Production Increases Ecological Competitiveness of Oral Commensal Streptococci." Journal of Dental Research 99, no. 7 (March 20, 2020): 847–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034520912181.
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The pyruvate oxidase (SpxB)–dependent production of H2O2 is widely distributed among oral commensal streptococci. Several studies confirmed the ability of H2O2 to antagonize susceptible oral bacterial species, including caries-associated Streptococcus mutans as well as several periodontal pathobionts. Here we report a potential mechanism to bolster oral commensal streptococcal H2O2 production by magnesium (Mg2+) supplementation. Magnesium is a cofactor for SpxB catalytic activity, and supplementation increases the production of H2O2 in vitro. We demonstrate that Mg2+ affects spxB transcription and SpxB abundance in Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus gordonii. The competitiveness of low-passage commensal streptococcal clinical isolates is positively influenced in antagonism assays against S. mutans. In growth conditions normally selective for S. mutans, Mg2+ supplementation is able to increase the abundance of S. sanguinis in dual-species biofilms. Using an in vivo biophotonic imaging platform, we further demonstrate that dietary Mg2+ supplementation significantly improves S. gordonii oral colonization in mice. In summary, our results support a role for Mg2+ supplementation as a potential prebiotic to promote establishment of oral health–associated commensal streptococci.
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ZADOKS, R. N., R. N. GONZÁLEZ, K. J. BOOR, and Y. H. SCHUKKEN. "Mastitis-Causing Streptococci Are Important Contributors to Bacterial Counts in Raw Bulk Tank Milk." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 2644–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.12.2644.
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The objective of this study was to probe the contribution of streptococci to the microbial quality of raw milk. Over a 5-month period, bulk tank milk samples from 48 New York State dairy farms were analyzed qualitatively for bacterial ecology and quantitatively for total bacterial, streptococcal, staphylococcal, and gram-negative bacterial counts. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the contribution of differential counts to total bacterial counts. Streptococci, staphylococci, and gram-negative bacteria accounted for 69, 3, and 3% of total bacterial count variability, respectively. Randomly selected Streptococcus isolates from each bulk tank milk sample were identified to species by means of the API 20 STREP identification system. The most commonly identified streptococcal species were Streptococcus uberis, Aerococcus viridans, and Streptococcus agalactiae, which were detected in 81, 50, and 31% of 48 bulk tank samples, respectively. For five herds, S. uberis isolates from bulk tank milk and individual cows were characterized by PvuII ribotyping. A farm-specific dominant ribotype was found in each bulk tank sample, and that ribotype was isolated from at least one cow within each herd of origin. Bacteriological and strain typing data indicate that control of streptococci, specifically mastitis-causing species, is important for improvement of the microbial quality of raw milk in New York State.
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Al-Ahmad, Ali, Thorsten Mathias Auschill, Gabriele Braun, Elmar Hellwig, and Nicole Birgit Arweiler. "Overestimation of Streptococcus mutans prevalence by nested PCR detection of the 16S rRNA gene." Journal of Medical Microbiology 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46280-0.
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This study was carried out in order to compare two PCR-based methods in the detection of Streptococcus mutans. The first PCR method was based on primers for the 16S rRNA gene and the second method was based on specific primers that targeted the glucosyltransferase gene (gtfB). Each PCR was performed with eight different streptococci from the viridans group, five other streptococci and 17 different non-streptococcal bacterial strains. Direct use of the S. mutans 16S rRNA gene-specific primers revealed that Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus infantis were also detected. After amplifying the 16S rRNA gene with universal primers and subsequently performing nested PCR, the S. mutans-specific nested primers based on the 16S rRNA gene detected all tested streptococci. There was no cross-reaction of the gtfB primers after direct PCR. Our results indicate that direct PCR and nested PCR based on 16S rRNA genes can reveal false-positive results for oral streptococci and lead to an overestimation of the prevalence of S. mutans with regards to its role as the most prevalent causative agent of dental caries.
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Davies, Mark R., Josephine Shera, Gary H. Van Domselaar, Kadaba S. Sriprakash, and David J. McMillan. "A Novel Integrative Conjugative Element Mediates Genetic Transfer from Group G Streptococcus to Other β-Hemolytic Streptococci." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 7 (January 23, 2009): 2257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01624-08.
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ABSTRACT Lateral gene transfer is a significant contributor to the ongoing evolution of many bacterial pathogens, including β-hemolytic streptococci. Here we provide the first characterization of a novel integrative conjugative element (ICE), ICESde3396, from Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (group G streptococcus [GGS]), a bacterium commonly found in the throat and skin of humans. ICESde3396 is 64 kb in size and encodes 66 putative open reading frames. ICESde3396 shares 38 open reading frames with a putative ICE from Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus [GBS]), ICESa2603. In addition to genes involves in conjugal processes, ICESde3396 also carries genes predicted to be involved in virulence and resistance to various metals. A major feature of ICESde3396 differentiating it from ICESa2603 is the presence of an 18-kb internal recombinogenic region containing four unique gene clusters, which appear to have been acquired from streptococcal and nonstreptococcal bacterial species. The four clusters include two cadmium resistance operons, an arsenic resistance operon, and genes with orthologues in a group A streptococcus (GAS) prophage. Streptococci that naturally harbor ICESde3396 have increased resistance to cadmium and arsenate, indicating the functionality of genes present in the 18-kb recombinogenic region. By marking ICESde3396 with a kanamycin resistance gene, we demonstrate that the ICE is transferable to other GGS isolates as well as GBS and GAS. To investigate the presence of the ICE in clinical streptococcal isolates, we screened 69 isolates (30 GGS, 19 GBS, and 20 GAS isolates) for the presence of three separate regions of ICESde3396. Eleven isolates possessed all three regions, suggesting they harbored ICESde3396-like elements. Another four isolates possessed ICESa2603-like elements. We propose that ICESde3396 is a mobile genetic element that is capable of acquiring DNA from multiple bacterial sources and is a vehicle for dissemination of this DNA through the wider β-hemolytic streptococcal population.
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Tjiu Ritonga, Christian Martin. "Group A Streptococcus Infection in Children : Literature Review." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM) 11, no. 11 (November 23, 2023): 897–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v11i11.mp03.
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Streptococci are a large and diverse group of gram-positive cocci that grow in pairs or chains. Invasive group A Streptococcus infection (GAS) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The mechanism for spreading Streptococcus from one person to another and one part of the body to another part of the body varies according to the clinical manifestations of the infection. Group A Streptococcus infection, consisting of non-invasive gas infection and invasive gas infection. Generally, for non-severe infections due to group A Streptococcus is good with very low morbidity and mortality rates. On the other hand, the more invasive and severe infections caused by group A Streptococcus carry with them significant mortality and morbidity rates. The purpose of writing this literature review is to improve understanding and treatment of group A streptococcal infections in children so that the mortality and morbidity associated with this infection can be reduced.
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Camelo-Castillo, Anny, Alfonso Benítez-Páez, Pedro Belda-Ferre, Raúl Cabrera-Rubio, and Alex Mira. "Streptococcus dentisani sp. nov., a novel member of the mitis group." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64, Pt_1 (January 1, 2014): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.054098-0.
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Genomic, taxonomic and biochemical studies were performed on two strains of α-haemolytic streptococci that showed them to be clustered with major members of the Streptococcus mitis group. These Gram-stain-positive strains were isolated from tooth surfaces of caries-free humans and showed the classical spherical shape of streptococcal species growing in chains. Sequence analysis from concatenated 16S and 23S rRNA gene and sodA genes showed that these strains belonged to the mitis group, but both of them clustered into a new phylogenetic branch. The genomes of these two isolates were sequenced, and whole-genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) demonstrated that these strains significantly differed from any streptococcal species, showing ANI values under 91 % even when compared with the phylogenetically closest species such as Streptococcus oralis and S. mitis . Biochemically, the two isolates also showed distinct metabolic features relative to closely related species, like α-galactosidase activity. From the results of the present study, the name Streptococcus dentisani sp. nov. is proposed to accommodate these novel strains, which have been deposited in open collections at the Spanish type Culture Collection (CECT) and Leibniz Institute DSMZ–German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), being respectively identified as Streptococcus dentisani Str. 7746 ( = CECT 8313 = DSM 27089) and Streptococcus dentisani Str. 7747T ( = CECT 8312T = DSM 27088T).
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Shevchenko, M., and A. Andriichuk. "Antibiotic resistance of isolates of Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. causing mastitis on dairy farms in Ukraine." Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini, no. 1(180) (May 25, 2023): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-4902-2023-180-1-81-88.
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Mastitis is the most common pathology of cows that causes large economic losses to dairy farms. Mastitis is often caused by a group of infectious associated pathogens that can be transmitted among animals. Most often, the pathological process in subclinically and clinically sick animals is caused by coccal gram-positive microflora. A major problem is the mechanisms by which microorganisms acquire resistance to one or more antibacterial agents. Thus, standard treatment regimens used on the farm become ineffective. The publication presents the results of the study of antibiotic resistance of 45 isolates of Staphylococcus spp. and 22 isolates of Streptococcus spp. In this study, the chromogenic media CHROMagarTM Mastitis, CHROMagarTM Orientation and CHROMagarTM MH Orientation were used, which helped to speed up the isolation and identification of cultures. Phenotypic antibiotic resistance profiles were determined using the agar diffusion method. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) showed a high level of resistance to beta-lactams of the penicillin class of benzylpenicillin – 60% and 66.7%. Streptococcus disgalactiae and Streptococcus agalactiae showed high resistance to tetracycline – 46.7% and 35.3%. At the same time, Streptococcus agalactiae had a high resistance to clindamycin of 35.3%. Streptococcus disgalactiae to benzylpenicillin – 29.4%, Streptococus uberis to clindamycin – 75%. The lowest resistance was observed to the antibiotic vancomycin in 6.7% of isolated staphylococci and 13.3% of streptococci. MAR index of more than 0.2 was observed in 75% of Streptococus uberis, 60% of CoNS and 52.9% of Streptococcus agalactiae. More than 50% of all studied isolates had multiple resistance to antibiotics most commonly used on Ukrainian farms. Key words: Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., antibiotic resistance, mastitis, infectious mastitis, gram-positive bacteria.
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Vance, D. W. "Group C Streptococci: "Streptococcus equisimilis" or Streptococcus anginosus?" Clinical Infectious Diseases 14, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/14.2.616.
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W S Harty, Derek. "Virulence factors in streptococcal infective endocarditis." Microbiology Australia 26, no. 3 (2005): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma05114.
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Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life threatening, endovascular infection occurring when bacteria enter the blood stream and adhere to heart valves. Mortality rates remain in the range of 11-27%. The most common infecting micro-organisms are now the staphylococci (44%) although streptococci (31%) and particularly the oral streptococci (21%) are still major causative agents. Many different oral streptococci have been isolated from IE cases, the most common being Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus anginosus group and mutans streptococci.
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Barnham, M. "Streptococcal infection in general practice." Epidemiology and Infection 109, no. 2 (October 1992): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800050135.
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The last 30 years have been changes in emphasis in the study of streptococci and streptococcal diseases. Earlier work concentrated mainly on the sources and methods of cross-infection and descriptive epidemiology of Streptococcus pyogenes in its major manifestations of respiratory, cutaneous and invasive infection and in the complications of rheumatic fever (RF), scarlet fever (SF) and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN).
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Loimaranta, V., N. S. Jakubovics, J. Hytönen, J. Finne, H. F. Jenkinson, and N. Strömberg. "Fluid- or Surface-Phase Human Salivary Scavenger Protein gp340 Exposes Different Bacterial Recognition Properties." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 4 (April 2005): 2245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.4.2245-2252.2005.
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ABSTRACT Salivary scavenger receptor cysteine-rich protein gp340 aggregates streptococci and other bacteria as part of the host innate defense system at mucosal surfaces. In this article, we have investigated the properties of fluid-phase gp340 and hydroxylapatite surface-adsorbed gp340 in aggregation and adherence, respectively, of viridans group streptococci (e.g., Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus mutans), non-viridans group streptococci (e.g., Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus suis), and oral Actinomyces. Fluid-phase gp340 and surface-phase gp340 bioforms were differentially recognized by streptococci, which formed three phenotypic groupings according to their modes of interaction with gp340. Group I streptococci were aggregated by and adhered to gp340, and group II streptococci preferentially adhered to surface-bound gp340, while group III streptococci were preferentially aggregated by gp340. Each species of Streptococcus tested was found to contain strains representative of at least two of these gp340 interaction groupings. The gp340 interaction modes I to III and sugar specificities of gp340 binding strains coincided for several species. Many gp340 interactions were sialidase sensitive, and each of the interaction modes (I to III) for S. gordonii was correlated with a variant of sialic acid specificity. Adherence of S. gordonii DL1 (Challis) to surface-bound gp340 was dependent upon expression of the sialic acid binding adhesin Hsa. However, aggregation of cells by fluid-phase gp340 was independent of Hsa and involved SspA and SspB (antigen I/II family) polypeptides. Conversely, both gp340-mediated aggregation and adherence of S. mutans NG8 involved antigen I/II polypeptide. Deletion of the mga virulence regulator gene in S. pyogenes resulted in increased cell aggregation by gp340. These results suggest that salivary gp340 recognizes different bacterial receptors according to whether gp340 is present in the fluid phase or surface bound. This phase-associated differential recognition by gp340 of streptococcal species of different levels of virulence and diverse origins may mediate alternative host responses to commensal or pathogenic bacterial phenotypes.
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Nobbs, Angela H., Richard J. Lamont, and Howard F. Jenkinson. "Streptococcus Adherence and Colonization." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 73, no. 3 (September 2009): 407–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00014-09.
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SUMMARY Streptococci readily colonize mucosal tissues in the nasopharynx; the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts; and the skin. Each ecological niche presents a series of challenges to successful colonization with which streptococci have to contend. Some species exist in equilibrium with their host, neither stimulating nor submitting to immune defenses mounted against them. Most are either opportunistic or true pathogens responsible for diseases such as pharyngitis, tooth decay, necrotizing fasciitis, infective endocarditis, and meningitis. Part of the success of streptococci as colonizers is attributable to the spectrum of proteins expressed on their surfaces. Adhesins enable interactions with salivary, serum, and extracellular matrix components; host cells; and other microbes. This is the essential first step to colonization, the development of complex communities, and possible invasion of host tissues. The majority of streptococcal adhesins are anchored to the cell wall via a C-terminal LPxTz motif. Other proteins may be surface anchored through N-terminal lipid modifications, while the mechanism of cell wall associations for others remains unclear. Collectively, these surface-bound proteins provide Streptococcus species with a “coat of many colors,” enabling multiple intimate contacts and interplays between the bacterial cell and the host. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated direct roles for many streptococcal adhesins as colonization or virulence factors, making them attractive targets for therapeutic and preventive strategies against streptococcal infections. There is, therefore, much focus on applying increasingly advanced molecular techniques to determine the precise structures and functions of these proteins, and their regulatory pathways, so that more targeted approaches can be developed.
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Lin, Xinghua, Richard J. Lamont, Jie Wu, and Hua Xie. "Role of Differential Expression of Streptococcal Arginine Deiminase in Inhibition of fimA Expression in Porphyromonas gingivalis." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 12 (April 11, 2008): 4367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01898-07.
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ABSTRACT Streptococcus cristatus ArcA inhibits production of a major adhesin, FimA, in Porphyromonas gingivalis, a primary periodontal pathogen. In this study, we demonstrate the differential expression of arcA in two streptococcal species. The expression level of arcA in streptococci appears to be controlled by both cis and trans elements.
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Xu, Ping, Joao M. Alves, Todd Kitten, Arunsri Brown, Zhenming Chen, Luiz S. Ozaki, Patricio Manque, et al. "Genome of the Opportunistic Pathogen Streptococcus sanguinis." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 8 (February 2, 2007): 3166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01808-06.
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ABSTRACT The genome of Streptococcus sanguinis is a circular DNA molecule consisting of 2,388,435 bp and is 177 to 590 kb larger than the other 21 streptococcal genomes that have been sequenced. The G+C content of the S. sanguinis genome is 43.4%, which is considerably higher than the G+C contents of other streptococci. The genome encodes 2,274 predicted proteins, 61 tRNAs, and four rRNA operons. A 70-kb region encoding pathways for vitamin B12 biosynthesis and degradation of ethanolamine and propanediol was apparently acquired by horizontal gene transfer. The gene complement suggests new hypotheses for the pathogenesis and virulence of S. sanguinis and differs from the gene complements of other pathogenic and nonpathogenic streptococci. In particular, S. sanguinis possesses a remarkable abundance of putative surface proteins, which may permit it to be a primary colonizer of the oral cavity and agent of streptococcal endocarditis and infection in neutropenic patients.
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Neely, Melody N., John D. Pfeifer, and Michael Caparon. "Streptococcus-Zebrafish Model of Bacterial Pathogenesis." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 7 (July 2002): 3904–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.7.3904-3914.2002.
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ABSTRACT Due to its small size, rapid generation time, powerful genetic systems, and genomic resources, the zebrafish has emerged as an important model of vertebrate development and human disease. Its well-developed adaptive and innate cellular immune systems make the zebrafish an ideal model for the study of infectious diseases. With a natural and important pathogen of fish, Streptococcus iniae, we have established a streptococcus- zebrafish model of bacterial pathogenesis. Following injection into the dorsal muscle, zebrafish developed a lethal infection, with a 50% lethal dose of 103 CFU, and died within 2 to 3 days. The pathogenesis of infection resembled that of S. iniae in farmed fish populations and that of several important human streptococcal diseases and was characterized by an initial focal necrotic lesion that rapidly progressed to invasion of the pathogen into all major organ systems, including the brain. Zebrafish were also susceptible to infection by the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes. However, disease was characterized by a marked absence of inflammation, large numbers of extracellular streptococci in the dorsal muscle, and extensive myonecrosis that occurred far in advance of any systemic invasion. The genetic systems available for streptococci, including a novel method of mutagenesis which targets genes whose products are exported, were used to identify several mutants attenuated for virulence in zebrafish. This combination of a genetically amenable pathogen with a well-defined vertebrate host makes the streptococcus-zebrafish model of bacterial pathogenesis a powerful model for analysis of infectious disease.
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Igarashi, Takeshi, Ayako Yamamoto, and Nobuichi Goto. "Polymerase chain reaction for identification of oral streptococci: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus downei and Streptococcus salivarius." Journal of Microbiological Methods 34, no. 1 (September 1998): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7012(98)00078-5.
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Davies, Mark R., David J. McMillan, Gary H. Van Domselaar, Malcolm K. Jones, and Kadaba S. Sriprakash. "Phage 3396 from a Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis Pathovar May Have Its Origins in Streptococcus pyogenes." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 7 (January 26, 2007): 2646–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01590-06.
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ABSTRACT Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis strains (group G streptococcus [GGS]) are largely defined as commensal organisms, which are closely related to the well-defined human pathogen, the group A streptococcus (GAS). While lateral gene transfers are emerging as a common theme in these species, little is known about the mechanisms and role of these transfers and their effect on the population structure of streptococci in nature. It is now becoming evident that bacteriophages are major contributors to the genotypic diversity of GAS and, consequently, are pivotal to the GAS strain structure. Furthermore, bacteriophages are strongly associated with altering the pathogenic potential of GAS. In contrast, little is know about phages from GGS and their role in the population dynamics of GGS. In this study we report the first complete genome sequence of a GGS phage, Φ3396. Exhibiting high homology to the GAS phage Φ315.1, the chimeric nature of Φ3396 is unraveled to reveal evidence of extensive ongoing genetic diversity and dissemination of streptococcal phages in nature. Furthermore, we expand on our recent findings to identify inducible Φ3396 homologues in GAS from a region of endemicity for GAS and GGS infection. Together, these findings provide new insights into not only the population structure of GGS but also the overall population structure of the streptococcal genus and the emergence of pathogenic variants.
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Chalmers, Natalia I., Robert J. Palmer, John O. Cisar, and Paul E. Kolenbrander. "Characterization of a Streptococcus sp.-Veillonella sp. Community Micromanipulated from Dental Plaque." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 24 (September 19, 2008): 8145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00983-08.
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ABSTRACT Streptococci and veillonellae occur in mixed-species colonies during formation of early dental plaque. One factor hypothesized to be important in assembly of these initial communities is coaggregation (cell-cell recognition by genetically distinct bacteria). Intrageneric coaggregation of streptococci occurs when a lectin-like adhesin on one streptococcal species recognizes a receptor polysaccharide (RPS) on the partner species. Veillonellae also coaggregate with streptococci. These genera interact metabolically; lactic acid produced by streptococci is a carbon source for veillonellae. To transpose these interactions from undisturbed dental plaque to an experimentally tractable in vitro biofilm model, a community consisting of RPS-bearing streptococci juxtaposed with veillonellae was targeted by quantum dot-based immunofluorescence and then micromanipulated off the enamel surface and cultured. Besides the expected antibody-reactive cell types, a non-antibody-reactive streptococcus invisible during micromanipulation was obtained. The streptococci were identified as Streptococcus oralis (RPS bearing) and Streptococcus gordonii (adhesin bearing). The veillonellae could not be cultivated; however, a veillonella 16S rRNA gene sequence was amplified from the original isolation mixture, and this sequence was identical to the sequence of the previously studied organism Veillonella sp. strain PK1910, an oral isolate in our culture collection. S. oralis coaggregated with S. gordonii by an RPS-dependent mechanism, and both streptococci coaggregated with PK1910, which was used as a surrogate during in vitro community reconstruction. The streptococci and strain PK1910 formed interdigitated three-species clusters when grown as a biofilm using saliva as the nutritional source. PK1910 grew only when streptococci were present. This study confirms that RPS-mediated intrageneric coaggregation occurs in the earliest stages of plaque formation by bringing bacteria together to create a functional community.
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Kreth, Jens, Yongshu Zhang, and Mark C. Herzberg. "Streptococcal Antagonism in Oral Biofilms: Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus gordonii Interference with Streptococcus mutans." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 13 (April 25, 2008): 4632–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00276-08.
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ABSTRACT Biofilms are polymicrobial, with diverse bacterial species competing for limited space and nutrients. Under healthy conditions, the different species in biofilms maintain an ecological balance. This balance can be disturbed by environmental factors and interspecies interactions. These perturbations can enable dominant growth of certain species, leading to disease. To model clinically relevant interspecies antagonism, we studied three well-characterized and closely related oral species, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus sanguinis, and cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. S. sanguinis and S. gordonii used oxygen availability and the differential production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to compete effectively against S. mutans. Interspecies antagonism was influenced by glucose with reduced production of H2O2. Furthermore, aerobic conditions stimulated the competence system and the expression of the bacteriocin mutacin IV of S. mutans, as well as the H2O2-dependent release of heterologous DNA from mixed cultures of S. sanguinis and S. gordonii. These data provide new insights into ecological factors that determine the outcome of competition between pioneer colonizing oral streptococci and the survival mechanisms of S. mutans in the oral biofilm.
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Kabelitz, Tina, Etienne Aubry, Kira van Vorst, Thomas Amon, and Marcus Fulde. "The Role of Streptococcus spp. in Bovine Mastitis." Microorganisms 9, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): 1497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9071497.
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The Streptococcus genus belongs to one of the major pathogen groups inducing bovine mastitis. In the dairy industry, mastitis is the most common and costly disease. It not only negatively impacts economic profit due to milk losses and therapy costs, but it is an important animal health and welfare issue as well. This review describes a classification, reservoirs, and frequencies of the most relevant Streptococcus species inducing bovine mastitis (S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis). Host and environmental factors influencing mastitis susceptibility and infection rates will be discussed, because it has been indicated that Streptococcus herd prevalence is much higher than mastitis rates. After infection, we report the sequence of cow immune reactions and differences in virulence factors of the main Streptococcus species. Different mastitis detection techniques together with possible conventional and alternative therapies are described. The standard approach treating streptococcal mastitis is the application of ß-lactam antibiotics. In streptococci, increased antimicrobial resistance rates were identified against enrofloxacin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. At the end, control and prevention measures will be considered, including vaccination, hygiene plan, and further interventions. It is the aim of this review to estimate the contribution and to provide detailed knowledge about the role of the Streptococcus genus in bovine mastitis.
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Briko, N. I., E. V. Glushkova, E. P. Kakorina, and N. V. Nikitin. "STREPTOCOCCAL (GROUP A) INFECTION IN RUSSIA: STATE OF THE PROBLEM AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS." Journal Infectology 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2019-11-1-7-16.
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Aim. To assess the current situation on streptococcal (group A) infection in Russia, to study the molecular properties and antimicrobial susceptibility of group A streptococcus isolated from patients with soft tissue infection.Materials and methods. We performed a descriptive epidemiological study using official statistics. A total of 97 cases of soft tissue infection caused by group A streptococci were investigated for emm-types, the presence of genes of bacteriophage toxins and integrases by PCR and sequencing. We tested 91 strains for antimicrobial susceptibility by the micro dilution methods.Results. From 2009 through 2017, 2.8 million cases (563 thousand primary cases) of group A streptococcal disease were reported. There was a decrease in the incidence of scarlet fever in Russia (31.5 per 100 000 population). In 2009–2017 the incidence of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart diseases increase slightly but the prevalence of this forms group A streptococcal disease are decrease. Annually 2600 people die from the rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart diseases. Of the 97 cultures of group A streptococci, 33 were associated with invasive infection. We identified 33 different emm-type. All cultures contained speB gene. Some strains contained speA, and others speC genes. We did not find any correlation between the presence of bacteriophage toxin genes and the invasive properties of streptococci. Tetracycline and macrolides are ineffective in patients with of soft tissue infectionConclusion. Streptococcal (group A) infection continues to be of significant social and economic importance for Russia. The streptococcus cultures isolated from patients with invasive forms were heterogeneous in molecular and biological properties and remained sensitive to penicillin antibiotics.
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Ruoff, Kathryn L. "Update on nutritionally variant streptococci (Streptococcus defectives and Streptococcus adjacents)." Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 12, no. 13 (July 1990): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-4399(90)90056-h.
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Okahashi, Nobuo, Tomoko Sumitomo, Masanobu Nakata, Hirotaka Kuwata, and Shigetada Kawabata. "Oral mitis group streptococci reduce infectivity of influenza A virus via acidification and H2O2 production." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): e0276293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276293.
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Members of the mitis group streptococci are the most abundant inhabitants of the oral cavity and dental plaque. Influenza A virus (IAV), the causative agent of influenza, infects the upper respiratory tract, and co-infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of morbidity during influenza epidemics. S. pneumoniae is a member of mitis group streptococci and shares many features with oral mitis group streptococci. In this study, we investigated the effect of viable Streptococcus oralis, a representative member of oral mitis group, on the infectivity of H1N1 IAV. The infectivity of IAV was measured by a plaque assay using Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. When IAV was incubated in growing culture of S. oralis, the IAV titer decreased in a time- and dose-dependent manner and became less than 100-fold, whereas heat-inactivated S. oralis had no effect. Other oral streptococci such as Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus salivarius also reduced the viral infectivity to a lesser extent compared to S. oralis and Streptococcus gordonii, another member of the oral mitis group. S. oralis produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at a concentration of 1–2 mM, and its mutant deficient in H2O2 production showed a weaker effect on the inactivation of IAV, suggesting that H2O2 contributes to viral inactivation. The contribution of H2O2 was confirmed by an inhibition assay using catalase, an H2O2-decomposing enzyme. These oral streptococci produce short chain fatty acids (SCFA) such as acetic acid as a by-product of sugar metabolism, and we also found that the inactivation of IAV was dependent on the mildly acidic pH (around pH 5.0) of these streptococcal cultures. Although inactivation of IAV in buffers of pH 5.0 was limited, incubation in the same buffer containing 2 mM H2O2 resulted in marked inactivation of IAV, which was similar to the effect of growing S. oralis culture. Taken together, these results reveal that viable S. oralis can inactivate IAV via the production of SCFAs and H2O2. This finding also suggests that the combination of mildly acidic pH and H2O2 at low concentrations could be an effective method to inactivate IAV.
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Ruoff, K. L. "Streptococcus anginosus ("Streptococcus milleri"): the unrecognized pathogen." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1, no. 1 (January 1988): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.1.1.102.
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"Streptococcus milleri" is an unofficial name that has been applied to a group of streptococci which, although basically similar, show various hemolytic, serological, and physiological characteristics. The species name Streptococcus anginosus has recently been recognized as the approved name for these organisms. Streptococci known as "S. milleri" have been implicated as etiologic agents in a variety of serious purulent infections, but because of their heterogeneous characteristics, these organisms may be unrecognized or misidentified by clinical laboratorians. This review describes the bacteriological aspects of organisms known as "S. milleri," their clinical significance, and the problems encountered with their identification in the clinical laboratory.
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Kitten, Todd, Cindy L. Munro, Aijuan Wang, and Francis L. Macrina. "Vaccination with FimA from Streptococcus parasanguis Protects Rats from Endocarditis Caused by Other Viridans Streptococci." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 1 (January 2002): 422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.1.422-425.2002.
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ABSTRACT The FimA protein of Streptococcus parasanguis is a virulence factor in the rat model of endocarditis, and immunization with FimA protects rats against homologous bacterial challenge. Because FimA-like proteins are widespread among the oral streptococci, the leading cause of native valve endocarditis, we evaluated the ability of this vaccinogen to protect rats when challenged by other streptococcal species. Here we report that FimA vaccination produced antibodies that cross-reacted with and protected against challenge by the oral streptococci S. mitis, S. mutans, and S. salivarius. FimA thus has promise as a vaccinogen to control infective endocarditis caused by oral streptococci.
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Verrall, Rosemary. "The Streptococcus milleri Group." Infection Control 7, no. 11 (November 1986): 558–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700065334.
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Microbiologists traditionally have relied on biochemical and serologic tests to identify only group A, group B, and group D streptococci isolated from patients with serious infections. Until recently there has been little interest in the further classification of other streptococci isolated from clinical specimens.In 1956, Guthof repeatedly isolated a particular streptococcus from dental abscesses and named the organism Streptococcus milleri in honor of the microbiologist, W.D. Miller. In 1976, Parker and Ball associated this microorganism with other pyogenic infections and later described the characteristics of 346 strains. The Streptococcus milleri group is now recognized as both virulent and invasive and some believe it is responsible for more suppurative infections than any other group of streptococci. Physicians need to consider the unique ability of these bacteria to form abscesses in a wide range of tissue. Microbiology laboratories, therefore, need to develop schemes to identify this important group of streptococci.
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Maćešić, Nino, Tihana Fumić, Sanja Duvnjak, Goran Bačić, Luka Cvetnić, Tugomir Karadjole, Marko Samardžija, et al. "Agreement of conventional microbiological and molecular identification of streptococci isolated from bovine milk." Veterinarski arhiv 92, no. 4 (September 19, 2022): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24099/vet.arhiv.1574.
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Pathogenic streptococci are implicated in clinical and subclinical mastitis. Most laboratories identify streptococci on the basis of microbiological examination, but molecular diagnostic methods have become the gold standard of mastitis diagnosis in the last few years. Therefore, this study aims to determine the agreement of microbiological and molecular identification of streptococci isolates from bovine milk. Milk samples were taken before the evening milking into sterile tubes. Samples were examined bacteriologically by inoculation on aesculin blood agar. Identification of grown colonies was carried out using internationally accepted methodology. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was the reference method used to confirm Streptococcus sp. in all bacterial isolates. In the study, 54 strains of bacteria isolated from milk samples from the udder quarters of dairy cows with subclinical mastitis were examined using molecular methods. By conventional microbiological examination, the strains were identified to the species (Strep. agalactiae, Strep. dysgalactiae and Strep. uberis) or the genus level (Streptococcus spp.) without final identification of the species. On the basis of 16S rRNA analysis, 47 out of 54 examined streptococcal strains were found to belong to the genus Streptococcus sp. Among the streptococci identified, 6 isolates belonged to Strep. agalactiae, ¸8 isolates to Strep. dysgalactiae, 2 isolates to Strep. canis and 31 isolates belonged to Strep. uberis. Among the seven remaining isolates, three were identified as Enterococcus faecalis and four as Lactococcus lactis. Agreement between the identification procedures used was fair, with a Kappa index of 0.2181 (SE=0.0612; Z=3.56; p=0.0002).
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Hahn, Chin-Lo, Harvey A. Schenkein, and John G. Tew. "Endocarditis-Associated Oral Streptococci Promote Rapid Differentiation of Monocytes into Mature Dendritic Cells." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 8 (August 2005): 5015–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.8.5015-5021.2005.
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ABSTRACT Endocarditis is frequently attributable to oral streptococci, but mechanisms of pathogenesis are not well understood, although monocytes appear to be important. High titers of interleukin-12 (IL-12) are produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after engaging Streptococcus mutans, but monocytes in developing endocardial vegetations tend to disappear rather than become macrophages. These data prompted the hypothesis that streptococcus-infected monocytes differentiate into short-lived IL-12-producing dendritic cells (DCs) rather than macrophages. PBMC from healthy subjects were stimulated with six isolates of oral streptococci, three nonstreptococcal oral bacteria, or IL-4 plus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and the appearance of cells with markers typical of mature DCs (CD83+, CD86+, CD11c+, and CD14−) was monitored. Supernatant fluids from the PBMC cultures were harvested and IL-12 p70 levels were determined. S. mutans-stimulated monocytes were analyzed for their ability to elicit allogeneic mixed-lymphocyte reactions. All streptococci examined, except one strain of Streptococcus oralis (35037), rapidly induced up-regulation of CD83 and CD86 and a loss of CD14 in the CD11c+ monocyte population within 20 h. Induction of IL-12 was CD14 dependent and correlated with streptococcal isolates that promoted the DC phenotype. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression was up-regulated by S. mutans, and these cells were short-lived and elicited potent allogeneic mixed-lymphocyte reactions typical of DCs. In summary, monocytes stimulated with endocarditis-associated oral streptococci rapidly exhibited the DC phenotype and functions. These data suggest that the initiation of bacterial endocarditis by oral streptococci may involve monocyte-to-DC differentiation, and this may help explain the low levels of macrophages in the site.
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Sadowy, Ewa, Agnieszka Bojarska, Alicja Kuch, Anna Skoczyńska, Keith A. Jolley, Martin C. J. Maiden, Andries J. van Tonder, Sven Hammerschmidt, and Waleria Hryniewicz. "Relationships among streptococci from the mitis group, misidentified as Streptococcus pneumoniae." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 39, no. 10 (May 14, 2020): 1865–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-03916-6.
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Abstract The aim of our study was to investigate phenotypic and genotypic features of streptococci misidentified (misID) as Streptococcus pneumoniae, obtained over 20 years from hospital patients in Poland. Sixty-three isolates demonstrating microbiological features typical for pneumococci (optochin susceptibility and/or bile solubility) were investigated by phenotypic tests, lytA and 16S rRNA gene polymorphism and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). All isolates had a 6-bp deletion in the lytA 3′ terminus, characteristic for Mitis streptococc and all but two isolates lacked the pneumococcal signature cytosine at nucleotide position 203 in the 16S rRNA genes. The counterparts of psaA and ply were present in 100% and 81.0% of isolates, respectively; the spn9802 and spn9828 loci were characteristic for 49.2% and 38.1% of isolates, respectively. Phylogenetic trees and networks, based on the multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) scheme, ribosomal multilocus sequence typing (rMLST) scheme and core-genome analysis, clearly separated investigated isolates from S. pneumoniae and demonstrated the polyclonal character of misID streptococci, associated with the Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae and Streptococcus mitis groups. While the S. pseudopneumoniae clade was relatively well defined in all three analyses, only the core-genome analysis revealed the presence of another cluster comprising a fraction of misID streptococci and a strain proposed elsewhere as a representative of a novel species in the Mitis group. Our findings point to complex phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships among S. mitis-like bacteria and support the notion that this group may in fact consist of several distinct species.
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Isnaeni, Dewi, Andi Ulfah Magefirah Rasyid, and Rahmawati Rahmawati. "Uji Aktivitas Ekstrak Daun Opo-Opo (Desmodium pulchellum Linn Benth) sebagai Antibakteri terhadap Pertumbuhan Streptococcus viridans dan Streptococcus pyogenes." Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan 3, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 278–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v3i2.339.
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Streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis is a type of tonsillopharyngitis caused by group A streptococcal bacterial infection with common symptoms such as sore throat, fever more than 38oC, tonsilar exudate, and cervical adenopathy. Possible complications of streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis include rheumatic fever that occurs at weeks 1-5 after acute respiratory infections by Streptococcus viridans and Streptococcus pyogenes. Treatment needs to be done This research aims to determine the value of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Kill Concentration (MKC) of Opo-opo leaf extract (Desmodium pulchellum Linn Benth) on the growth of Streptococcus viridans and Streptococcus pyogenes. This research uses a maceration extraction method of the ingredients. microbiological test and test using the liquid dilution method. The extract concentration used was 0.1% w / v, 0.25% w / v, 0.5% w / v, 0.75% w / v, 1% w / v, 1.25% w / v , 1.5% w / v, 1.75% w / v, 2% w / v, 2.25% w / v, 2.5% w / v with negative control of Na, CMC 1% w / v. The test results showed that the MIC of Opo-opo leaf extract on Streptococcus viridans was 0.75%, MKC of opo-opo leaf extract on Streptococcus viridaans was 1% while the MIC of Opo-opo leaf extract on Streptococcus pyogenes was 0.25% and the MKC of leaf extract. Opo-opo in Streptococcus pyogenes is 1%. The results of the phytochemical screening of Opo-opo leaf extract (Desmodium pulchellum Linn Benth) were positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids.
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Sujhithra, A., S. Jayanthi, M. Chokkalingam, D. Danis Vijay, R. Vidhya, and Sanjay Andrew Rajaratnam. "Streptococcal Pharyngitis and Rheumatic Fever." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 16, no. 1 (February 25, 2022): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.16.1.58.
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Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus) causes a variety of diseases, from benign self-limiting infections of the skin or throat to lethal infections of soft tissue accompanied by multi-organ failure. GAS is one of significant species among Gram-positive pathogens which is responsible for several suppurative infections and non-suppurative sequelae. They also cause pharyngitis, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS), necrotizing fasciitis and other diseases. Currently, global burden of RF / RHD is undervalued. In 2010, RF and RHD were estimated as 15.6 million cases and deaths around 200,000 annually. Laboratory diagnosis includes cultural techniques, serology, PYR test, Bacitracin susceptibility test and antibiotic resistance testing helps in differentiating the Streptococcus pyogenes from other groups of Streptococci. Most of the Acute Rheumatic Fever cases gets missed or does not present in the initial stage rather it has been developed into advanced Rheumatic Heart Disease condition. Modified Jones criteria in 2015 will be helpful especially to the low risk population as it is challenging because of limited access to primary health care, diagnosis of streptococcal disease. In addition to this revised criteria, diagnosis still relies on clinical diagnostic algorithm. Vaccines based on M protein and T antigens are continuing to evolve with different results. Ongoing vaccine development is still challenging for the GAS research community, it will make a positive and lasting impact on the peoples globally.
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Ip, Margaret, Shirley S. L. Chau, Fang Chi, Julian Tang, and Paul K. Chan. "Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Atypical Pneumococci and Oral Streptococci: Evidence of Horizontal Gene Transfer of Fluoroquinolone Resistance Determinants from Streptococcus pneumoniae." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 8 (June 4, 2007): 2690–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00258-07.
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ABSTRACT Atypical strains, presumed to be pneumococcus, with ciprofloxacin MICs of ≥4.0 μg/ml and unique sequence variations within the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of the gyrase and topoisomerase genes in comparison with the Streptococcus pneumoniae R6 strain, were examined. These strains were reidentified using phenotypic methods, including detection of optochin susceptibility, bile solubility, and agglutination by serotype-specific antisera, and genotypic methods, including detection of pneumolysin and autolysin genes by PCR, 16S rRNA sequencing, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The analysis based on concatenated sequences of the six MLST loci distinguished the “atypical” strains from pneumococci, and these strains clustered closely with S. mitis. However, all these strains and five of nine strains from the viridans streptococcal group possessed one to three gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes whose QRDR sequences clustered with those of S. pneumoniae, providing evidence of horizontal transfer of the QRDRs of the gyrase and topoisomerase genes from pneumococci into viridans streptococci. These genes also conferred fluoroquinolone resistance to viridans streptococci. In addition, the fluoroquinolone resistance determinants of 32 well-characterized Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis strains from bacteremic patients were also compared. These strains have unique amino acid substitutions in GyrA and ParC that were distinguishable from those in fluoroquinolone-resistant pneumococci and the “atypical” isolates. Both recombinational events and de novo mutations play an important role in the development of fluoroquinolone resistance.
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Shewmaker, P. Lynn, Alvin C. Camus, Tim Bailiff, Arnold G. Steigerwalt, Roger E. Morey, and Maria da Glória S. Carvalho. "Streptococcus ictaluri sp. nov., isolated from Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus broodstock." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 1603–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64810-0.
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A streptococcal-like organism was associated with diseased Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus broodstock on four commercial aquaculture operations in the Mississippi Delta. Conventional biochemical testing, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and DNA–DNA hybridization distinguished the isolates from these fish from previously published Streptococcus species. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies revealed that the isolates were phylogenetically most similar to Streptococcus iniae, Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus parauberis with divergence ranging from 2.0 to 2.3 %. Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus urinalis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae and Streptococcus canis were included in the analysis and showed even greater differences (2.5–3.2 % divergence). DNA relatedness was 22 % or less to the most phylogenetically related species at the optimal temperature. These data suggest that the isolates represent a novel species of Streptococcus for which the name Streptococcus ictaluri sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 707-05T (=SO2-1108T=ATCC BAA-1300T=CCUG 52536T).
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SITKIEWICZ, IZABELA, and WALERIA HRYNIEWICZ. "Pyogenic Streptococci – Danger of Re-Emerging Pathogens." Polish Journal of Microbiology 59, no. 4 (2010): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2010-034.
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Beta-hemolytic, pyogenic streptococci are classified according to type of major surface antigen into A (Streptococcus pyogenes), B (Streptococcus agalactiae), C (multiple species including Streptococcus dysagalactiae) and G (multiple species including Streptococcus canis) Lancefield groups. Group A Streptococcus causes each year hundreds of thousands deaths globally as a result of infections and post-infectional sequelae. An increasing number of severe, invasive infections is caused by selected, specialized pathogenic clones. Within the last 50 years, an increasing number of human infections caused by groups B, C and G Streptococcus (GBS, GCS, GGS) has been observed worldwide. GBS was first identified as animal pathogen but the spectrum of diseases caused by GBS quickly shifted to human infections. Groups C and G Streptococcus are still regarded mostly as animal pathogens, however, an increased number of severe infections caused by these groups is observed. The increasing number of human infections caused worldwide by GCS/GGS can be a sign of similar development from animal to human pathogen as observed in case of GBS and this group will gain much more clinical interest in the future.The situation in Poland regarding invasive infections caused by pyogenic streptococci is underestimated.
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Watanabe, Shinya, Norihiko Takemoto, Kohei Ogura, and Tohru Miyoshi-Akiyama. "Severe invasive streptococcal infection by Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis." Microbiology and Immunology 60, no. 1 (January 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1348-0421.12334.
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Wyllie, Anne L., Yvonne Pannekoek, Sandra Bovenkerk, Jody van Engelsdorp Gastelaars, Bart Ferwerda, Diederik van de Beek, Elisabeth A. M. Sanders, Krzysztof Trzciński, and Arie van der Ende. "Sequencing of the variable region of rpsB to discriminate between Streptococcus pneumoniae and other streptococcal species." Open Biology 7, no. 9 (September 2017): 170074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.170074.
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The vast majority of streptococci colonizing the human upper respiratory tract are commensals, only sporadically implicated in disease. Of these, the most pathogenic is Mitis group member, Streptococcus pneumoniae . Phenotypic and genetic similarities between streptococci can cause difficulties in species identification. Using ribosomal S2-gene sequences extracted from whole-genome sequences published from 501 streptococci, we developed a method to identify streptococcal species. We validated this method on non-pneumococcal isolates cultured from cases of severe streptococcal disease ( n = 101) and from carriage ( n = 103), and on non-typeable pneumococci from asymptomatic individuals ( n = 17) and on whole-genome sequences of 1157 pneumococcal isolates from meningitis in the Netherlands. Following this, we tested 221 streptococcal isolates in molecular assays originally assumed specific for S. pneumoniae , targeting cpsA , lytA , piaB , ply , Spn9802, zmpC and capsule-type-specific genes. Cluster analysis of S2-sequences showed grouping according to species in line with published phylogenies of streptococcal core genomes. S2-typing convincingly distinguished pneumococci from non-pneumococcal species (99.2% sensitivity, 100% specificity). Molecular assays targeting regions of lytA and piaB were 100% specific for S. pneumoniae , whereas assays targeting cpsA , ply , Spn9802, zmpC and selected serotype-specific assays (but not capsular sequence typing) showed a lack of specificity. False positive results were over-represented in species associated with carriage, although no particular confounding signal was unique for carriage isolates.
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Talanin, NY, WB Shelley, R. Raeder, ED Shelley, and MD Boyle. "Detection of streptococcal class I M protein in psoriasis by confocal immunofluorescent microscopy." Acta Dermato-Venereologica 77, no. 3 (May 1, 1997): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/0001555577175180.
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Epidemiological evidence implicates Streptococcus pyogenes (group A) infection as a common triggering stimulus for psoriasis. Unequivocal demonstration of streptococcal antigens in psoriatic skin has been difficult due to cross-reactive antigens in both normal human tissue and group A streptococci, which complicate immunohistological analysis. In this study cryostat sections of involved psoriatic skin were stained with monoclonal antibody 111-15504 to group A streptococci. The epitope recognized by this antibody was found to be specific for group A streptococci and is associated with class I M protein. Streptococcal antigens were found in the dermal papillae and epidermis of psoriatic skin lesions of 20 out 38 patients. These findings indicate that specific S. pyogenes antigen, associated with class I M protein, is often present in psoriatic lesions. Such an antigen, originating from focal infection elsewhere could be responsible for T-lymphocyte inflammatory responses triggering the development of psoriatic lesions.
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Bouvet, A. "Human endocarditis due to nutritionally variant streptococci: Streptococcus adjacens and Streptococcus defectivus." European Heart Journal 16, suppl B (April 2, 1995): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/16.suppl_b.24.
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Pritchard, David G., Shengli Dong, John R. Baker, and Jeffrey A. Engler. "The bifunctional peptidoglycan lysin of Streptococcus agalactiae bacteriophage B30." Microbiology 150, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 2079–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27063-0.
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A group B streptococcal (GBS) bacteriophage lysin gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant enzyme, calculated to have a molecular mass of 49 677 Da, lysed GBS cells. The susceptibility of GBS cells to lysis by the enzyme depended upon the growth stage at which they were harvested, with early exponential phase cells most sensitive. Calcium ions enhanced the activity of the enzyme. The enzyme also lysed other β-haemolytic streptococci, including groups A, C, E and G streptococci, but not common oral streptococci, including Streptococcus mutans. The generation of both reducing activity and N-terminal alanine residues during lysis indicated that the lysin is a bifunctional enzyme, possessing both glycosidase and endopeptidase activities. This is consistent with the presence of two conserved sequence domains, an Acm (acetylmuramidase) domain associated with lysozyme activity, and a CHAP (cysteine, histidine-dependent amidohydrolases/peptidases) domain associated with endopeptidase activity. Site-directed mutagenesis of conserved cysteine and histidine residues in the CHAP domain and conserved aspartate and glutamate residues in the Acm domain confirmed their importance for lysozyme and endopeptidase activity respectively.
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Li, Hao, Chenguang Niu, Junyuan Luo, Zhengwei Huang, and Wei Zhou. "Anticariogenic Activity of Celastrol and Its Enhancement of Streptococcal Antagonism in Multispecies Biofilm." Antibiotics 12, no. 8 (July 28, 2023): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12081245.
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Dental caries is a chronic disease resulting from dysbiosis in the oral microbiome. Antagonism of commensal Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus gordonii against cariogenic Streptococcus mutans is pivotal to keep the microecological balance. However, concerns are growing on antimicrobial agents in anticaries therapy, for broad spectrum antimicrobials may have a profound impact on the oral microbial community, especially on commensals. Here, we report celastrol, extracted from Traditional Chinese Medicine’s Tripterygium wilfordii (TW) plant, as a promising anticaries candidate. Our results revealed that celastrol showed antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against cariogenic bacteria S. mutans while exhibiting low cytotoxicity. By using a multispecies biofilm formed by S. mutans UA159, S. sanguinis SK36, and S. gordonii DL1, we observed that even at relatively low concentrations, celastrol reduced S. mutans proportion and thereby inhibited lactic acid production as well as water-insoluble glucan formation. We found that celastrol thwarted S. mutans outgrowth through the activation of pyruvate oxidase (SpxB) and H2O2-dependent antagonism between commensal oral streptococci and S. mutans. Our data reveal new anticaries properties of celastrol that enhance oral streptococcal antagonism, which thwarts S. mutans outgrowth, indicating its potential to maintain oral microbial balance for prospective anticaries therapy.
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Madineni, Praveen Kumar, Suresh Babu Ghanta, Naveen Kumar Motupalli, Mahanthesh Bembalgi, and P. Krishnam Raju. "Comparative Analysis of Colony Counts of Different Species of Oral Streptococci in Saliva of Dentulous, Edentulous and in those Wearing Partial and Complete Dentures." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 14, no. 4 (2013): 601–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1371.
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ABSTRACT Objectives To study and compare the number of colony forming units of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus milleri in dentulous, edentulous and in those wearing partial and complete dentures by using semi-quantitative culture method of saliva samples with calibrated standard loop Materials Sterile specimen collection bottles, Mitis salivarius agar plates, Standard loop, Candle jar, Incubator, Colony counter Methodology Study population consisted of 100 subjects with 25 in each group, with an age range of 40 to 80 years, who were attending the Department of Community Dentistry and Prosthodontics at MNR Dental College, Sangareddy, Hyderabad. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from patients and inoculated on to Mitis salivarius agar plates using calibrated standard loop. The plates were then incubated anaerobically at 37°C for 24 hours and left at room temperature for further 24 hours. Using a colony counter, the number of colonies of each species was counted. Results Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus mitis predominates in the dentulous group, Streptococcus sanguis in complete denture group, Streptococcus salivarius in edentulous group and Streptococcus milleri in removable partial denture group. Conclusion The results of our study are in accordance with the previous studies, which have sought to differentiate different groups of mutans streptococci using a simple calibrated standard loop. How to cite this article Ealla KKR, Ghanta SB, Motupalli NK, Bembalgi M, Madineni PK, Raju PK. Comparative Analysis of Colony Counts of Different Species of Oral Streptococci in Saliva of Dentulous, Edentulous and in those Wearing Partial and Complete Dentures. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(4):601-604.
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Stanojkovic, Aleksandar, Ruzica Asanin, Jelena Asanin, Ksenija Palic, Aleksandra Stanojkovic, and Jadranka Zutic. "Investigation of presence of α haemolytic streptococci, enterococci and streptococci-like bacteria in different materials originating from pigs." Veterinarski glasnik 65, no. 3-4 (2011): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1104203s.
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The aim of this investigation was to establish the presence and prevalence of streptococci, enterococci and streptococci-like bacteria in various materials originating from healthy, slaughtered and dead pigs belonging to different categories from several farms and slaughterhouses in the Republic of Serbia. The total number of investigated samples comprised 226 swabs of tonsils and noses from clinically healthy breeders, swabs of tonsils from piglets 5-20 days old, parts of nasopharyngeal tonsils from breeders slaughtered in a slaughterhouse, parts of nasopharyngeal tonsils from piglets slaughtered in a slaughterhouse, swabs of slaughtered pig carcasses from a slaughterhouse, swabs from knives for evisceration in a slaughterhouse, as well as swabs of lungs, abdominal cavity and organs from piglets which died suddenly. The standard microbiological methods were used for investigations of the presence of the listed microorganisms. Commercial biochemical tests were used for the identification of the isolated bacteria and specific sera for capsular antigenes were used for serological determination of the isolated S. suis strains. It was established that the great majority of the isolated strains belonged to the genus Streptococcus (36) (75%), and the minority of the strains belonged to the following genera: Enterococcus (6) (10.4%), Aerococcus (3) (6.2%), Lactococcus (2) (4.2%) and Globicatella (2) (4.2%). The great majority of Streptococcus species belonged to S. suis. The presence of other ? haemolytic streptococci was established in the swabs of nasopharyngeal tonsils: Streptococcus sanguinis (13.8%), Streptococcus salivarius (5.6%), Streptococcus mitis (5.6%), Streptococcus parasanguinis (2.7%) and Streptococcus oralis (2.7%). Also, S. bovis was isolated in a smaller percentage (5.6%). The greatest number of isolated bacteria from the genus Enterococcus belonged to Enterococcus faecalis (80%), while the minority of isolated strains belonged to Enterococcus faecium (20%). The following from the streptococci-like bacteria were isolated: Aerococcus viridans, Globicatella sanguinis and Lactococcus lactis ssp.cremoris.